Mwina imodzi mwa nyama zotsutsana kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ming'alu. Wina amawona kuti ndi owopsa komanso okhetsa magazi, wina akuganiza kuti ndiwofunika, ndipo ena ali ndi chitsimikizo kuti zobwezeretsazi ndi mbadwa zenizeni za ma dinosaurs omwe akukhala m'nthawi yathu. Tonsefe timadziwa mfundo zosangalatsa za ng'ona zomwe ndi zovuta kuzikhulupirira. Tiyeni tiwone komwe chowonadi chili kuti ndipo zongopeka zili kuti.
Kodi mamba ndi ndani?
Mamba ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri yam'madzi. Amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Ndizotheka kukumana nawo kumayiko onse, kupatula Europe ndi Antarctica. Nthawi zambiri moyo wa ng’ona umachitika m'madzi. Amakonda madamu otentha, mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, nyanja, madambo. Zingwe zonse zomwe mamba amatha kupeza ndizabwino ndi nkhomaliro. Ndipo nyama yomwe imadyedwa ikhoza kukhala yosiyana - iyi ndi nsomba yaying'ono yochokera m'madziwe, ndi zazikulu zazikazi zomwe zimabwera kudzenje loyamwa. Kutalika kwa moyo wa ng'ona kumafika zaka zana. Amayamba kubereka azaka zapakati pa 6-8.
Serpentologist ndi ntchito yosangalatsa kwambiri. Anthu amtundu wamtunduwu amadziwa chilichonse chokhudza mamba ndi zodyera zina. Ndiudindo wawo kuphunzira mitundu ya nyama zowopsa'zi.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino yamabala
Masiku ano, mitundu 23 ya ng'ona imakhala m'mitsinje ndi nyanja. Onsewa agawika m'mabanja atatu:
- Mamba - banja lalikulu kwambiri. Muli mitundu 14 ya zosefera zoterezi. Ndiye kwa banja ili kuti ng’ona wodziwika bwino wa ku Nile ndi wa onse. Nkhani zosangalatsa ndi nkhani zochititsa mantha zokhudzana ndi ng'ona zomwe zimakhala mumtsinje waukulu kwambiri ku Africa zimawopseza ngakhale olimba mtima.
- Alligator. Banja ili ndi mitundu iwiri ya alligator ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya caymanas. M'malo mwake, ma alligators ndi osiyana ndi ng'ona ndi caimans, ngakhale ambiri sawona kusiyana.
- Gavialovye. Mu kapangidwe ka banja lino pali mtundu umodzi wokha - Gangan gavial.
Kodi mamba owopsa ndi chiani?
Kodi ndizowona kuti ng'ona ziyenera kusamala? Kodi ndiowopsa momwe amawonekera? Kapena, mwina, "mantha ali ndi maso akulu," ndipo nkhani zonse zowopsa zazoterezi ndizopeka?
M'malo mwake, ng'ona ndi nyama yamphamvu yokhala ndi mano akuluakulu komanso kuthana ndi mphezi, koma simasaka anthu mwachindunji. Izi zikuluzikulu zimatha kuvulaza iwo omwe alowa kudera lawo. Kuukira kwawo nthawi zambiri kumateteza. Zambiri za ng'ona, zokhudzana ndi magazi ake komanso ngozi kwa anthu, zimakokedwa nthawi zina, komabe zimamveka. Muyenera kusamala kwambiri polankhulana nawo, makamaka ngati kulumikizana sikumachitika m'gawo lanu.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za ng'ona
Mawonekedwe, owopsa, ndi zoopsa za zotsalazo zidakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri. Ma amphibians awa ali ndi zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa:
- Mosayembekezereka, ng’ona zimatha kukwera mitengo. Akatswiri a zaumoyo nthawi zambiri amazindikira izo panthambi za mitengo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukwera mpaka 2,5 m.
- Nthano imakhala ndi kuti ng'ona, ikamadya munthu, ikulira, ikudziimba mlandu. Izi ndizowona - ungathe kuwona misozi ya ng'ona, koma imawoneka pokhapokha iye amadya nyama iliyonse, ndipo samalumikizana ndi chikumbumtima chodzutsidwa, koma ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, mchere wambiri umachotsedwa mu chiwalo chobwezeretsanso.
- Ng’ona ili ndi mano 24. Amasintha m'moyo wonse. M'malo mwa dzino lotayika, yatsopano imakulirakulira, ndipo izi zitha kubwerezedwa nthawi zambiri.
- Ng'ona imatha kudumphira m'madzi mpaka kumtunda wa mamita awiri.
- Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona zilombo zomwe zikugona pagombe ndi pakamwa momveka bwino. Izi zimachitika kuti ziziziritsa thupi.
- Crocodylus porosus ndiye ng'ona yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika mita 7, ndi kulemera - 1 toni. Mutha kukumana naye kumpoto kwa Australia komanso ku India.
- Ng'ona zangobadwa kumene ndizophweka. 99% yaiwo amadyedwa ndi achikulire amtundu wawo ndi nyama zina zodyera.
Zambiri nthano zodziwika bwino kwambiri
Osati nthawi zonse zowonetsa zosangalatsa za ng'ona zimakhala zowona. Zimachitika kuti chidziwitso chofala kwambiri chokhudza chinthu chimodzi kapena zina mwazinthu izi ndizopeka chabe.
Pali lingaliro kuti mbalame, pakuyesera kupeza chakudya, zimagwiritsa ntchito milomo yake yakuthwa kuyeretsa mano a ng'ona ku zinyalala za chakudya. M'malo mwake, kuthengo, chidziwitso chotere sichinazindikiridwe, ndipo chidziwitso chomwe ambiri amati ndi chowona chinadzakhala nthano chabe.
Nthano ina imakhudza chilankhulo. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zokha sizingachitike. Monga momwe mungaganizire, izi sizowona. Ngona iliyonse ili ndi chilankhulo, komanso chachikulu kwambiri. Ndikungoti izi zokwawa sizingathe. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe a anatomical: lilime limamangirizika pamodzi kutalika konse kwa nsagwada yam'munsi ya ng'ona. Ndi zomwe zirinso zokakamizidwa ndi milomo yake. Alidi kutali ndi ng'ona, chifukwa chake sichitha kutseka pakamwa pake ndipo mano owongoka amakhala akuwoneka.
Aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti ng’ona zimathamanga mwachangu amakhalanso wolakwitsa. Kapangidwe kake ka nyama zokhala ndi zokwawa sizimapangitsa kuti pakhale liwiro loposa 10 km / h.
Zingwe pa TV
Zambiri zosangalatsa za ng'ona (zopeka, zodziwikiratu) zitha kupezekanso kuchokera ku zojambulajambula.
Mwina ng'ona wotchuka kwambiri "wochokera ku TV" amamuyesa Gena. Mzanga yemweyu Cheburashka. Uwu ndi ng'ona wokoma mtima komanso wamanyazi, zomwe sizingatheke kulingalira popanda mgwirizano wake wokondedwa. Ndi nyimbo zake, amasangalatsa ana koposa mbadwo umodzi wa ana.
Posachedwa, masewera a pakompyuta yonse adawonekera, odzipereka kwa ng'ona yokoma komanso yosangalatsa - "Swampy Crocodile". Iye ndi woyera kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amayesa kusamba kwathunthu. Ng'ona iyi idatchuka kwambiri kotero kuti mndandanda wazithunzi zingapo za dzina lomwelo adawombera za icho.
M'mavesi odziwika a Korney Chukovsky, ng'ona imakhalabe yowonda chifukwa adameza dzuwa. Koma monga nthano iliyonse, zonse zidatha bwino. Nkhaniyi iyeneranso kujambulidwa zajambula yake.
Zowopsa zazingwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa m'makanema. Zodzikongoletsera kumeneko sizabwino komanso zochezeka. Pali mafilimu ambiri omwe chikhalidwe chawo chachikulu ndi ng'ona. Simudzawona zochititsa chidwi kwa ana mwa iwo, koma kwa akuluakulu, kuwona malonjezo kukhala kosangalatsa. "Madzi owonongera", "Nyanja ya Mantha", "Alligator" - awa ndi ena mwa mafilimu ambiri owopsa onena za ng'ona.
Mamba - kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe, chithunzi
Mamba ndi amodzi mwa oimira ochepa omwe adatsala pang'ono kukwana archosaurs, ndipo abale awo apamtima kwambiri ndi mbalame, amenenso ndi mbadwa kapena achibale a archosaurs. Mwa njira, ma dinosaurs anali gawo la subcass la archosaurs.
Kutengera ndi mtunduwo, kutalika kwa ng'ona ndi 2-5,5 m, kutalika kwa ngwazi yayikulu kwambiri ikhoza kufika mamita 7. Kulemera kwa ng'ona ndi 400-700 makilogalamu, pomwe kulemera kwa mutu wa bambo wamwamuna wazaka ukufika 200 kg. M'mbuyomu, zithunzi zakugonana zimatchulidwa kwambiri: Amuna amtundu womwewo amakula nthawi 2-2.5 kuposa akazi.
Pali ma vertebrae 9 mu cervical reptile, ndi 17 mumtengo. + Mchira wautali wa ng'ona umakhala ndi vertebrae 35 kapena 37 ndipo umagwira ntchito zoyendetsa ndi zamagalimoto, komanso ntchito ya thermoregulation.
Kapangidwe kake ka nyama zam'madzi ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino chosinthira kukhalapo kwamadzi. Mutu wofumbata wa ng'ona umatha kupukutira kwakutali, thupi limakhala lokwera komanso lothothoka, mchira wosunthidwa umakankhidwa kuchokera kumbali. M'mphepete mwa thupi muli miyendo yayifupi. Miyendo yakutsogolo ya ng’ona ili ndi zala 5, miyendo yakumbuyo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa chala chaching'ono.
Zala zam'mimba zimalumikizana ndi nembanemba. Ngakhale ali ndi miyendo yayifupi, ngakhale ng’ona zazing'ono zimatha kuyenda mtunda waifupi. Kuthamanga kwa ng'ona pamtunda ndi 14-17 km / h. M'madzi, ng’ona imathamanga 30-30 km / h.
Kapangidwe ka chigamba cha ng'ona kuli kofanana ndi dinosaur ndipo kamakhala ndi zipilala ziwiri zotchulidwa.
Maso, makutu ndi mphuno zake zimakhala pafupi ndi mutu. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama ina ikhoza kugona pansi pamadzi, kuyang'ana pozungulira, komanso kuyikapo ndi kununkhira nyama yokha ndi maso ndi mphuno zake.
Maso a ng'ona amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mwana wodzigudubuzika, chikope chachitatu choteteza komanso kupezeka kwa tiziwalo tosalala.
Pakamwa pakamwa pa ming'onoting'ono mumakhala mano mano okhala ndi 5c kutalika. Mkati mwa mano a nyama yosungirako zinyama mumakhala timiyendo pomwe mano akuthwa amapangika.
Chiwerengero cha mano a ng'ona chikhoza kukhala kuchokera pa 72 mpaka 100, kutengera mtundu.
Thupi la ng’onayo lakutidwa ndi khungu, lopangidwa ndi makoko amakona anayi, lokonzedwa m'mizere yowoneka bwino. Pansi pazotchinga cha dorsal, ndipo nthawi zina pamimba, khungu limapangidwa kakang'ono kakang'ono, ndikupanga mtundu wa carapace. Mimba imatetezedwa ndi nthiti zam'mimba, zotalikirana ndi msana.
Kutengera ndi dera komanso mitundu, khungu la ng'ona limatha kukhala la bulauni, pafupifupi lakuda, la bulauni, labiliu kapena dothi.
Mtima wamkokomo umakhala ndi zipinda zinayi, ndipo magazi am'madzi amakhala ndi maantibayotiki othandiza kuti asatenge matenda awonongeka kapena madzi oyipa. Mimba yolimba, yopanda minofu yokhala ndi gastrolites - miyala yapadera yomwe imathandizira kupera chakudya komanso kupereka mpata wokwanira m'thupi posambira.
Zingwe za m'mimba zimakula nthawi yonseyi chifukwa kukula kwa cartilage m'mafupa. Mwachilengedwe, ng'ona zimakhala, pafupifupi, zaka 80-100.
Ng'ona zambiri zilibe adani, koma nyama zina ndi mbalame (kuwunika abuluzi, akamba, mbewa ndi anyani ena) zimadya mazira a ng'ona.
Ng'ona zimatha kudumpha, ndipo zimadumphira m'mwamba, ndikugwira womenyera ndi mano awo
Misozi yamkokomo, kapena chifukwa chomwe ng'ona imalira
Pali nthano yomwe ng'ona amadya nyama ndipo amalira ndi misozi. M'malo mwake, ng'ona sizilira chifukwa cha chisoni. Chowonadi ndichakuti ng'ona zimakhala ndi tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tambiri tomwe timachotsa mchere wambiri m'thupi. Chifukwa chake, misozi ya ng'ona - uku ndi momwe zimangochitikira, zomwe zimapulumutsa nyama zam'madzi zambiri. Komanso zinsomba za mchere zimapezeka mchilankhulo cha ng'ona.
Gulugufe amamwa misozi ya misozi
Kodi mamba amakhala kuti?
Zinyama zamtchuthi zimakhala pafupifupi m'maiko onse omwe kumatentha ndi kotentha. Zinyama zakezi zimakhala ku Africa komanso zilumba za Philippines, zimapezeka ku Japan ndi Guatemala, ku Bali ndi kumpoto kwa Australia, m'malo osungirako South ndi North America.
Kwenikweni, ng'ona zimakhala m'madzi oyera, amatha tsiku lonse m'madzi. Koma chifukwa cha kagayidwe kabwino kwambiri kamchere, mamba amakhala ngakhale m'madzi amchere kwambiri koma osavulaza thanzi lawo. Ng'ona zamchere zamchere, monga makoswe ndi zina zoterera, zimakhala m'mbali mwa nyanja.
Moyo wamakhola
Mitundu yonse ya mamba ndi nyama wamba yamadzi: amakhala m'madziwe, koma amaikira mazira pamtunda. Kuthera nthawi yayitali m'madzi, nyama zolusa zimayenda m'mawa kwambiri kapena masana - nthawi yabwino kwambiri yotentha dzuwa.
Ng'ona ndi nyama yokhala ndi magazi ozizira, ndipo matenthedwe ake amatengera chilengedwe. Osteoderms (zigamba zokulira) za zokwawa, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi nyanga za chipolopolo chamamba, zimakhala ngati mabatire osungira omwe amasunga kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Chifukwa chake, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa thupi masana nthawi zambiri sikupitirira madigiri 1-2.
Potentha kwambiri, ng'ona zatsegula pakamwa pawo kuti zisungunuke madzi, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimakhomera chakudya ndi zikhwangwala zomwe zimangika pakati mano
M'nthawi yachilala, ng'ona imatha kubisala, kukhazikika m'dzenje lomwe pansi pokumbikiramo.
Nthawi zambiri, ng'ona sizimayenda kutali ndi madzi, koma ngati kuli kotheka, zimatha kuthana ndi makilomita angapo pamtunda kapena osalimbikira kwambiri, ndikupanga kuthamanga mpaka 17 km / h.
Kodi ng’ona amadya chiyani?
Zakudya zamamba kudya zimatengera kukula kwa munthu wina: zokulirapo, yazinyama, zosowa zake zosiyanasiyana.
Chakudyacho chimakhazikitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, crustaceans, mollusks, mbalame zam'madzi, mileme, njoka ndi abuluzi omwe akuwuluka pamadzi, kuphatikiza ndi poizoni am'madzi mwachizolowezi, mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa aga.
M'madzi am'nyanja, ng'ona imadyera nsomba, ma dolphin, akamba, nsomba komanso ngakhale shaki, kuphatikizapo zoyera, kukula kwake sikotsika, koma nthawi zambiri kumadutsa kutalika kwa ng'ona. Makamaka menyu osiyanasiyana, okhala ndi zolengedwa.
Kusaka kopambana kumadzetsa mamba kwa chidzi, kuyang'anira buluzi, nkhumba zamtchire, chimbalangondo, njati kapena ngwazi pakudya kwamasana.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama zamphaka zamphongo zimasandidwa ziphuphu, nyalugwe, nyalugwe ndi mikango. Ng'ona zimadyanso anyani, zodimbirira, kangaroo, mavu, raccoon, martens ndi mongooses. Ngati kuli kotheka, sangakane kuukira ziweto zilizonse, kaya ndi nkhuku, kavalo kapena ng'ombe.
Ng'ona zina zimadyerana, ndiye kuti, sizipewera kuukira mtundu wawo.
Kodi ng'ona imasaka bwanji?
Ngwazi zimatha nthawi yayitali m'madzi, ndikusaka kokha ndikayamba kwamdima. Chonde chimameza nyama yaying'ono yonse. Pogona ndi munthu wamkulu, chida chamkondoyi ndi nkhanza. Nyama zikuluzikulu, mwachitsanzo, agwape ndi njati, alonda agologolo pamtsinje wothirira, amawukira mwadzidzidzi ndikuponyera m'madzi, pomwe wozunzidwayo sangathe kukana. Nsomba zikuluzikulu, m'malo mwake, zimakokera m'madzi osaya, komwe nkosavuta kuthana ndi nyama.
Nsagwada zazikulu za ng'ona zimaphwanya chigaza cha njati mosavuta, ndikugwedezeka mwamphamvu ndi mutu wake komanso njira yapadera ya "kasinthidwe wakufa" pomwepo mumang'amba zidutswa. Ngwazi sizidziwa kutafuna, chifukwa, pomwe zidapha mnzakeyo, ndi nsagwada zamphamvu zidasenda zidutswa za mnofu woyenerera ndikumeza lonse.
Mamba akudya kwambiri: nkhomaliro imodzi imatha kupanga 23% ya kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyera. Nthawi zambiri mamba amabisa gawo la nyama, koma sikuti nthawi zonse nkhosayo imakhala yolimba, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi adani ena.
Mamba adagwira shaki
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ng'ona ndi mbalame?
- Mamba ndi a banja la ng'ona, the alligator ndi wa banja la alligator. Nthawi yomweyo, zokwawa zonse ziwiri ndizoyambira.
- Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mamba ndi kakulidwe kamkamwa mwake kamapangidwa ndi nsagwada ndi mano. Ndikatseka pakamwa, mano kapena mano kumapeto kwa nsagwada nthawi zonse kumadzigwera pa ming'alu, ndipo pa alligator nsagwada yapamwamba imaphimba grin.
- Komanso, kusiyana pakati pa mamba ndi chojambulira ndi kapangidwe kazinthu. Chizindikiro cha ng'ona chimakhala choloza ndipo chili ndi zilembo za Chingerezi V, nkhope ya wopanga sizowoneka bwino komanso ngati kalata U.
- Ming'alu ilinso ndi timinyewa tachilengedwe mumalilime komanso timimba tambiri tosiyanasiyana m'maso kuti tichotse mchere wambiri m'thupi, kuti zizitha kukhala munyanja. Zipatso zonse sizikhala ndi zotumphukira zotere, chifukwa chake, zimakhala makamaka m'matupi amadzi abwino.
- Tikayerekeza kukula kwa ng'ona komanso mphero, ndizovuta kunena kuti ndi ziti mwazikuluzikulu zomwe ndi zazikulu. Kutalika kwa thewera sikupitirira kutalika kwakutali kwa ng'ona. Koma ngati mungayerekeze wamkulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti alligator yaku America (Mississippian) imakhala ndi kutalika kwakutali kosaposa mamitala 4.5 (malinga ndi deta yosagwirizana, kutalika kokhako komwe kudasindikizidwa kwa munthu m'modzi kunali mita 5.8). Ndipo ng’ona yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi kutalika kwamamita 5.2 imatha kukula mpaka mamita 7 m'litali.
- Kulemera kwakukulu kwa allissator wa Mississippi (ndikokulirapo kuposa Wachichaina) ndi makilogalamu 200, pomwe kulemera kwakukulu kolembetsedwa kufika 626 kg. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa ng'ona kumatengera mitundu. Ndipo, komabe, mitundu ina ya ng'ona imalemera zochulukirapo kuposa mbalame. Mwachitsanzo, kulemera kwa ng'ona yodziwika kumafika 1 tani, ndipo ng'ona yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi imalemera pafupifupi matani awiri.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ng'ona ndi gavial?
- Onse a ng'ona ndi gavial ndi amodzi a zophatikizika za ng'ona. Koma ng’ona ndi gawo la banja la ng’ona, ndipo gavial ndi wa banja lachiwerewere.
- Ng'ona imakhala ndi tiziwalo tachilengedwe tokhala ndi lilime, ndipo timinyewa tambiri tambiri tambiri totseguka m'maso: kudzera mwa iwo, mchere wambiri umachotsedwa m'thupi la ng'ona. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ng’ona ikhale mumadzi amchere. Gavial ilibe tiziwalo timene timakhala, motero ndi malo okhala madzi abwino.
- Ng'ona ndi yosavuta kusiyanitsa kuchokera ku gavial momwe mawonekedwe a nsagwada: gavial ili ndi nsagwada zopyapyala, zomwe ndizoyenera kusaka nsomba zokha. Mamba ndi eni taya lalikulu.
- Gavial ali ndi mano ochulukirapo kuposa ng'ona, koma ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso abwino: gavial imafunikira mano akuthwa komanso owonda kuti agwire nsomba yomwe ili mkamwa. Kutengera ndi mtunduwo, ng’ona imakhala ndi mano 66 kapena 68, koma gavial imatulutsa mano akuthwa mazana.
- Kusiyana kwina pakati pa ng'ona ndi gavial: banja lonse la ng'ona, gavial yekha amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kusiya dziwe lokha kuyikira mazira ndi kuyenda pang'ono padzuwa. Ng'ona ili m'matupi a madzi amoyo wake, imakonda madzi pamtunda.
- Mamba ndi mphete zimasiyana pang'ono kukula kwake. Mbale gavial nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kutalika kwamamita 3-4,5, osafikira mita 5.5 kutalika. Zingwe siziri kumbuyo kwa anzawo - kutalika kwamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu kumasiyana pakati pa 2-5,5 metres. Ndipo, anyani amphongo amtundu wina wamkango nthawi zambiri amafika mita 7 kutalika. Ponena za kulemera, ng'ona zimapambana mozungulira: mamba opendekeka amatha kulemera 2000 kg, ndipo Ganges gavial imakhala yolemera makilogalamu 180-200.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mamba ndi caiman?
- Ngakhale mamba ndi phanga ndi amodzi a dongosolo la ng'ona, amphaka ndi a banja la alligator, ndipo mamba ndi a banja la ng'ona.
- Kusiyana kwakunja kwa ng'ona ndi caiman ndi motere: Ng'ona zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kamvekedwe kowoneka ngati V, ma caimans amasiyanitsidwa ndi buluzi wooneka bwino komanso wamtundu wa U.
- Kusiyananso pakati pa zokwawa ndikuti ng'ona zimakhala ndi timinyewa tchere tosiyanasiyana mumalilime awo. Kudzera mwa iwo, komanso kudzera mu tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tambiri, ma ng'ona amachotsa mchere wambiri, chifukwa chake amamva bwino m'madzi atsopano komanso amchere. Caimans alibe izi, chifukwa chake, kupatula zomwe zimakhala, amakhala m'madzi oyera okha.
Mitundu ya ng'ona: mayina, kufotokozera, mndandanda ndi chithunzi
Gulu la masiku ano logawanitsa mlengalenga mu mabanja atatu, mitundu 8 ndi mitundu 24.
Ng'ona zenizeni za banja(Crocodylidae). Mitundu yake ina ndi yosangalatsa:
- Madzi amchere amchere (Nyanja yamchere)(Crocodylus porosus)
Ng'ona wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, nyama yolusa kwambiri, yokhazikika pamtondo wa chakudya. Mayina ena a nyama yothira pamadziyi ndi ng'ona zam'madzi, ng'ona zamkati, mchere, mchere wam'madzi ndi mlengalenga wa Indo-Pacific. Kutalika kwa ng'ona yolimba kumatha kufika mita 7 ndi kulemera kwa matani awiri. Mitunduyo idatchedwa dzina lake chifukwa cha zikuluzikulu ziwiri za mafupa omwe amadutsa m'mphepete mwa maso. Pakuwoneka ngati ng'ona, mitundu ya utoto wachikasu imatalika, ndipo mikwingwirima yakuda ndi mawanga zimasiyanika pathupi ndi mchira. Wokonda madzi amchere ndi munthu wokhala m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda munyanja, ndipo amakhalanso m'madzi aku nyanja. Ng'ona zamchere zamchere nthawi zambiri zimakhala panyanja yayitali ndipo zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Australia, ku Indonesia, Philippines, India komanso gombe la Japan. Chakudya chamamba ndi nyama iliyonse yomwe nyama zimagwiritsa. Izi zitha kukhala nyama zazikulu kumtunda: njati, nyalugwe, ma grizzlies, anthambo, ma pythons, kuwunika abuluzi. Komanso, zazikazi zazing'onoting'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala chakudya chamkokomo: nkhumba zamtchire, matepi, ma dingo, kangaroos, mitundu yambiri ya anyani, kuphatikizapo ma orangutan. Ziweto zimathanso kugwidwa: mbuzi, nkhosa, akavalo, nkhumba, agalu ndi amphaka. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zamadzi zam'madzi, komanso akamba am'madzi ndi madzi oyera, ma dolphin, mbola ndi mitundu yambiri ya akhaki, zimagwa kuchokera pakamwa mpaka kukamwa kwa ng'ona. Ana amamba amphaka am'madzi am'madzi, achule, tizilombo ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Anthu achikulire amadya mosabisa mavuvu a ndodo, nsomba zazikulu ndi crustaceans. Nthawi zina, ng'ona zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimatha kudya, osaphonya mwayi kudya nthumwi zazing'ono kapena zofooka za mitundu yawo.
- Mamba Ngwete(Osteolaemus tetraspis)
ndiye ng'ona yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi mamita 1.5 okha. Wamphongo umalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 80, ng’ona yazikazi imalemera pafupifupi 30-35 kg. Mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa nyama yodzikongoletsera ndi wakuda, m'mimba ndi wachikasu, ndimaso akuda. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yamakoko, nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi khungu lomwe limapangidwa bwino ndi mbale zokula zolimba, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kusakula. Ng'ona zosalankhula zimakhala m'madzi abwino aku West Africa, amanyazi komanso obisalira, amakhala ndi moyo wamtendere. Amadyetsa nsomba, nkhono ndi zovunda.
- Ng'ona wa Nile(Crocodylus niloticus)
Ng'ombe zazikulu kwambiri zokhala ngati ng'ona yodyeka, zimakhala ku Africa. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna kumachokera ku 4.5 mpaka 5.5 metres, ndipo kulemera kwa kamuna wamwamuna kumafika pafupifupi tani imodzi. Mtundu wa ng'ona ndi wa imvi kapena wowala bulauni; mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo ndi mchira. Reptile ndi amodzi mwa mitundu itatu yomwe imakhala mdziko la Africa ndipo mulibe ofanana mumadzi. Ngakhale pamtunda, kusamvana kumabwera chifukwa cha nyama, mwachitsanzo, ndi mikango, kumayikidwa "m'nkhondo yankhondo", ndipo ng'ona imapambanabe yopambana. Ng'ona ya Nile ndi munthu wokhala m'mitsinje, nyanja ndi dambo lomwe lili kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara, kuphatikizapo chigwa cha Nile. Ng'ona ya Nile imadyanso nsomba: Nile perch, tilapia, mullet wakuda, pike wa ku Africa ndi oyimira ambiri a cyprinids. Komanso zolengedwa zoyamwitsa: anyani, mbuzi zamadzi, agwape, miyala yankhanza, ma warthog, chimpanzi ndi gorilla. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zamitundu mitundu zimakhala zochuluka ngati ng’ona. Makamaka anthu akuluakulu amawukira njati, ndira, mvuu, njuchi ndi njovu zazing'ono zaku Africa. Ng'ona zachinyamata za ku Nile zimadya nyama zam'madzi zambiri: chovala cha ku Africa, bango losinthika ndi chule. Ng'ombe zimadyanso tizilombo (ma crickets, ziwala), nkhanu ndi ma invertebrates ena.
- Ng’ona za Siamese(Crocodylus siamensis)
Imakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka mamita 3-4. Mtundu wa ng'ona ndiwobiliwira, nthawi zina umakhala wobiriwira. Kulemera kwake kwamphongo kumafika pa kilogalamu 350, kulemera kwa akazi ndi 150 kg. Mitundu yamakhwalawa imalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira ngati ili pangozi. Masiku ano chiwerengero sichikuposa anthu 5,000. Mitundu yamitunduyi imadutsa mayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia: Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, ndikupezekanso pachilumba cha Kalimantan. Chakudya chachikulu chomwe chimakhala ndi ng'ona ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, amphibians, repitles zing'onozing'ono. Nthawi zina, ng’ona imadyetsa makoswe ndi zovunda.
- Ng'ona waku America(Crocodylus acutus)
membala wamba pabanja. Mtundu umasiyanitsidwa ndi chopondera, chopendekera mwamakhalidwe. Amuna achikulire amakula mpaka 4 m kutalika, zazikazi mpaka mamita 3. Kulemera kwa ng’ona ndi 500-1000 kg. Mtundu wa ng’ona ndi wotuwa kapena mtundu wa bulauni. Mamba okhala kumadera akutali, mitsinje, komanso nyanja zamchere zamchere ku America. Ng'ona zaku America zimadya mitundu yambiri yamadzi abwino komanso nsomba zam'madzi. Gawo lalikulu lazakudya limapangidwa ndi mbalame: pelicans, flamesos, herons, storks. Nthawi zonse, ng’ona zimadya akamba am'madzi ndi zoweta. Tizilombo touluka tating'onoting'ono timadya nkhanu, nkhono, komanso tizilombo tokhala ndi mphutsi.
- Zala zazing'ono Australiamamba (Crocodylus johnstoni)
Ndi chonde cham'madzi ndipo ndi chaching'ono mulifupi: Amuna amakula osapitirira 3 metres, zazikazi mpaka 2 metres. Nyama imakhala ndi chizolowezi chopyapyala chifukwa cha ng'ona. Mtundu wa nyama zamtchire ndi zofiirira zokhala ndi mikwaso yakuda kumbuyo ndi mchira wa ng’ona. Pafupifupi anthu pafupifupi 100,000 amakhala m'mizimba yakumpoto kwa Australia. Ng'ona yocheperako ku Australia imadyera makamaka nsomba. Gawo laling'ono lazakudya za akuluakulu ndi amphibians, waterfowl, njoka, abuluzi ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Banja la Alligator (Alligatoridae), momwe ma alligator ndi ma caimans ali ocheperana. Mitundu yotsatirayi ndi iyi:
- Mississippi Alligator (American Alligator)(Alligator mississippiensis)
reptile lalikulu (reptile), amuna amuna awo amakula mpaka 4.5 m kutalika ndi thupi lolemera 200 kg. Mosiyana ndi ng'ona, mbalameyi ku America imalekerera kuzizira ndipo imatha nthawi yozizira, ikuwumitsa thupi lake mu ayezi ndikusiya mphuno chabe. Izi zimakhalira m'madzi oyera a North America: madamu, madambo, mitsinje ndi nyanja. The allissator wa ku Mississippi (waku America), mosiyana ndi ng'ona, samakonda kugwirira nyama zazikulu. Nyama zazikuluzikulu za anthu akuluakulu zimadya nsomba, nsomba zam'madzi, njoka zam'madzi ndi akambuku, kuchokera ku nyama zomwe zimadya zimadya nati, muskrats ndi raccoon. Ana a alligator amadya mphutsi, akangaude, nkhono, komanso tizilombo komanso mphutsi zake. Ma alligator ena alibe piganin pigment yokwanira ndipo ndi maalubino. Zowona, ng’ona zoyera sizimapezeka mwachilengedwe.
Ng'ona zoyera (albino)
- Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)
mitundu yaying'ono ya alligator, yomwe ilinso mitundu yosowa. Ndi anthu 200 okha omwe amakhala mwachilengedwe. Mtundu wa alligator ndi wachikasu; imvi zakuda zimapezeka patsaya. Kutalika kokwanira kwa thewera ndi 1.5 metres, kutalika kumafikira 2.2 metres. Kulemera kwa nyama yolusa ndi 35-45 kg. A Alligator amakhala ku China, m'chigwa cha Yangtze. Amadyetsa mbalame zazing'ono ndi zinyama, nsomba, njoka, mabulusa.
- Mamba(modabwitsa)caiman(Caiman crocodilus)
yaying'ono yaying'ono yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 1,8-2 m ndikulemera 60 kg. Ng'ona zamtunduwu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi muzzle wopapatiza komanso kukula kwa mafupa pakati pa maso, omwe amafanana ndi magalasi mawonekedwe. Khungu laling'ono limakhala ndi khungu la chikaso lowoneka ndi mawanga akuda, ng'ona wamkuluyo ali ndi khungu lobiriwira ma olive. Zosangalatsa zili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zophatikiza. Cayman amakhala m'malo okhala mabodza ochepa, osayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi abwino kapena amchere ochokera ku Mexico ndi Guatemala kupita ku Dominican Republic ndi Bahamas. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kocheperako, nsombazo zimadya chakudya chambiri, nsomba zazing'onoting'ono, nkhanu zam'madzi zatsopano, komanso nyama zapamtunda zazing'ono komanso zolengedwa. Anthu enveterate nthawi zina amalimbana ndi anyani akuluakulu komanso njoka, mwachitsanzo, anaconda, nkhumba zakutchire komanso nkhuku zina.
- Wachinyamata wakuda(Melanosuchus niger)
imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna wazaka zambiri kumatha kupitirira 5.5 m, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kumatha kupitilira 500 kg. Kuchokera m'maso kutalika konse kwa phokoso pali thumbo lotchedwa fupa, lomwe limafanana ndi ma caimans onse. Masiku ano, anthu pafupifupi 100,000 amakhala m'mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso ku nyanja ku South America. Mbamba zakuda zachikulire zimadya nsomba zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma piranhas, komanso akambuku ndi njoka. Koma gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho limapangidwa ndi zinyama: agwape, capybaras, ophika mkate, coati, sloths, nyani, armadillos, dolphin amtsinje, aku Brazil. M'madera ena osiyanasiyana, nyama zodyedwa ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe. Ana amphanga ang'ono amadya nkhono, achule ndi mitundu yaying'ono ya nsomba.
Banja la Gavial (Gavialidae) muli mitundu ingapo ya mitundu ndi mitundu iwiri yokha:
- Ganges Gavial(Gavialis gangeticus)
nthumwi yayikuru yophatikizika ndi thupi lomwe limakula mpaka 6 metres. Ma Gavials, mosiyana ndi ng'ona zenizeni, ali ndi malamulo opepuka, choncho kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu, kwakukulu, sikupitirira 200 kg. Gavialov amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe opanikizana a nsagwada, osinthika mosavuta ndi usodzi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mano - mpaka zidutswa zana. A Gaviales amakhala m'madambo komanso mitundu ya mitsinje ya India, Pakistan ndi Bangladesh. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book monga osowa kwambiri, ku Bhutan ndi Myanmar idafafanizidwa kwathunthu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamadzi am'madzi, mtundu wa Gangan umadyanso nsomba. Makamaka anthu akuluakulu nthawi zina amamenya zoweta zazing'ono ndikudya mosangalala. Zoyenera kubadwa nazo ndizokhutira ndi nyama zamtundu wamtchire.
- Ng'ona zamtundu wina(Tomistoma schlegelii)
wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa gavial, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, ofikira phokoso komanso opindika. Kutalika kwa ng'ona kumatha kupitirira 6 metres, koma pafupifupi sikumapitirira 5 metres. Mtundu wa ng’ona ndi chokoleti chofiirira komanso mikwingwirima yathupi. Kulemera kwa ng'ona kumasiyana kuchokera ku makilogalamu 93 mwa akazi mpaka 210 kg mwa amuna. Mtundu wa nyama zamtunduwu zomwe umatha kukhalanso ndi moyo. Gulu laling'onoting'ono, lomwe limapangidwa ndi anthu 5,000,000, limakhala m'mitsinje yopanda, yopanda nyanja ndi nyanja za Indonesia ndi Malaysia. Ng'ona ya gavial, mosiyana ndi wachibale wake wapafupi kwambiri, Gangian gavial, amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba, shrimp ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono pang'ono. Ngakhale akhwangwala ang'onoang'ono, nyama yomwe idadyapo ndi nkhwangwa ndi njoka zina.
Kusinthidwa kwa ng'ona. Kodi ng’ona zimabala bwanji?
Ngwazi zimafikira umuna wazaka 8-10 zakubadwa ndi kutalika kwamamamita 2.5 mwaimuna ndi mita 1.7 mwa akazi. Nyengo yakubala yamtundu wam'mwera wa agogo agwera m'miyezi yozizira, ng'ona zakumpoto zimayikira mazira awo mu kugwa.
Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima, anyani amalengeza kuzungulira kwawo ndi mkokomo wokopa, kukopa akazi, ndikuwomba nkhope zawo m'madzi. Masewera akukhwima, banjali limapindika nkhope zawo ndi “kuyimbira” nyimbo zachilendo.
Ng'ona yachikazi imakonzera chisa m'mphepete mwa mchenga pafupi ndi gombe kapena m'mabedi amtsinje wopanda madzi. M'dzenje lakuya theka la mita, ng’ona yazikazi imayikira mazira 20 mpaka 85, ndikudziyika ndi mchenga ndikuwatchinjiriza nthawi yonse ya makulidwe, yomwe imatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu.
Ngakhale chisamaliro cha makolo onse, 10% ya mazira omwe amasungidwa.
Nthawi zina mayi akachokapo kuti asazizire m'madzi kapena kuti asabisike pang'ono ndi dzuwa lotentha, adani ena kapena anthu amatha kuwononga chisa cha ng'ona.
Ng'ona zazing'onoting'ono zimaswa ndipo zimamveka ngati zonyoza. Kenako mayiwo anang'amba mchenga ndi kunyamula ana ake pafupi ndi dziwe mkamwa mwake momwe. Nthawi zina makolo amalowetsa mazira pakati pa lilime ndi thambo, kuthandiza anawo kuti abadwe.
Khwalala la ng'ona zatsopano limazindikira kutentha kwa chisa mu chisa. Ngati mchengawo umatentha pakati pa 32 mpaka 34,5 madigiri, amuna amabadwa. Kutentha pamwamba kapena pansi pa chizindikirocho kumapangitsa kubadwa kwa akazi.
Ana a Crocodile amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 30 cm ndipo poyamba amakula. Amazunguliridwa ndi chisamaliro cha amayi kwa zaka ziwiri, kenako ana adakhwima mpaka kutalika kwa 1-1.2 m kupita kukadzilamulira.
Ng'ona zimakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo zimaberekana bwino mu ukapolo, koma sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzitsidwa. Masiku ano, anthu ena okonda kwambiri komanso zosowa masiku ano amayesa kusunga nyumba za agwape, kuti ziwapangire mabwato ndi malo osambira. Tsoka ilo, nthawi zambiri zoyesayesa zotere zimachitika chifukwa cha imfa ya mdani chifukwa chosasamala, kapena m'malo ovutitsa chifukwa cha chitetezo chamwini. Ngati tizingolankhula zazingwe za ng'ona zomwe sizikhala zachilengedwe kwa iwo, ndiye kuti njira yabwino kwambiri ndi malo abwino osungirako zinyama, pomwe zapambuyo zimayang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri.
Kodi mamba amakhala kuti?
Nyama izi zimakonda kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, malo omwe amakhala ndi malo otentha komanso otentha. Mbawala zimakonda kukhala m'mitsinje yocheperako ndi nyanja zazing'ono. Komabe, pali nthumwi zochokera kumadzi omwe amakhala m'madzi amchere amchere - awa ndi ng'ona zophwasuka.
Kusaka m'chiuno.
Ming'alu imachedwa pang'ono m'moyo wawo, komabe, ikatha, ngati pangafunika, ipangire mitsinje yakuthwa, kuthamanga ngakhale kuwuluka! Izi zaphuphu ndizowopsa, ndikwabwino osayesa kukumana ndi ming'alu kumaso.
Kodi mamba amadya chiyani?
Panjira ya chakudya, mamba onse ndi olusa, mpaka pamlingo wina kapena wina. Kutengera ndi kukula kwake, ena a iwo amadya nsomba zokha (mwachitsanzo, ng'ona yopapatiza), pomwe ena amadyera nyama zazikulu zosagwirizana ndi njoka zikuluzikulu. Zina mwazosiririka izi zawombera ngakhale njovu!
Kuphatikiza apo, anyani, mbalame, nyama zing'onozing'ono, achule komanso ngakhale tizilombo titha kupezeka pakudya kwa ng'ona.
Makhalidwe apadera a kufalikira kwa ng'ona zenizeni
Kupezeka kwa ng'ona zenizeni kumakhala ndi mitundu 15 ya zilombo, zomwe zimasiyana mu chikhalidwe chawo ndi malo okhala. Monga lamulo, ming'alu yambiri imakhala ndi dzina logwirizana ndi mitundu yawo yonse.
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Ng'ona izi zimagawidwa m'mitundu iyi:
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Madzi amchere (kapena combed, m'madzi). Woimira uyu ali ndi gawo lodziwika mu mawonekedwe a crests omwe ali m'diso. Maonekedwe amtunduwu amadzetsa mantha chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu. Mwa kumanja, nyamayi imadziwika kuti imakhala nyama yolusa kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri pakati pa mamba. Kukula kwa thupi kumatha kufika mita 7 kutalika. Mutha kukumana ndi woimira ku Southeast Asia ndi North Australia.
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Ng'ona wa Nile. Mawonekedwe oyang'ana kwambiri ku Africa. Imakhala yachiwiri kwambiri pambuyo pa ng’ona wamadzi amchere. Chidindo cha thupi nthawi zonse chimakhala chotsutsana. Koma olembetsedwa kale samapitirira 6 metres.
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Indian (kapena dambo) ng'ona kapena mage. Malinga ndi miyambo ya mitundu yonseyi, ng’ona ya India ndi woimira wamba. Kukula kwamphongo ndi 3 mita. Mtunduwu umasinthidwa bwino ndi nthaka kuposa ena ndipo umatha nthawi yawo yambiri kumeneko. Kukhazikika kudera la India.
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Ngwazi zaku America (kapena zaku America). Woimira uyu amatha kukula ngati ng'ona ya Nile. Amadziwika kuti ndi chinyama choopsa, koma imagwira anthu kawirikawiri. Dzinalo "lakuthwa" lidalandiridwa chifukwa cha nsagwada zake zazitali komanso zopapatiza. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu imeneyi kuli ku South ndi North America.
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Ngwete yopapatiza yamu Africa. Ng'ona imawerengedwa ngati mapiko pang'ono chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mora. Kuchepa komanso kuperewera kwa nsagwada kumalola mtunduwu kuthana ndi usodzi. Mitunduyi idalembedwa kuti ndiyotayika mu Red Book. Zamoyo zaposachedwa zasungidwa ku Gabon ku Africa.
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Mamba a Orinoc. Woimira woyimira kwambiri ku South America. Ili ndi muzzle yopapatiza, yomwe imathandiza kuti moyo wam'madzi uzikhala chakudya. Woyimirayo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ozizira, popeza khungu lake limakhala lolemera pamsika wakuda.
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Ngala yopapatiza ya ku Australia kapena ng’ona ya Johnston. Woimira pang'ono. Wamphongo ndi wautali wa mita 2.5. Kukhazikika kumpoto kwa Australia.
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Ng'ona wa ku Philippines. Chiwerengero cha mitundu yamtunduwu chimapezeka ku Philippines kokha. Kusiyanitsa kwakunja kuli mwa kapangidwe kake ka muzzle. Mamba a ku Philippines amadziwika kuti ndi wankhanza kwambiri. Koma popeza gawo la malo omwe amakhala ndi malo okhala ndi anthu, zovuta ndizosowa kwambiri.
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Ng'ona yaku Central America kapena ng'ona Morel. Mtunduwu udapezeka mchaka cha 1850 ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku France Morel, pomwe mamba adalandira dzina lapakati. Malo okhala ku Morele okhala ndi matupi amadzi oyera ku Central America.
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Ngwazi Zatsopano za ku Guinea. Woimira adalembedwa mu Red Book. Malo ake amakhala ku Indonesia kokha. Amakonzekera kukhathamiritsa madzi abwino ndikuyamba kukhala ndi moyo wamadzulo.
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Ng'ona wa ku Cuba. Kukhazikika kuzilumba za Cuba. Chofunikira kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi miyendo yake yayitali, yomwe imalola kuthamangitsa pamtunda. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wankhanza komanso wowopsa.
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Ng’ona za Siamese. Woimira osowa kwambiri omwe amangopezeka ku Cambodia. Kukula kwake sikudutsa mita 3.
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Ng'ona yaku Africa kapena yosamveka bwino. Woimira pang'ono wa ng'ona. Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi ndi 1.5 metres. Malo osungika okhala ndi nyanja za ku Africa zokhazikika.
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Makhalidwe ambiri a gulu la alligator
Mtundu wachiwiri wofala kwambiri. Kuphatikiza ndi oimira 8. Mulinso mitundu iyi:
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American (kapena Mississippian) alligator. Imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri yamgulu la alligator. Kutalika kwamtundu wa amuna kumasinthasintha pafupifupi 4 mita. Imakhala ndi nsagwada zolimba. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa America.
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Chinese alligator. Malingaliro apadera a gawo la China. Imafika pamtunda waukulu wamamita awiri. Woimira ochepera. Chiwerengero chonsechi ndi 200.
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Wachinyamata wakuda. Pankhani ya kukula, amagawana malo oyamba ndi woimira aku America. Kutalika kwa thupi la alligator kumeneku kumatha kufika mita 6. Wotchuka ku Latin America. Zikuwopseza anthu.
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Ngwazi (kapena choonetsa) caiman. Woyimira wapakatikati Kutalika kwa thupi sikufika kupitirira 2.5 metres. Otsatsa onse ndi otchuka kwambiri, kufalikira kuchokera ku Belize ndi Guatemala kupita ku Peru ndi Mexico.
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Kutali Cayman. Mawonekedwe abwino. Kukula kwake kuyambira 3 mpaka 3.5 metres. Kukhazikika kudera la Argentina.
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Papayan (kapena Yakar) cayman. Woimira ochepera. Imakhala kum'mwera kwa Brazil ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Zachilendo ku Paraguay komanso kum'mwera kwa Bolivia.
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Cawar (kapena yankhope yosalala) caiman Cuvier. Kutalika kwa thupi la caiman kumeneku sikupita mamita 1.6, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi abale. Amawerengedwa ngati woimira ochepa kwambiri gulu lonse. Mitunduyi imakhala ku Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador ndi Guyana. Wofufuza zachilengedwe wa ku France Cuvier adapeza koyamba mtunduwu mu 1807.
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Wosazama pamaso (kapena patali) Schneider caiman. Mtunduwu ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa caiman Cuvier. Kukula kwake kumatha kufika 2.3 metres. Gawoli limayambira ku Venezuela mpaka kumwera kwa Brazil.
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Zambiri za gavialov kuzungulira
Woimira akuphatikiza mitundu iwiri yokha - iyi gulu la zigawenga ndi mamba gavial. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi zofanana ndi mamba wamba. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe opyapyala kwambiri, omwe amatha kupiririka ndi usodzi.
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Malo okhala ngati mamba gavial afalikira ku Indonesia, Vietnam ndi Malaysia.
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Ganges Gavial nthawi zina imapezeka ku Nepal, Myanmar ndi Bangladesh. M'madera ambiri, mtunduwu udatha. Dongosolo la Gavialov limatha nthawi yambiri m'madzi, komwe amatha kupeza chakudya chake ndi dexterity.
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Zakudya Zamamba
Oimira ambiri amakonda kusaka payekha, mitundu yocheperako imatha kugwirira ntchito kufunafuna nyama. Ng'ona zambiri zachikulire zimaphatikizapo masewera akuluakulu pakudya kwawo. Izi zikuphatikiza:
Palibe chilombo china chofanizira ndi ng'ona chokhala ndi mano ake akuthwa ndi pakamwa lalikulu. Wogwidwa akagwera mkamwa mwa ng'ona, ndiye kuti sangathenso kutuluka. Monga lamulo, ng'ona imameza nyama yake yonse, ndipo nthawi zina imang'amba. Ng'ona zazikulu zimadya chakudya chochuluka patsiku, nthawi zambiri 23% ya zolemetsa zawo.
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Kuyambira nthawi zakale, zomwe amapanga ndi nsomba. Chifukwa chakukhazikika kwawo, mtundu uwu wamtunduwu ndiwothamanga kwambiri komanso wotsika mtengo kwambiri.
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Kubala nyengo ndi ana
Mamba amodzi amadziwika kuti ndi oimira mitala. Nthawi yakukhwima imadziwika ndi ndewu zamagazi pakati pa amuna kuti azimayi azisamalira. Pakupaka ,ikazi imayikira mazira ake osaya. Kuti ziwabise m'maso, Amaphimba mazirawo ndi dothi ndi udzu. Akazi ena amawayika pansi. Chiwerengero cha mazira omwe adayikidwa chimatengera mtundu wa omwe akuimira. Chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kukhala 10 kapena 100. Nthawi yakukonzekera, wamkazi samachoka pamakutu ake, popeza amawateteza ku ngozi zomwe zingakhalepo nthawi zonse. Nthawi yowoneka ngati ng'ona zimatengera nyengo nyengo, koma, monga lamulo, sizimatha miyezi itatu. Ng'ona zazing'ono zimabadwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo kukula kwa matupi awo sikofika masentimita 28. Kuyesera kuti atuluke mu chipolopolo, makanda atsopano amayamba kufinya kwambiri kuti akope chidwi cha amayi. Mayiyo akamva, amathandiza ana ake kutulutsa mazira ndi mano ake akuthwa, omwe amaphwanya chipolopolo. Pambuyo pomenya bwino, mkaziyo amapatsira ana ake ku chosungira.
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Pakangopita masiku angapo, mayiyo amathetsa ubale wake ndi ana ake. Ng'ona zazing'ono zimapita kuthengo komwe kulibe zida zilizonse komanso zopanda thandizo.
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Sikuti mitundu yonse imayang'anira ana awo. Nthawi zambiri mazira atayika mazira amasiya "chisa" chawo ndikusiya ana.
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Popeza ng’ona amakakamizidwa kuti azikula pang'ono, kufa kwawo ali aang'ono kwambiri. Ng'ona zazing'ono zimakakamizidwa kubisala kwa zilombo zakuthengo, ndipo poyamba zimangodya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Akakula kale, amatha kuthana ndi kusaka nsomba, ndipo ngati akuluakulu amatha kusaka masewera akuluakulu.
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