Marsupial Anteater kapena, monga momwe limatchulidwira kuti, "nambat" amatanthauza banja la oweta martsupial.
Nambat ndimatenda aku Australia. Nyumba zam'madzi zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkakhala pafupifupi kum'mwera kwa Australia kuchokera ku Pacific kupita ku Indian Ocean. Koma, chifukwa chakuthamangitsidwa ndi nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, zidasoweka kwathunthu ku zigawo za Victoria, South Australia ndi Northern Territory. Mpaka pano, anthu awiri okha atchire omwe adatsalira, m'modzi mwa iwo amakhala pafupi ndi Perth, winayo m'nkhalango ya Dryandran. Mapeto ake, kuchepa kumapitirirabe. Monga gawo la Nambat Rescue Program, kubwezeretsedwanso kunachitika m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Australia. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyamayi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 27, mchira wa 13 mpaka 17 cm. Mchira wa anteatre ndi wautali komanso wosalala. Nambata amadziwika kuti ndi nyama wokongola chifukwa cha mtundu wake wachilendo.
Ubweya wa Nambat ndi wolimba komanso wowala. Mitundu yachilendo ya nyama imatipatsa mwayi woti tizitcha nyama imodzi yokongola kwambiri ku Australia. Mtundu wa chovalachi umasiyana ndi bulauni mpaka wofiira. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala mitambo yoyera ya 6-12 yomwe imasinthana ndi tsitsi lakuda. Pamizere yachifuwa, kuyambira pansi mpaka khutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mphuno, pali chingwe chakuda. Tsitsi lomwe lili mchira wake ndi wakuda, ngati lingachitike pangozi ndipo likasuntha pamtengo, limasunthira ndikufanana ndi mchira wa gologolo.
Ngakhale kuti nyamayo ili ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, izi sizimamulepheretsa kudya mokwanira, popeza chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri cha nyamayo ndi lilime lake looneka ngati mphutsi, lomwe limatha kutuluka mpaka masentimita 10 kutalika. Chifukwa cha luso lachilendo lotereli komanso chifukwa chake chomata, nyama yam'madzi imatha kuyamwa mpaka kufika 20,000. Nthawi zambiri, nambat amadya chakudya chokhacho, zochepa nyerere.
Awa ndi nyama zakutchire, pafupifupi 1.5 km2 m'gawo lililonse pamphongo aliyense, amalembera malire a malo awo ndi chinsinsi chamafuta. Kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo, amakhala otakataka nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi dzina lake, anteet amatha kudya chakudya chamadyere, ndipo nyerere zimapanga gawo lofunikira lazakudya. Izi ndi nyama zabwino kwambiri, choncho tizilombo tina timalowa mu chakudya nthawi ndi nthawi. Amapeza nyama mothandizidwa ndi fungo lotukuka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri iwo amawononga nkhuni zakale kapena kuswa njira za chiswe ndi kumeza nyama ndi lilime lalitali.
Nthawi zambiri, wamkazi amabereka ana awiri mpaka anayi. Nthawi ya bere imatenga miyezi inayi. MaCuba amabadwa osaposa masentimita 5 kutalika. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti nyamayo ilibe matumba, chifukwa ana amakakamira chikhotho cha amayi awo ndikudya mkaka wa amayi.
Nyamayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchedwa kwake, koma, ngakhale izi, akuwona kuwopsa, amatha kuthamanga mwachangu ndikulumpha.
Nyamayo imagona usiku wokhala m'khola mwake, kugona tulo tofa nato. Pali zochitika zambiri zowopsa kwa antete, pomwe anthu, limodzi ndi mitengo yakufa, mwadzidzidzi adawotcha nyamazo, zomwe zinalibe nthawi yodzuka ndikubisala pachiwopsezo.
Adalemba Buku Lofiyira
Cholinga chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha nyama zodyetsera marsupial (kapena ma nambats), ngati nthumwi zambiri zosowa za ku Australia, ndikuyambitsa nyama zachilendo kuderalo, makamaka zilombo, pakuwoneka kuti sizinakonzekere.
Udindo wofunikira pakuthamangitsidwa kwa nambats unaseweredwa ndi nkhandwe zofiira, agalu onyanyala agalu ngakhale amphaka. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi alimi omwe samangokhala m'nkhalango kuti azilimapo, komanso amawotcha nyama ndi nkhanza zakale, momwe maofesi amtengatenga amakonda kugona usiku. Posachedwa, awonongeka kwambiri ndi moto wamapiri. Masiku ano ku Australia kulibe nambats zoposa chikwi chimodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kukupitirirabe. Kuti tisunge nyama m'malo awo, malo otetezedwa adapangidwa momwe kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe ndi adani ena kumayendetsedwa mwamphamvu.
Ndizosangalatsa
Tsiku lonse, ntchito ya chakudya chamagulu chimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Kwakukulu, zimagwirizana ndi zochitika za chimbudzi - chakudya chake chachikulu. Kuyanjanitsa kodabwitsa kotereku kwachitika pakupanga chisinthiko. Zotsatira zake, anteat adapeza chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Ichi ndi chiweto chokhacho ku Australia chomwe chimangodya nyama zamtchire zokha.
M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kumatha masana ndipo chimbudzi chikafika kwambiri m'maenje awo, ma anteti amasinthidwa kukhala njira yamadzulo, nthawi yozizira - m'malo mwake, amakhala otakataka nthawi yamasana, monga chinsinsi panthawiyi chikuyang'ana chakudya ndi zomangamanga.
Mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa marsupial ndi kocheperako: kutalika kwa thupi 17-27 cm, mchira 13- 17 cm. Nyama yachikulire yolemera 280-550 g, amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Mutu wanyumba ya marsupial anangotsika, mutu wake umakhala wokwezeka ndikuwunikira, kamwa ndi laling'ono. Lilime la vermiform limatha kutuluka kuchokera mkamwa ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10. Maso ndi akulu, makutu amaloza. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wosathina, ngati gologolo, wosagwira. Nthawi zambiri nambat imagwira molunjika, ndipo nsonga iliyimilira pang'ono. Mingono ndiyofupikitsa, yokhala ndi malo ambiri, okhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu. Kutsogolo ndi zala zisanu, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi 4.
Tsitsi la Nambat ndi lolemera komanso lolimba. Nambat ndi amodzi mwa malo okongola kwambiri ku Australia: amapakidwa utoto kapena wonyezimira. Chovala chakumbuyo chakumbuyo ndi kumtunda kwa chiuno chophimbidwa ndi mikwingwirima 6-12 kapena kirimu. Nambats Akumawa ali ndi utoto wofanana kuposa wa azungu. Mzere wakuda wautali umawonekera pakapukutira, kuchokera pamphuno mpaka diso mpaka khutu. M'mimba ndi miyendo ndi zoyera chikasu,
Mano a anteatte ya marsupial ndi ochepa kwambiri, ofooka ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala asymmetrical: Molars kumanja ndi kumanzere kumatha kukhala ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana komanso m'lifupi. Pazonse, Nambat ali ndi mano 50-52. Pakhomo lolimba limatalika kwambiri kuposa nyama zambiri zomwe zimayamwa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi nyama zina "zazitali" (painolins, armadillos). Akazi amakhala ndi ma nipples anayi. Palibe thumba la ana; pali gawo loyera chabe lokalidwa ndi tsitsi lopotana.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Asanayambe koloni ku Europe, nambat anali ofala ku Western ndi Southern Australia, kuchokera kumalire a New South Wales ndi Victoria kupita kugombe la Indian Ocean, kumpoto kukafika kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Northern Territory. Tsopano mtunduwo ndi wochepa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia. Amakhala makamaka nkhalango za eucalyptus ndi mthethe komanso malo owuma.
Nambat amadya chakudya chambiri, zochepa nyerere. Amadya ma invertebrates ena mwamwayi. Uwu ndi mtundu umodzi wokha womwe umangodya tizilombo tokhala pagulu; muukapolo, mbalame zodyeramo zam'madzi zimadya pafupifupi zikwi makumi awiri tsiku lililonse. Nambat amafufuza chakudya ndi fungo lake labwino kwambiri. Amakumba dothi ndi zofunda za kutsogolo kwake kapena kuthyola mitengo yowola, kenako amagwira chithaphwi ndi lilime lomata. Nambat imeza chakudya chokwanira kapena zipolopolo zochepa.
Ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti nyama iyi pachakudya sichisamalira chidwi ndi malo owazungulira. Nthawi ngati izi, imatha kudulidwa kapena ngakhale kunyamulidwa.
Popeza miyendo ndi ziswankhono za tinyanga ta marsupial anteater (mosiyana ndi ma myrmecophages - echidnas, anteaters, aardvark) ndi ofooka ndipo sangathe kulimbana ndi chimwala cholimba, amasaka makamaka masana pamene tizilombo timadutsa m'mabwalo apansi panthaka kapena pansi pa khungwa la mitengo kufunafuna chakudya. Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za Nambat zimayanjanitsidwa ndi zochitika za kutentha ndi kutentha komwe. Chifukwa chake m'chilimwe, pakati pa tsiku, nthaka imawunda kwambiri, ndipo tizilombo timapita pansi pamadzi, kotero nambats amasintha moyo wamadzulo, nthawi yozizira amadya kuyambira m'mawa mpaka masana, pafupifupi maola 4 patsiku.
Nambat ndi wokalamba kwambiri, amatha kukwera mitengo, pangozi pang'ono pobisala. Amakhala usiku m'malo obisika (pamata osaya, pamiyala ya mitengo) pabedi la masamba, masamba ndi udzu wouma. Kugona kwakeko ndizakuya kwambiri, kofanana ndi makanema oimitsidwa. Pali milandu yambiri pamene anthu, limodzi ndi mitengo yakufa, adawotcha mwangozi ma nambats omwe analibe nthawi yodzuka. Kupatula nyengo yakuswana, anyani amtchire amasunga kamodzi, kumakhala gawo limodzi mpaka mahekitala 150. Agwidwa, nambat samaluma ndipo samakanda, koma mwadzidzidzi amaliza mluzu kapena kung'ung'udza.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukonzekera kwa ma nambat imatha kuyambira Disembala mpaka Epulo. Pakadali pano, amphwayi amachoka m'malo awo osaka ndikupita kukafufuza zazikazi, ndikuwonetsa mitengo ndi nthaka ndi chinsinsi chamafuta, chomwe chimatulutsa chida chapadera pakhungu.
Tizilombo tating'ono (10 mm kutalika), ana obadwa amaso ndi amaliseche amabadwa patatha masabata awiri atakhwima. Pali zinyumba ziwiri mu zinyalala. Popeza chachikazi ilibe thumba la ana, amapachika mawondo ake, akumamatirira chovala chamayi. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, kubadwa kumachitika ndi mzere wautali wa 1-2 m. Mkaziyo amanyamula ana ake pamimba kwa miyezi pafupifupi 4 mpaka atafika 4-5 cm. Kenako amasiya mbewuyo mwa dzenje kapena mopanda kulowa, akupitabe kudya usiku. Pofika koyambirira kwa Seputembala, nambats zazing'ono zimayamba kusiya dzenje kwakanthawi. Pofika Okutobala, asinthana ndi zakudya zosakanizika za chimbudzi ndi mkaka wamawere. Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi amayi awo kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi, pomaliza pake zimamusiya mu Disembala. Kutha msanga kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo (wokhala mu ukapolo) - mpaka zaka 6.
Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo
Pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha zachuma komanso kudula kwamtunda, kuchuluka kwa zoweta marsupial kunachepa kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi ndikutsata kwa omwe amadyera. Chifukwa cha njira ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ma nambats amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa anyani wamba apakati; amasakidwa ndi mbalame zodyedwa, agalu, agalu onyentchera ndi amphaka, ndipo makamaka nkhandwe zofiira, zomwe m'zaka za zana la 19 wobwera ku Australia. Ankhandwe anathetseratu kuchuluka kwa anthu a nambat ku Victoria, South Australia ndi Northern Territory; adangopulumuka mwa mitundu iwiri yaying'ono pafupi ndi Perth. Chakumapeto kwa m'ma 1970. nambats panali anthu osakwana 1000.
Chifukwa cha zochulukirapo pakusamalira, kuwononga nkhandwe ndi kubwezeretsanso nkhokwe, anthu anatha kuchuluka. Chiwerengero cha anthu a Nambat chaweta mu Australia Sterling Range. Komabe, chirombochi chidaphatikizidwabe m'ndandanda wa Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse wokhala ndi "pangozi" (Zowopsa).
Zambiri zosangalatsa za chilichonse padziko lapansi
Nthawi zambiri kuyambira 2 mpaka 4 ana amabadwa pakati pa Januwale ndi Meyi. Kamwana kamwana miyezi 6 amasungidwa pa mkazi paubweya. Kenako amayamba kupanga nyumba. Amayi amadyetsa ana usiku. Mukugwa, ayamba kufufuza padziko lapansi pothawirako. M'mwezi wa Disembala, khandalo limasiya mayi ndi dzenje. Izi zinali mfundo zosangalatsa za ma nambats omwe tidatha kutolera.
Kufotokozera kwa Nambat
Kutalika kwa nyamayi kumayambira masentimita 17 mpaka 27, ndipo mchirawo umakhala ndi kutalika kwa 13 mpaka 17 sentimita. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Kulemera kwa nyama imodzi kumatha 270 mpaka 550 magalamu. Kukula kumakwaniritsidwa pazaka 11 zakubadwa.
Chovala cha oimira a marsupial anteater banja ndifupi, koma chokulirapo komanso cholimba. Utoto ndi imvi, ofiira ndi tsitsi loyera. Mikwingulo 8 yoyera imakokedwa kumbuyo. Ponena za thupi, nyamazo zimakhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri komanso wosalala. Mphuno yapamwamba kwambiri imasinthidwa kukumba pansi kuti ipeze chakudya. Lilime lomata ndi msampha wabwino kwa chiswe chomwe mumakonda.
Nyama yodyetsera marsupial imakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo ndikadya chakudya chamadzulo amakonda kugona - nyowetsani dzuwa. Chithunzi choseketsa kwambiri chomuyang'ana: akugona kumbuyo kwake ndi miyendo yotambasuka ndi lilime lotulutsa, amakhala wamaso.
Potentha kwambiri, imabisala masamba kapena kabowo kamtengo. Amakhala ndi tulo kwambiri kotero kuti ngati mungagwire naye m'manja, sangadzuke. Popeza sakhala chilombo chotere, ali pachiwopsezo chofa chifukwa chosasamala. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika makamaka ndi moto wamitchi, womwe siwosowa kwambiri m'malo ake. Nato pang'ono pang'onopang'ono zimatayika pamoto, osakhala ndi nthawi yodzuka nthawi.
Malo okhala nyama zaku Marsupial
Ndipo mbawala za marsupial zimakhala kuti? Titha kuyankha funso ili pansipa.
Kufikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, anthu anali ochulukirapo kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Australia. Koma zitatha kulamulidwa ndi Europe kumtunda waukulu, nyama izi zidachepetsedwa zochuluka. Ndipo ambiri aiwo adasunga areola ya malo awo kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa mainland ku mainchekaya, nkhalango za mthethe ndi nkhalango zowala.
Kusankha kwamtunda kwa nyambo zam'madzi zotere sikungokhala kwangozi: Masamba a bulugamu amene agundidwa ndi chimbudzi amaponyedwa pansi. Ndipo izi ndi chakudya chake (mwa zifaniziro) ndi pogona pamtengo. Imatha kuwoneka ikuyenda pansi kapena kusuntha. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kuyang'ana uku ndi uku. Akaona mbalame yakudya mlengalenga, afulumira kukabisala.
Chithunzi cha mbawala ya marsupial kwinaku ndikuyang'ana malo omwe chilipo chilipo kumathandizira kulingalira momwe nyamayo imawonekera.
Zakudya zamagulu
Nyama yam'madzi yotchedwa marsupial imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chakudya chomwe timakonda kwambiri ndi chiswe kapena nyerere, zazikulu touluka. Chifukwa cha fungo lake labwino, imatha kupeza chakudya chake ngakhale mobisa kapena masamba. Ngati ndi kotheka, atha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zake zamphamvu kudutsa nkhuni kupita kukakoma kwake.
Murasheed ali ndi lilime lalitali lomwe limatha kutuluka masentimita 10 kutalika. Lilime, monga Velcro, limagwira nyama. Mukamagwira, timiyala ting'onoting'ono, dziko lapansi kapena zinthu zina zimatha kudutsa lilime. Amameza izi kangapo mkamwa mwake, kenako nameza.
Zomwe zili zofunikira, mano a nyama ndi ochepa komanso ofooka. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a asymmetric ndipo amatha kukhala amtali osiyanasiyana ngakhale utali wake. Mano pafupifupi 50-52 zidutswa. Pakhomo lolimba limapitirira kuposa zinyama zambiri. Koma izi zikugwirizana ndi kutalika kwa lilime lake.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za nyambo ya marsupial
- Murashed si nyama yachilendo ku Australia kokha, komanso yapadera. Amadzuka masana ndipo amagona usiku, zomwe sizichitika kawirikawiri kwa anthu okhala m'makomo.
- Ngati mutha kugwira nyama, ndiye kuti sikuwonetsa kukana, mosiyana ndi ena oimira nyama. Koma mudzalandira ulemu ndi kumuwukitsa, zomwe zidzapereka umboni ku kusakhutira kwake ndi kukondwa kwake.
- Lilime la marsupial la ku Australia lili ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical, omwe sagulitsa nyama, komanso kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 10, omwe ali pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa thupi.
- Nyama yam'madzi yam'madzi imadya chimbudzi chimodzi patsiku - 20,000 zidutswa.
- Kugona kwakeko nkwakukulu komanso kwamphamvu kotero kuti kumatha kufananizidwa ndi makanema oimitsidwa. Kumukweza ndikutheka.
- Mwa zolengedwa zomwe zimapezeka pamtunda, uyu ndiye woimira yekha wokhala ndi mano ambiri - 52 zidutswa. Ndipo izi ngakhale kuti pafupifupi sakugwiritsa ntchito, amakonda kumeza chakudya.
Mkhalidwe wa nyama ndi chitetezo chake
Chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe, agalu onyentchera ndi amphaka adawonekera munkhalangomo momwe mumakhala nyama zakutchire, ndipo olosera zouluka sakhala tcheru, anthu a nambat atsika kwambiri. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa cha kubwera kwa nkhandwe zofiira pa kontrakitala m'ma 1900. Kumapeto kwa zaka 70 zapitazo, anthu pafupifupi 1,000 ndi omwe amapezeka kumwera kwa Australia ndi Northern Territory.
Komanso kufutukula kwa ntchito zaulimi waanthu zakhudza kutha kwa nyama zakuthengo. Mahuni ndi alimi adawotcha nthambi zowuma, nthambi, ndi zotsalira pamitengo yodulidwa. Zotsatira zake, ambiri omwe amagona tsekwe mu nthambi izi ndi zitsamba adawotchedwa chifukwa chosasamala.
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawasungidwa, komwe kumapangitsa kuti zinyama zizichulukirachulukira.
Utali wa nyama umafika zaka 4-6.
Nambat ndi nyama yomwe yatchulidwa mu Buku Lofiyira, ili ndi mtundu wa "osatetezeka", ndiye kuti watsala pang'ono kutha.
Pomaliza za nyama yodabwitsa
Lero tinadziwana ndi nyama yapadera kuchokera ku kontrakitala ya Australia - marsupial anteater. Ichi ndi nyama yosangalatsa potengera mawonekedwe ake. Sitha kuchita zachiwawa komanso kudziteteza. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ake a Red Book, mosakayikira, ndikofunikira kuchitira nyama yokongola iyi chisamaliro ndi chisamaliro. Kupulumutsa miyoyo ya Red Book nyama ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu.
Marsupial Anteater - Nineat
| nyama yazinyama | |
|---|---|
| Gulu la asayansi | |
| Ufumu: | Chinyama |
| Mtundu: | Chordate |
| Gulu: | zinyama |
| infraclass: | Marsupialia |
| Dongosolo: | okhala zodyera |
| Banja: | Myrmecobiidae Nyumba zamadzi, 1841 |
| Jenda: | Myrmecobius |
| Mawonedwe: | |
| Dzina la Nyemba | |
| Myrmecobius fasciatus | |
| subspecies | |
| |
| Marsupial Anteater Range (wobiriwira - mbadwa, pinki - mobwerezabwereza) | |
Marsupial Anteater ( noombat ) kapena walpurti ( Myrmecobius fasciatus ,, ndi mtundu wosavomerezeka wamtundu waku Western Australia ndipo wapangidwanso ku South Australia posachedwapa. Chakudya chake chimakhala chokhacho chokha. Pofala kum'mwera kwa Australia konse, mtundu wake pano umangokhala ndi magulu ochepa, ndipo amalembedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Mbawala ya marsupial ndi chizindikiro cha Western Australia ndipo imatetezedwa ndi mapulogalamu ake osamalira.
Msonkho
Marsupial anteater Myrmecobius ndi yekhayo m'banjamo Myrmecobiidae , amodzi mwa mabanja anayi omwe amapanga zanyama zam'madzi, nyama zam'madzi ku Australia.
Mtunduwu sugwirizana kwenikweni ndi nyama zina zapamadzi, momwe nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zimapangidwira zimakhazikitsa banja lake lanyama lokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zofananira. Kuyandikana kwa tulsin yemwe anasowa, omwe ali mu dongosolo lomwelo, akufuna. Kafukufuku wazaka wawonetsa kuti makolo akale a marsupial anteater adapatuka kuchokera kumagawo ena zaka 32 miliyoni ndi 42 zapitazo, kumapeto kwa Eocene.
Ma subspecies awiri amadziwika, koma amodzi mwa iwo, ndi nyama yodumphapo nyambo ( M. f. Rufus ,, idasowa, kuyambira mu 1960s, ndi ma subspecies okha ( M. f. Fasciatus ) amakhalabe ndi moyo. Monga momwe dzinali likusonyezera, nyama yonyamula marsupial anteater imati inali ndi malaya ofiira kwambiri kuposa omwe adatsala. Ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya zinthu zakale zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zakale kwambiri, zomwe zidachokera ku Pleistocene, ndipo palibe zatsalira zamitundu yina zomwe zidapezeka kale.
† Thylacinus (tulsin)
Myrmecobius (nyama yamphongo)
Sminthopsis (dunnarts)
Phascogale (omasulira)
Dasyurus (quols)
Mayina odziwika amabwerekera ku mayina omwe amabwera kwa ife nthawi ya chingerezi colon, nyama yazinyama , kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Nyungar kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia, ndi walpurti , dzina mu chilankhulo cha Pitjantjatjara. Matchulidwe ndi matchulidwe a dzinalo Nyungar amawongolera malinga ndi kafukufuku wazomwe zafalitsidwa komanso upangiri wamakono womwe unatsogolera dzinalo. noombat amatchedwa noom'bat. Mayina ena amaphatikizidwa ndi nyama yam'madzi yozungulira yomwe ili ndi ming'alu.
Kugawa ndi malo okhala
Manambala kale adagawidwa kumwera konse kwa Australia, kuyambira Western Australia kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa New South Wales. Komabe, mitundu yawo idatsika kwambiri atafika Azungu, ndipo mitunduyi idangokhala m'minda iwiri yaying'ono ku Dryandra Woodland ndi Perup Nature Reserve, monga ku Western Australia. Zaka zaposachedwa, komabe, adabwezeretsa m'malo okhala ndi mipanda ingapo, kuphatikiza ina ku South Australia (Yookamurra Sangment) ndi New South Wales (Scotia Sangment).
Masiku ano manambala amapezeka m'malo a nkhalango za eucalyptus zokha, koma anali ofala mitundu ina m'nkhalango zowuma, malo otetezedwa a Spinifex, ndi mapiri omwe amapezeka m'derali.
Ecology ndi machitidwe
Manambala ndi osavulaza ndipo amadya chakudya chokhachi. Munthu wachikulire kuti azisamalirira nyama amafunika chonde mpaka 20,000 tsiku lililonse. Popeza kuti marsupial imagwira ntchito masana, mbalame yam'madziyo imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri ikuyang'ana nthambo. Amawakumba kuchokera kudziko lotayirira ndi zikhadabo zakutsogolo ndikuwagwira ndi lilime lalitali. Ngakhale dzina la anteat, zikuwoneka kuti anteat sanadye nyererezi mwadala, ngakhale kuti zotsalira za nyerere nthawi zina zimapezeka m'malo anteatial antera ndi ndowe, iwo ndi amtundu womwe iwo okha amasaka osaka, motero mwina amadyedwa ndi mwayi, limodzi ndi chakudya chachikulu. Ziwawa zotchuka pamanambala zimaphatikizira rug Morelia spilota imbricata kuyambitsa nkhandwe yofiyira, komanso falcon yosiyanasiyana, phokoso la chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga.
Ziwerengero zachikulire zimangokhala payokha komanso malo amtunda, wamwamuna kapena wamkazi amakhazikitsa gawo lalitali ma 1.5 kilometres (370 maekala) kumayambiriro kwa moyo, ndikuwateteza kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Nyamayi, monga lamulo, imakhalabe mdera lino kuyambira pamenepo, amuna ndi akazi akumaderawo amadzazana, ndipo nthawi yakubala, amuna amadutsa pamtunda wakwawo kuti akapeze akazi.
Ngakhale nyambo ya marsupial ili ndi zibwano zamphamvu za kukula kwake, ilibe mphamvu kuti ikhale ndi chimbudzi mkati mwake momwe. Zimagwiritsa ntchito fungo lokhazikika kuti mupeze nyumba zochepetsetsa zazing'ono komanso zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa pakati pa chisa ndi malo ake odyetserako chakudya, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali chabe kuchokera panthaka, komanso zili pachiwopsezo cha mbawala zazing'ono zomwe zimakumba pansi.
Nyambo ya marsupial imagwirizanitsa tsiku lake ndi zochitika zamkati, zomwe zimatengera kutentha: nthawi yozizira, imadya kuyambira masana mpaka masana, nthawi yotentha imadzuka pamwamba, imatha kuthawira kumapeto kwa tsiku, ndipo imatumikiranso kumapeto kwa tsiku.
Usiku, nyambo ya marsupial imabisalira chisa, chomwe chimatha kukhala mtengo kapena dzenje la mtengo, kapena mbewa, nthawi zambiri mtunda wopendekeka wa 1-2 m womwe umathera m'chipinda cholumikizira chazomera chomera: udzu, masamba, maluwa ndi maluwa khungwa lophwanyika. Mbalame ya marsupial imatha kuletsa kutseguka kwa chisa chake, ndi chikopa chambiri cha buluyo, kuletsa zilombo kuti zisadutse mink. Manambala amakhala ndi mawu ochepa chabe, koma akuti amakuwa, akulira, kapena amapangula mawu obwereza ngati asweka.
Kubereka
Amanambala amabala muFebruary ndi Marichi (kumapeto kwa chilimwe cha Antarctic>, nthawi zambiri amatulutsa zinyalala chimodzi pachaka. Amatha kupanga chachiwiri ngati woyamba watayika. Mimbulu imatenga masiku 15, ndipo zimabweretsa kubadwa kwa ana anayi. Mwachilendo pakati pa okwatirana, manambala achikazi samatero. khalani ndi chikwama, ngakhale kuti ma nipples anayi amatetezedwa ndi chigamba cholumikizika, tsitsi lagolide ndi kutupa kwa m'mimba ndi m'chiuno pozungulira.
Ang'ono 2 cm (0,79 mainchesi) kutalika pakubadwa. Amakwawa nthawi yomweyo kupita ku nipples ndipo samakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, pofika nthawiyo anali atakula mpaka 7.5 cm (3.0 inches). Amakhala mainchesi 3 (1.2 mainchesi), pomwe amayamba kupanga ubweya, kakulidwe kamunthu wamkulu kamayamba kuonekera atangofika masentimita 5.5 (2.2). Nkhupakupa zimasiyidwa pachisa kapena kunyamula kumbuyo kwa mayiyo atasiya kuyamwa; Zachikazi zimakhwima pakachilimwe likudzayo, koma amuna samakwanitsa zaka zina.
Malo osungira
Asanalamulidwe ndi dziko la Europe, nyumba zopangira marsupial zimapezeka m'malo ambiri kuchokera ku New South Wales komanso kumalire a Victoria kumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean, komanso kumpoto chakumwera chakumadzulo kwa dera la Northern Territory. Ankakhala kunyumba zakutchire zosiyanasiyana. Kutulutsidwa mwadala kwa nkhandwe yaku Europe m'zaka za zana la 19, komabe, kunawononga anthu onse okhala ndi nyama zakuthengo ku Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia ndi Northern Territory, komanso pafupifupi anthu onse akumadzulo a Australia. Pakufika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, anthu anali atakwaniritsidwa anthu okwanira 1,000 omwe amakhala m'malo aang'ono pafupi ndi Perth, Dryandra ndi Perup.
Mbiri yoyamba ya zolengedwazo adamufotokozera kuti ndi wokongola, mayesedwe ake adamupangitsa kuti akhale kusankha ngati chifanizo choyimira cha dziko la Western Australia ndipo adayesa kuyesetsa kuti amupulumutse.
Ziweto ziwiri zakumadzulo ku Australia zikuwoneka kuti zidatha kupulumuka, chifukwa magawo onsewa ali ndi zipika zambiri zopanda kanthu zomwe zitha kukhala zotetezeka kwa adani. Pokhala masana, mbalame zodyetsa marsupial zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri kuposa nyama zina zambiri zofanana: nyama zodya zachilengedwe zimaphatikizira chiwombankhanga, goshawk yofiirira, kolala ya kestrel, ndi peteroti. Boma la Western Australia litakhazikitsa pulogalamu yoyendetsa mozungulira pa Dryandra (imodzi mwamasamba awiriwo), malo ogwiritsira ntchito marsupial akuwonjezeka.
Kufufuza kwakanthawi ndikusungidwa kwa pulogalamuyi kuyambira 1980 idakwanitsa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazikazi zam'madzi, komanso kubwezeretsanso malo opanda nkhandwe. Perth Zoo ndi wakhama pantchito yosamalira nyama zamtunduwu ku ukapolo kuti zimasulidwe kuthengo. Ngakhale atalimbikitsidwa bwanji mpaka pano, nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakonda kupha nyama zitha kukhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha ndipo zimagawidwa ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Kuyambira 2006, odzipereka pantchito yosakira nyama zakale anathandizira kupulumutsa nyama kuti zisawonongeke. Chimodzi mwazolinga zazikulu za polojekitiyi ndi nyambo zodyetsera marsupial kuti zithandizire kupeza ndalama zofunikira posamalira ndikulimbikitsa zidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe odzipereka m'masukulu, magulu ammudzi, ndi zochitika.
Manambala amatha kubwezeretsedwa m'malo omwe anali kale ngati atetezedwa kwa omwe amadyera.
Zolemba zakale
Mbawala ya marsupial inali yoyamba kudziwika kwa azungu mu 1831. Zinapezeka mu chipani chofufuzira, ndikufufuza chigwa cha Avon motsogozedwa ndi Robert Dale. George Fletcher Moore, yemwe anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe atuluka mu zanyumbayi, analankhula zakupeza:
"Ndinaona nyama yokongola, koma momwe imayendera pakabowo ka mtengo, sindinadziwe ngati inali gologolo, weasel kapena mphaka wakuthengo. "
ndipo tsiku lotsatira:
"Amathamangitsa nyama ina, mwachitsanzo, adathawa kwa ife dzulo, komwe tidamugwira, kutalika kwa lilime lake ndi zochitika zina, timaganiza kuti anteat uyu ndi mtundu wake wachikaso, zoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera mozungulira kutsekera kumbuyo Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mainchesi 12. "
Gulu la mitundu yoyambirira idasindikizidwa ndi a George Robert Waterhouse, kufotokoza za mtunduwu mu 1836 ndi banja mu 1841 Myrmecobius fasciatus idaphatikizidwa mu gawo loyamba la John Gould's Zonamizira zaku Australia , yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1845, mbale ndi HC Richter, ikuwonetsa malingaliro.
