Katundu, kapena mikwingwirima (lat. Gyps) ndi mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama ya abambo, zomwe zimagawidwa kwambiri nyengo yotentha ya kummawa kwa dera. Amafanana ndi mimbulu yaku America, koma magulu awiriwa a mbalame si abale apamtima.

Mtundu wa scavengers umasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi maula akuda, mutu wosasunthika (ambiri ali ndi khosi losasunthika) ndi mapiko aatali komanso otalika. Nyama imapezeka kokha mwa kuwoneka (Mosiyana, mavu aku America amakhala ndi malingaliro amtundu wabwino). Amakhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu, koma miyendo yofooka, osaleza kulanda. Chizindikiro cha anatomical ndichinthu chachikulu cha goiter ndi m'mimba pakumwa zakudya zochuluka.

Mikwingwirima imakonda kuyenda pamtunda wokwera, kufunafuna nyama komanso kuyang'anana. Wina wa iwo akaona chakudya, chimatsikira, mbalame zotsalazo zimawulukira. Kulimbana chakudya nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuno, koma gulu lalikulu la mbalame limatha kuwopa adani. Nthawi zambiri zakudya zomwe amadya zimawonongeka kwathunthu. Mafinya kapena magazi a mtembo amayenderera gawo loyera la thupi ndipo limatuluka kuchokera m'khosi khosi limagwira "kolala" yapadera. Kuthamanga kwa asidi wa m'mimba kumapha mabakiteriya a cadaveric ndikuthandizira kusungunula mafupa, ndipo mabakiteriya oyimitsa m'matumbo amaletsa poizoni. Vultures nthawi zina imafalitsa nthenga kuti ma radiation a ultraviolet amapha mabakiteriya pazinthu zawo.

Mitundu

• Chikhalidwe cha ku Africa ( Gyps africanus )
• Chinyama cha Bengal ( Gyps bengalensis )
• Cape vulture ( Ma gyps opanga )
• Chomera cha Griffon ( Gyps fulvus )
• Vunda wa Chipale ( Gyps himalayensis )
• Zomera zachi India Chizindikiro cha Gyps )
• Zomera zachi Africa ( Gyps rueppellii )
• Gyps tenuirostris

Mphedwe amatchedwanso mitundu ya mbalame zamtundu wina wamtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu, komanso zimbudzi zaku America.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Katundu - Izi ndi zazikulu kukula, mbalame zodya nyama. Ndizachikhalidwe kuphatikiza oimira onse a nyama zam'madzi zomwe, mwa iwo pali mitundu khumi ndi mitundu khumi ndi isanu. Za iwo lero ndipo tidzakambirana.

Mbalame Yanyama

Kwa mbalame mabanja azanzi Victtures nawonso ndi, omwe amakumbutsa kwambiri mawonekedwe a mingoli yaku America, koma asayansi samakonda kuphatikiza iwo mwa ubale, koma amawona ngati mavu omwe ali pafupi ndi mimbulu ndi amuna omangidwa ndevu.

Mbalame, pafupifupi, ndizotalika 60 cm ndipo zimalemera mpaka kilogalamu ziwiri. Amakonda kukhala m'matanthwe a mapiri, zipululu komanso matanthwe, chifukwa amakonda malo owoneka bwino, osachoka m'malo omwe amakhala ndipo samasamukira.

Vanzi mu chithunzi sizimasiyana pakawoneka mokongola, zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mtundu wa nthenga zakuda: imvi, bulauni kapena yakuda, khosi lalitali, lomwe m'mitundu yambiri ilibe nthenga ndipo limakutidwa ndi fluff.

Amakhala ndi chingwe chachikulu, cholowera mphamvu, komanso chosiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu, mulomo, wotchuka kwambiri, wamkulu, wozungulira m'mphepete, mapiko otambalala, mchira wopindika, ndi wowuma.

Miyendo imapereka chithunzi chokhala champhamvu komanso chachikulu, koma ndi zala zopanda mphamvu zomwe sizimalola kuti nyama zizigwiridwa ndi zovuta komanso zazifupi, koma miyendo yotereyi imapangitsa kuti izitha kuyenda mwachangu komanso ngakhale kuthamanga ndi masitepe ang'ono, koma othamanga.

Mbalamezi ndi za banja la kambuku, amakhala kumayiko otentha ndipo amagawidwa kwambiri kummawa. Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri kuposa nyama iliyonse yomwe imadyetsedwa mpaka kutalika imafikira kukula kwa mita, mapiko amatha kukhala atatu, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kumatha kupitilira ma kilogalamu khumi.

Ndi mbalame yakuda yamtchire, yemwe amakhala kumwera kwa Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Africa, koma ochulukirapo ku Asia. Pakufufuza chakudya, amatha kuuluka mpaka 300-400 km patsiku.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Mbalame yamtchire ndiyofulumira komanso yogwira, imatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali. Ndipo ngakhale nyanjayo imawuluka pang'onopang'ono, imatha kukwera mpaka kutalika kwakukulu.

Vanzi kuthawa

Mbalame sizili m'gulu la savvy, kuwonjezera apo, ndi amantha komanso opanda nzeru, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo amakhala ndi kudzikuza ndi mkwiyo wachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amasintha kukhala owopsa.

Ma Scavenger, omwe nyanjayo ili, amasiyana pamakhalidwe awo ndi achibale awo, omwe amakonda kusaka amoyo, mwa kukhalapo kwa zizolowezi, zomwe zimawonekera pofunafuna chakudya komanso kugawa nyama, momwe zimawonetsera mwamphamvu kuyang'anira malo. Vhungwa woleza mtima ndipo imatha kusungidwa muukapolo, kumalo osungira nyama, komwe kumapangira mawailesi akuluakulu

Nthawi zina, amatha kubereka zisa zomwe zimakhala ndi mashelufu, komabe, mitengo ndiyabwino kwa iwo, omwe nthambi zake zimalimbitsa nsanja ndi chimango. Anthu adayesetsa kuyesa ming'alu, koma m'munda uno sizinachite bwino. Kupatula kumeneko nthawi zina kumangokhala mtundu wopanda zoyera.

Koma ku America, mavu amatha kuyesedwa mu ntchito za anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito luso la mbalame kukonza mapaipi a gasi. Pakadutsa mpweya zomwe zimavuta kudziwa momwe zimakhalira, mbalame zimayenda m'magulu ambiri, chifukwa fungo lonunkhirali limawakumbutsa fungo la zovunda zomwe mavu amamva ali kutali.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Khosi lakhosi limakhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu, ndipo limamupatsa mwayi wodya zochuluka. Ndipo msuzi wa m'mimba umakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti umatha kusungunula ngakhale mafupa a nyama. Mbalamezi ndizofanana ndi mbama.

Amatha kudya ngakhale nyama zowola komanso zofunkha. Zachilengedwe zinaonetsetsa kuti mafinya ochokera ku mtembo ndi magazi ake owonongeka akutuluka m'khosi khosi pakhosi la fluff mpaka pansi.

Vhungwa amakonda kudya nyama

Ndipo m'matumbo mwake mumakhala mabakiteriya apadera omwe amatha kupha poizoni wa cadaveric. Pofuna kupopera mankhwala, mavu amatambasula mapiko awo, ndikuwatsegulira kuwala kwa dzuwa.

Mosiyana ndi nyama yachilengedwe yaku America, yomwe ili ndi fungo labwino, msimi wamba amayang'ana nyama mothandizidwa ndi masomphenyawo, akuwuluka m'mwamba ndikuwona matupi a nyama zakugwa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyanjananso ndi zolengedwa zakufa, ngakhale sizimadana ndi zolengedwa za nyamazo, komanso abale ake okhala ndi tsitsi, ndipo nthawi zina mitembo ya anthu.

Ndipo mmodzi yekha ndi amene angapeze chakudya, abale ake amathamangira kumeneko. Pachifukwachi, pogawana zofunkha, nthawi zambiri amakangana, mikangano ndi ndewu. Koma ngati mbalame zamwano zitha kulimbana ndi omenyera, zitha kuwopseza ndikukakamiza otsutsana nawo akuluakulu kuti apume pantchito.

Chachikazi chachala

Oyimira mbalamezi amatha kuukira zolengedwa pokhapokha ngati kuli ndi njala yayikulu, koma nthawi zambiri odwala ndi ofooka amasankhidwa chifukwa cha izi. Ngakhale mbalame yam'madzi yodya nyama, kwa munthu sizowopsa.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Mbalame zimatha kubala anapiye pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi atabadwa. Mwa amisala, mumangokhala mabanja ogwirizana okhaokha, amphaka amatenga chidwi ndi mnzake m'modzi, ndipo makolo onsewo amakhala ndi ana.

Masewera ophatikiza amayambira mbalame mu Januware, kupitilira mpaka Julayi. Munthawi imeneyi, mnzake amasamalira osankhidwa ake, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi chidwi chowonjezeka, kuvina pachibwenzi pansi ndikuwuluka mlengalenga.

Mapiko a khosi ndi ochititsa chidwi

Otsatirana amathamangirana, kunyamuka ndikufotokozera zozungulira zikafika. Chiwonetsero chachikulu muzochitika zamasewera izi zimawonedwa mu Marichi ndi Epulo. Poikira mazira, malo nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa pamtunda wa mamita angapo. Itha kukhala phokoso la mitengo yakugwa komanso chitsa chowuma.

Nthawi zina, malo obisika amasankhidwa izi pansi pazomera zambiri, pansi pamiyala ndi m'mphepete mwa matanthwe. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika m'malo okhala anthu m'makona a nyumba ndi nyumba zamalimidwe. Malo okhala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malo omwe adapangidwa kale osamanga zisa zawo, ndipo malo omwewo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.

Vietiku

Nthawi zambiri, mazira awiri amaikidwa, koma akhoza kukhala amodzi kapena atatu. Ndipo anapiyewo amawonekera patatha milungu ingapo. Makolo amawadyetsa, kuwakhomera chakudya. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, ana amphaka amakwana.

Pakumapeto, mitundu yosakanikirana imatha kuwoneka mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Vituti zimakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 40. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti mitundu ya mbalamezi imakhala pafupi ndi anthu, mpaka zaka 50.

Maonekedwe a khosi lakuda

Mamba akuda ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadya nyama padziko lapansi, kutalika kwake zimafikira masentimita 95-120, ndipo mapikowo ndi 1.5-3 mamita.

Mchirawo umakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 30-45, ndipo mapiko - 75-90 masentimita. Kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyana ma kilogalamu 4 mpaka 14. Kumadzulo mbalame zimakhala, kukula kwake. Kotero kukula kwa miimba yakuda yomwe imakhala ku Spain ndizochepera poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa ming'alu yochokera ku Mongolia ndi pafupifupi 10%.

Kuuluka kwa mbalameyo kumawoneka bwino komanso kolimba.

Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yakuda. Mbali yakumtunda ya khosi ndi mutu simakutidwa ndi nthenga, koma ndi utoto wokhala pansi. Pansi pa khosi limapangidwa ndi nthenga zazitali zazitali zomwe zimawoneka ngati pakhosi.

Mapikowo ndi otalika komanso aatali. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu ndi mphuno zazikulu, mtundu wa imvi. Miyendo ya mbalamezo ndi chikasu. Iris ili pafupifupi yakuda. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, maula ndi mulomo wake ndi wakuda kwathunthu.

Tchuthi chimawuluka pang'onopang'ono, ndikofunikira komanso kulimba. Mbalizi zimaliza mluzu, phokoso laphokoso, lofananira ndi kulira.

Moyo wamanjenje wakuda komanso maziko azakudya zawo

Mbala zakuda ndizosenda nyama zomwe zimadyera mitembo ya nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, zokwawa ndi nsomba. Mbalame zazikulu izi zimafunafuna nyama kuchokera kumlengalenga. Zowona kuti pali chakudya chapafupi, mavu amawerengedwa ndi kudziunjikira kwa ntchentche, akhwangwala ndi matsenga.

Poona mtembo wa nyama, mwambowo wakuda umagwera pansi ndi mwala, anthu ena, atawona kuyendaku, amathamangiranso nyama. Pafupi ndi mitembo ya nyama zikuluzikulu, mpaka zikwangwani za 10-15 zimasonkhana.

Khosi lakuda limawoneka bwino.

Amtundu wakuda mwachilengedwe amatenga gawo la dongosolo munkhalango, kuwononga ziwalo zamanyama zomwe zikuwonongeka. Mbalamezi zimangokhala malo otentha, chifukwa sizitha kupirira ndi madzi oundana. Amangodya mitembo yokha, ndipo nyama zomwe zimadya msipu sizimakusangalatsani. Chifukwa chake, mavu akuda samavulaza anthu. Koma, ngakhale izi zidachitikadi, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika kwambiri mzaka 200 zapitazi.

Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya. Anthu amangika mitembo ya nyama m'nthaka, osaziponyera pansi, kuwonjezera pazakumwa zapoizoni zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe amalowetsa m'mimba mwa zodula m'nkhalango ndikuzipha.

Mpaka pano, mavu akhala osowa kwambiri m'dera lalikulu kuchokera ku Korea kupita ku Portugal. Anthu alipo pafupifupi 5000. Koma pazaka khumi zapitazi ku Europe kwakhala kukuwonjezeka kwa mitunduyi, ndipo m'maiko ena zinthu, monga kale, zikupwetekabe.

Zambiri mwa khosi lakuda zimatha kusiyanasiyana, kutengera malo.

Mbalame yamtchire. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, moyo ndi malo okhala pakhosi

Maonekedwe a mitsempha sakhala okongola kwambiri. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi khosi lalitali, nelesi lalikulu, lopindika pansi, komanso chomangira chachikulu. Mapiko akulu ndi akulu pakhosi ali mozungulira mbali zonse, mchirawo ukulungika, wowuma, pazala - zazifupi, zoluka. Mtundu wa maumvulidwe amtunduwu ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri imvi, bulauni kapena yakuda.

Nthawi yomweyo, mavu ndi mbalame zoyenda komanso zoyenda. Amayenda mosavuta komanso mwachangu, kuwuluka bwino. Kuuluka pakhosi ndikosachedwa, koma mbalameyo imatha kutalika kwambiri. Mingwande imakhalanso ndi maso abwino kwambiri, omwe amathandizira kuti agwire nyama kuchokera kutali.

Tizilomboto timakhala mwamantha, tosazindikira komanso touluka. Amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimadyedwa.

Makhalidwe Abwino

Zikwangwani ndimatundu wamba. Amadyetsa mitembo ya zinyama, makamaka zosagwira. Kukhathamiritsa kwakukulu kwa msuzi wam'mimba kumalola mbalameyo kugaya ngakhale mafupa, ndipo ma tizilombo apadera omwe ali m'matumbo a khosi amachotsa poyizoni wa cadaveric.

Pofunafuna chakudya, mwambowo umakwera kutalika kuchokera pamamita 200 mpaka 500. Kuphatikiza apo, amayang'anitsitsa mbalame zina zoyipa ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimamupangitsanso kuti azigwira.

Nyama imodzi ya nyama yakufa imadyedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, akwanitsa kutchera mtembo wa antelope pasanathe mphindi 10. Msodzi m'modzi amadya pafupifupi 1 kg ya nyama. Chingwe sichitha kubowola khungu, koma mutu ndi khosi zimathandiza kuti mbalame iziyenda mkati mwa nyama komanso zodzitchinjiriza.

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame

Maonekedwe a mitsempha sakhala okongola kwambiri. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi khosi lalitali, nelesi lalikulu, lopindika pansi, komanso chomangira chachikulu. Mapiko akulu ndi akulu pakhosi ali mozungulira mbali zonse, mchirawo ukulungika, wowuma, pazala - zazifupi, zoluka. Mtundu wa maumvulidwe amtunduwu ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri imvi, bulauni kapena yakuda.

Nthawi yomweyo, mavu ndi mbalame zoyenda komanso zoyenda. Amayenda mosavuta komanso mwachangu, kuwuluka bwino. Kuuluka pakhosi ndikosachedwa, koma mbalameyo imatha kutalika kwambiri. Mingwande imakhalanso ndi maso abwino kwambiri, omwe amathandizira kuti agwire nyama kuchokera kutali.

Tizilomboto timakhala mwamantha, tosazindikira komanso touluka. Amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimadyedwa.

African Vulture (Gyps africanus)

Mbalameyi ndi yapakatikati kukula. Kutalika kwa mapiko kumayambira pa 55 mpaka 64 cm, mapikowo amafika masentimita 218. Mchirawo ndi wamtali 24 mpaka 27 cm, wozungulira. Mtundu wa maula ndi wonyezimira kapena wowawasa, anthu akuluakulu ndi opepuka kuposa achichepere. Pansi pa khosi pali "kolala" yoyera ya pansi. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wautali. Mutu ndi khosi zopanda nthenga, zakuda. Maso amdima. Miyendo yakuda.

Mtunduwu wafalikira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Southern Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, South Angola).

Mbalameyi imakhala m'matanthwe, kumapeto ndi kumapiri. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo okhala chithaphwi, zitsamba, komanso nkhalango pafupi ndi mitsinje. Zomera zachi Africa zimakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mbawala za ku Africa kuno ndi mbalame zokhazikika, ndipo zimatha kuyendayenda pambuyo pogwira.

Bungwe la Bengal (Gyps bengalensis)

Mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 75 mpaka 90. Mapiko a masentimita 200 mpaka 220. Unyinji wa achikulire uli pamtunda kuchokera pa 3.5 mpaka 7.5 kg.

M'miyala ikuluikulu ya Bengal, maula ndi amdima, pafupifupi akuda, okhala ndi timiyala tasiliva pamapiko ake. Mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zopanda, nthawi zina zimakhala zofiirira. Pansi pa khosi pali "kolala" yoyera. Mchira wake ndi zoyera. Mapiko omwe ali pansipa nawonso ndi oyera, omwe amawoneka bwino pakuuluka. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wamfupi, wamdima. Zilonda zakuda, ndizovala zamphamvu. Iris ndi yofiirira. Achinyamata ndi opepuka kuposa achikulire.

Malo okhala mitunduyi akuphatikiza India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Komanso, mbalameyi imapezeka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ku Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand ndi Vietnam. Chule cha Bengal chimakhala kumapeto ndi kumapiri pakati pa mapiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi munthu, pafupi ndi midzi yomwe amakhala yopumira. Mbalameyi imakhala zokhala pamalo okwera ngati mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)

Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 93 mpaka 110 cm, mapiko amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 270. Mutu waung'ono wa mbalameyo umakutidwa ndi zoyera, mulomo ndi wokhazikika, khosi limakhala lalitali ndi "kolala", mapiko ake ndiwotalikirapo komanso lalifupi, mchirawo ndi waufupi, wozungulira. Zomwe zimachitika pathupi langa ndi zofiirira, pamimba pang'ono zopepuka, zimakhala zofiira. Mapikowo ndi a bulauni, pafupifupi akuda.Maso ake amakhala achikasu, miyendo ndi imvi. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizopepuka, zofiira.

Mitunduyi imakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kumpoto komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi Asia, komwe imakhala m'mapiri kapena ouma mapiri ndi malo owoneka achipululu okhala ndi miyala. Mbalame nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mapiri pamtunda wa 3000 m ndi pamwamba.

Chipale chofewa kapena Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis)

Mbalame yayikulu yolemera makilogalamu 8 mpaka 12, kutalika kwa 116 mpaka 150 masentimita, ndi mapiko otalika mpaka 310. Mtundu wamafutawo umafanana ndi ngwazi yokhala ndi mutu, koma ambiri mbalameyo imakhala yopepuka, "kolala" yayo siyotsika, koma nthenga. Mbalame zazing'ono, m'malo mwake, ndizamdima.

Mitunduyi imapezeka m'mapiri atali kwambiri a Himalayas, ku Mongolia, Sayan, ku Tibet, ku Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, ku Dzungarian ndi Zailiysky Alatau (pamtunda kuchokera 2000 mpaka 5000 m). M'nyengo yozizira, imayendayenda pansi.

Ndani mu banja lathanzi amavala ndevu?

Bango wometa ndevu wochokera kubanja la mimbulu, mosiyana ndi abale ake amaliseche amtunduwu, wavala kolala yokongola yofiira. Veki wometedwa ndi tsitsi amakhala ndi mtolo wa tsitsi lakuda pansi pa mdomo wake - mtundu wa ndevu. Ndicho chifukwa chake amutcha choncho. Zakudya zabwino zamtunduwu ndi mafupa. Amadyetsa anapiyewo.

Mwamuna wometa ndevu mbalame yodya nyamaZowona, amadya kwambiri ndi zovunda, koma akapeza mbuzi yodwala kapena yovulala ya m'mapiri, amasangalala kuwamaliza.

Mwamuna wokhala ndi ndevu kapena mwanawankhosa.

Nthawi zina khosi la munthu wometa ndevu limabera anaankhosa kwa abusa am'deralo, omwe amalandila dzina limodzi linanso - mwanawankhosa wamunda.

Kufalikira kwa khosi

Katemera amafika pakatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mbalamezi zimangokhala mokhazikika, ndipo zazimayi zimaganizira mkazi m'modzi yekha, ndipo zonse ziwiri zimatulutsa anapiye.

Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu Januware ndipo imatha mpaka Julayi. Pakadali pano, champhongo chimasamalira chachikazi, chimamupatsa chisamaliro chapadera, chimavina mokwiya pansi komanso mlengalenga. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kuthamangitsana wina ndi mnzake, kuchokapo ndikufotokozera zozungulira poyandikira. Mbalame ndizodzipereka makamaka pamasewera otere m'mwezi wa March ndi Epulo.

Poikira mazira, miimba imasankha malo pamtunda wa mamita angapo kuchokera pansi. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala dzenje kapena mtengo wokugwa mumtengo wakugwa kapena pachitsa chouma. Katemera amakhalanso m'malo obisika, okutidwa ndi masamba ambiri, pansi pamiyala ikuluikulu kapena m'mphepete mwa thanthwe. Mitundu yambiri sichita mantha kuyala pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, mwachitsanzo, pamakona a nyumba kapena nyumba zaulimi.

Katemera sakumanga zisa zokha, koma yesetsani kupeza malo oyenera pazolinga izi, zomwe banjali limagwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.

Pachilichonse, chachikazi chimakhala ndi mazira 1 mpaka 3, nthawi zambiri 2. mazira amaswa kwa milungu ingapo. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye atsopanowo kwa miyezi iwiri, ndikuwabweretsera chakudya chawo chachikulu.

Pakupita miyezi iwiri, anapiye am'mimbamo amakwawa.

Kukhala ndi moyo wamtchire kumafika zaka 40. Kuukapolo, milandu idalembedwa pomwe mbalameyo idapulumuka zaka 50.

Khalidwe

Mbalameyi ikauluka pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, imawoneka kuti ikungolabadira zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi, koma ayi sichoncho. Nyamayi imakhala yanzeru kwambiri kuti nthawi yomweyo imayang'anira achibale awo, omwe nawonso ali pafupi kuthawa kwaulere. Munthu akangolowa pansi mwamphamvu, chifukwa chotsala chimenecho ndi chizindikiro - nyama yakufa ili pansi, nawonso akutsatira. Anthu omwe ali pamavuto, ovulala kwambiri, atopa ndi ludzu kapena njala, akuchita mantha achabechabe - sadzakhudza chamoyo chilichonse. Chinanso ndichakuti amatha kuthandizira mwamaganizidwe mwa kukhala pafupi ndikudikirira kufa kwa "chakudya" chamtsogolo.

Ngakhale munthu kapena nyama yosasunthika konse, siyidzayamba kudya.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame

• Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu yambiri ya miimba, masiku ano mbalamezi zikuyang'aniridwa komanso kutetezedwa. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimavulazidwa ndi ziphe ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri paulimi. Chifukwa chake, m'maiko omwe miimba imakhala, nthawi zambiri amaletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, diclofenac mu mankhwala azanyama. Kusaka nyama mwanjira nakonso sikokwanira.
• M'miyambo yamatsenga ku South Africa, mankhwala osuta fodya owuma bongo amalosera zamtsogolo. Panthawi ya World Cup ku South Africa (2010), anthu adagwiritsa ntchito njira yakaleyi nthawi zambiri kulosera zotsatira za mpikisano pomwe adatsala pang'ono kuwopseza kuti pali mphekesera.

Kusiyana kwa mitundu yofananira

Zilombo za ku Africa zitha kusokonezeka ndi mitundu ina itatu: msatsi waku Cape wochokera kumwera kwa Africa, Ruppel vulture, yemwe amakhala kumadzulo, pakati komanso kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa, komanso mwambowu wokhala ndi mutu, womwe umakhala kumpoto kwa Sudan, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania ndi Senegal.

Cape Vulture ndi yokulirapo, ndipo imakhala ndi mulomo wokulirapo komanso lalitali komanso lalitali. Mbalame zachikulire zili ndi maso achikaso, mitundu yambiri yoyera, ndipo zimawuluka pang'ono m'mapiko, nthenga zazikulu zakuda, ndi nthenga za utoto wachiwiri ndizowonekera. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizopepuka komanso zowoneka bwino, zokhala ndi khosi lalifupi.

Khosi la Ruppel ndilokulirapo kuposa khosi la ku Africa, lomwe limakhala ndi mulomo waukulu, wokhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso lopanda njoka. Ndizosatheka kusokoneza khosi la Rüppel wachikulire ndi msimi waku Africa, ngakhale kuti mbalame zazing'onoting'ono ndizofanana ndendende, koma zimakhala zopepuka komanso zowoneka bwino, zokhala ndi maso a bulauni, mkamwa woderako komanso milu yaimvi. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa khosi la Rüppel kuthawa: pamwamba pa nthenga zakuda kwambiri za ntchentche.

Zomera za griffon ndizokulirapo, zokhala ndi mapiko autali ndi khosi lalifupi ndi mchira. Maso ake ndi achikaso. Mtundu wa ma plumage ndi wopepuka komanso wofiira kwambiri kuposa khosi la ku Africa. Nthenga zazikulu zokhala ndi mapikowo ndi zakuda. Kunja kwa mapiko ndi mtundu wofanana ndi wam'mimba, wosiyana ndi nthenga ndi mchira.

Kodi miimba imadya chiyani?

Chule ndi mbalame yamadyedwe, kapena kani, nkhandwe. Mbalamezi sizimawombera chamoyo, zimakonda kudya mitembo ya nyama. Ndi pokhapokha nthawi yanjala yopweteka, mimbulu imayesa kuukira nyama zamoyo. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, mbalame zimayesetsa kusankha zolengedwa zofowoka kapena zodwala.

Asayansi omwe adawona momwe mbalamezi zimakhalira akuti nyanjayo imakonda kukhala m'matupi a zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, koma nthawi zina sizinyalanyaza nyama zapa nyama, nsomba, ngakhale abale ake - mbalame zina. Ndizodabwitsa kuti, mwachitsanzo, ku India, mikwingwirima yosangalatsa imapukusa mitembo ya anthu omwe adaponyedwa mwachizolowezi akamwalira mu mtsinje wa Ganges.

Kutanthauzira Kwamasamba

Mitundu ya Gyps (mavu, kapena mimbulu) ndi mitundu ingapo yochokera ku banja la achifwamba, omwe amatchedwanso kuti Old World mavu. Iwo ali ofanana ndi Amereka (amatsenga a New World), komabe samawerengedwa ngati abale awo. Ndipo ngakhale mabingu akuda, omwe ali gawo limodzi la banja limodzi ndi mimbulu, amapanga mtundu wapadera wa Aegypius monachus.

Ndi angati mangati amakhala

Amakhulupirira kuti nyama zodyerazi zimakhala motalikirapo (m'chilengedwe komanso m'ndende), pafupifupi zaka 50-55. Alfred Brem adalankhula zaubwenzi wodabwitsa wa msodzi wokhala ndi mutu komanso galu wakale, yemwe amakhala ndi wodzipatula. Galuyo atamwalira, adampatsa barele, koma iye, ngakhale anali ndi njala, sanakhudze mnzake, anakhumba ndipo anamwalira tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu.

Mitundu yama Vultures

Mitundu ya Gyps ilinso mitundu 8:

• Gyps africanus - African Vulture,
• Gyps bengalensis - Bengal voul,
• Gyps fulvus - gitini wamphamvu,
• Chizindikiro cha Gyps - Chimbudzi cha ku India,
• Ma gyps okonza - Cape voul,
• Gyps ruppellii - Chinyama cha Rippel,
• Gyps himalayensis - maluwa
• Gyps tenuirostris - mtundu womwe m'mbuyomu unkaganizira kuti ndi mtundu wina wa amwenyewo.

Habitat, malo okhala

Mtundu uliwonse umatsatira mtundu uliwonse, osasiya malire ake, posankha malo okhala malo otetezeka - zipululu, malo otsetsereka ndi mapiri otsetsereka. Zomera za ku Africa zimapezeka kumapeto, kumapiri, m'nkhalango zowirira kumwera kwa Sahara, komanso pakati pa zitsamba, m'malo otentha komanso m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi mitsinje. A Gyps tenuirostris amakhala kumadera a India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar ndi Cambodia. Chule cha Himalayan (Kumai) chimakwera m'malo okwera ku Central / Central Asia, ndikukhala pamtunda wamtunda wa 2 - 5.2 km, pamwamba pamtunda.

Zomera za Bengal zimakhala ku South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) komanso pang'ono ku Southeast Asia. Mbalame zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi anthu (ngakhale m'mizinda yayikulu), komwe zimadzipezera chakudya chochuluka.

Zomera za ku India zimakhala kumadera akumadzulo kwa India komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Pakistan. Cape Seth zisa kumwera kwa Africa. Kuno, ku Africa, koma kumpoto ndi kummawa kokha, kumakhala zikhalidwe za Rippel.

Zomera za Griffon - wokhala m'malo owuma (mapiri ndi chigwa) cha North Africa, Asia ndi Southern Europe. Amapezeka m'mapiri a Caucasus komanso ku Crimea, komwe kuli anthu ochepa. M'zaka za zana la 19, azungu okhala ndi mutu woyera adawuluka kuchokera ku Crimea kupita ku Sivash. Masiku ano, miimba imawoneka m'malo osiyanasiyana a Karch Peninsula: m'malo osungirako Karadag ndi Black Sea, komanso madera a Bakhchisarai, Simferopol ndi Belogorsk.

Zakudya Zamasamba

Mbalamezi ndi mbalame zamtunduwu, zomwe zimayang'ana nyama yayitali kukonzekera.. Katundu, mosiyana ndi mimbulu ya Dziko Latsopano, ali ndi zida osati ndi fungo lawo, koma ndi maso akuthwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuzindikira nyama yomwe ikudwala.

Zosanjazo zimakhala ndi mitembo yopanda pake (choyambirira) komanso kuchokera kumitengo ya nyama zina, zazing'ono. Pazakudya zamtchire:

M'mapiri ndi m'zipululu, mbalame zimayang'ana malo ozungulira kuchokera kumtunda kapena zimatsatana ndi zilombo zomwe zanena kuti zikusaka. Mlandu wachiwiri, miimba imangodikirira chirombo chokhazikika kuti chisiye pambali. Ming'aluyo sikhala mwachangu ndipo, nyama ikavulala, dikirani imfa yake ndipo pokhapokha ayambe kudya.

Zofunika! Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chodziwika bwino, sipes imamaliza wogwiritsa ntchito, kubweretsa imfa yawo. Ngati "mbale "yo mwadzidzidzi ikuwonetsa zizindikilo za moyo, nyengoyi imacheperachepera, kusunthira mbali.

Mlomo wabowola m'mimba mwa mtembowo ndi kulowa m'mutu mwake, ndikuyamba kudya chakudya chamadzulo. Atakhutitsa njala yoyamba, namerayo amatulutsa matumbo, ndikuwasula ndi kuwameza. Katemera amadya mwadyera komanso mwachangu, ndikusesa mbozi wamkulu pagulu la mbalame khumi pamphindi 10-20. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yambiri ya miimba imasonkhanitsidwa kuphwando pafupi ndi nyama yayikulu, chifukwa cha chakudya chawo chosiyanasiyana.

Zina zimapangidwira zidutswa zofewa za nyama (zamkati ndi nyama), zina zolimba (cartilage, mafupa, tendons ndi khungu). Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yaying'ono siyingathe kupirira ndi zovunda zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, njovu yokhala ndi khungu lake lakuda), chifukwa chake imadikirira abale awo akuluakulu. Mwa njira, mankhwala enaake - chapamimba chomwe chimasokoneza mabakiteriya onse, mavairasi ndi poizoni - chimathandizira kukana mikwingwirima ya poizoni. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti mavu omwe amatha kuthira nkhondo kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Vitu amalamulira monogamy - maanja amakhala okhulupilika mpaka imfa ya mmodzi wa abwenzi. Zowona, sizimasiyana pakubala, kubereka ana kamodzi pachaka, kapena zaka ziwiri.

M'ming'alu yomwe imakhala m'malo otentha, nyengo yakukhwima imagwa koyambira koyambira. Wamphongo akuyesera kuti atembenuze mutu wachikazi ndi aerobatics. Ngati atachita bwino, pakapita kanthawi dzira limodzi (laling'ono) limaonekera pachisa, nthawi zina limakhala ndi masamba. Chisa, chomangidwa paphiri (mwala kapena mtengo) kuti chitetezedwe ku zilombo, chimawoneka ngati mulu wa nthambi zambiri pomwe pansi pake pali udzu.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Bambo wamtsogolo amatenga nawo makulitsidwe, masiku 47-57. Makolo amasangalatsa masonche mosinthana: mbalame imodzi ikakhala pachisa, inayo imangoyang'ana chakudya. Mukamasintha "mlonda", dzira limatembenuka mosamala.

Mwana wankhuku wophimbidwa ndi wokutira yoyera, yomwe imagwera mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake, yoyera. Makolo amadyetsa mwana ndi chakudya chodyetsa pang'ono, ndikuchotsa pamimba. Wopondera amakhala kwa nthawi yayitali chisa, ndikukwera pamapiko osati kale kuposa miyezi 3-4, koma pazaka izi sizikukana kudyetsa kwa makolo. Zomera zazing'ono zimakhala zodziyimira pafupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo kutha msinkhu sikunadutse zaka 4 - 4.

Adani achilengedwe

Adani achilengedwe amanjenje amaphatikizapo omwe amapikisana nawo chakudya akudya zovunda - ankhandwe, ziphuphu ndi mbalame zazikulu zakudya. Pothana ndi izi, sip ikudzitchinjiriza ndi phiko lakuthwa la phiko, lomasuliridwa molunjika. Nthawi zambiri mbalame yodumpha imakhala ndikumenyeka ndikuchotsedwa panyumba. Ndi ankhandwe ndi ma fisi ndikofunikira kuyambitsa ndewu, kulumikiza osati mapiko ochepa, komanso mlomo wolimba.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chiwopsezo cha ma World of Old World chatsika kwambiri pafupifupi m'malo onse omwe amakhala. Izi ndichifukwa cha anthropogenic factor, chomwe chikuwopseza kwambiri ndikusintha kwa ukhondo pamalonda. Pansi pa malamulo atsopanowa, ng'ombe zakugwa zimayenera kusungidwa ndikuyika maliro, ngakhale m'mbuyomu zidasiyidwa kubusa. Zotsatira zake, ukhondo wawo umakhala bwino, koma chakudya cha mbalame zakudya, kuphatikiza mimbulu, sichili bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa anthu osakonda zakutchire kumachepera chaka ndi chaka.

Kuchokera pakuwoneka mabungwe azachilengedwe, maukada a Kumai, Cape ndi Bengal tsopano ali pamalo owopsa kwambiri. Mtundu wokhala pangozi (malinga ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature) ndiwonso zikhalidwe zachilengedwe ku Africa, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi agawana. Ku West Africa, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi oposa 90%, ndipo mbalame zonse ndi mitu 270,000.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ntchito zachuma zaanthu zikuyeneranso chifukwa cha kuleka kwa chikhalidwe cha ku Africa, kuphatikizapo kumanga mizinda / midzi yatsopano patsamba la savannah, komwe zimachokera kuti zinyama zosavomerezeka.

Ma sipipu aku Africa amasakidwa ndi anthu akwawo, kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati miyambo ya voodoo. Anthu amoyo amagwidwa kukagulitsa kunja.. Nthenga zamtundu wa ku Africa nthawi zambiri zimafa chifukwa cha magetsi, kukhala pama waya pamagetsi. Nthenga zachi Africa zimamwaliranso poizoni pomwe mankhwala oopsa (mwachitsanzo, carbofuran) kapena diclofenac ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi veterinarians kuchitira ng'ombe zikulowa m'matupi awo.

Mtundu wina womwe manambala ake akumagwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mtundu wazomera zoyera. Mbalameyi imadzalanso malo okhala momwe anthu amakhalira ndipo ikusowa chakudya chomwe chimakonda. Komabe, International Union for Conservation of Natural silingaganizire zamtunduwu zomwe zikuwonongeka, kunyalanyaza kuchepa kwa mtundu wake ndi malo ake. M'dziko lathu, mtundu wazomera zoyera ndi osowa kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake wafika pamasamba a Red Book of the Russian Federation.

Indian Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)

Mbalame yamtundu wapakatikati, yofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Indian. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira masentimita 80 mpaka 95. Zowonjezerazo zimakhala imvi, mutu wake ndi wakuda. Khosi lalitali silikhala lopindika.

Mitunduyi imapezeka ku India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar ndi Cambodia.

Habitat

Malo okhalamo malo okhala ndi ma savannas, chigwa komanso malo owaza. Itha kupezekanso m'malo okhala madambo, zitsamba ndi nkhalango zowerengeka pafupi ndi mitsinje. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimatha kukhala pamitengo. Mbawala za ku Africa sizimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira. Amakhala pafupi ndi ziweto zazikulu, zoweta za anthu osatulutsa nyama, pafupi ndi malo owetera ng'ombe ndi pafupi ndi abusa onyenga. Mbalame zimakhala kutali ndi mizinda ndi midzi yayikulu. Ambiri amakhala pamtunda wamtunda pafupifupi 1,500 m, koma mbalame zina zimapezeka ku Kenya ndi 3,000 m ku Ethiopia.

Kusamukira

Mbalame zimangokhala kapena kusamuka. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zachikulire zimatha kuuluka madera akulu patsiku. Kusamukira kumalo ena kumachitika chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa magulu amtundu wautundu, nthawi zambiri kumapezeka kupezeka kokwanira kwamoto kapena chifukwa chamvula. Ku South Africa, mbalame zitatu zachikulire zomwe zili ndi maulendo osamukira kumadera atsopano komwe zili kutali ndi 67- 672 km, ndi mbalame zisanu ndi zitatu - pa 117-980 km !.

Chiwerengero

Ngakhale kuti zimbalangondo zaku Africa ndizofala ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kudera lalikulu la Africa, malinga ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 270,000.Ku West Africa, kuchuluka kwa anthu kunatsika ndi 90%, kutsika kwambiri ku Ghana, Niger (mbalameyo sinawonekere ku malo osungirako zachilengedwe kuyambira 1997), Nigeria (palibe zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira mu 2011), Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia ndi Kenya (mwa anthu aku Masai Mara idatsika ndi 52% pazaka 15 zapitazi). Koma mbali inayi, chiwerengero cha anthu chimakhazikika ku Ethiopia, Tanzania komanso ku South Africa konse, komwe chiwerengero cha mbalame chimafikira anthu 40,000. Ngakhale kuti pakadali pano zachilengedwe za ku Africa sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zitha, pali zoopsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kutsika mofulumira.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chinthu anthropogenic - madera a savannah akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mizinda ndi midzi, ndipo nawo chiwerengero cha osabereka, omwe ali gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha miimba, ikuchepa. Mikwingwirima yaku Africa idamwalira chifukwa cha mizere yamagetsi yotumiza magesi. Komanso, milandu yakufa kwa maungu a ku Africa chifukwa cha poyizoni amalembedwa nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa opangidwa ndi anthu (kuphatikiza carbofuran), komanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito diclofenac pazowona zanyama, zomwe sizowopsa kwa ng'ombe, koma zakupha mikwingwirima. Mbidzi za mu Africa zimasakidwa momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito machitidwe monga voodoo. Nkhani za kugulitsa mbalame kumayiko akunja ndi ogulitsa zikulembedwanso.

Njira zachitetezo

Chiwerengero cha miimba yaku Africa chimayang'aniridwa mosalekeza. Mtunduwu umatetezedwa m'malo ena. Anthu akudziwa bwino kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito zipheto kuwononga tizirombo. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oopsa ndi diclofenac mu mankhwala azowona zamtunda ndizoletsedwa. Pali njira zingapo zomwe zikuchitidwa kuti ziphunzitse anthu kuti achepetse ngozi za kufa kwa mbalame chifukwa chiphe kapena kuwasaka.