Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame padziko lathuli, mbalame zomwe zimangokhala komanso zosamuka zimasiyanitsidwa. Makamaka mbalame zambiri zosamukira kumadera omwe amakhala zimazungulira, pomwe malo obiriwira mbalame amapangika nthawi yotentha - masango akuluakulu a mbalame zokhala m'malo amiyala. M'dzinja, kuchuluka konseku kumapita kumwera, ndikugunda makilomita masauzande ambiri kupita kumalo ozizira.
Koma pali wina amene ali wapadera pakati pa mbalame zosamukira kuderalo la Arctic, yemwe ndi woyenera kusirira ndi ulemu. Ndipo dzina lake ndi Arctic Tern.
Iyi ndi mbalame yokhayo padziko lapansi yomwe imawulukira nyengo yachisanu kuti isatenthe mayiko otentha, koma kwambiri kumwera, ku South Pole. Arctic terns chisa ndi kubereketsa ana ku Arctic, pafupi ndi North Pole. Koma nthawi yozizira iwo amawulukira komwe amakhala ndendende komwe amakhala ndipo nthawi ino chilimwe chocheperako - kumphepete mwa Antarctica. Zikuoneka kuti ma tern sanapeze malo okhala pena pafupi. Zidakwaniritsidwa kuti kwa iwo moyo wawo wonse ndi chilimwe chozungulira chaka chonse, pomwe amakhala okonzeka kuwuluka kumalekezero adziko lapansi.
Mu chithunzichi: malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi zofiira, malo ozizira amawonetsedwa ndi buluu, ndipo mivi imawonetsa njira zazikulu zosunthira ku Arctic terns
Mbalame zodabwitsazi zimasamukira kumalo achisanu nthawi yachisanu, ndipo kumapeto zimayendetsa mbali yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, kuthawa amakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri pachaka. Nthawi yomweyo, mtunda womwe amadzaza chaka chimodzi ndi wamakilomita 70,000.
Ngakhale zili ndi katundu wambiri chotere, ma polar tern samadandaula za zaumoyo, ndipo kutalika kwa moyo wawo ndi zaka 25, zomwe ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina zambiri. Ndipo anthu ena, malinga ndi asayansi, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 30.
Arctic tern ndi mbalame zazing'ono, zazikulu zomwe zimasiyana kuchokera pa 35 mpaka 45. Zimayenda bwino m'madzi ndikudya nyama zam'madzi zambiri, nsomba zazing'ono, mapira ndi mphutsi, ndipo mulibe nazo vuto kudya zipatso zakupsa mu tundra nthawi yophukira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma tern awa ndi abambo okhulupilika kwambiri ndipo amapanga maanja mabanja.
Ma Arctic tern ali ndi mawonekedwe enanso. Ndi olimba mtima kwambiri, ndipo popeza ndasonkhana m'magulu, sinditha kuthana ndi nkhandwe za arctic ndipo sindingaope munthu ndikaganiza kuti ndiwowopsa. Kusawopa kumeneku kunayamikiridwa mwachangu ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame, zomwe zinayamba kukhazikika pafupi ndi ma Arctic tern ndi chiyembekezo choti atha kuthana ndi zonena za adani.
Ngakhale malo osinthika nthawi zonse, malo otchedwa Arctic amathanso kukhala ngati mbalame za mbalamezi, chifukwa apa zimaswanitsa anapiye awo, ndipo iwonso adabadwira zigawo zakumpoto. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic ya Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Kumpoto kwa Europe komanso, kudziko lathu ku gombe lonse la Arctic Ocean.
Kufalitsa
Ngakhale malered ndi a polar tern amakhalira limodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, mbalamezi zimapanga awiriawiri zazitali moyo.
Chaka chilichonse amabwerera kumalo omwewa. M'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mapiri a polar amapanga mizere yayikulu. Mu nthawi yodyera, tchire lamphongo limachita kuvina kokongola. Pokhala ndi mkazi, iye amawuluka m'mwamba kwambiri. Mbalame zonsezi zimapukusa mapiko awo, kenako zimazizira kwa kanthawi mlengalenga ndikugwera pansi mwachangu. Mwambo waukwati ukupitilira padziko lapansi. Wamphongo amapereka wokondedwa wake - nsomba, pomwe iye monyadira amayenda mozungulira wamkazi ali ndi mapiko pansi ndipo mchira wake umakwezedwa. Yaikazi yomwe imakhala ndi nsomba mumlomo wake imakonda kukwera m'mwamba. Monga chisa, ma tern amagwiritsa ntchito pansi pang'ono.
Mbalame zimaphimba dzenjelo ndi mbewu. Mbawala ya polar wamkazi imayikira mazira 1-3. Mazira a mbalameyi ali ndi utoto woteteza, amaphimbidwa ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa chake sangaonekere pakati pamchenga ndi miyala. Makolo amafundira iwonso. Chingwe chimaswa pakatha masiku 20-25.
Ana aakubadwa a masiku awiri akusankhidwa kale chisa. Makolo amawadyetsa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Kuteteza chisa, mbalame zimagunda mlendo aliyense, ngakhale anapiye am'madzi omwe amakhala m'deralo. Ana achichepere amakhala ndi mapiko pambuyo pa masiku 20-30.
Jiografia yokhala
Malo akuluakulu okhala mbalame amatha kuweruzidwa ndi dzina lake, mbalamezi zimakhala kumpoto kwa Canada, Alaska, m'mphepete mwa Greenland, ku Scandinavia Peninsula, komanso ku tundra yaku Russia kuyambira ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku Chukotka. Dzinja litangofika kumene ku Arctic, mbalameyo imathamangira kum'mwera momwe ingathere mpaka ikafike ku madzi oundana a Antarctic.
Arctic Tern amayang'anira nyama.
Arctic tern pa kusaka.
Arctic Tern.
Arctic Tern amakhala atanyamula mapiko ake m'mwamba.
Ndege zonyamuka
Kanema wodabwitsa wa polar anali ndi mwayi - ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imawona chilimwe kawiri pachaka - kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa hemispheres. Ziwonetsero zenizeni zokhala ndi zowuluka - pakasamukira kwawo pachaka zimawuluka pafupifupi 80,000 km, motero, ndege zoposa 10 pachaka, mbalame imakhala mtunda wofanana ndi kuwuluka ku Mwezi ndi kubwerera.
Chifukwa cha zida zamakono komanso gulu loyendetsa mbalame, akatswiri a zamankhwala anatha kutsatira njira za mbalame. Chifukwa chake zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti mbalamezi zimawulukira kum'mwera popanda kuthamanga, zimayima m'malo ataliatali, mwachitsanzo, ku Newfunlandland, malo oterowo amakhala mpaka masiku 30. Kuuluka konse kwa mbalame kumatenga masiku 70 mpaka 130, kotero kuthamanga kwa mbalame kumakhala pafupifupi 330 km pa tsiku. Mbalame za ku Arctic nthawi yachilimwe zimakonda kukhala pagombe la Weddell Sea.
Terns akuuluka kuchokera ku Arctic koyambirira kwa mwezi wa Epulo, amabwerera mwachangu kwambiri osayima nthawi yayitali, chifukwa amakhala kunyumba masiku 36-50, tsopano kuthamanga kwawo kuli pafupifupi 500 km pa tsiku.
Arctic terns pamwala.
Arctic Tern: chithunzi cha mbalame ikuuluka.
Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763
Lembani Dzina: | Arctic Tern |
Dzina lachi Latin: | Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 |
Chizungu: | Arctic Tern |
Dzina lachi French: | Sterne arctique |
Chijeremani: | Kustenseeschwalbe |
Zofananira Zachilatini: | Sterna macrura Naumann, 1819 |
Mawu ofanana ku Russia: | wautali wamisala |
Gulu: | Charadriiformes |
Banja: | Gulls (Laridae) |
Jenda: | Krachki (Sterna Linnaeus, 1758) |
Mkhalidwe: | Kubala mitundu yosamukira. |
Mawonekedwe
Mbalame yokongola pakati komanso yocheperako ikufanana kwambiri ndi "mlongo" wake wa mitsinje. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo ndi 35-45 cm, mapiko ndi pafupi 80-85 masentimita, kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumachokera 85 mpaka 130 magalamu.
Zovala za mbalamezi ndizogwirizana kwambiri. Mu mbalame zazikulu, nthenga pachifuwa ndi pamimba ndimtundu wonyezimira, nthawi zina ndimatayidi opinki. Pamutu pa “chipewa” chokhala ndi nthenga zakuda. Kavalidwe ka nthenga ka mbalameyi kamakhala ndi chovala chamtundu wowoneka bwino, kumtunda kwa mapiko kumapangidwanso utoto, ndipo nthenga za utoto wonyezimira pamapiko pamwambapa ndi pa chovala. Nthenga za mapiko ndizosinthika ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala yakuda m'mphepete.
Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yofiyira kwambiri. Mlomo wa tern, ngati miyendo, umapaka utoto wofiirira, ndipo m'mitundu ina m'mwezi wa Marichi kapena wa August, pamwamba pamilomo mumakhala mdima. M'dzinja, mlomo wa mbalameyo umasanduka wakuda, ndipo nthawi yozizira pamphumi imayera.
Mwa achichepere, chovala chokhacho chimakhala ndi mchira wofupikitsa komanso mapiko owopsa kuposa mbalame yakale. Anapiye otsika a ku Arctic tern ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ana amtsinje, kusiyanitsa kokhako ndi khunyu lakuda pakhosi ndi pamphumi. Mchira wa mbalameyo ndi yoyera pamtunda komanso imvi, yopepuka pansipa.
Kugonana kwa mbalame mu mbalamezi kulibe.
Arctic Tern pamwala.
Arctic tern pagombe pa mwala wokhala ndi mapiko akwezedwa.
Arctic Tern wokhala ndi ntchentche.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya za nkhuku zimatengera nyengo. Panthawi yosamukasamuka, ma tern amakulamulidwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono, krill, mollusks ndi crustaceans. Kuti agwire nyama, mbalameyo imakwera kutalika kwa 10-11 metres ndikuyang'ana m'madzi mosamala, "chakudya" chikapezeka, mbalame zimatsika pambuyo pake, koma mpaka pakuya. Ndege zamtunduwu zimatchedwa kuti kuyendetsa ndege, ngati sizikutheka kulanda nyama, nyanjayo imathamangitsa ngakhale madzi.
Nthawi ya nesting, tern amadya mphutsi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta madzi, nyongolotsi, nsomba zazing'ono - zosaposa 50 mm. Nthawi zina zakudya zamasamba zimawoneka m'zakudya - zipatso zokha.
Arctic tern ndi nsomba mumkamwa mwake.
Arctic Tern amadya.
Kodi chisa cha Arctic Tern chimakhala kuti?
Pokhala chisa chawo, ma tern amasankha malowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja yozizira ya kumpoto, popeza nthawi zonse pamakhala chakudya chochuluka. Nthawi zambiri chimakhala gombe la Greenland, kumpoto kwa Canada, Russia, Alaska ndi zilumba za circumpolar. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zina zimatha kukhala mu tundra, pafupi ndi dziwe komanso dambo, kudya zakudya zam'madzi ndi nsomba. Madera a mbalame zazing'ono adawonekeranso kumpoto kwa Britain, Ireland.
Mbidzi zisaoneke m'makola, nthawi zambiri - m'malo awiri pamwala kapena malo opanda pafupi ndi madzi, zimathanso kukhala pathanthwe. Malo osungira mbalame ndi pafupifupi mvula yam'madzi (chifukwa champhepo zamkuntho ndi mkuntho), ma tern amapanga zisa zawo pamtunda, nthawi zina amasankha malo otseguka kwambiri kuti pasadakhale nyama iliyonse. Chidacho sichili ndi udzu wanyanja, zidutswa zamatabwa ndi zipolopolo.
Kulimbana kwa gawo kumachitika nthawi zambiri mkati mwa khola la mbalame - pakati pakukhazikika, mwayi wopulumutsa anapiye ndiwokwera kuposa kunja kwake, komwe anyamata ammudzi nthawi zambiri amakhala.
Ma polar tern kumwamba.
Arctic Tern.
Arctic tern pa mwala wokulidwa ndi moss.
Arctic tern kuthawa, kowonera kumbuyo.
Kuswana
Arctic terns amakhala okhwima pakugonana wazaka 3-4. Komabe, mbewa zoyambilira nthawi zambiri zimafa, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mayi wachichepere podyetsa ana.
Ma polar tern ndi mbalame zodziwika bwino, kupanga awiri, amapanga wina ndi mnzake mokhulupirika, moyo, ngakhale, izi, pachaka zambiri sizikhala kutali ndi mzake.
Chaka chilichonse amabwerera kumalo omwe amakhala. Pamasewera akukhwima, yamphongo imachita kuvina kwamphongo patsogolo pa mkaziyo, kenako awiriwo amawuluka, kwakanthawi ndikulowa mlengalenga ndikugwedezeka pansi. Atafika, yamphongo imapatsa mkazi chithandizo - nsomba, atavomereza zomwe mkazi amatenga.
Pakupanga kwa polar tern, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 1 mpaka 3 amtundu wamtundu wokhala ndi malo otanthauzira bwino, kuteteza koteroko kumapangitsa mazira kuti asaonekere pakati pa miyala. Pali m'modzi amodzi pachaka. Amayi ndi abambo amasinthana kukakamira anapiyewo, kuteteza nkhwangwa kwa mdani aliyense, ndipo amagwirira nyama iliyonse, ngakhale ngoziyo singawopseze yawo, koma chisa choyandikana. Mbalame zosaka zimatenga masiku 20-25.
Anapiye obadwa kumene ali pansi ndipo amadalira kwathunthu makolo awo. Amakula msanga ndipo atatha masiku 14 amapanga kuyesera koyamba kutuluka m'chisa. M'mwezi woyamba wamoyo, makolo ali ndi udindo wopeza chakudya, ngakhale kuti patatha masiku 20-25 mbalamezo zimakhala zokhala ndi mapiko. Anapiye aang'ono amatha kuzolowera nyengo yovuta, kotero pakati pawo pamakhala kupulumuka kwapamwamba kwa 82%.
Mating polar terns.
Arctic Tern wokhala ndi anapiye.
Mbidzi youluka polowera kudya imadyetsa mwana wankhuku.
Arctic Tern amadyetsa mwana wachikulire.
Achinyamata polar.
KULIMA
Arctic Tern imadziwika kuti imasunthira kwakanthawi - pambuyo pake, mbalame zimabisala ku Southern Ocean ndi Antarctica. Ma polar a ku Europe ndi ku Siberian amawombera m'mphepete mwa Europe ndi kumadzulo, kenako m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic kumwera. Ma polar tern a ku America amawuluka kudutsa kumadzulo komanso kum'mawa kwa North ndi South America.
Kusamukira kwa mbalamezi kumatha miyezi inayi. Mwambiri, ma tern amauluka kuchokera 20,000 mpaka 30,000 km. Mukamayenda, mbalame zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi kuti muzitha kupeza chakudya. Kusunthira, ma tern pachaka amapangaulendo kuzungulira padziko lapansi.
ZONSE ZABWINO
Arctic Tern imagwiritsa ntchito makamaka nsomba ndi ma crustaceans ang'ono, motero imapeza chakudya nthawi yayitali. Pofunafuna chakudya, tern amawulukira pansi pamadzi, nthawi zina amawombera m'mwamba ndikugwetsa mapiko ake mwachangu. Poona nyama, nthawi yomweyo amathamangira pansi ndikugwira nsomba ndi mulomo. Kuponyera nyama kumeneku kumatchedwa kuthawa. Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti, pafupifupi, gawo limodzi lokha lililonse lachitatu limachita bwino. Ngati kuponya koyamba sikulephera, mbalameyo imathamangitsa pansi pamadzi: mbalameyo imalowa m'madzi kwakanthawi ndikuigwira ndi mulomo.
Ma arctic tern, ngati seagulls, amayang'anira kumene abwenzi awo amasaka, chifukwa m'malo awa mungapeze sukulu ya tinsomba.
DZIWANI IZI:
- Arctic Tern, yopikika mu Juni 1966 ku Wales, adapezeka ku Australia kumapeto kwa Disembala chaka chimenecho. Zotsatira zake, idawuluka makilomita 18,056 - cholembedwa cha mbalame zosamukira.
- Nthawi zambiri, nkhanu zimakhazikika pafupi ndi dera la polar terns. Ngakhale kuti Arctic Tern ndi mbalame yaying'ono, ndizosamala komanso ndewu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mbalame za seagull, zomwe zikukhala pafupi ndi madera ake, zimadziteteza kwa adani.
- Ku Greenland, ma polar tern adawonedwa, omwe amakhala pamtunda wamakilomita mazana angapo kuchokera ku North Pole.
- Dera la chisa cha polar terns limatetezedwa ndi "phula" wapadera. Mbalame zomwe zikulondera zikafuula, gulu lonse limathamangira kwa mdani.
ZINSINSI ZA KUSINTHA KWA POLAR KUSINTHA. KULAMBIRA
Mlomo: yayitali, yolozera. M'chilimwe chimakhala chofiyira, nthawi yachisanu chimakhala chakuda.
Kuganiza: chachikazi imayikira mazira 1-3 mu chisa. Ali ndi khungu loteteza.
Mapaipi: mapewa ndi mbali yakumwamba ya mapiko ndi imvi. Nthenga zam'munsi ndizopepuka, chovala chakuda kumutu.
Ndege: amayenda mosavuta komanso modabwitsa. Pofufuza chakudya, iye amawuluka, nthawi zambiri akumakutula mapiko ake.
Mchira: Mbalame imakhala ndi mchira wopindika. Nthenga za mchira ndi zazitali kuposa nthenga za mapiko (ndizitali kuposa zodziwika ngati tern).
- Malo okongoletsa
- Kukazizira
POSAKHALITSA POLAR TIYANI
Arctic tern ndi wofala pafupi ndi mitengo yonse iwiri. Imakhala mu madera ozizira kwambiri a Arctic komanso subarctic a North America, Greenland ndi Northern Eurasia. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, imayenda kumwera ndipo nthawi yotentha ku Antarctica komanso kumwera kwa Africa, South America ndi Australia.
KUPULUMUTSA, KUTeteza
Polar tern siziwopseza kutha, chifukwa chake, sifunikira chitetezo chapadera.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Krachka wa sing'anga kukula, wokhala ndi mtsinje, womwe uli wofanana kwambiri. Ili ndi mchira wautali (mu mbalame yomwe imakhala mpaka kumapeto kwamapiko opindika), kuchokera kwa S. h. hirundo, kuwonjezera apo, khungu lakuda lamkati, komanso kuchokera kwa S. h. logipennis - wokhala ndi mlomo wofiira. Mbalame zazing'ono m'munda ndizosadziwika bwino. Chikhalidwe cha kuthawa, ngati mtsinje wamtsinje. Kuti agwire nyama, mbalameyi imadumphira ntchentche. Imayenda pang'ono komanso mosafunikira pansi; mbalame yokhala, yolemetsa (yofupikirapo kuposa ya mumtsinje) imakopa chidwi.
Mawu ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi liwu la mtsinje tern, koma kukwera pang'ono. Kulira kwa ma alarm kumamveka kwambiri kuposa kwa mtsinje wam'mphepete, ngati "kerrr" kapena "krrr". Pakulila mu khola, kulira kwa "cue" nthawi zambiri kumamveka, komwe kumakhazikitsidwa ndi mbalame zouluka kuposa munthu wovuta. Kulira kwa anthu obwerera ku koloni (Kutsatsa-kuitana ndi: Cramp, 1985) kumveka ngati "kriyr" kapena "pir", nthawi zambiri kumakhala kukuwa koopsa monga "kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer." "Kapena" kiti-ki-kiri. ". Kulira kofananako kumapangidwira wamwamuna amadyetsa mkazi (wotsirizayo, kupempha chakudya, modzaza "pee-pee-pee." Kapena "tee-tee-tee."), Komanso ngati mafunde amakangana. M'malo omaliza, munthu amatha kumva kaphokoso kamene kakuyamwa (amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa kuthamangitsa nyama zodya zinzake) ndikudina koyimba kapena kumatulutsa mawu (kuti mumve zambiri: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).
Kufotokozera
Mtundu wa ma plumage ndiwofanana ndendende ndi mtsinje, koma chida chakuda chimatsika pang'ono kuchokera kumphepete mwa mutu, khungu la kumtambowo limakhala losalala komanso laling'ono, ndipo utoto wamaso am'munsi kwambiri umakhala wofanana ndi wam'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, ndipo umadzuka mpaka pachifuwa ndi m'masaya. Nthenga zazitali zazomera zokhala ndi malire oyera oyera, nthenga za mchira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera, zakunja zokha ndimatsitsi a awiriawiri, ndipo gulu lakunja limakhala ndi utoto wamdima wakuda. Ma buluzi oyambira, ngati mu mitsinje ya mitsinje, koma gawo loyera lamkati linali lalifupi, pakati pake ndi nthenga m'mphepete mwake imangotsala kamtambo kokha ka 1.5-2.5 mm.Utoto woyera pamtunda komanso ulusi wamkati wa ntchentche zamtundu wamtundu wautali zimapangidwa bwino. Mlomo wake ndi wofiyira, nthawi zina ndimaso akuda, miyendo imakhala yofiyira, iris ndi yakuda.
Amuna ndi akazi ovala zovala zachisanu. Ofanana kwambiri ndi mitsinje yam'madzi mu zovala zofananira, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya mbalame zoyambira ndi zachiwiri (onani pamwambapa), komanso chifukwa chochepa kwambiri cha utoto wamtundu kumbuyo kumunsi, kuphimba mchira kumtunda ndi mchira.
Zovala zovalazo. Zofanana kwambiri ndi zovala zapansi pamtsinje, mapanga amtunduwu amasiyana movutikira komanso osadalirika. Toni yamtundu wapamwamba wamtundu wamtunduwu umasiyana kuchokera ku imvi kuwala mpaka t, malo amdima ndi zidutswa zimabalalika pozungulira izi. Mphumi, tkhosi ndi mmero ndi zofiirira mpaka zofiirira zakuda; chibwano ndi choyera nthawi zambiri. Thupi lakumunsi ndi loyera, kumbali ndi pamimba ndi zokutira imvi kapena zofiirira. Mlomo, utawaleza ndi miyendo, ngati ma tern mitsinje.
Zovala za Nesting. Mtundu wa mutu ndi thupi ndi wofanana ndi wam'mphepete mwa mtsinje, koma kumbuyo kwakumaso ndi kumtunda kwa mchira kumtunda kuli zoyera. Matambo akunja kwa owongolera ndi imvi, malekezero ake ndi zolimba zamkati mwawo ndi zoyera. Mtundu wamapiko ndi wosiyana pang'ono ndi wam'mphepete mwa mtsinje: chingwe cha carpal ndi chopepuka komanso chocheperako, mapiko apamwamba ndi opepuka kuposa mapiko akulu (ndipo osati amdima kuposa mitsinje), utoto woyera kumapeto kwawo umapangidwa bwino, maudzu amkati ali ndi nthenga zoyambira zamapiko oyamba ndi gawo loyera . Mlomo wake ndi wakuda wokhala ndi pinki kapena tsamba lalanje, pofika Seputembala nthawi zambiri limada, miyendo imakhala yofiyira, yofiirira kapena imvi, utawaleza ndi wakuda.
Chovala choyamba chisanu. Pambuyo pa molt wathunthu, imawoneka ngati chovala chomaliza nyengo yachisanu, koma gulu la carp limakhalabe kumapiko. Pakatentha ndi chilimwe cha chaka chachiwiri cha kalendala, ma tern samavala diresi laukwati, kuteteza dzinja. Munthu aliyense panthawiyi amatha kuwoneka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi; amasiyana ndi ma mitsinje am'madzi ovala momwemonso mbalame zazikulu za chisanu, komanso momwe zimakhalira pakuyenderera kwa ntchentche zoyambira. M'chaka chachitatu cha kalendala, ma tern amavala zovala zokomera, koma mbalame zina (pafupifupi 11%) zimavala nthenga zosiyana za zovala zam'mbuyomu pamapiko awo, pamphumi, thumba ndi m'mimba.
Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake
Milingo ya anthu (mm) (ZM MSU) ndi kulemera kwa thupi (g) (Bianchi, 1967):
Kutalika kwa mapiko:
Amuna: (n = 44) --257-286 (pafupifupi 268),
Akazi: (n = 20) - 246-276 (pafupifupi 265).
Kutalika kwa Mlomo:
Amuna: (n = 41) - 26.2-33.8 (pafupifupi 30.3),
Akazi: (n = 20) - 26.7-31-31 (pafupifupi, 28.8),
Kutalika kwake:
Amuna: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (average 15.3),
Akazi: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (average 15.1).
Unyinji:
Amuna: (n = 56) - 82-135 (pafupifupi 104),
Akazi: (n = 37) - 89-153 (pafupifupi 107).
Molting
(Cramp, 1985). Kusenda zovala zoyambirira nyengo yachisanu kwatha, kumayamba nthawi yachisanu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mutu, thupi, m'munsi, komanso nthenga za phewa nthawi zina zimatha kusintha mu Okutobala, posamuka. Pofika mwezi wa February, kusungunuka kwa maula pang'ono komanso ma helmsmen kutha, kusintha kwa mapiko akuuluka kumayamba mu Disembala - Januware ndipo kumatha, zikuoneka, pofika Meyi. Mu mbalame zina, ndizotheka kuti kusungunula kwa ntchentche zam'mimba zimachitika kale, monga akulu. Kukhetsa mu chovala chachiwiri chachisanu kumachitika nthawi yomweyo monga akulu. Kukanda chovala chachiwiri chakumaso kumayamba mochedwa kuposa pakati pa akulu, ndikugwira gawo laling'ono: mapiko onse akumtunda, gawo la nthenga za kumbuyo ndi nthenga za pamphumi ndi m'mimba sizinasinthidwe. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti nthawi yomweyo 1-2wende zoyambira zamkati zisinthidwe.
Wotsatira molting kumachitika kawiri pachaka: kwathunthu prenuparti ndi pang'ono prenuparti. Kusintha koyambira pambuyo pake kumayamba nthawi yozizira. Madeti enieni a chiyambi chake sakudziwika - zikuwoneka kuti, kumapeto kwa Seputembala - kuyambira Novembala. M'mwezi wa Januware, mbalamezi zayamba kale kutuluka nthawi yayitali yozizira, nthenga zoyambirira zimasinthidwa kumayambiriro kwa February - koyambirira kwa Marichi. Kukhazikika kusanachitike kumachitika kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Marichi, ndipo kutha pofika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya masika. Nthenga za mutu, thunthu, mchira ndi mapiko ophimbira amaloledwa, mosiyana ndi mtsinjewo, kusintha kwa ntchentche zamkati ndi kunja kwachiwiri sizimachitika.
Kufalitsa
Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Mitundu yozungulira, yodzaza madera a Eurasia ndi North America moyandikana ndi Arctic Ocean, zisumbu ndi madera a North Atlantic ndi North Pacific. Ku Western Europe, nesting inalembedwa ku Iceland, pa Jan Mayen Island, Bear Island, Svalbard, m'mphepete mwa Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Germany Democratic Republic, Norway, ndipo amakhala kumalire a Baltic ku Sweden ndi Finland, komanso kumpoto mwa mayiko awa - ndi madzi mkati. Malo osakhazikika adanenedwa ku France, Belgium ndi Poland (Cramp, 1985).
Chithunzi 80. Malo ogawa Tern
1 - malo okhala zogona (mzere wa dot) umakhala ndi malire osadziwika), 2 - malo okhala m'mphepete mwa gombe ndi malo okhala, 3 - malo oyembekezera, 4 - malo osamukira, 5 - malo osunga nthawi yachisanu, 6 - ndege
Ku USSR, malo okhala nesting amadziwika m'malo a Baltic, makamaka kuzilumba za kumadzulo komanso kumpoto kwa Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). Mu 1978, kudera la polar tern pafupi ndi Riga kudatsimikiziridwa (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), akuyembekezeka ku Latvia pambuyo pa ma 1950 (Viksne, 1983) Pocheperako, zisa za polar tern zilumba za Birch pakamwa pa Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), m'malo ena a Leningrad Region. tsopano sikusowa, ngakhale mu 1940s, koloni idapezeka pagombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Kumpoto kwa Arctic tern, kumakhala Nyanja ya Barents ndi Nyanja Yoyera ku Kola Peninsula, kuphatikiza Zilumba za Ainu, Zilumba Zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi zisumbu zina (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, Skoko gombe la White Sea, kuphatikiza Zilumba za Solovetsky (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). Nesting idalemba pa nyanja zazikulu za Kola Peninsula (Vladimirskaya, 1948), ndipo sikhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa Karelia (Neufeldt, 1970).
Chithunzi 81. Dera la polar tern ku USSR
1 - malo okhala malo okhala (mzere wozungulira udali ndi malire osadziwika), 2 - malo okhala malo ochepera, 3 - malo okhala, 4 - malo omwe akuti akusamukira, ndege 5, maulendo 6 - mayendedwe osamuka
Kum'mawa, malire akum'mwera a gawolo amachoka pagombe ndipo mwinanso imagwirizana ndendende ndi malire akum'mwera kwa tundra zone, nthawi zina kutsikira m'nkhalango-tundra komanso ngakhale kumpoto kwa taiga (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Malire akumwera kumpoto kwa dera lalikulu amachokera kugombe la Arctic Ocean ndi zilumba zapafupi. Krachki amakhala Malozemelskaya ndi Bolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, mineev, 1982), chisa kudutsa Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), ndiye malire akum'mwera a masambawo akudutsa, zikuwoneka, kufupi ndi Arctic Circle, ku Yenisei - pafupi ndi Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Pali umboni wa zolengedwa zamtunduwu kum'mwera kwambiri - pakati pa Ob pafupi ndi Surgut komanso pakati pa mtsinje. Vakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), zikuwoneka kuti, ndi malo okhala okhaokha, popeza Arctic tern sanajambulidwe kumwera kwa Labytnangi pa Lower Ob (Danilov, 1965). Kumpoto chakum'mawa, tawala ya polar idadzala ndi Taimyr, ngakhale sikhala paliponse: m'malo ena pachilumbachi sichikhala malo odyera (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). Mchigwa cha Khatanga, malembawo mwachionekere akudutsa pafupi ndi 68 ° N. (Ivanov, 1976).
Pa mtsinje Lena, malire akum'mwera a masanjowa ali kumpoto kwa 68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), ku Indigirka - kumwera kwa 69 ° 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), ku Kolyma - pakati pa 67 ° ndi 67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). Nesting of Arctic terns idadziwika pa Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), ku Chaun Bay ndi pa Aion Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), kum'mawa kwa Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), kudutsa mtsinje wonse. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Malire akum'mwera a malire opitirirapo amadutsa pakati pamtsinje. Anadyr komanso m'mphepete chakumpoto kwa Koryak upland, ndikupanga dera laling'ono lachifundo ndi mitsinje ya tern (Kishchinsky, 1980). Zikuwoneka kuti imakhala mu Chukotka yonse, koma zisa pang'ono pano (Portenko, 1973). Kum'mwera kwa malire opitilirabe, madera angapo akutali amadziwika: mu Parapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983), kumapeto kwa mtsinje. Karagi (Lobkov, 19816), ku Hek Bay kumapeto kwa mtsinje. Gatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), pachilumba cha Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a), kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Kamchatka pamtsinje wa mtsinje. Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) ndi mudzi. Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). Nesting mumtsinje wapansi akuyenera. Penzhins komanso pagombe la Penzhinskaya Bay (Yakhontov, 1979), komanso gombe lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Kamchatka m'dera la Ust-Bolsheretsky (Glushchenko, 1984a).
Arctic terns amakhalanso kuzilumba za Arctic. Nesting adadziwika pa Franz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), ku Novaya Zemlya (mwina kumalire ake akumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo), Vaigach Island (Belopolsky, 1957 , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), palibe chidziwitso chokwanira chazomwe zimapezeka pazilumbazi pa Chilumba cha Kolguev (Dementiev, 1951). Kum'mawa kupitirira, pading akulemba pa Bolshevik Island (Bulavintsev, 1984); palibe chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chodzala pazisumbu zina za North Earth (Laktionov, 1946). Zisa za ku Arctic tern zilinso pazilumba za Novosibirsk ndi Wrangel Island (Dementiev, 1951, Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).
Kusamukira
Ma Arctic terns a White and Barents Seas, komanso, zikuwoneka, mbalame zochokera kumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Kara, Taimyr (mwina ochokera kumadera akummaŵa) amawuluka kumadzulo chakumapeto, kenako nkumayendayenda mbali yakumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa, kukafika malo achisanu Novembala - Disembala. Mbalame zochokera kumadzulo chakumpoto kwa North America zimawuluka mofananamo, zimalumikizana ndi West-Pale-Arctic terns kudutsa kumadzulo kwa Western Europe. Nyanja za ku Arctic za Nyanja ya Bering ndi Alaska zimawulukira kumwera mbali ya kumadzulo kwa America. Zikuwoneka kuti, ma tern a madera akum'mawa a USSR amawuluka chimodzimodzi (Cramp, 1985).
Kusamutsidwa kosavuta kwambiri kwa mbalame za White Sea (Bianchi, 1967). Kuchoka kwakukulu kwa ma Arctic tern kuchokera ku Kandalaksha Gulf kumayambira pakati pa Julayi ndipo kumatha kumapeto - pakati pa Ogasiti; kumapeto kwa 1960s, mbalame zamtunduwu zidawonetsa chidwi chiziuluka mtsogolo - pafupifupi masiku 20 mtsogolo kuposa kale (Bianchi, Mwanzeru, 1972). Kuyambira mu Ogasiti, ma terns amasunthira chakumadzulo, akuwoloka Nyanja ya Baltic komanso gombe la Western Europe. Mu Seputembala, mbalame zambiri zimjambulidwa ku Europe, komabe, zapamwamba zimafika kale pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mu Okutobala - Novembala, terns akupitilizabe kumwera kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa ndipo mu Disembala amafika nthawi yozizira kumadzi aku Antarctic. Kuyambiranso kumayambira, makamaka, mu Marichi, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zachiwiri za Meyi mbalame yoyamba ku Kandalaksha Bay (kwa zaka 17 zowunikira, nthawi yowoneka ngati tern yoyamba kuyambira 6 mpaka 23V, deti lapakati ndi 16.V), komanso nthawi yophukira , mbalame zam'madzi sizimayenda kuzungulira Kola Peninsula, koma zimawuluka kudutsa Nyanja ya Baltic, Finland ndi Leningrad. Kusunthika kopanda pake kwa kasupe kumadutsa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Lake Ladoga kumapeto kwa Meyi komanso koyambirira kwa Juni (Noskov et al., 1981).
Mbalame zina, makamaka zazing'ono, zimatha kuchoka pamsewu waukulu wowuluka, zimapezeka pansi pakulu. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zazing'ono za 27.VIII 1958 ndi 30.VIII za 1960 zidapezeka m'dera la Chelyabinsk, ndipo ku Western Ukraine (dera la Khmelnitsky), zidawonekeranso ku Black Sea (Bianchi, 1967).
Pa Zilumba za Ainu (West Murman), mbalame zoyambirira zimapezeka pa 8-25.V, wazaka 21 zakubadwa 18.V (Anzigitova et al., 1980), pa Zilumba Zisanu ndi ziwiri (East Murman) - 24-31.V, pafupifupi 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), pagombe la Lapland Nature Reserve - 21.V-6.VI, pa avareji zaka 11 29.V (Vladimirskaya, 1948), pa Franz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, pa 18 .VI kapena pang'ono koyambirira (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Mu Malozemelskaya tundra, ma polar terns oyamba amawoneka pa 25-31.V., Mu Bolshezemelskaya tundra - pa 31.V-3.VI (Mineev, 1982), kumwera kwa Yamal - 28-V - 8.VI, nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa Juni (Danilov et ., 1984), ku West Taimyr zaka zingapo komanso osiyanasiyana - kuyambira 3 mpaka 21.VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), kumunsi kwa Yenisei kumpoto kwa Igarka - m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za June (Rogacheva et al., 1983). Madeti olembedwa, ngakhale kuti amasiyanasiyana kwambiri chaka ndi chaka kutengera ndi nthawi ya masika, akuwonetsa kupitilira kwa Arctic terns kuyambira kasupe kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kumawa mpaka ku Taimyr. Zikuwoneka kuti, ma tern akuuluka kupita ku East Taimyr, komwe kumachokera kummawa, kuchokera ku Chukchi ndi Bering Seas, akuwonekera pano pa 11-15.VI ndipo nkuulukiranso kum'mawa mu Ogasiti (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). Kum'mawa kwa Taimyr, polar terns amawoneka m'malo otetezedwa kale: mu Prikolymsk tundra pa 27.V, pa Alazey pa 31.V, mu Yano-Indigir tundra pa 30.V- 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), ku Chaun lowland 1 .VI ( Kondratyev, 1979), ku Uelen 31.V, m'mphepete mwa Mtanda 1 .VI, pachilumba cha Wrangel - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nthawi yamapiri mu tundra kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Yakutia inali kale kwambiri kuposa pagombe la Chukotka. Ngati izi sizoyambitsa mwangozi chifukwa chotentha komanso koyambira kwam'mawa panthawi yopenyerera, titha kuganiza kuti kusuntha kwa ma terns kudutsa kumtunda kwinakwake kufupi ndi Shelikhov Bay ndi Penzhinsky Bay. Mulimonsemo, kugombe lakummawa kwa Kamchatka m'chigawo cha Tigil, ma tern adadziwika kale theka lachiwiri la Meyi (Ostapenko et al., 1975), ndi 1972-1973. mbalame zosamukira zidakumana ndi 22-26.V pamtsinje. Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).
Mu nthawi yophukira, ma polar tern amachoka m'malo a nesting mu Ogasiti. Kuchepetsa kusanayambike kapena pakati pa Seputembala kunadziwika kokha kumwera kwa Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), ku Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Mineev, 1982) ndi Franz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Ponena za momwe kayendetsedwe kazinyengo kosinthira kosiyanasiyana kamakhala kosiyanasiyana, sizikumveka, titha kungoganiza kuti m'dzinja mbalame zimasamukira, ambiri, munjira zofanananso ndi kasupe, koma mbali inayo. Gulu lankhondo louluka la anthu osakwana 100-350 okhala pafupi ndi Uelen limawonekera mzaka zitatu za Ogasiti (Tomkovich ndi Sorokin, 1983).
M'miyezi yachilimwe kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ma tern azaka zoyambira amayendayenda m'dera lalikulu kuchokera ku Antarctica kupita kumalo osungirako zinyalala ku Arctic. Zodziwikiratu, zomwezi ndizofanana ndi magawo a mbalame zazaka ziwiri zakubadwa (Bianchi, 1967). Panthawi yakusamuka, ma polar tern nthawi zambiri amauluka m'magulu aanthu angapo, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu a mbalame 100-150 (mineev, 1982, Danilov et al., 1984). Gulu la nkhosa ndi gulu la mbalame nthawi yachisanu nthawi zambiri limakhala lalikulupo (Cramp, 1985).
Kuphatikiza pazomwe tafotokozazi, ma tern a ma polar adalemba m'dera la Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Algeria, ndi Kupro (Cramp, 1985). Ulendo waku Fram unapanga Arctic Tern pa 27.VII 1895: pa 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).
Chiwerengero
Kwa zigawo zambiri za USSR sizinafotokozedwe. Zisa za paawiri ndi za 25-25 ku Latvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), zofanana nambala yomweyo pa zilumba za Birch Islands of the Gulf of Finland (Brave, 1984), ndi pafupifupi zikwi khumi ku Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno , 1972), malinga ndi mabuku ena, awiriawiri (12,5,000) awiri (Thomas, 1982, wolemba: Cramp, 1985). Osachepera 25,000 awiriawiri adakhala pa Nyanja Yoyera mu 1960s, ndipo pafupi-fupi 10,000 zikwi ziwiri amakhala pagombe la Murmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Chiwerengero cha anthu ku White Sea chatsika kale (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970; Bianchi, Boyko, 1972); zikuwoneka kuti, zomwezo zinachitikanso ndi anthu osawuka a kumadzulo a Murman (Anzigitova et al., 1980). Osati polar tern pa Franz Josef Land - mu 1981 osapezekanso awiriawiri okhala pa Graham Bell Island (Tomkovich, 1984), ochepa kummawa kwa Taimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), osowa kum'mawa kwa Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) ndipo ambiri, ochepa ku Chukchi Peninsula ndi Wrangel Island (Portenko, 1973).
Izi ndizofala kwambiri mu tundra ya Yakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) ndi m'malo ena angapo: ku Chaun Lowland ndi Ayon Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), ku Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978), m'munsi mozungulira . Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Makulu mazana angapo a ma polar tern akuwoneka kuti anali chisa pa Chilumba cha Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a). Mwambiri, ma polar tern ndi ochulukirapo kumadzulo, Atlantic gawo la Palearctic: mwachitsanzo, chisa choposa 100,000 ku Iceland kokha, ndi awiri 21,000 awiri ku Norway (Cramp, 1985). Chiwerengero chonse cha mitundu ya zinyama ku USSR, mwachidziwikire, ndi magulu owerengeka mazana angapo.