Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi mutu wofiira (Pseudechis porphyriacus) kapena echidna wakuda ndi amtundu wa njoka zakuda za banja la aspid. Mtunduwu umaphatikizidwa ndi mndandanda wa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri zam'malo otentha ndipo ndizowopsa. Anthu aku Australia amazitcha kuti - "njoka yakuda". Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi George Shaw mu 1794 m'buku lonena za zoology zaku New Holland.
Njoka Yofiira Yokhala ndi Njoka (Pseudechis porphyriacus)
Njoka yakuda ya red-belled (Pseudechis porphyriacus) - wochokera ku Eastern Australia. Ngakhale poizoni wake ungayambitse poizoni wambiri, kuluma sikumabweretsa. Mtundu wamtunduwu wa njoka ndiwoperewera poyerekeza ndi njoka zina zakufa zaku Australia.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa njoka yakuda
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira imakhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.5 mpaka mamitala awiri ndi theka. Khungu loteteza kumbali yakumbuyo yakuda ndi lamtambo lakuda. Pansi pa thupi ndi mbali mwakepakidwa utoto wofiirira, wofiyira, wa rasipu - pali ma buluu akuda. Mapeto akutsogolo ali a bulauni. Masikelo pakhungu ndi osalala, osanjidwa. Mutu wa njoka yakuda wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda ndi watali. Malo owoneka ndi maso amaoneka pafupi ndi mphuno kapena pafupi ndi zitsulo zamaso.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira imakhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.5 mpaka mamitala awiri ndi theka.
Mano oopsa amakhala kutsogolo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Amawoneka ngati ma fumbi opindika mkati ndipo ndiakulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mano ena. Dino lililonse la poizoni limakhala ndi njira yotulutsira poizoni. Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito dzino limodzi lokha, canine yachiwiri imakhala njira imodzi yosungira, njoka ikataya imodzi. Mano otsala ndi ochepa kwambiri, popanda ngalande yapoizoni.
🔴1. Njoka yanjoka
Njoka, yomwe akuluakulu ake amakula mpaka 2 metres, yasankha malo okhala kum'mwera kwa Australia, New Guinea ndi chilumba cha Tasmania.
Njoka yokongola yochokera ku banja la Aspid ili ndi khungu la azitona. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe abata, koma, pakuwona zowopsa, imakongoletsa khosi lake, ndikuwukantha msanga, ndikuluma pafupifupi pansi palokha, kuti nsapato zazitali kwambiri zimatha kupulumutsa kuchokera kuluma koopsa.
Chifukwa chakuti malo okhala njoka zam'mimbazi amakhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri ku Australia, kulumwa kwakukulu kulembedwa. Zithunzi zambiri pamanetiwo zikutsimikizira kuti iye ndi mlendo m'nyumba ndi nyumba za anthu aku Australia.
🔴2. Mesh Brown Njoka
Malinga ndi kuwopsa kwa poizoni wake, nthumwi iyi ya banja la ma proid imatenga malo achiwiri pakati pa njoka zonse za padziko lapansi.
Ngakhale dzina lake lachilendo, mtundu wa achikulire umasiyana kuchokera ku chikaso chochepa mpaka chakuda ndi siliva. Njoka yolusa yasankha zigawo zouma za gombe lakummawa kwa Australia kukhala malo okhalamo.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama yabwinobwino imakonda kupewa kukangana, koma ikakwiya, imadziteteza. Ndikofunikira kusamala makamaka, chifukwa nyamayi imakonda kukwera munyumba zokhalamo ndi mafamu.
🔴3. Njoka yakuda yakumadzulo
Njoka, yotchedwanso kuti alonda, yasankha pafupifupi gawo lonse la Australia, kupatula madera otentha kwambiri kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala ndi gombe lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia.
Njoka yakumadzulo sikhala yankhanza komanso yapoizoni ngati abale ake akum'mawa, koma kuluma kwake kumayambitsanso imfa zambiri zolembedwa pa kontrakitala.
Popeza poizoniyu sakhala ndi poizoni, akakuluma, amatulutsa poizoni wambiri m'thupi la munthu wovulalayo, yemwe, popanda thandizo lake, amabweretsa kuimfa.
🔴4. Ku Inland Taipan
Njoka yowopsa iyi idabisala m'miyala yomwe ili mkati mwa bara, ndipo ndiyowopsa chifukwa ili ndi imodzi mwazakudya zoopsa kwambiri. Pakuluma, ngati mankhwalawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito pasanathe mphindi 40, munthuyo amwalira.
Pakusaka, taipan waku Australia amalowetsa m'thupi la wozunzidwayo, ndipo izi makamaka ndi makoswe akuluakulu, kuchuluka kwa poizoni, komwe nthawi yomweyo kumabweretsa kufa.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti ku kukula kwa Australia kumakhala zopanda zovulaza kale, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lofanana ndi poip ta taipan.
1. Mesh brown njoka (Pseudonaja textilis)
Amadziwikanso kuti: njoka wamba ya bulauni (njoka ya bulauni yakum'mawa) kapena njoka ya bulauni yakum'mawa (njoka ya bulauni yakum'mawa)
Habitat: kudera lakummawa kwenikweni kwa Australia
Njoka yothamanga, yaukali, komanso yodziwika bwino ku Eastern brown, limodzi ndi njoka zina zofiirira, ku Australia ndi yomwe imapha anthu ochulukirapo chaka chilichonse kuposa gulu lina lililonse la njoka. Sikuti poizoni wawo amawerengedwa ngati njoka yachiwiri yoopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (kutengera mayeso a mbewa), amakhalabe ambiri m'malo okhala anthu, makamaka m'mafamu akumidzi, akusaka mbewa.
Pokhala kuti yasokonezeka, njoka yoyera njakayo imakweza thupi lake pansi ndikuigwada ngati zilembo "S". Pakamwa pake pakatseguka, kukonzekera kuluma. Poizoniyu amachititsa kuti ziwalo zikhale pang'onopang'ono komanso zimalepheretsa magazi, ndipo nthawi zina mumayenera kumwa mankhwala ambiri a antivenin kuti muchepetse kuledzera. Ozunzidwa amatha patadutsa mphindi zochepa.
2. Njoka yakuda yakuda (Pseudonaja nuchalis)
Amadziwikanso kuti: londa (gwardar)
Habitat: kufalikira kumayiko ambiri a Australia ndipo kulibe kumadera akumidzi kwambiri kum'mawa kwa Australia komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia
Ngakhale njoka yocheperako kuposa msuwani wake wakummawa, njoka yakuda yakumadzulo ndiyonso yoopsa ndipo ili m'gulu la njoka zomwe zimapha anthu ambiri ku Australia. Mwa kupsa mtima, njoka zakuda zakumadzulo ndizovuta komanso zamanjenje. Pakuwopsezedwa, adzayesa kubisala, koma atayikidwa pakona amaluma mwachangu mphezi mosachedwa, kuti atha msanga.
Ngakhale kuti poizoni wawo si wowopsa ngati njoka yodontha, amakhala kuti amawuma katatu. Kulumwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopweteka komanso kovuta kuzindikira chifukwa chaching'ono kuchokera kumeno. Ozunzidwawo amakhala ndi mutu, nseru, kupweteka m'mimba, coagulopathy (kusokonezeka kwa magazi), komanso nthawi zina kuwonongeka kwa impso.
3. Njoka Yanjoka (Notechis scutatus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: njoka wamba
Habitat: m'mphepete mwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia, kuchokera ku New South Wales ndi Victoria kupita ku Tasmania komanso kumalire akutali a South Australia
Njoka yamtundu (njoka yamtundu wamtundu waukulu) ndiyo imayang'anira chiwerengero chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri cha kulumidwa ndi njoka ku Australia. Izi ndichifukwa choti njoka izi zimakhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa, kuphatikiza malo omwe ali ku Melbourne. Amakopeka ndi minda komanso malo akumidzi, kumene amasaka mbewa usiku komanso komwe anthu osawadziwa angathe kuwalowera mumdima.
Kuluma kwa njoka kumaphetsa anthu popanda anti-venin, kupweteka m'miyendo ndi khosi, kumva kuwawa, thukuta komanso thukuta, kenako ndikupangitsa kufupika ndi kupuwala. Poizoniyu amawononganso magazi ndi minofu yake, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kulephera kwa impso.
Njoka zachikulire nthawi zambiri (koma osati nthawi zonse) zimang'ambidwa ndi mikwingwirima, zimasiyanasiyana utoto kuchokera ku chikasu chautoto mpaka chakuda palimodzi mwamphamvu, mwamphamvu yolimba yomwe imatha kukula mpaka mamita awiri. Pangozi, njoka imadumphira m'khosi ndikuluma wovulalayo pansi.
4. Intrauterine Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: Njoka yoopsa (njoka yoopsa) kapena njoka yaing'onong'ono (njoka yaying'ono)
Habitat: mu ming'alu ndi maphompho m'miyala youma, pomwe mayiko aku Australia a Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales ndi Northern Territory adjoin.
Inland taipan (inland taipan), monga chopiringika, chobisalira kumalo akutali, miyala. Njoka imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa khumi oopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha poizoni wapoizoni, womwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatha kupha munthu wamkulu mphindi 45.
Kusaka m'malo osungika a mauna a tsitsi lalitali, taipan imagwiritsa ntchito poizoni wake wamphamvu kupha nyama yake pompopompo, jakisoni ndi kuluma poizoni nthawi zopitilira 40,000 zokwanira kupha khoswe ya gramu 200. Wogwiridwayo ndiye kuti alibe mwayi wokana.
Ndi anthu ochepa okha (onse njoka) omwe analumidwa ndi njokayi nthawi yonse. Onsewa adapulumuka atathandizidwa koyamba ndikugonekedwa.
5. Coastal Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: kummawa taipan (kum'mawa taipan)
Habitat: ndimayenda m'mbali mwa gombe lakummawa kuchokera kumpoto kwa New South Wales kupita ku Brisbane ndi kumpoto kwa Western Australia. Amakondanso kusaka m'minda ya nzimbe.
Ma taipan a m'mphepete mwa nyanja (Coastal taipan) ali ndi ma fangali kutalika kwambiri pakati pa njoka zaku Australia - mamilimita 13, ndipo poizoni wawo ndiwachitatu kwambiri poizoni pakati pa njoka zina zonse padziko lapansi.
Popeza ali ndi mantha kwambiri komanso amakhala osamala, amadziteteza koopsa ngati agwidwa mosayembekezereka kapena atapendekeka, kuzizira kaye asanaphulitse mphezi zingapo. Komabe, samangokonda kukangana komanso amakonda kupewa kuyambana ndi anthu.
Asanayambitse mankhwala apadera a antivenin mu 1956, kulumidwa ndi Taipan nthawi zambiri kunali koopsa ndipo kunaphetsa anthu ambiri. Vuto la Taipan limakhudza machitidwe amanjenje komanso ozungulira, zimayambitsa nseru, kukhumudwa, magazi amkati, ndikuwononga minofu ndi impso. Mivuto yayikulu, imfayi imatha mphindi 30 zokha.
6. Mulga (Pseudechis australis)
Amadziwikanso kuti: mfumu brown njoka
Habitat: kulikonse ku Australia, kupatula Victoria, Tasmania ndi kum'mwera kwa Western Australia - malo okhala kwambiri njoka ku Australia.
Njoka ya mulga (njoka ya mulga) ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri ku Australia, ndipo ili ndi poizoni wokulirapo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - 150 mg kuluma kamodzi, njoka yamtundu wamba imangotulutsa 10-40mg yokha.
Mawonekedwe a njoka'zi akuwoneka kuti akusiyanasiyana kutengera dera lomwe amakhala. Mulga wakummwera amadziwika kuti ndi wamantha komanso wodekha, pomwe akumpoto amakhala amantha kwambiri akasokonezedwa - amapukusa mitu yawo kuchokera mbali ndi uku ndikulira mokweza. Mulga amaluma mwankhanza, nthawi zina ngakhale samatsegula nsagwada zake ndi kutafuna - nthawi yomweyo imabweretsa sumu zochuluka kwambiri m malo oluma, omwe amawononga maselo amwazi, komanso minofu ndi minyewa. Ngakhale njoka ya bulauni imadziwika kuti ndi ya njoka yakuda, ndiye kuti ndi imodzi mwa njoka zakuda Pseudechis, choncho mukakuluma muyenera antivenin polimbana ndi njoka zakuda.
7. Njoka Yabwino Kwambiri ya ku Australia ya Copperhead (Austrelaps superbus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: denisonia wokongola kapena mkuwa wamba
Habitat: nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia, kumwera kwa Victoria, Tasmania ndi zilumba za Bass Strait.
Mchenga wamtunda ndi njoka yapoizoni yokha yomwe imapezeka pamwamba pa mzere wa chipale chofewa ndipo imagwira ntchito nyengo yomwe nthawi zambiri imati imazizira kwambiri chifukwa cha njoka. Wokonda madzi, njoka yam'mutu imakhala kunyumba pafupi ndi madamu, m'malo otetezeka, m'mphepete mwa ngalande, ngalande zamadzi ndi misewu.
Njoka zokhala ndi mutu wamantha zimakhala zamantha ndipo zimakonda kupewa anthu, ngakhale amakhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri komanso ali ndiulimi. Pokhala osamalidwa, amalira mokweza kwambiri, amasenzetsa matupi awo ndikuponyera mwachangu, nthawi zambiri popanda kuluma. Pakakhala kukhumudwitsana, amatha kuukira, ngakhale samathamangira kuponya ndipo akhoza kuphonya.
Zoopsa za njoka yamkuwa ndi neurotoxic (kuwononga dongosolo lamanjenje). Zimawononga maselo am'magazi ndi minofu, koma sizipangitsa kuti munthu afe.
8. Blackish Lurker (Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens)
Amadziwikanso kuti: njoka yakum'mawa yaing'ono
Habitat: kufalikira pagombe lakummawa, kuyambira Victoria kumwera kupita ku Cape York Peninsula kumpoto.
Pokhala chotalika pafupifupi masentimita 50, njoka yokhala ndi maso yaying'ono imatha kuwoneka yaying'ono, koma poizoni wake ndiwamphamvu ndipo sayenera kunyanyalidwa. Zochepa ndizodziwika za kawopsedwe wake, koma kuluma kwake kunayambitsa pakati pa ogwera njoka ndipo amwalira amodzi. Poizoniyu amakhala ndi myotoxin (myotoxin) yemwe amakhala akugwira ntchito, womwe umapitilizabe minofu ya minyewa (kuphatikiza minofu yamtima) masiku ambiri pambuyo kuluma.
Ngakhale njoka zodziwika bwino, njoka zokhala ndi zobisala zimakhala anthu obisika mwachangu choncho samakumana ndi anthu nthawi zambiri. Kupaka utoto wakuda kapena wakuda ndi m'mimba asiliva, amaphatikizana ndi usiku. Pokhala ndi mantha, amatha kuyamba kuthamanga mwamphamvu, koma nthawi zambiri samakonda kuluma.
9. Njoka yakufa ngati njoka yakufa (Acanthophis antarcticus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: spinetail australian kapena chowonjezera cha kumwera
Habitat: kum'mawa kwa Australia (kupatula kumpoto ndi kumwera), kumwera kwa South Australia ndi Western Australia
Njoka yokhala ngati njoka (yowonjezerapo imfa) ndi chilombo chobisalira chomwe chimabisala mosasunthika masamba, mchenga kapena miyala, kusunthira nsonga ya mchira wake - nyambo yofanana ndi nyongolotsi kukopa nyama.
Mosiyana ndi njoka zina zomwe zimayesa kubisala munthu akamayandikira, njoka yakufa ndiyotheka kubisala, ndipo pamakhala ngozi yoti ikubwera, zomwe zimapangitsa njoka izi kukhala zowopsa kwa alendo osasamala. Ngakhale amati njoka nthawi zambiri imaluma ngati ikukhudzidwa.
Asanapangidwe a antivenin, pafupifupi theka la kulumidwa ndi njoka kumapeto kwake. Poizoniyu ali ndi neurotoxin yemwe amachititsa kuti ntchito zamagetsi zisamayende bwino komanso kupuma, kuphatikizapo kupuma, kutsata ziwalo ndi kufa.
10. Njoka Yofiira Yofiyira (Pseudechis porphyriacus)
Amadziwikanso kuti: echidna wakuda kapena njoka yakuda wamba
Habitat: amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa nyanja (koma osati ku Tasmania) ndi madera angapo kumwera chakum'mwera kwa Australia
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yokhala ngati njoka siyakumwa poizoni ndi njoka zina zambiri zaku Australia, koma imakonda kukumana mu mzindawu, ndipo kuluma kwake sikuti ndi jakisoni wa udzudzu, zomwe zimabweretsa kupweteka kwakukulu ndikufunika kuchipatala.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi njoka ndi imodzi mwa njoka zazikulu zapoizoni zomwe zikupezeka mu mzere wa Sydney, ndipo kutalika kwa mamita awiri amatha kudya njoka zina. Sakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo amapewa kukumana ndi munthu ngati zingatheke, koma china chake chikawopseza, amapukusa matupi awo ndikulira mokweza.
Poizoniyu amaphwanya coagulability wamagazi ndikupanga kuwonongeka kwa minofu ndi mitsempha, komwe kumakhala kokwanira kuyambitsa mavuto akulu kwa anthu, koma nthawi yomweyo, sikuti amapha. Palibe kufa kamodzi komwe kunalembedwa kuchokera kulumidwa ndi njokayo.
Kufalikira kwa Njoka Yofiira
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi ma red ifalikira kummawa ndi kumwera kwa Australia.
Imapezeka pachilumba cha New Guinea. Sichikupezeka kumpoto kokha kwa Australia komanso ku Tasmania. Chimawonekera kumadera akumatauni pafupi ndi gombe lakummawa kwa Australia pafupi ndi Sydney, Canberra, Adelaide, Melbourne, Cairns.
Habitat Yokhala ndi Njoka Yofiira
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiirira imakhala m'malo okhala chinyontho kwambiri, zomwe zimapezeka m'mipata. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamatawuni, m'nkhalango zoterera, pakati pa zitsamba. Yafikira pafupi ndi dziwe, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'madziwe ndi pamadzi ena.
Mano oopsa amakhala kutsogolo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba.
Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa njoka yakuda
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi mutu wofiyira si mtundu wankhanza, safuna kuukira kaye. Moyo ukawopseza, umayesa kuthawa wozunza. Zimadziwika ndi zochitika masana. Dziwe likawotha, limatha kubisala pansi pa madzi pafupifupi ola lathunthu, kusambira ndikutsamira kwambiri. Atasaka, amabisala pansi pa zibowo, miyala ndi milu ya zinyalala. Imakwawira m'mabowo, m'maenje ndi pamakoko.
Pangozi, njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira pang'ono imafikitsa nthitizo kumbali.
Pakadali pano, matupi a thupi amayendetsedwa bwino ndikukula, pomwe chokwawa chimafanana ndi khola lomwe limatupa. Pakakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu, njokayo imakweza khosi lake mpaka kutalika kwa 10 - 20 pamwamba pa dziko lapansi ndikuponyera kutsogolo kwa thupilo kwa mdaniyo, ndikuluma ndi mano owopsa.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi mutu wofiyira si mtundu wankhanza
Mwachilengedwe, kulimbana kwenikweni kumachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa amuna amtunduwu wa njoka. Amuna awiri omwe mitu yawo ili ndi mitu yowukitsidwa amenyana, kuyesera kupukusa mutu wa mdani. Kenako wopambanayo amakulunga thupi la womutsutsayo mozungulira wolimbana nayeyo ndikupunthwa ndi wopikisana naye. Kenako yamphongo yamphamvu imamasula chida chake, ndipo njoka zimabalalitsa kuti ipitilizenso mpikisano.
Kumakumana kumodzi kumatenga pafupifupi mphindi imodzi, ndipo ulendo wonsewo umatha mpaka amuna atafooka kwathunthu. Nthawi zina duel imakhala yoopsa, ndipo zokwawa zimapindika mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti "mpira" wakuda umatha kutulutsidwa pansi. Kulimbana kwa intraspecific kumeneku ndi ufulu wokhala ndi gawo linalake ndipo limachitika nthawi yakukhwima. Koma ngakhale ma contract osautsa kwambiri amachita popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mano poyizoni.
Njoka Yofiyira Yofiira
Imadyera abuluzi, njoka ndi achule. Njoka zazing'ono zakuda zimakonda mitundu invertebrates, kuphatikizapo tizilombo.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi mutu wofiyira imakhala ndi poizoni womwe umagwiritsa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu wovutayo ndikumuteteza.
Kuswana kwokhala ndi njoka zakuda
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira ndi ya ovoviviparous reptiles. Kuchokera pa ana 8 mpaka 40 amakula m'thupi la mkazi. Mwana aliyense amabadwa wozungulira wozungulira. Kutalika kwa kite kumafika masentimita 12.2. Ana amafa kuchokera kwa olusa komanso malo osakhalitsa, motero ndi anthu ochepa okha kuchokera ku ana omwe amabereka.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira ndi ya ovoviviparous reptiles.
Mukamaweta njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira, okonda nyama zamtchire amazisamalira mosamala, podziwa za poizoni. Malo otsekedwa amasankhidwa kuti azikonza, kutentha kwanyengo kumakhalabe - 22 mpaka 28 madigiri. Pogona, nyumba zamatabwa, miyala yamiyala imayikidwa, makamaka m'malo oyaka. Tchipisi chachikulu cha nkhuni chimathiridwa ngati zinyalala. Malo otetezedwa salola kuti ziume komanso kuti kupumula kumanyowa katatu pa sabata.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi timibulu tidyetsa makoswe ang'ono, mbewa, achule. Ndikofunika kuti muzidya chakudya chotsimikiziridwa, chifukwa thupi la nyama yosungirako nyama limakhudzana ndi zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zitha kukhala m'thupi la chule lomwe limakhala mu dziwe loipitsidwa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
🔴5. Taipan Yogombe
Mosiyana ndi wachibale wake, mtundu uwu wa taipan unasankhidwa ndi gombe la Australia, kuyambira kumpoto kwa kontrakitala, kudumpha kummawa kudutsa arc ndikumathera ndi madera akumwera.
Tikakumana, ndikwabwino kudutsa taipan yotere, chifukwa pakakumana ndi munthu chimazizira, kenako ndikuponya mwachangu, komwe sizingatheke kuzemba. Choopsa china ndikuti pakamenyedwa imaluma nthawi zambiri, ndikuyambitsa sumu zambiri mthupi.
Dziwani kuti taipan iyi imakhala ndi utali wawutali kwambiri pakati pa njoka zonse zaku Australia, ikukula mpaka 13 mm. A TopCafe amakukhumudwitsani kwambiri kuti musayandikire nyama yotereyi.
🔴6. Mulga
Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu, chokhala ndi thupi lalikulu, njoka ya poizoni ku Australia imakhala pafupifupi mbali zonse za kontinenti, kupatula mayiko awiri - Tasmania ndi Victoria.
Amakula mpaka 3 m kutalika, ndipo pakulumwa, amatulutsa poizoni wadzafika mpaka 150 ml mthupi la wozunzidwayo. Mankhwalawa amayenera kuperekedwa pasanathe ola limodzi kuluma, apo ayi kufa kwake ndikokwera kwambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi, zizolowezi za mulgah zimasiyana malinga ndi dera lomwe akukhalamo. Anthu akumwera ali odekha, koma okhala kumpoto ndi owopsa komanso ankhanza. Mulga amadya timiyala tating'ono, abuluzi, ndipo amathanso kugwira nsomba zam'madzi ku Australia, komanso mbalame.
🔴 7. Viper Akufa Njoka
Small Acanthophis antarcticus, wokula mpaka 1 m kutalika, amakonda zigawo zamatchire ndi zouma za kontinenti. Yogwira usiku, ndipo makamaka mbalame, makoko ang'onoang'ono ndi njoka zina zimakhala chakudya.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo a mutuwo, umawoneka bwino kwambiri, ndipo thupi lofiirira limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Amenya mnzake pomubisalira, kuti azingoyenda osayenda kwa maola ambiri, ndikungopukusa mutu wake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati nyambo.
Zokha sizikuukira, koma muyenera kusamala kuti musalole njoka yakufa, monga akatswiri ati imaluma ikangoluma.
🔴8. Zododometsa zazikulu
Njoka yokongola kwambiri ya ku Australia imasankha malo otetezeka amoyo, komanso malo ammapiri ndi zigwa.
Akuluakulu amafikira kukula mpaka 1.5m kutalika, ndipo chifukwa cha mtundu wamkuwa, adalandira dzina la mtundu wake. Imasaka makamaka masana, kudya achule, abuluzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
Amamva bwino m'madzi, chifukwa chake imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi dziwe. Ikalumidwa, imatulutsa poizoni yemwe ali ndi vuto la mu mthupi la wogwidwayo, chifukwa chake, kuluma kwakeko nkoopsa paumoyo wa anthu komanso moyo.
🔴 9. Njoka Yofiyira Yofiira
Mwa njoka zonse za ku Australia, imodzi yamanjenje siikhala ndi poizoni kwambiri, koma munthu amakumbukira kuluma kwake kwanthawi yayitali. Zabwino kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo osazolowereka - munjira zamizinda kapena kumbuyo kwa nyumba zadzikolo.
Njoka yamamita awiri imakonda kuwoneka mkati mwa Sydney ndi Melbourne, ndipo chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, imatha kudya njoka zina. Mukakhala pachiwopsezo, imayamba kutuluka, ngati khwalala, khosi lake, ndipo imamveka modabwitsa.
Poiz, kulowa kulowa mthupi la munthu, kumakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje ndikutchinga minofu ntchito, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa.
✅ Ku TopCafe.su mutha kudziwa zosangalatsaZambiri zaku Australia.
🔴 10. Blackish Lurker
Njoka yoopsayi imafalikira kudera lonse lakum'mawa kwa bara, ndipo nthawi zambiri imkafika kumidzi ndi m'mizinda.
Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens, kukula kosaposa 50 cm, ali ndi poizoni wambiri. Chifukwa chake, pozindikira m'nyumba kapena msonkhano kuthengo, muyenera kusamala kwambiri.
Amakhala moyo wamadzulo, ndipo chifukwa cha mtundu wake wakuda ndi wosaoneka. Koma ali ndi mtendere mwamtendere, ndipo anthu amawukiridwa mu zochitika zosowa kwambiri.
Pomaliza
Chifukwa chake mndandanda wathu wa njoka zoyipa kwambiri komanso zowopsa ku Australia zatha. Ena a iwo ali ndi poizoni wakupha, pomwe ena amasiyanitsidwa ndi zizolowezi zamtopola pakati pa abale awo.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero pa Green Continent, anthu 6 amwalira chifukwa cholumwa ndi njoka zapoizoni. Chowonadi ndichakuti othawa ku Australia amakonda kusokera akakumana ndi munthu, m'malo momuwukira. Njoka zambiri zaku Australia sizimawona anthu ngati nyama. Ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni pongofuna kusaka chakudya kuti adzipezere chakudya.
Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi nyama zaku Australia, ndiye kuti mungasangalale kuwerenga nkhani yathu pa TopCafe yokhudza kangaude wazodabwitsa kwambiri ku kontinenti ya Australia.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakuda
Njoka yakuda (Pseudechis porphyriacus) ndi mtundu wa mtundu wa njoka zomwe zimakhala kum'mawa kwa Australia. Ngakhale kuti poizoni wake umatha kubweretsa vuto lalikulu, kulumidwa ndi njoka yakuda nthawi zambiri sikumakhala koopsa komanso kovulaza kuposa kuluma kuchokera ku njoka zina zaku Australia. Ndizachilendo m'malo okhala mitengo, nkhalango komanso madambo akum'mawa kwa Australia. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njoka zodziwika kwambiri ku Australia, monga momwe zimakhalira m'matawuni m'mbali mwa gombe lakummawa kwa Australia.
Pali mitundu inayi ya njoka zakuda:
- njoka yakuda yofiyira,
- Njoka Collette
- Mulga Njoka
- njoka yakuda yokhala ndi buluu.
Kanema: Njoka Yakuda
Mitundu yakuda ya njoka imakhala ndi njoka zokongola kwambiri ku Australia, komanso (mwina) mitundu yayikulu ya poizoni - njoka ya mulgu (nthawi zina imatchedwa "brown brown"). Kumapeto ena kwakanthawi kachulukidwe ka njoka ya mulga ndi njoka zazitali, zina mwa zomwe siziposa mita imodzi m'litali. Njoka zakuda ndizosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ndipo zimapezeka kuzilumba zambiri, kupatula kum'mwera chakumadzulo ndi Tasmania, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya malo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale njoka zakuda zokhala ndi njoka zimakhala zodabwitsa, kwenikweni kulumidwa ndi njoka izi kwa anthu ndizachinyengo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi anthu ndi njoka.
M'madera azakudya am'kati mwake, kulumidwa ndi njoka zakuda zokhala ndi mimbulu nthawi zambiri sikuwonetsedwa mozama, zomwe sizingatheke, chifukwa myotoxicity yosasinthika imatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa njoka iyi ngati mankhwalawa sanaperekedwe mwachangu (mkati mwa maola 6 mutaluma kuluma).
Mosiyana ndi njoka zapoizoni zambiri zaku Australia, kulumidwa ndi njoka zakuda kumatha kulumikizidwa ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwanuko, kuphatikizapo necrosis (kufa kwa minofu). Zotsatira zake, nthawi zambiri mbali zina komanso miyendo yonse inkadulidwa kuti ilumidwe ndi njoka izi. Zotsatira zina zachilendo za kulumidwa ndi njoka yakuda ndizosakhalitsa kapena zosatha (kutaya fungo).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi njoka yakuda imawoneka bwanji?
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi khungu loyera imakhala ndi thupi lonyentchera ndi mutu wowonekera pang'ono. Mutu ndi thupi lakuda. Underside ndi wofiira ku kirimu wokhala ndi mbali zowala zamkati zowala. Pamaso pa mphuno nthawi zambiri mumakhala bulauni. Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi mutu wakuthengo imakhala ndi nsidze wodziwika bwino, ndikuwapatsa mawonekedwe. Imatha kutalika kupitirira 2 metres, ngakhale njoka zotalika mita imodzi ndizofala.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka zakutchire, njoka zakuda zokhala ndi ubweya wautchire zimasunga kutentha kwa thunthu mpaka 28 ° C mpaka 31 ° C masana, kuyenda pakati pamalo dzuwa ndi pamthunzi.
Njoka ya Collette ndi ya banja la njoka zakuda ndipo ndi imodzi mwaz njoka zokongola kwambiri ku Australia. Njoka ya Collette ndi njoka yomangidwa kwambiri ndi thupi lamphamvu ndi mutu wambiri, wosalala, wosasiyana ndi thupi lake. Ili ndi mitundu yosasinthika kuyambira pamtundu wofiirira kupita ku malo a salon-pinki pamtunda wakuda kapena wakuda. Pamwamba pamutu pali mdima wamtali, ngakhale phokoso likhoza kukhala pang'ono pang'ono. Iris ndi yakuda komanso yofiirira yofiirira kuzungulira mwana. Miyezo yamkati ndi ya chikasu-lalanje kuti ikhale zonona.
Njoka zazing'ono zakuda zimatha kukhala zamtundu wapakati, koma anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala olimba kwambiri, ali ndi mutu wakuya kwambiri komanso masaya olimba. Kumbuyo, m'mbali ndi mchira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawu awiri, khungu lakuda limaphimba gawo laling'onoting'ono mpaka magawo osiyanasiyana ndipo limatha kukhala la bulauni, lofiirira, lamkuwa kapena lamtundu wakuda.
Pansi pa njoka nthawi zambiri pamakhala oyera achikasu kuti chikhale chamtendere, kusiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wakuda kuti mupeze phindu. Anthu ochokera kumadera akutali kwambiri a kumpoto alibe pafupifupi khungu, pomwe anthu akumwera ali pafupifupi akuda. Mchira, monga lamulo, umakhala wakuda kuposa thupi, ndipo mbali yakumwambayo imakhala ndi utoto wofanana, wofanana ndimdima wamiyeso yamthupi. Maso ake ndi ochepa komanso ndi iris. Mimba ndi zonona kwa nsomba.
Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi buluu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyezimira- kapena zofiirira zakuda, zokhala ndi imvi kapena khungu lakuda. Anthu ena akhoza kukhala otuwa kumaso ndi mawanga (motero dzina lawo lina - njoka yakuda). Zina zimatha kukhala zapakatikati pakati pa awiriwa, ndizokhala ndi masikelo otumbululuka ndi amdima omwe amapanga mikwingwirima yopyapyala komanso yopyapyala, koma mutu ndi wofanana mumdima m'njira zonse. Mutu umakhala waukulu komanso wozama, wosasiyana ndi thupi lamphamvu. Chisa chodziwikiratu cha m'maso chimawoneka pamwamba pamdima wakuda.
Kodi njoka yakuda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka yakuda m'chilengedwe
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi malo onyowa, makamaka matupi amadzi, malo osambira ndi oyenda (ngakhale atha kupezekanso kutali ndi madera otere), nkhalango ndi mitengo. Amakhala m'malo osokonekera komanso madera akumidzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mozungulira ngalande ndi kumadamu. Njoka zimabisalira m'miyala yayikulu ya udzu, mitengo, tinthu timadzi tambiri ndi zolengedwa zogona komanso pansi pa miyala yayikulu. Njoka za munthu payekha zikuwoneka kuti zikuthandizira malo ambiri omwe akukonda mkati mwa nyumba zawo.
Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi ma red zimapezeka padera kumpoto ndi pakati-kum'mawa kwa Queensland, kenako mosalekeza kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Queensland kupita kum'mawa kwa New South Wales ndi Victoria. Anthu ena osagwirizana amapezeka kumwera kwa Phiri la Mount Loftie ku South Australia. Mitunduyi siyipezeka pachilumba cha Kangaroo, ngakhale amati izi siziri choncho.
Njoka ya Collette imakhala m'malo otentha komanso madera akuda a dothi lakuda, omwe nthawi zina amasefukira ndi mvula yamvula yambiri. Amabisala muming'alu yakuzama, m'malo okhala pansi, pansi pamatanda. Njoka izi ndizofala m'malo owuma a ku Queensland. Njoka za Mulga ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya njoka ku Australia, kuyambira kontinenti, kupatula kum'mwera chakum'mawa komanso wamba. Amapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Irian Jaya komanso mwina kumadzulo kwa Papua New Guinea.
Mtunduwu umapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana - kuchokera m'nkhalango zotentha mpaka pamatanthwe, zitsamba ndi miyala yozungulira yopanda miyala. Njoka za Mulga zimatha kupezekanso m'malo osokonezeka kwambiri, monga minda ya tirigu. Amabisala m'miyala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama, m'miyala yakuzama, pansi pa mitengo yakugwa komanso miyala yayikulu, komanso m'miyala yayikulu ndi miyala yamiyala yomwe ili kunja kwa nthaka.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi buluu imatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kusefukira kwa mitsinje ndi malo onyowa kupita m'nkhalango zowuma komanso malo. Amakhala m'malo ogona, mu ming'alu yakuzama kapena m'miyala yosiyidwa ya nyama, komanso m'nkhaka zowirira. Njokayo imapezeka kumadzulo kwa magombe kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Queensland komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa New South Wales.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe njoka yakuda imapezeka. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi njoka yakuda imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Big Snake Yakuda
Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi miyendo yofiira zimadyera m'magulu osiyanasiyana am'madzi, kuphatikizapo nsomba, nthenga, achule, abuluzi, njoka (kuphatikizapo mitundu yawo) ndi zinyama. Akufunafuna nyama pamtunda ndi m'madzi ndipo, monga mukudziwa, akwera mamita angapo.
Tikasaka m'madzi, njoka imatha kupeza chakudya ndi mutu wake kapena kumiza thupi lonse. Kupanga kochitidwa pansi pa madzi kumatha kubweretsedwa kapena kumizidwa ndikamizidwa m'madzi. Njoka zimawonedwa mwadala zikusirira pansi pamadzi, monga zimasaka, mwachionekere, kuti zichotse nyama yobisidwa.
Njoka ya ukapolo wa Collette izidzadya zilombo, abuluzi, njoka ndi achule. Njoka zamtchire zambiri zimadyera nyama zamtchire zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo achule, zokwawa ndi mazira, mbalame ndi mazira awo ndi zinyama. Mitunduyi nthawi zina imadyanso ma invertebrates ndi carrion.
Njoka za mulg mwachidziwikire sizikhala ndi poizoni wazakudya zilizonse, njoka yakuda yakumadzulo, ndipo sizimawonetsa zoyipa mukalumidwa ndi mitundu yawo. Tsoka ilo, njoka ya mulga sichimangokhala ndi ziphe za poizoni, zomwe akuti zimachepetsa njokayo m'malo ena akumpoto kwa mzere.
Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi buluu kuthengo imadya nyama zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo achule, abuluzi, njoka ndi zinyama. Amadyanso mosavomerezeka ma invertebrates. Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi buluu makamaka zimasaka tsiku, koma zimatha kudya mochedwa madzulo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakhungu Yakhungu
Munthawi ya kuswana kwamphaka, amphaka amphongo akhungu ofiira omwe amakhala ndi miyendo yakuda akufunafuna zazikazi motero, amakhala nthawi yayitali munyengo komanso amayenda mopitilira nthawi yayitali akazi (mpaka 1220 m tsiku limodzi).
Nthawi yakubereka ikangoyandikira, abambo amachepetsa ntchito yawo, ndipo pofika chilimwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amakhala kunja, amatha kutentha kapena kusuntha, ndipo amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala osachezeka, kuposa momwe analiri mchaka.
Njoka ya Collette ndi mtundu wobisika komanso wosowa kwambiri womwe umakonda kudya, komanso umatha kukhala wachangu madzulo abwino. Njoka za Mulga zimatha kugwira ntchito usana ndi usiku (kutengera kutentha), ndikuchepetsa masana komanso kuyambira pakati pausiku mpaka m'bandakucha. M'miyezi yotentha kwambiri, makamaka kumpoto kwa mtunduwu, njoka za mulga zimakonda kugwira ntchito kumapeto kwa usiku komanso dzuwa litalowa.
Nkhondo zachimuna ndi matanga zidalembedwa njoka zakuda zamtambo wamtambo zomwe zimachitika pakati pa nthawi yozizira komanso koyambirira kwamasika (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Okutobala). Ndewu ikuwoneka kuti ikuluma koyamba, kenako kuyaluka, kenako kuthamangitsa.
Njoka za Green Continent
Njoka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamaso pa anthu kotero nthawi zambiri zimayandikira pafupi ndi matauni. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri kwa iwo ndi minda kapena malo oyandikana nawo. Oimira mitundu yayikulu adayendera m'masitolo akuluakulu aku Australia kangapo. Nthawi yomweyo atolankhani amderali adapereka chidziwitso malinga ndi momwe chionon chachikulu chidawonekera m'masitolo amodzi a Queensland, chikugwa padenga. Dziwani kuti chonde sichitha kuukira koyamba, chimachita izi pokhapokha ngati chikuwopseza moyo. Nzika zaku Australia ndizokonzekera bwino kukumana ndi njoka: malo aliwonse azachipatala, komanso pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse, ali ndi mankhwala othandizira - antivenin. Imfa ndizovuta kwambiri.
Njoka zambiri ku Green Continent ndi zapoizoni. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zambiri za mitundu yoopsa kwambiri yomwe imakhala ku Australia ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chilichonse mwa zolengedwa ndizosangalatsa munjira yake, ndipo mawonekedwe ake nthawi zina amakhala owopsa.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakuda Yoopsa
Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi mutu wofewa nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika kumapeto kwa Okutobala ndi Novembala. Pa nthawi yakuswana, anyani amphongo amphongo ena kuti azitha kulowa chachikazi. Nkhondo imaphatikizapo omenyera awiri, ndikutambasula makosi awo ndikukweza mbali zawo zakumaso, kupindika makosi awo wina ndi mzake ndikulimbana nthawi yankhondo. Njoka zimalira mofuula kwambiri ndikuluma wina ndi mzake (sizikhudzana ndi zoopsa). Nkhondo iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera theka la ola, pomwe m'modzi wotsutsa agonjera, kusiya gawo.
Yaikazi imabereka pafupifupi miyezi inayi kapena isanu mutakhwima. Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi miyendo yofiira sizimayikira mazira, monga njoka zina zambiri. M'malo mwake, amadzabereka ana 8 mpaka 40 amoyo, chilichonse pachikwama chawo. Njoka yakuda yomwe imakhala ndi ubweya wofiyira imafika zaka pafupifupi zitatu.
Zambiri zomwe zimadziwika potsatira kubadwa kwa njoka za Collette zimachokera pakuwona nyama ali muukapolo. Nyengo yayitali kwambiri ya chibwenzi ndi kukhwima zikuwoneka kuti zikugwa pakati pa Ogasiti ndi Okutobala. Kuwona za chibwenzicho kudachitika chifukwa choti mwamunayo amatsatira mkazi yemwe wangobadwa kumeneyo, kukwawa kumsana kwake ndikumazengereza komanso kupindika, ndikugwira mchira wake. Kukopera kumatha kupitilira maola 6. Pafupifupi masiku 56 atachira, yaikazi imayikira mazira 7 mpaka 14 (kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala), yomwe imabisala mpaka masiku 91 (kutengera kutentha kwa makulidwe). Mwana wankhuku amapanga zidutswa zingapo zautali mu chipolopolo ndipo imatha kukhalabe mu dzira mpaka maola 12 isanatuluke.
M'madera akumwera, kubalanso njoka za mulg kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi kapena kumagwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula. Nthawi pakati pa chibwenzi chomaliza ndi kukhwima ndi kuyikira mazira zimasiyana masiku 39 mpaka 42. Kukula kwa zomangamanga kumayambira pa 4 mpaka 19, pafupifupi pafupifupi 9. Mazira amatha kutengera masiku 70 mpaka 100 kuwaswa, kutengera kutentha kwa makulidwe. Ali ku ukapolo, njoka zakuda zokhala ndi buluu zimalumikizana momasuka, ndipo michira yawo imakutira. Yaimuna nthawi zina imasunthira kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo thupi la mkaziyo pakubala, komwe kumatenga pafupifupi maola asanu. Akatha kubereka bwino, mwamunayo samakondwereranso wamkazi.
Mazira 5 mpaka 17 amaikidwa, omwe amatha masiku 87, kutengera kutentha kwa makulidwe. Kukula kwakanthawi kumakhala dzira kwa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri litatha kudula dzira, kenako ndikusiya moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Njoka yakuda yakumadzulo, kapena woteteza
Gvardar ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri ku Australia, amapezeka paliponse kupatula kumadera omwe kuli chinyezi chambiri. Njokayo sikuti imakhala yolusa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi yomwe tafotokozayi, koma siziwopseza anthu. Amakhala ndi mantha. Njoka yakuda yakumadzulo ikawona kuti yagwera mumsampha, ndiye kuti imathothira mosachedwa. Kuluma kwake ndikupweteka kwambiri. China chomwe sichisangalatsa pamtunduwu ndi kuchuluka kwa poizoni amene amatulutsidwa mukamaluma; Wovutitsidwa amayamba kudwala, kupweteka mutu kwambiri kumawonekera, njira yamagazi yakusokonekera yasokonezeka, mavuto a impso angachitike.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zakuda
Chithunzi: Kodi njoka yakuda imawoneka bwanji?
Zoyenera zokhazokha zomwe zimadyedwa ndi njoka zakuda zokhala ndi miyendo yakuda, kupatula anthu, ndi amphaka amtchire, ngakhale akuwakhulupirira kuti ndi ovulala chifukwa cha zina. Njoka zatsopano ndi ana zimadyedweratu ndi mbalame zazing'ono zodyedwa, monga kookaburras, njoka zina, achule, ngakhalenso ma invertebrates monga akangaude ofiira.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiirayo imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi poizoni wa mikanda ya nzimbe, ndipo imafa msanga chifukwa chomeza kapena ngakhale kungowakhudza. Amakhulupirira kuti kutsika kwawo m'malo a Queensland ndi kumpoto kwa New South Wales ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa maula, ngakhale m'malo ena kuchuluka kwawo kukubwerera.
Mitundu yodziwika ya endoparasites imaphatikizapo:
- acanthocephalans,
- ma cestode (ma tapeworms),
- nematode (zozungulira),
- pentastomids (nyongolotsi zolankhula),
- trematode.
Njoka zazikulu za mulg zilibe adani ambiri, komabe mitundu yocheperako imatha kupezedwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa. Endoparasites odziwika amtunduwu akuphatikizapo nematode. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nkhupakupa zambiri. Popeza kuopa anthu njoka iliyonse, zambiri mwa nyama zovulaza izi zimafa anthu akakumana nazo. Njoka zakuda, monga lamulo, zimathawa mwachangu ngati zimva kukhalapo kwa munthu wapafupi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakuda
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa njoka zakuda padziko lonse lapansi sikunawerengeredwe, amadziwika ngati malo omwe amakhala. Kuchulukitsa kwa njoka yakuda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira kwatsala pang'ono kusowa chifukwa chobweretsa mkango. Njoka ikayesa kudya chala, imakhala chiopsezo cha chiphe chakudyacho. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti ina mwa njoka izi tsopano iphunzira kupewetsa mivi, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kukuyamba kuchira.
Njoka zakuda zokhala ndi njoka ndi imodzi mwa njoka zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kugombe lakummawa kwa Australia, ndipo chaka chilichonse zimakhala ndi kuluma kambiri. Ndi njoka zamanyazi ndipo, monga lamulo, zimapereka kuluma kwakukulu pokhapokha ngati zingachitike. Tikafika kuthengo, njoka yakuda yokhala ndi timiyala tambiri timazizira kuti tipewe, ndipo anthu amatha kuyandikira osadziwa kulembetsa njoka.
Mukayandikira kwambiri, njokayo imayesa kuthawa kulowera komwe ikubwerera, komwe, ngati ili kumbuyo kwa wowonayo, ikhoza kupereka chithunzi chakuti njokayo ikuyamba kuukira. Ngati alephera kuthawa, njokayo imayimirira, itagwira mutu wake ndi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwake, koma yofanana ndi nthaka, imatambasulira khosi lake ndikung'ung'uza, ndipo ikhoza kupyoza zabodza pakamwa pake.
Njoka yakuda odziwika bwino ku Australia chifukwa cha magawidwe ake kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, kuphatikiza madera akumatauni. Maganizo pa njoka zosavulaza izi akusintha pang'onopang'ono, koma amawonekabe ngati chiopsezo ndikuzunzidwa molakwika. Poizoni wake ndiwocheperako kuposa poizoni wa njoka zina ndipo palibe malipoti akuti anapha anthu ndi njoka'zi.
Njoka ya Copperhead
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti njokayo ili ndi dzina lina - zokongola za denisonia: zokongola ndizokongola kwambiri. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya chipiriro: imagwira kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yotentha, ngakhale itakhala yozizira mokwanira kunja. Malo omwe ali pafupi ndi madamu, ngalande, marshland, misewu, ngalande zamadzi - onsewa ndi malo omwe akukonda njoka yamutu wamkuwa. Kutalika kwa munthu aliyense ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi kapena kutalika pang'ono; njokayo ili ndi kukula kwakukulu. Oimira mtundu wamtunduwu, omwe asankha malo okhala, nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka kuposa omwe amakhala kumapiri. Dzuwa lokongola kwambiri ndi njoka yokongola. Nthawi imodzi, mpaka ana 20 mpaka kubadwa. Poizoni wambiri ndi neurotoxic. Ikalumidwa, imakhudza maselo amomwe amanjenje ndi magazi. Mwamwayi, palibe milandu yakupha.
Njoka ya Mtengo Wobiriwira ku Australia
Ndi woimira wina wa banja la Aspida, ayenera kudziwika kuti ndi wakale kwambiri komanso wakale. Njoka zidawoneka ku kontinenti ya Australia kalekale pomwe idasiyana ndi Gondwana. Adazika bwino pamenepo, mtendere wawo sunathetsedwe ndi nthumwi za mabanja a njer ndi ma pithead, omwe samatha kudutsa pamtunda. Pakusintha, mitundu yopanga ma sodium ikukula, njoka zobiriwira zimawonekera.
Njoka ya mitengo yobiriwira imathanso kupezeka m'nkhalango za dziko lina, West Africa. Zowona, iye ndi gawo la banja la Viper. Dera lina padziko lapansi, Asia, ndiwodzala ndi nyama zodzikongoletsa zokhala ndi dzina lofananalo. Njoka imakhala ku India, ili ndi thupi lathyathyathya lofanana ndi lamba.
Njoka Dubois
Pali oimira ena owopsa omwe ali pachigawochi cha repitili, komabe, malo awo sakhala gawo la kontinenti, koma nyanja yakuya. Nthawi zambiri sitimadziwa momwe zolengedwa izi zimawonekera. Chiwerengero chonse cha njoka zam'nyanja zomwe zikulima malo aku Australia ndizofika makumi atatu. Ambiri, mwatsoka, ali ndi poizoni kwambiri. Njoka ya Dubois ndiye woimirira kwambiri wokhala m'malo amadzi. Amadziwika makamaka kupuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapu ake komanso kutsamira kwambiri. Imakhala bwino pansi pamadzi ndipo imatha kukhala kumeneko kwa maola awiri. Komabe, chilichonse sichikhala chokongola ndi kuluma kwake. Chithandizo cha poizoni chimagwira makamaka ziwalo zopumira, kufa chifukwa cha kuperewera kumachitika msanga, kwenikweni mu mphindi zochepa.
Zoyenera kukhala pamtunda wa mamita 30. Pansi pa pansi pa nthaka pamadzaza kwambiri ma coral, algae, pamenepo, pakati pa silt ndi mchenga, mutha kupeza chakudya chochuluka mwanjira ya invertebrates ndi nsomba. Kuphatikiza pa mwayi wabwino kuti njokayo ikasaka, kuno, pakuya, pali malo abwino pobisalira. Mapapu a munthuyu amakonzedwa mwanjira yapadera: kumanja ndikokulirapo kuposa kumanzere ndipo amachita ntchito ya chikhodzodzo. Njokayo ikamira, mavuvu apadera amatseka makulidwe amkamwa ndikulepheretsa madzi kulowa m'mapapu. Chamoyo chimatha kupanga mpweya wabwino kuchokera kumadzi. Imalowa kudzera mucous membrane wamkamwa, komwe mitsempha yamagazi ili. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, mpweya wabwino umatengedwa kuchokera kumadzi. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti njoka yam'madzi ikhale pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Wogulitsa
Imayesedwa ngati njoka yam'nyanja yowopsa kwambiri pagombe lakumpoto la Africa. Wotchedwa pambuyo pa wasayansi waku England, Edward Belcher, mtundu wa njokayo ndi womwe umavulidwa. Pangozi ndiomwe amayendetsa sitima ndi asodzi: Njoka ya Belcher nthawi ndi nthawi imawonekera mu maukonde limodzi ndi zina. Poizoni wokhala pamadziyu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti 1 mg yokha ndiyokwanira kupha anthu chikwi. Malongosoledwe awa a poizoni ndi ophweka. Wina amadya kwambiri ndi nsomba zamagazi ozizira, ndipo ndizosavuta kulekerera kulumidwa ndi njoka. Kupha nsomba, muyezo wamphamvu wa poizoni ndi wofunikira, m'lingaliro ili, makoswe ndi osavuta komanso owoneka bwino, koma osakhala munyanja. Njira za njoka ya Belcher ndi munthu sizimadutsana, zomwe zikuwopseza ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimakhala nzika za poizoni.
Njoka Zanyanja
Osati kale kwambiri, akatswiri a sayansi pa yunivesite ku Queensland anali ndi mwayi wopeza njoka zam'madzi pagombe la kontrakitala. Mwayi wake ndikuti mitunduyi idawonedwa kuti yawonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi zidziwitso zaposachedwa zomwe zidalipo panthawiyi, zotsalazo zimangokhala m'matanthwe a coral, koma zinali zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo. Asayansi anali okondwa kwambiri ndi zomwe apezazi, anayamba kuwunika mosamalitsa anthu, kupenda mtundu wa zomwe zingawopseze kutha kwawo. Imodzi mwa mitundu yomwe idapezedwa inali njoka ya nthanda yaifupi, yomwe ndi imodzi mwosowa kwambiri padzikoli. Zodziwika zina zimapezeka panthawi ya usodzi wa shrimp, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyamazo zimakhala zosatetezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha nsomba.
Tikukhulupirira kuti tsopano mukumvetsa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Green Continent, komanso kuti ndizowopsa bwanji kuti anthu akwanane nazo.