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Mallard Ndiwo mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa abakha amtsinje, omwe ndi Anseriformes (kapena oyesedwa-mbale). Imadziwika kuti ndi kholo la mitundu yonse ya abakha obisika, ndipo lero ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri pakati pa mamembala ena, omwe amapezeka pakati pa nyama zapakhomo.

Mallard Drake

Zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zamakedzana zawulula mfundo yoti kuswana Bakha Mallard Anthu ochokera ku Egypt wakale nawonso adachitapo chibwenzi, choncho mbiri ya mbalamezi ndi yolemera kwambiri komanso yolemera.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Bakha Mallard Ili ndi miyeso yolimba, ndipo kutalika kwa matupi awo imafika masentimita 65. Mapiko a mapiko amayambira 80 cm mpaka mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku magalamu 650 mpaka kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka.

Mallard Drake amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yokongola kwambiri pakati pa ena onse oimira banja lalikulu la abakha, ndipo ali ndi mutu ndi khosi mumtundu wakuda wobiriwira wokhala ndi "zitsulo". Chest - yofiirira-yofiirira, kolala - yoyera. Mbalame zazimuna zonsezi zimakhala ndi "galasi" lachilendo, lomwe limakhala mwachindunji pamapiko ndipo limakhazikitsidwa ndi mzere woyera kuchokera pansi.

Ingoyang'anani chithunzi cha mallard kuti mumve za mawonekedwe a akazi ndi amuna. M'malo mwake, mchaka chonse amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndi "mawonekedwe", amawutaya pokhapokha panthawi yosungunuka.

Mallard

Mawamba a mbalame nthawi zambiri amakhala lalanje, okhala ndi utoto wofiirira. Mtundu wotchuka wopezeka mukuwonjezereka kwa akazi ndi bulauni. Mwambiri, ali ndi mawonekedwe komanso mawonekedwe ochulukirapo kuposa ma drive.

Mallard sikuti ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wabanja la bakha, komanso wamba. Malo omwe amakhala ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo amatha kupezeka m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica.

Mbalame ya Mallardomwe amakhala ku Middle East, North Africa, zilumba za Japan, Afghanistan, Iran, mapiri akumwera kwa mapiri a Himalayan, m'chigawo zambiri za China, ku Greenland, Iceland, New Zealand, North ndi South America, zilumba za Hawaii, ku England ndi Scotland.

Ku Europe ndi dera lalikulu la Russia, mallards amatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Amakhala m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe osiyanasiyana komanso owumba (pakati pama nyanja, pamapanga, m'madziwe ndi mitsinje), ndipo mabanki awo amayenera kukhala ndi zidebe zazikulu, popanda omwe oimira banja la bakha sangayerekeze kukhalako bwino.

Zikakhala kuti mabanki am'madziwo ndi miyala kapena miyala, malo okhalamo sadzakhazikika pamalowo. M'malo opanda madzi ozizira komanso m'malo opaka, mbalamezi zimatha kuwoneka chaka chonse, komwe zimadyetsedwa ndi odutsa wamba kapena alendo okhazikika.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Kuyambira kuyambira pobadwa, bakha wamtchire, mallard, amakhala m'malo osungirako komwe adakhalako. Ndikayamba yophukira, nthawi zambiri amapanga ndege zamadzulo kupita kuminda (zofesedwa ndi tirigu, mapira, mapira, nandolo ndi mbewu zina) kuti akadyere mbewu.

Oimira mbalamezi amathanso kuyenda maulendo ausiku kupita kumalo osungira ang'onoang'ono kuti apeze chakudya. Kugwiritsitsa mallard wamtchire amodzi kapena awiriawiri kapena m'matumba. Kuuluka kwa mbalame kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwake komanso phokoso lotulutsidwa ndi mapiko.

Mbalamezi sizimakonda kuyenda m'madzi, kubisala pansi pamadzi pokhapokha pangozi kapena kuvulala. Pamwamba pa dziko lapansi iwo amakonda pang'onopang'ono ndi foloko, komabe, ngati chiwopa kapena kukhumudwitsidwa ndi mfuti yosaka, imayamba kuthamanga, ndikuyenda molunjika pagombe.

Mawu a Mallard zimasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mawu odziwika bwino oti "quacking" (pakati pa akazi) kupita ku mawu omveka bwino (mwa amuna). Mallards angagulidwe onse ndi eni minda, popeza mbalamezi zimalekerera nthawi yachisanu m'malo opangidwa mwaluso, komanso asaka omwe nthawi zambiri amagula mallards kuti agulitsenso kapena kuwasaka.

Mbalame ya Mallard. Kufotokozera, Zinthu, Mitundu, Moyo ndi Habitat ya Mallard

Bakha wamtchire amadziwika kulikonse, komwe kuli ma dziwe komanso m'nkhokwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Popeza kuti kunyalanyaza zinthu zofunikira pamoyo kumapangitsa kuti mbalameyo izifalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira nthawi yakale, idasinthidwa ndi munthu, idakhala kholo la mitundu yambiri yoswana.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zofala komanso grey mallard kudyetsa makamaka nsomba zazing'ono, mwachangu, zakudya zam'madzi zingapo, algae ndi zakudya zina zofanana. M'chilimwe, amadya mphutsi za udzudzu, zomwe zimapereka gawo lothandiza kwambiri ku eco-usawa, ndipo, makamaka kwa anthu.

Mallards amalowerera pansi pa madzi posaka chakudya

Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimapanga "manyumwa" m'minda yoyandikana nayo, kudya buluwade, mapira, mapira, barele ndi mbewu zina zamphesa. Zimathanso kukumba mwachindunji kuchokera ku mitengo yonse yam'mera yomwe imamera mozungulira m'madziwe komanso m'malo oyandikira.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Zakutchire mallard mu banja la bakha - mbalame yodziwika bwino. Kutalika kwa thupi lodyetsedwa bwino ndi 40-60 cm, kulemera 1.5-2 kg. Unyinji wa nkhuku umachuluka mu kugwa, mafuta akachuluka. Mapikowo amafikira mita imodzi. Bakha wamtchire amakhala ndi mutu waukulu, mulomo wokongola. Mawamba aakazi ndi lalanje, amphongo ndi ofiira. Mchira wake ndi wafupi.

Kuwonongeka kwa kugonana kwa abakha amtchire kumakulitsidwa kotero kuti poyamba wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amadziwika ngati mitundu yosiyana. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa mulomo - mwaimuna ndiwobiliwira pamtunda, wachikasu kumapeto, mwa akazi pansi ndikuphimbidwa ndi madontho akuda.

Kuvina kuli kokulirapo, maonekedwe ndi owala - mutu wa emarodi, khosi, kolala yoyera imatsindika chifuwa chofiirira. Grey kumbuyo ndi pamimba. Mapiko a bulauni okhala ndi magalasi ofiirira, malire oyera. Nthenga za mchira wake ndi mchira wake.

Ammallards amuna ndi akazi amasiyana manambala

Mwa anyamata achichepere, maula ali ndi mawonekedwe a sheides. Kukongola kwa ma drows kumawonekera bwino nthawi yamasika, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya kuswana. Pofika nthawi yophukira, zovala zimasintha, zovalazo zimakhala yofananira ndi akazi. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti mchira wa bakha wamtundu uliwonse umakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zapadera. Ali ndi gawo lapadera - kutenga nawo mbali pamaulendo akuuluka, kuyenda pamadzi.

Akazi ndi ocheperako, owoneka bwino pang'ono, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri kubisa zachilengedwe. Chifuwa ndi utoto wamchenga, mtundu waukulu wa manambala ndi wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amawu ofiira. Mawonekedwe okhala ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi mawonekedwe a buluu-violet, malire oyera nawonso alipo.

Mtundu wa akazi sasintha kuyambira nthawi yazaka. Ana ake ndi ofanana pakhungu ndi kuchuluka kwa akazi akuluakulu, koma mawanga omwe ali pamimba ndi ang'ono komanso opatsirana.

Kusintha kwanyengo kwa abakha kumachitika kawiri pachaka - nyengo isanayambike, ikatha. Drats amasinthanso ma plumage nthawi ya makulidwe a akazi achimuna. Akazi amasintha zovala zawo - achinyamata atayimirira.

M'dzinja lalitali, anyani amadziunjikira m'mabusa, amapanga ang'onoang'ono m'malo okhala m'nkhalango. Mbalame zina zimatsalira pamalo odyera. Mallard mu kugwa mkati mwa masiku 20-25, limataya mwayi kuuluka, pomwe maula amasintha. Masana, mbalame zimakhala munkhalango zowirira za mitsinje, ndipo zimadya madzi madzulo. Kukhetsa kumatenga mpaka miyezi iwiri.

Chifukwa chiyani mallard adatchedwa choncho mwamanyazi, mutha kulosera ngati mumva mawu ake. Ndikosatheka kusokoneza ndi mbalame zamatchire. Mbalame zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa abakha komanso grouse. Mawu a Mallard otsika, odziwika bwino. Mukamadyetsa, kumveka kulira kwa mbalame kumamveka.

Mverani mawu akumisika

Asananyamuke, kunjenjemera kumachitika pafupipafupi, panthawi yamantha imatenga nthawi yayitali. Mawu a Drakes mu kasupe ali ngati mzungu, omwe amatulutsa timiyala tomwe timayimba. Ma jekete obadwa kumene amatulutsa kufinya. Koma ngakhale pakati pa zinyenyeswazi za drake zimatha kupezeka ndi mawu amodzi, kukomoka kwa abakha kumakhala ndi magawo awiri.

M'magulu osiyanasiyana, kuchokera pamitundu itatu mpaka 12 yomwe imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi imasiyanitsidwa. Odziwika kwambiri, kupatula pamisika wamba, ndi:

Sikuti mitundu yonse ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka. Ngati nyengo iri yoyenererana ndi bakha, sasintha malo amadzi.

American Black Mallard. Malo okondeka - matupi oyera, opanda mkaka pakati pa nkhalango, mabatani, mitsinje pafupi ndi malo olimapo. Abakha makamaka amasamukira.

M'nyengo yozizira, amasunthira kumwera. Ziwandazo ndi zofiirira-zakuda. Mutu wake ndi imvi ndi mitsempha ya bulauni pak korona wamutu, m'maso. Magalasi ndi buluu-violet. Mlomo ndi wachikasu. Pangani gulu lalikulu. Amakhala kum'mawa kwa Canada.

American Black Mallard

Mallard waku Hawaii Zomwe zili kumapeto kwa zilumba za Hawaii. Drake, bulauni yachikazi, galasi lamtambo wobiriwira ndi mtundu woyera. Mchira wake ndi wakuda. Amakhala m'malo otsetsereka, m'chigwa cha mitsinje, osasinthika ndi malo atsopano. M'malo mwa magulu akulu, amakonda kukhala awiriawiri.

Bakha waku Mallard waku Hawaii

Grey Mallard Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, yochepera ngati mallard wamba. Mtundu wa Grey-ocher, magalasi akuda ndi oyera, bulauni m'malo. Imakhala mdera lankhondo kuchokera ku Amur kupita kumalire akumadzulo.

Mallard ndiosavuta kuzindikira ndi kukula kwake.

Mtundu wakuda (wachikasu). Mtundu wa chikazi ndi chofanana. Ndi yaying'ono kukula kuposa msika wamba. Kumbuyo ndikuda. Mutu ndi wofiyira, nthenga zokhala ndi kutha, ndodo mawanga amtundu wakuda. Pansi pamutu.

Miyendo ndi lalanje. Amakhala ku Primorye, Transbaikalia, Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril, Australia, ndi Southeast Asia. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amakhulupirira kuti mallard wakuda anali ndi gawo lina. Koma lero, subspecies kudutsa.

Mallard wachikasu

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba

Choyamba muyenera kuganizira momwe zazimuna ndi zazikazi zamtunduwu zimasiyanirana. Poyang'ana koyamba, ndizovuta kwambiri kukhulupirira kuti ndi anthu amtundu womwewo.

Utoto wachikazi uli pafupi kwambiri ndi maluwa achilengedwe, kuti asawonekere pakati pa tchire kapena m'nkhokwe za mabango. Zowonjezera zam'mbuyo ndi mmbali zimayang'aniridwa ndi mtundu wa bulauni, chifukwa chomwe chimakhala chosavuta kuti bakha azichita chigoba m'chilengedwe. Ndipo pamimba, mthunzi wa nthenga ndizowonjezereka. Mtundu wa mulomo ndi maolivi kapena imvi wokhala ndi utoto wakuda. Ndipo miyendo yake ndi lalanje kapena ofiira owala.

Koma kuyimba kumbuyo kwa bakha kumawoneka ngati dude wokongola. Mutu wake ndi khosi lake zimapakidwa utoto wakuda wamarimu wakuda ndi utoto wachilendo. Khosi lochokera m'thupi limasiyanitsidwa ndi malire oyera owala omwe amayenda m'khosi lonse. Mokwanira kwambiri pachifuwa ndi zodzitetezera. Thupi lonse ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi. Ziwawa zimayamwa lalanje. Mtundu wa mulomo ndi maolivi. Izi ndizofunikira kwa abambo kuti azitha kukopa chidwi cha bakha.

Zodziwika kwambiri mwa mbalamezi ndi magalasi owoneka ngati a utoto wofiirira kunja kwa mapiko, omwe amawoneka bwino bakha ukangotuluka kapena kufalitsa mapiko ake.

Koma muimmallard amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa jenda kumafotokozeredwa kwambiri. Amunawa ndi okulirapo kukula kuposa akazi. Kuseri kwa mbalamezi ndi zofiirira ndi tint yakuda, mbali zake ndizopepuka, ndipo chifuwa ndi m'mimba zimakhala zoyera ndi mawanga bulauni. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mtundu wa mulomo - wakuda weniweni, pamwamba pake ndi wachikasu, ndipo miyendo ndi lalanje.

Mtundu wa tating'ono ta amuna ndi akazi onse ndi wofanana, ngati wa mallard - bulauni, kuphatikiza ndi maziko ozungulira. Mallards atchire amakopa chidwi chake ndi utoto wawo ndi chiyambi cha mawu (chifukwa chake dzina lawo - mallard). Kukula kwa mbalamezi sikungasokonezeke ndi mawu a anthu ena okhala kuthengo.

Komwe bakha wamalonda amakhala

Mbalamezi, monga mbalame zamadzi zonse, zimakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi mayiwe kapena madambo. Dziwe losaya, dziwe kapena mitsinje yocheperako pang'ono ndiyabwino kwambiri kukhazikika. Chofunikira kuti mbalame zizikhala m'mbali mwa malo osungirako zinyalala ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhokwe zilizonse kumeneko:

mabango
Kuchuluka kwa zitsamba zamitundu mitundu,
kupezeka kwa mitengo yakugwa.

Ndi malo omwe anthuwa amayimapo usiku, amapanga zisa, kubisala kwa adani, popeza pakati pa zitsa sizikumveka. Koma magombe opanda mtsinje ndi nyanja samawakopa konse ngati malo okhalamo.

Ngakhale masikono ndiwodziwika chifukwa cha kusamala kwawo komanso kutentha kwawo, posachedwapa amatha kuwoneka akuyandama m'madziwe amtawuni kapena mdera lamtunda. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa choti m'mizinda ndi madera akutali (pamtunda wa 40 km kuchokera kumalire amtawuni kusaka sikuletsedwa), ndipo mbalamezi zimatha kupeza chakudya mosavuta m'mizinda, makamaka nthawi yozizira. Kupatula apo, anthu amasangalala kudya chakudya zinyenyeswa ndi mitundu ina ya chakudya ndi mafoni am'madzi. Chifukwa chake, popita nthawi, malo ogulitsa amakhala ndi chizolowezi chopezera chakudya ndipo amatha kusambira kuti akhale chakudya chapafupi ndi anthu.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti mbalamezi palimodzi zimasankha malo okhalamo zodyera, ndipo zimamanga pamodzi chisa chokha.

Malata ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka zikuwuluka nthawi yozizira kupita kumayiko otentha. Malo akuluakulu omwe nthawi yawo yozizira amakhalira motere:

kumwera kwa gawo la ku Europe,
Iran,
Iraq,
kumwera kwa China
kumpoto kwa India
Zilumba za Gulf ndi ena.

Ndi gawo lochepa chabe la abakha omwe angatsalirebe nthawi yachisanu pomwe matupi amadzi samazizira nyengo yachisanu.

Mawu a Mallard

Kudya kwake kumadziwika bwino kwa alenje olimba mtima komanso alimi omwe amatulutsa abakha, chifukwa mawu awo ndi ofanana. Zowonadi, ndi malo obisika amtengatenga omwe ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti msewu wam'madzi uku.

Kuuluka, mumangomva okondwerera, okhawo mwa anthu awa akunjenjemera. Ndipo munthawi yakukhwima komwe kumachitika zomwe zimasinthasintha, chifukwa ndulu imakopa mnzake kwa iyo ndi mawu ake. Kwa mawu odziwika bwino ngati "quack-quack" kapena "rap-rap", "piib" yoboola imawonjezeredwa.

Amuna okha ndi amene amafuula mokweza komanso mokweza, mawu achikazi amakhala chete komanso osamveka.

The nuances of kubereka

Mbalamezi zimatha kutha msanga kumapeto - pofika chaka. Ndipo maanja amapanga kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, ndipo amawuluka kumayiko otentha limodzi. Kutengera komwe mbalame zimakhala nthawi yachilimwe, ngati zikufunika kuuluka nthawi yozizira komanso kutalika kwake, zimatengera nthawi yomwe zimayamba kuswana. Kufalikira kwa nthawi imeneyi ndikokulira - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti.

Pofika nthawi yoikira mazira, banjali limamanga chisa chake, chomwe chili pafupi ndi dziwe. Nthawi zambiri, chisa cha mallard ndi dzenje mu nthaka momwe mbalame zimayalirana ndi udzu wouma. Pomweikazi imayikira mazira, kunjaku sikumusiya ndipo kumateteza. Pofika nthawi yoti bakha ayambe kubadwa, mwamunayo amachoka, chifukwa amakhala ndi nthawi yosungunuka.

Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi bakha kumatha kukhala 7 mpaka 12. Unyinji wa aliyense wa iwo ndi 45-50 g, mtundu wa chipolopolo uli woyera ndi utoto wonyezimira. Mayi wokhala ndi tsitsi atasiya chisa kuti adye, ndiye kuti amaphimba ubowo pansi ndi nthenga, zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa pamalo ogona. Ngati, pazifukwa zina, mazira adawonongedwa, chachikazi chimayikidwa chatsopano. Koma, popeza kuyimbako kulibe pafupi, mazira onsewa amakhalabe opanda chonde, ndipo anapiye awo samaswa.

Pakatha masabata 3.5, ana ankhandwe amawaswa. Pakatha theka la tsiku, mayiyo akutsogolera ana ake kumadzi. Tsitsi limakula msanga ndikulemera - kale atakwanitsa miyezi iwiri amatha kulemera mpaka 1 kg.

Mallard Hunt

Kusaka bakha kwa ma connoisseurs oona ndizosangalatsa zamasewera. Kuti mukhale ndi nyama yamtundu umodzi wamtundu umodzi, muyenera kuphunzirapo zikhalidwe za mbalameyi komanso kukhala oleza mtima.

Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yosaka mbalamezi imagwera m'dzinja. Osaka amadzisungira okha pafupi ndi malo osungirako komwe amakhala ndi madzi am'madzi, ndipo akudikirira kuonekera kwa anthuwa mbandakucha kapena dzuwa litalowa. Pofuna kukopa abakha, gwiritsani ntchito mitundu ina yapadera yomwe imatsutsana ndi mawu akumwa. Komanso, masanjidwe apamtundu wapadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, njirazi zimakopa timisika, ndipo zimatsamira pamadzi kuti ziyandikire pafupi. Ino ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri kuwombera nyama. Kusaka abakha, mfuti zimadzaza ndi kuwombera kwapakatikati.

Koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuti utenge mtembo wa mbalameyi kuchokera m'nthaka za mabango wopanda galu, chifukwa asakhuli omwe amakonda kupita kukasaka abakha amayamba ndikuphunzitsa agalu omwe amaphunzitsidwa kufunafuna mbalame yakuda m'madzi ozizira ndikubwera nayo kwa eni.

Abakha amtchire awa ndi zolengedwa zosangalatsa kwambiri. Okonda ena adabzala abakha amtunduwu kuti akhale ndi gwero la nyama yokoma kunyumba, osasaka.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Mallards ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus mu kope la 1758 la Natural System. Anamupatsa mayina awiri: Anas platyrhynchos + Anas boschas. Dzinalo lasayansi limachokera ku Latin Anas - "bakha" ndi Greek Greek wakale "- wokhala ndi mulomo wambiri."

Dzinali "Mallard" limangotanthauza kubowola kulikonse, ndipo nthawi zina limagwiritsidwabe ntchito motere. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizana ndi abale awo apamtima a genas Anas, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yophatikiza. Izi ndizachilendo pakati pa mitundu yosiyanayi. Mwina ndichifukwa choti mallard adachokerako mwachangu komanso posachedwa, kumapeto kwa Pleistocene.

Chochititsa chidwi: Kufufuza kwa majini kunawonetsa kuti malo ena apafupi ndi abale awo aku Indo-Pacific, pomwe ena ndi achibale awo aku America. Zambiri pa DNA ya mitochondrial yotsatizana ndi D-loop ikuwonetsa kuti mallards akanatha kuchokera makamaka ku zigawo za Siberia. Mafupa a mbalame amapezeka zotsalira za zakudya zakale ndi anthu ena.

Mallards amasiyana mu DNA yawo ya mitochondrial pakati pa anthu aku North America ndi Europe, koma ma genome a nyukiliya amawonetsa kuchepa kwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kusowa kwa kusiyana kwa morphological pakati pa mallards a Old World ndi mallards a New World kumawonetsa kuchuluka komwe genome imagawidwa pakati pawo kotero kuti mbalame, monga bakha waku China wokhala ndi milomo yowoneka, ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mallards a Old World, ndi mbalame monga bakha waku Hawaii zofanana ndi mallard a Dziko Latsopano.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Mallard Drake

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) - mbalame yomwe ndi gawo la banja la abakha (Anatidae). Ndi mtundu wamlingo wapakatikati wolemera kwambiri kuposa abakha ena ambiri. Kutalika kwake ndi 50-65 masentimita, pomwe thupi lili pafupifupi awiriawiri. Mallard ali ndi mapiko a masentimita 81-98 ndipo akulemera 0.72-11.58. kg Mwa miyeso yodziwika bwino, mapiko ake amachokera pa 25,7 mpaka 30,6 cm, mulomo umachokera ku 4.4 mpaka 6.1 masentimita, ndipo miyendo imachokera ku 4.1 mpaka 4.8 cm.

Mallards ali ndi chithunzi chogonana. Mitundu yamphongoyo imadziwika mosadziwika bwino ndi mutu wake wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi kolala yoyera yomwe imalekanitsa chifuwa chofiirira ndi utoto wofiirira kumutu, mapiko a bulauni komanso imvi yodontha. Kumbuyo kwamphongo kuli zakuda, nthenga zoyera zopindika mumtambo wakuda pamchira. Wamphongo amakhala ndi mlomo wachikasu wa lalanje kumapeto kwake ndi kachidutswa kakuda, pomwe wamkazi amakhala ndi mulomo wakuda ndipo amasiyana kuchokera kumdima kupita ku lalanje kapena lalanje.

Kanema: Mallard

Mallard yachikazi imapangidwa mozungulira, nthenga iliyonse imawonetsa utoto wake. Amuna onse ali ndi nthenga za buluu zopendekera m'munsi mwa phikozo zokhala ndi mbali zoyera zomwe zimawonekera pakuthawa kapena kupumula, koma zimatayidwa kwakanthawi pachakudya cha pachaka.

Chosangalatsa: Mallards, monga lamulo, wokwatirana ndi mitundu ina ya bakha, zomwe zimatsogolera ku hybridization ndi kusakanikirana kwa mitundu. Ndi mbadwa za abakha aunyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ogulitsa kuchokera ku nyama zamtchire akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti abwezerenso abakha apakhomo kapena kubereka mitundu yatsopano.

Pambuyo pa kuwaswa, maula azisamba amakhala ndi utoto wachikaso kumtunda komanso kumaso ndi wakuda kumbuyo (wokhala ndi mawanga achikaso) mpaka kumtunda ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Miyendo yake ndi mulomo wake ndi zakuda. Tikuyandikira maula, tambwaliyo amayamba kukhala imvi, ngati wamkazi, ngakhale amakhala wamizeremizere, ndipo miyendo yake imataya khungu lakuda. Ali ndi miyezi itatu kapena inayi, kabuluku amayamba kuwuluka, chifukwa mapiko ake amakula bwino.

Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mallard akutchire amaonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe mbalame yosangalatsayo imakhala ndi zomwe idya.

Habitat

Mallards amasinthika kwambiri ndi zochitika zakunja, motero mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka konsekonse kupatula Antarctica. Abakha amtchire ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka ndipo ikayamba nyengo yozizira amawulukira kumadera otentha: Southern Europe, Iran, Iraq, Southern China, India, Mexico. Nthawi zina, mallards amasala nthawi yozizira kunyanja zopanda madzi.

Mallards amakhala pafupi ndi dziwe komanso mars, nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi nyanja yopanda kapena mtsinje wosayenda pang'ono. Mukamasankha malo okhalamo, mallard amatsatira lamulo lofunikira - pazikhala mitengo ya mabango, zitsamba zowirira, kapena mitengo yakugwa pafupi. Izi ndizofunikira kuti zizibisika nthawi yausiku komanso mbalame zimaswa.

Mallard pamtengo. Achichepere asanu ndi Anayi. Mallard wangochitika kumene adapita kukadyetsa. Gulu la aerobatic "Mallards". Abakha aku Mallard amathawa. Chithunzi cha Mallards.

Kuswana

Bakha awa amakhala okhwima pakufika zaka chimodzi. Mapangidwe awiriawiri amayamba kugwa, ndipo pamodzi zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu. Nyengo yobereketsa imayamba kutengera malo okhala, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mu Epulo - Ogasiti.

Makolo onse am'tsogolo akugwira ntchito yomanga, malo osankhidwawo sanasankhidwe kutali ndi posungira. Chidacho ndichisokonezo chaching'ono chokhala ndi udzu wowuma ndi masamba. Chisa chikakhala kuti chakonzeka, chachikazi chimasamba, chimangacho chili pafupi koma osachisiya, chimawulukira ndikuuluka mbalame ikagundika anapiye.

Malata mu chisanu. Mallard Drake Mu Ndege. Mallard ndi abakha. Mallard Drake Mu Ndege. Mallard ndi abakha.

Mallards nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mazira 6 mpaka 13 mu zomanga, zoyera ndi tint yobiriwira. Pakapita nthawi yochepa, mayiyo amatenga mazira pansi pachisa. Pakachitika kuti, pomwe palibe, chisa chabedwa, chachikazi chimayikanso mazira, koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosabala. Mikwingwirima imawonekera pakatha masiku 27-29, ndipo patatha maola 11-13, mayiyo amawatsogolera kulowa m'madzi. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, anapiyewo amakhala atakalamba kuti atuluke.

Kutalika kwa moyo wamalonda kumakhala pafupifupi zaka 17; ali mu ukapolo, mbalame zimatha kukhala ndi zaka zopitilira 25.

Zithunzi za Drakes zomwe zalembedwa patsamba lino zasonkhanitsidwa patsamba lazojambula (+2 zithunzi).

Kuchulukitsa

Kulongosola koyamba kwasayansi pa Mallard kunachitika mu 1758 ndi dotolo wachipembedzo wa ku Sweden komanso wodziwa zachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus mu kope la 10 la Nature's Systems. Linnaeus molakwika adatengera amuna ndi akazi mumisika yamagulu osiyanasiyana: wamkazi ndi wamtunduwu Anas platyrhynchos ("A. macula alari purpurea utrinque nigra albaque, pectore rufescente"), ndi champhongo - kwa zolengedwa Anas boschas ("A. rectricibus intermediis (maris) recurvatis, rostro recto").

Kutanthauza mating mallard classic subgenus Anas, mu abakha a Mto wamtundu, womwe ndi gulu lofanizira (m'lingaliro lambiri, osati holophyletic).

Dera

Mallard ndiofalikira kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Imakhala pachilumba chovuta kwambiri kumpoto mpaka 70 ° C. N, ndi nyengo yotentha ya kummwera mpaka 35 ° C. w. kumpoto kwa Africa mpaka 20 ° C. w. ku Middle East.

Ku Europe, imakhazikika pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula malo okwera pakati, Scandinavia kumpoto kwa 70 ° C. w. ndi mikwingwirima ya tundra yopanda tanthauzo ku Russia. Ku Siberia, imafalikira kumpoto kwa Salekhard, Turukhansk, malo apakati a Lower Tunguska, peninsula ya Taygonos pa Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Northern Kamchatka. Ku Asia, kumwera mpaka ku Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan, malo otsetsereka a Himalaya, chigawo cha China cha Gansu, ndi Gulf of Yellow Sea. Kunja kwa dziko lalikulu, kumakhala pa Commander, Aleutian, Pribylov, Kuril Islands, kuzilumba za Japan kumwera pakati pa Honshu, komanso ku Hawaii, Iceland ndi Greenland.

Ku North America, kumpoto kulibe ku tundra ndi kum'mawa mainland to Nova Scotia ndi ku America a Maine. Kummwera, chimafika kumwera kwa California ndi mayiko ena aku US omwe amalire ndi Mexico, koma sichikhala ndi malo pamenepo ndipo imangopezeka nthawi yozizira.

Kunja kwa chilengedwe, adalowetsedwa ku South Africa, New Zealand ndi Southeast Australia, komwe amadziwika kuti ndi zachilengedwe zowononga (zophwanya chilengedwe).

Kusuntha Kwa Nyengo

Mawonekedwe osunthira pang'ono. Chiwerengero cha Greenland, chokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chilumbachi, chimakhala moyo wongokhala. Ku Iceland, mbalame zambiri sizichoka pachilumbachi, nthawi yonse yozizira ku British Isles. Mbalame zambiri zokhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, ku Finland, Sweden ndi Baltic, zimasamukira kumadera a Western Europe kuchokera ku Denmark kupita kumadzulo kupita ku France ndi Great Britain. Gawo lina, lochulukirapo m'zaka zotentha, limakhalabe mpaka nthawi yachisanu m'malo obiriwira. Mallards amakhala kwambiri ku Europe konse.

Anthu ochulukirapo akum'mawa kumpoto kwa Europe mbali ya Russia amasamukira ku Don bas, North Caucasus, Turkey komanso kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Kuchokera ku Siberia Yakumadzulo, nthawi yozizira kumadera osiyanasiyana kuyambira ku Balkan kumadzulo kupita ku Caspian lowland kummawa, magawo amawuluka kwambiri, mpaka kukafika ku Nile Delta. Anthu okhala m'malo a Irtysh ndi Ob amapita kumadera a Caspian komanso kumayiko aku Central Asia. Mbalame zokhala ku mpoto chakum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa Asia komanso nyengo yozizira ya Far East kuzilumba za Japan.

Mu Himalayas, mallard amayendayenda nthawi ndi nthawi, kutsikira mu zigwa zazing'ono kwambiri nyengo yachisanu. Ku North America, malire pakati pamayiko osamukasamuka ndi okhazikika amayenda mozungulira malire a US-Canada. Madera ozizira nyengo yachisanu kunja kwa malo okuberekerako ndi madera akumwera chakum'mawa kwa USA, California, Arizona, Baja California, mayiko aku Mexico moyandikana ndi Gulf of Mexico, ndi zilumba zina za Nyanja ya Caribbean.

Kunja kwa nyengo yakukula, m'magulu amtundu, pamtunda wosunthira komanso malo osunga nthawi yachisanu, mallards amasunga mapaketi, kukula kwake komwe kumatha kusiyana magawo angapo mpaka mazana angapo komanso ngakhale masauzande angapo.

M'mizinda yayikulu, kuphatikiza Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, anthu okhala m'mizinda yakukhazikika akhazikitsa chisa mu mzindawo kapena malo omwe amakhala. Ku Western Europe, kulumikiza mallards mu zipinda zanyumba ndi m'malo osiyanasiyana mnyumba zamatawuni sikulinso kwatsopano. Chifukwa chake, padenga la nyumba yazitali zisanu mkati mwa Berlin, mallard adakhala zaka zitatu mzere. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa mallards m'mizinda yayikulu kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhokwe zopanda madzi oundana, kudyetsa mbalame ndi anthu komanso kusowa kwa adani ambiri achilengedwe.

Habitat

Mallard ndizofala pakati pa nkhalango yapakati komanso nkhalango zowirira, kukhala zosowa kumpoto kwa mitengo yamitengo, kumapiri ndi zipululu zambiri.

Imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana osungira okhala ndi madzi abwino, osakhwima kapena amchere, komanso osaya malo, koma imapewa nyanja zopanda madzi, mitsinje, mitsinje yamapiri ndi mitsinje ina yokhala ndi madzi apompopompopompo, komanso oligotrophic (okhala ndi zinthu zochepa zachilengedwe). Munthawi ya chisa, imakonda malo osungirako am'madzi oyera okhala ndi madzi osasunthika komanso mabango akuluakulu, malo ogulitsa kapena magombe ena ataliitali. Munkhalango-tundra, imakhazikika makamaka m'malo okhala ndi mitengo pafupi ndi mitsinje, m'nkhalangoyo nthawi zambiri imadzaza nyanja yakale m'madzi osefukira, koma imapewa mitsinje yopanda. M'nkhalango yotsekeramo nkhalango, nthawi zambiri mumakhala zisa pamakoma otseguka. Dera lachipululu ndilosowa kwambiri, makamaka m'malo madambo. Nthawi yakubzala, nthawi zambiri imakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'malo otsetsereka a nyanja m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zoleza mtima kwa anthu, zomwe zimapezeka kawirikawiri m'madziwe amizinda, zitsime ndi mitsinje yothirira.

Ku Altai kumakwera 2250 m kumtunda kwa nyanja, pomwe imakhazikika paphiri la nyanja. M'malire akummwera kwa mzerewu, umakhala m'mapiri okha - ku Middle Atlas kumpoto kwa Africa (mpaka 2000 m), Himalayas (mpaka 1300 m), ku Punjab ndi Kashmir, phiri la Kamikushi (mpaka 1400 m) ku Japan.

Mawonekedwe a Biology

Zimangokhala zokhazokha, awiriawiri ndi nkhosa pamadzi kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Ndege imathamanga, phokoso kwambiri. Mapiko a mapiko amaphatikizidwa ndi phokoso lokhazikika la "twist twist-twist-twist", lomwe mallard amatha kusiyanitsidwa popanda kuwona mbalame youluka. Mbalame youluka momveka bwino imakhala ndi mikwaso yoyera kumapiko yomwe ili m'malire pagalasi. Imatuluka mosavuta m'madzi.

Imagona povulala yokha, imatha kusambira pansi pa madzi kwa mamita makumi. Amayenda pansi ndikudzaza, koma amatha kuthamanga akavulala.

Molting

Mallards amadziwika ndi ma molt awiri: amadzaza kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kuswana komanso pang'ono pang'ono isanayambe. Kusintha kwathunthu kwa manambala kumayamba mwa amuna kuyambira pomwe akazi amayamba kuswa mazira, ndipo mwa akazi - pamene ana amatuluka kumapiko. Zachikazi zopanda awiri zimayamba kugunda nthawi yomweyo monga ma drake, kenako abakha ena omwe ataya zomanga nawo amakhala nawo. Akazi okhala ndi ana am'madzi kumapeto kwa malo osungira.

Zambiri mwa zipolopolo kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi zimayambira magulu amphongo amtundu umodzi ndikuuluka kupita ku molt, mbali inayo imangotsala pang'onopang'ono kumalo osungira zakudya. Ku Russia, malo omwe mbalame zimasonkhana kuti zizisungunuka, zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka ndi m'nkhalango: kuchokera ku Volga delta, kudutsa mapiri omwe amapezeka pakati pa mapiri a Urals, Ileka ndi Zauralsky. Ku Europe kunja kwa Russia, timagulu tambiri timene timapezeka ku Matsalu Bay ku Estonia, m'mphepete mwa Netherlands, pa Lake Constance ku Central Europe.

Zotsatira za ma plumage ndizotsatirazi: kugwa koyamba koyendetsedwa. Kenako - nthenga za contour, pambuyo pake pali zotupa zatsopano pakhosi, pachifuwa, pamimba, pamutu ndi kuvala. Kenako nthenga zimagwera kuchokera kumbuyo, kenako nthenga. Zomera za ntchentche zatsopano zikamamera, mapiko okhala ndi mapiko apamwamba komanso otsika amayamba kutuluka. Pamene mapiko ofundira atsopano apanga kale "kalilole", kukhazikika kwa mutu ndi theka la thupi kumatsirizika. Nthenga zimamasuka, chifukwa chomwe bakha amakulanso kuuluka. Moult amathera ndikusintha nthenga za kumbuyo ndi nthenga za mchira. Kusintha kwotsirizira kumayambira magawo oyamba osungunuka ndikutalika kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutalika kwathunthu kwa kusungunuka kuli pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Nthawi yomwe mbalameyo imalephera kuuluka chifukwa cha kugwa kwa ntchentche kwa masiku 20-25, pomwe nthawi ya kukula ndi kukula kwa nthenga zimatenga masiku 30- 35. Mbalame zosungunuka masana zimatha kukhala m'nkhalangozi zam'madzi zam'madzi, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo zimasambira kuti zizidyetsa malo opanda madzi.

Miyambo yaukwati

M'masukulu a masika a Drakes, monga lamulo, pali ma drake ochulukirapo kuposa achikazi - izi zimafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa omalizira panthawi ya makulitsidwe komanso kubereka ana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa mpikisano wa ma drake awiri kapena kupitilira apo kuti akhale ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi, kumenyanako pakati pawo komanso kuyesa kukwatirana ndi mkazi yemwe wapanga kale kaseweredwe kena. Kukwiya kwa amuna angapo nthawi zina kumabweretsa kuti abakha amira pansi pa kulemera kwawo.

Kudyeka kumayamba kuyenda pambuyo pa nthawi yophukira mu Seputembara. Pa Seputembala pachimake, patatha izi mbalame zimachepa ndikutha kufikira nthawi yozizira. Ndi chiyambi cha masika, ntchito za amuna zimawonjezereka ndipo zimatha mpaka Meyi. Kuwonetsa kuwonetsero kwa ma drows ndizofanana ndi mamembala ambiri abanja la bakha. Amuna amakono amakumana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pamadzi ndikusambira mozungulira wamkazi wosankhidwa. Poyamba, khosi la mbalame limakokedwa m'mapewa, mulomo umatsitsidwa, matcheni amtambo. Mwadzidzidzi, yamphongoyo imaponyera mutu wake kutsogolo komanso m'mwamba, nthawi zambiri pamzere umodzi masekondi angapo. Mphamvu yakuyenda imachulukira, ndipo pakuponya komaliza, yamphongo nthawi zambiri imadzuka pamwamba pamadzi, imatenga malo oyimirira ndikufalitsa mapiko ake. Nthawi zambiri chochitikachi chimaphatikizidwa ndi mzimba wakuthwa komanso kasupe kazitsamba, kamene mamuna amatulutsa ndi mkondo wogwedezeka. Ataona wamkazi woyenera, amaponyera mutu wake patsogolo pake, namubisalira ndi mapiko ake okweza pang'ono ndikuwathamangitsa ndi chala m'manja mwake, ndikupanga phokoso.

Nthawi zina bakha amasankha kukoka - amasambira mozungulira ndipo amagwedeza mutu wake mobwerezabwereza, ngati "phewa lake". Mating imayendera limodzi ndi miyambo yambiri: banjali imachoka kuchikutiko ndikuyamba kupukusa mutu kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi, mulomo m'munsi mwake umakhudza madzi, nthawi yonseyi kutsala pang'ono kuzungulira. Kenako mkaziyo amatambasulira khosi lake, ndikutambasukira pamadzi kutsogolo kwa chakudyacho, nakwera pamalopo ndikugwira nthenga m'khosi mwake ndi mulomo. Akakhwima, mwamunayo amaweramuka ndi kupanga 'chozungulira cha ulemu' mozungulira mkazi pamadzi. Kenako mall onse amasamba kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusamba madzi nthenga zawo.

Wachikazi

Monga lamulo, yamphongo imateteza maderawo ndipo imakhala pafupi ndi yaikaziyo pokhapokha nthawi ikayamba kuswa mazira. Pali nthawi zina pamene ma drake nthawi yakukonzekera anali pachisa, kenako amatenga nawo mbali pakukweza kwa anapiye. Komabe, amuna ambiri samatenga nawo mbali posamalira ana; pakati kapena kumapeto kwa makulidwe amayenda amphongo amphongo amtundu umodzi ndikuuluka kupita ku molt. Kuyesa kuyambira koyambirira kwa Epulo (kumwera kwa masanjidwewo) ndi pambuyo pake.

Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakutidwa bwino komanso chimakhala pafupi ndi madzi, koma nthawi zina chimatha kupezeka patali kwambiri ndi pamenepo. Nthawi zambiri imakonzedwa munkhokwe za bango kapena mabango, pamavalo, mu hummock, pansi pa mitengo, tchire, pakati pamphepo yamkuntho ndi nkhuni. Nthawi zina bakha zisa pamwamba pa dziko lapansi - m'maenje, m'maenje, nthawi zina zisa za akhwangwala, heron ndi mbalame zina zazikulu. Mukamafukuta pansi, chisa chimakhala chopumula pansi kapena udzu, chokhala ndi fluff yambiri m'mphepete. M'malo ouma kumakhalako komanso kuya, kumangokhala ndi udzu wofewa komanso wowuma. Mallard imakulitsa dzenjelo ndi mulomo wake ndikuyiyimitsa ndi chifuwa, kupindika kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo amodzi. Zomwe zingalowezi ndizosavala, koma nthawi zambiri zimatenga zomwe zimatheka ndi mulomo popanda kusiya chisa. M'malo onyowa ndi chinyezi, mallard amayamba kupanga mulu waukulu wa udzu, mabango, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo amapanga kale dzenje m'malowo. M'litali mwake chisa chake ndi 200-290 mm, kutalika kwa mmbali pamtunda ndi 40-140 mm, m'mimba mwake ndi 150-200 mm, kuya kwa threyi ndi 40-130 mm.

Wamphongo, monga lamulo, satenga nawo mbali pokonzekera chisa, koma amatha kutsagana ndi wamkazi kupita ku chisa pamene watumidwa kuti akagone dzira lina. Mazira oyamba amaikidwa mu chisa chomwe sichitha, ndipo pamene zomangirazo zikuchulukirachulukira, wamkazi amawonjezeranso gawo lonse latsopano la fluff, lomwe limatuluka m'chifuwa chake. Fumbi lagona padenga la thireyi, mu mphete, ndikupanga mbali zapadera zomwe zimakutira mbalame yomwe ikuloweka m'mbali. Kusiya chisa, chachikazi chimaphimba mazira pansi, zomwe zimathandizira kutentha pakakhala kuti kulibe.

Kuyika dzira la Mallard kumayambira molawirira kwambiri: kutengera ndi malowa, koyambirira kwa Epulo - Meyi. Madeti oyambira kuyikira mazira mumisika yayikulu kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo amasiyana pang'ono poyerekeza ndi masiku obwera ndi mbalame kumalo amodzi. Munthawi yoyambira, wamkazi amasiya chisa kuti chizidyetsa m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma kumapeto kwa makulitsidwe amasiya chisa popanda kukayika, chimapangitsa munthu kuti ayandikire ndikuthawa pansi miyendo yake, mwamphamvu "amatenga" ndi anapiye. Malinga ndi zomwe ena awone, mayiyo yemwe amatenga thukuta amasiya kubisala. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti usungidwe womanga usungike, chifukwa kulumikizana pafupipafupi ndi nthenga za nthenga, matumba a chipolopolo amatha kutsekedwa ndipo kusinthana kwa dzira kumadzasokonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, katulutsidwe ka England kamakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu lomwe limatha kukopa zilombo zamtunduwu.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mallard chimafa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zisa ndi adani. Zowonongeka zazikulu ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha nkhandwe ndi agalu a raccoon, akhwangwala ndi masisitidwe oyaka. M'madzi osefukira komanso m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, zisa nthawi zambiri zimafa chifukwa chamadzi osefukira.

Akazi amene ataya kanyumba kake asadalire, nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira, nkumawaika mu chisa cha abakha pafupi, nthawi zina m'mizimba ya mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, pheasant. Pankhani yotayika, zomangamanga zimatha kumanga chisa chatsopano ndi kuyikira mazira, komabe, monga lamulo, kuyikanso kumakhala kocheperako kuposa koyambirira.

Mazira

Kugona kwa dzira kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Mkazi amayikira dzira limodzi patsiku, nthawi zambiri madzulo. Kumaswa kumayamba ndi dzira lomaliza, pomwe oyikirawa amayamba kukhala ndi diski ya germinal yoonekeratu kale. Kukula kwa ubweya kumasiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, kum'mwera chiwerengero cha mazira ndi chachikulu. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira pachisa kumasiyana 9 mpaka 13. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala potuluka abakha omwe amakhala ndi malo oyandikana nawo, chifukwa chogwirira chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri - mazira 16 ndi zina zambiri. Zisa zoterezi zimayamba kukhala zamasiye ndipo ana amafa. Mazira a mawonekedwe wamba, ndi chipolopolo choyera ndi mtundu wa maolivi wobiriwira. Pa makulidwe, mthunziwo umasowa. Mazira ochokera ku clutch omwewo ali ndi kukula ndi mitundu yofananira, koma mapanga osiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana wina ndi mzake kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe a mazira. Makulu a dzira: 49-67 × 34-46 mm. Kulemera kwa mazira osakwanira pafupifupi 46 g (40-52 g).

Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 22-29, pafupifupi - masiku 28. Tiyeti tonse tating'onoting'ono timabadwa pafupifupi nthawi imodzi - chifukwa osapitirira 10, nthawi zambiri - maola 14. Mazira omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza amatenga nthawi yotalikirana mozama kuposa momwe zinaliri zam'mbuyomu.

Maonekedwe a Mallard

Bulu wometa, wonenepa komanso wowonda. Ili ndi mchira waufupi kwambiri komanso mutu waukulu. Kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala pakati pa 40 mpaka 60 cm. Mapiko ake amafika masentimita 100. Mapiko nthawi zambiri amakhala otalika pafupifupi 30 cm, mallard imalemera pafupifupi 1.5 kg. Mlomo ndiwotakata, wosalala. Mwa utoto ndi utoto wa mkalawo mutha kudziwa kugonana kwa bakha. Amuna, amakhala ndi mtundu wonyezimira kumunsi ndi tint wachikasu kumapeto. Drakes wamkulu amakhala ndi zokongola zokongola za mulomo, lalanje kapena maolivi. Mwa akazi, mulomo pansi umakutidwa ndi madontho akuda.

Bakha wamtchire amadziwika ndi dimorphism. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amuna ndi akazi kunja ndi kosiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Nthenga za chinyontho chaching'ono ndi chonyezimira, chosakongola, nthenga za mutu ndi khosi ndizodzikongoletsa zam'maso, khosi limakhala ndi kolala yoyera yoyera. Kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi, kusinthika kukhala kodetsa. Khungu lofiirira lakuda, imvi. Mapiko ake ndi otuwa ndi tint yoyera, galasi lowala lamtambo wamtambo wolumikizidwa ndi loyera. Galasi lotchedwa kalilore limakula pakadutsa zaka. Nthenga za mchira wapakati zimapanga dzenje lakuda pamchira, mchira womwewo umangokhala imvi kapena kuwala imvi. Akazi amakhala ndi utoto wamthenga. Pakusungunuka, yamphongo imakhala ngati yaikazi, mumatha kusiyanitsa ndi bakha ndi mulomo wake. Miyendo ndi yofiyira.

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos).

Chikazi chimakhala ndi zofunikira zambiri. Izi makamaka ndizophatikiza ndi nthenga za bulauni, imvi, zofiira kumbuyo ndi mapiko. Bokosi limapaka utoto. Miyendo ndi lalanje.

Kufalitsa

Imakhala makamaka kumpoto kwa kumpoto. Ku Russia imapezeka ku Tundra, ku Europe ndiofala kwambiri, kupatula malo okwera mapiri. Ponena za kusamukira, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mallard ndi bakha wamba osamukira. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Greenland amakhala kosatha. Anthu okhala ku Russia asamukira ku Turkey ndi Mediterranean. Ku Himalayas, mallard amatsika m'munsi kuti adikire nyengo yozizira.

About molting

Mallard amadziwika kuti ndi moult zomwe zimachitika kawiri pachaka. Isanayambe kapena itatha nyengo yakukhwima. Zachikazi zikayamba kulowerera mazira, zidolezo zimasinthiratu nthenga zawo. Zachikazi zimapota tiana zawo zitayamba kuuluka. Ngati zidachitika kuti mkazi alibe kolimba kapena alibe utoto wokhala ndi chiwonetsero, ndiye kuti chimamvekera nthawi yomweyo ngati amuna.

Mallards molt kawiri pachaka.

Nthawi zambiri, munthawi yomwe kusintha kwa maula kumachitika, mbalame zimasiya madera awo ndikuthamangira kumalo opondera, komwe kumayamba kusungunuka.

Kodi mallard amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mallard Duck

Mallard imapezeka kumpoto konsekonse, kuyambira ku Europe kupita ku Asia ndi North America. Ku North America, sikuti kumpoto kwenikweni kokha ku tundra kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku Maine komanso kummawa kupita ku Nova Scotia. Malo ake ogawa aku North America ali kudera lotchedwa prairie dera la North ndi South Dakota, Manitoba ndi Saskatchewan. Ku Europe, kulibe malo okwera m'mapiri, ku Scandinavia, ndi mikwingwirima ya tundra ku Russia. Kugawidwa ku Siberia kumpoto kwa Salekhard, njira ya Lower Tunguska, Taygonos Peninsula ndi Northern Kamchatka.

Mallard adalowetsedwa ku Australia ndi New Zealand. Imapezeka kulikonse komwe nyengo ili yolingana ndi malo ogawa kumpoto kwa dziko. Ku Australia, mallards sanawonekere kale kwambiri kuposa 1862 ndipo adafalikira ku Australia, makamaka kuyambira m'ma 1950. Ndizosowa kwenikweni chifukwa cha nyengo zanyengo iyi. Imakhala makamaka ku Tasmania, kumwera chakum'mawa ndi madera ena kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Mbalameyi imakulira kumatauni kapena malo olimapo ndipo sichimawoneka kawirikawiri kumadera komwe kulibe anthu ambiri. Amawerengedwa ngati zachilengedwe zowononga zachilengedwe.

Mallard adakali odziwika mu zigwa zotseguka mpaka 1000 m, malo okhala kwambiri adalembedwa m'malo ena pafupifupi 2000. Ku Asia, mtunda umafikira kum'mawa kwa Himalayas. Mbalame imabisala kumapeto a kumpoto kwa India ndi kumwera kwa China. Kuphatikiza apo, mallard osiyanasiyana akuphatikiza Iran, Afghanistan, ndi kunja kwa nyanja, mbalame zokhala ku Aleutian, Kuril, Commander, zilumba za Japan, komanso ku Hawaii, Iceland ndi Greenland. Imakonda madambo pomwe madzi abwino amapanga masamba ambiri. Madambo amapezekanso ma invertebrates am'madzi ambiri, omwe mallards amadya.

Kodi mallard amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Mallard

Mallard sikuchepa chakudya. Ili ndi mtundu wamagulu omwe umadya chilichonse chomwe umatha kupukusa ndi kupeza popanda kuchita khama. Zatsopano zatsopano zimapezeka komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.

Chakudya cha bakha ku Mallard chimakhala chazomera kwambiri:

mbewu
zipatso,
algae wobiriwira
mbewu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi pamtunda.

Chakudyacho chimaphatikizaponso:

Kapangidwe ka chakudya kamasinthasintha nyengo. Mallards aku Central Europe amakhala nthawi yakuswana chifukwa cha zakudya zamasamba. Awa ndi mbewu, nyengo yachisanu yobiriwira, kenako masamba ophukira atsopano. Pofika nthawi yomwe anapiyewo amabadwa, samapeza chakudya chambiri chambiri, komanso chakudya chochuluka cha nyama mwanjira ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Komabe, anapiye amallard sakhazikika mu zakudya zina, kupeza michere yokwanira m'chilengedwe.

Ngakhale chiwopsezo cha mapuloteni amanyama pakukula kwa nyama zazing'ono ndizosatheka. Ma mallard ang'onoang'ono, omwe amamwa mapuloteni ambiri amanyama, amawonetsa kukula kwambiri kuposa omwe amadya masamba. Achinyamata atangokwera kumene, mallard akuyamba kufunafuna chakudya m'minda. Amakonda makamaka mbewu zosapsa. Mukugwa, mallards amadya ma acorn ndi mtedza wina.

Chosangalatsa: Kuchulukitsa zakudya zosiyanasiyana kumaphatikizapo mbatata zotengedwa kuchokera ku South America. Ku UK, chizolowezi chodyera ichi chidawonekera koyamba nthawi yachisanu pakati pa 1837 ndi 1855. Alimi ataponyera mbatata pamunda.

M'malo odyetsa, mallard nthawi zina amadya mkate ndi zinyalala zakukhitchini. Ngakhale amasintha kwambiri m'zakudya zake, samadya masamba amchere. Mwachitsanzo, ku Greenland, mallard amadya pafupifupi maoll am'madzi.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Pakhomo la Wild Mallard

Mallards ali ndi nthenga pafupifupi 10,000 zokutira pansi, zomwe zimawateteza ku chinyontho ndi kuzizira. Amadzola mafuta kuti madzi asalowemo. Tizilombo ta m'munsi mwa mchira wake timapereka mafuta apadera. Bakha amatenga mafuta awa ndi mulomo wake ndikumapukutira ndi maula. Pamadzi, abakha amayandama pamsewu wamlengalenga. Mpweya umakhala pakati pa maula ndi pansi. Mlengalenga womata umateteza kuti thupi lisatenthe.

Pofufuza chakudya, pansi pa madzi, timiyala tambiri timadumphira pansi, ndikugunda mapiko awo pamwamba pamadzi kenako timatanda. Kuima kwa thupi ndi mchira wake kutuluka kuchokera kumadzi kumawoneka koseketsa. Nthawi yomweyo, akuyang'ana pansi chakudya pamadzi akuya pafupifupi theka la mita. Amaluma mbali za mbewuzo ndi milomo yawo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakankha madzi, omwe nawonso anawatulutsa. Magawo ena a mulomo amakhala ngati chofunda chomwe chakudya chimakhazikika.

Chosangalatsa: Mawelesi abakha samazizira, chifukwa alibe mathero amitsempha komanso mitsempha yamagazi. Izi zimathandiza abakha kuyenda mwakachetechete pa ayezi ndi matalala osamva kuzizira.

Kuuluka kwa mbalameyo kumathamanga komanso kwamveka kwambiri. Ikakhala ndi mapiko oyenda, mallard nthawi zambiri imapanga mawu osangalatsa, omwe bakha amatha kuzindikira popanda kuwawona. Mwa anthu omwe akuwuluka, mikwaso yoyera pazowongolera imawoneka bwino. Kuchotsera kwa Mallard pamadzi ndi luso. Imatha kuyenda kwamamita pansi pamadzi. Pamtunda, amayenda modutsa mbali ndi mbali, koma ovulala amatha kuyenda mofulumira.

Nyengo ikatha kubereka, mallards amapanga ng'ombe ndipo amasamukira kumadera akutali kupita kumadera otentha akummwera. Kumeneko amayembekeza kasupe ndi kudyetsa mpaka nthawi yobala iyambanso. Malo ena ogulitsira, mwina amakonda kukhala nthawi yozizira kumadera komwe kuli chakudya chochulukirapo komanso pogona. Mallards awa ndi omwe amakhala osakhala osamukira.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mallard Chick

Mallards okhala ndi mapangidwe awiriawiri mu Okutobala ndi Novembala kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ndi mbalame zosamukira kumapeto kwa mvula. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yotsekemera, yomwe imachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika. Pamodzi, maanja amayang'ana malo osungira omwe amatha kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma nthawi zina makilomita awiri kapena atatu kuchokera kumadzi.

Kusankhidwa kwa malo okhala chisa kumagwirizana ndi malo okhala. M'madera otsika, zisa zimapezeka m'malo odyetsa, pafupi ndi nyanja zomwe zimadziwika ndi masamba, mumadambo. Mu nkhalango, zitha kupezekanso m'maenje. Chidacho pachokha ndi chosavuta, chosazama, chomwe chachikazi chimathandizira ndi nthambi zosachedwa. Chisa chikamangidwa, donalo limasiya bakha ndi kuphatikizana ndi amuna ena akuyembekeza kuti nthawi yasungunuka.

Chochititsa chidwi: Chikazi chimayala kirimu 8- 13 koyera kokhala ndi mazira obiriwira opanda mawanga, dzira limodzi patsiku, kuyambira mu Marichi. Ngati mazira anayi oyamba asakhazikike osasungidwa ndi zilombo, abakha amapitiliza kuyikira mazira pachisa chija ndikuphimba mazira, ndikusiyanso chisa kwa nthawi yochepa.

Mazira ndi otalika pafupifupi 58 mm ndi 32 mm mulifupi. Makulitsidwe amayamba pomwe kumanga kuli pafupi. Makulidwe obwera amatenga masiku 27-27, ndipo kuthawa kumatenga masiku 50-60.Ana agalu amatha kusambira akangolowa mbedza. Mwachibadwa amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo osati kuti azitentha komanso kuteteza, komanso kuti adziwe komanso kukumbukira malo omwe amakhala komanso komwe angapezere chakudya. Ana agalu akakula amatha kuuluka, amakumbukira njira zosamukira kwawo.

Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe a Mallard

Chithunzi: Mallard Duck

Amiyala amibadwo yonse (koma makamaka achichepere) nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mitundu yambiri ya omwe amadyera, kuphatikiza okhazikika. Zoyambitsa zachilengedwe zoopsa kwa ogulitsa mallards ndi nkhandwe (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda kuthyola zazikazi. Zimakhalanso ndi mbalame zothamanga kwambiri kapena zazikulu: mbalame za agwape, agalu, chiwombankhanga chagolide, chiwombankhanga, akhwangwala akhungu, kapena chiwombankhanga, mbewa zazikulu, buluzi wa chiwombankhanga. osachepera 25 amitundu ndi kuchuluka komweko kwa nyama zomwe zimadya, osawerengera nyama zina zochulukirapo zomwe zimawopseza mazira ndi anapiye.

Mallards amakhalanso ovutitsidwa ndi zilombo monga:

Mallards amathanso kuukiridwa ndi ma Anseriformes akuluakulu monga swans ndi atsekwe, omwe nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa mallards panthawi yakuswana chifukwa cha mikangano ya malo. Phukusi limachita kuukira kapena kupha mallards ngati akhulupirira kuti abakha amawopseza ana awo.

Popewa kuwukira kwa abakha kugona, amapuma ndi diso limodzi lotseguka, kulola gawo limodzi laubongo kukhalabe lothandizabe pomwe theka linalo likugona. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuwunika kwa njirayi kunachitika pa mallards, ngakhale akukhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika pakati pa mbalame zambiri. Popeza zazikazi zimakonda kuweta nthawi yakubzala, m'masukulu ambiri pali akuthwa kuposa abakha. M'tchire, abakha amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10 mpaka 15. Ioyang'aniridwa ndi anthu azaka 40.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Mkazi wa Mallard

Mallards ndi ambiri kwambiri komanso odziwika pakati pa mafoni onse am'madzi. Chaka chilichonse, osaka amawombera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, osakhudza kuchuluka kwawo. Choopsa chachikulu pamisika yayikulu ndikuwonongeka kwa malo awo, koma amasinthasintha mosavuta pazinthu zamunthu.

Chosangalatsa: Kuyambira mu 1998, mu Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN, mallard adalembedwa ngati mtundu wocheperako kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti zili ndi mitundu yambiri - yopitilira 20,000,000 km², komanso chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zikukula, sikuchepera. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu okhala m'mallard ndi akulu kwambiri.

Mosiyana ndi mafoni ena am'madzi, mashopu apindula ndi kusinthika kwaumunthu - mwaluso kwambiri kotero kuti tsopano amatengedwa ngati mitundu yowonongera m'madera ena padziko lapansi. Amadzaza m'mapaki amumizinda, nyanja, matziwe ndi matupi ena amadzi ochita kupanga. Nthawi zambiri amaloledwa komanso kulimbikitsidwa m'malo a anthu chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe okongola a utawaleza.

Abakha amakhala bwino ndi anthu kotero kuti chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuteteza zachilengedwe chimalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa mitundu pakati pa abakha achikhalidwe m'derali. Kutulutsidwa kwa mallards kutchire komwe kulibe kwina nthawi zina kumabweretsa mavuto chifukwa chodutsana ndi mafoni am'madzi am'deralo. Mallard zosasamukira kuno zimaberekana ndi abakha am'deralo a mitundu yogwirizana kwambiri, zomwe zimathandizira kuipitsa majini ndikupanga ana ochulukirachulukira.

Mallard kholo la abakha ambiri apakhomo. Dziwe lanyama lakutchire lomwe limachita kusanduka kwina likuyipitsidwa ndi anthu wamba. Kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi amtundu wamtchire kumayambitsa kutha kwa mafoni am'madzi am'deralo.

Za Niedzi

Zingwe zimamangidwa ndi akazi, malo amatha kukhala aliwonse. Chidacho chimatha kumangidwa m'matumba a mabango, mabedi, kapena chitha kupezeka m'mabowo kapena mu zisa zakale za mbalame zina. Pa nthawi yoyikira dzira loyamba, nyumbayo singamangidwe mpaka kumapeto, mkaziyo amawonjezera ndi zinthu zofunika. Amayi sakonda kusiya zisa nthawi yonseyi kusaka mazira, chifukwa chake amasanduka nkhandwe, ankhandwe, agalu, fodya.

Zachikazi zazimayi sizowala kwambiri chifukwa cha maula.

Zitha kutaya mabatani, imayikira mazira m'malo okhala zisa zina, ndipo nyumbayo ikhoza kukhala kwawo kwa mbalame zina. Nthawi zambiri, amayikira mazira 9 mpaka 15.

Mallard Chick

M'malo mwa nthenga, anapiye obadwa kumenewo ali ndi fluff, omwe mtundu wawo umayandikira kirimu maolivi. Amalemera magalamu 30 mpaka 40 okha. Patatha maola 20 kubadwa kwa anapiye amatha kusambira, kusambira, kuthamanga. Amadyetsa popanda thandizo la amayi awo, kufunafuna tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pambuyo masiku 50, anapiyewo akuuluka kale.

Mverani mawu akumisika

Sitinganyalanyaze kuti mallard samangokhala chifukwa chamadyedwe komanso m'manja mwa munthu, komanso chifukwa cha matenda omwe amatchedwa "mbalame yakuthengo". Chifukwa cha matendawa, mbalameyi imatulutsa zilonda zamkati zonse, ndipo imafa mwadzidzidzi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

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