Matupi a okwakwawo adakutidwa ndi nthenga, omwe adawagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga, kukonzekera, ndipo mwina, pang'ono pothawa kwakanthawi. Kuchokera pazomwe amayang'ana pazinthu zakale, titha kuweruza kuti oimira ma subfamily of microraptorides anali ndi mapiko kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo.
Zomwe zilipo pakadali pano zikuwonetsa kuti okwera onse amachokera kwa kholo lina louluka, ngakhale ena mwa iwo adalephera kuwuluka kachiwiri. Ali ngati nthambi yofanana ndi mbalame, koma mathero akufa, popeza sanasiye mbumba pakati pa mbalame zamakono. Fupa la m'chiuno mumitundu yambiri yama raptors ndi lalitali ndipo limatulutsa chamtsogolo mwamphamvu.
Mitundu yazokongoletsa ya banja Dromaeosauridae
Deinonychus - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki limatanthawuza zolakwika zoyipa. Okhazikika ku North America zaka za 115-108 miliyoni zapitazo. NDIPO Ma Velociraptors - m'Chi Greek, amatanthauza kuti wakuba mwachangu yemwe adakhala zaka 75-71 miliyoni zapitazo ku Asia, ndipo ma deich anali mitundu yodziwika bwino ya gulu la Velociraptorids, infraorder ya Deinonychidae. Deinonychus ndi ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi kutalika kuposa anthu, koma anali okulirapo kuposa ma velociraptors, omwe ndi kukula kwa nkaka.
Ma Utaraptors - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki limatanthawuza akuba aku Utah. Ankakhala ku North America kuyambira zaka 132-119 miliyoni zapitazo.
Micro raptor - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki limatanthawuza wakuba pang'ono. Microsaptor kapena raptor waching'ono wamanjenje anayi ankakhala ku Asia zaka 120 miliyoni zapitazo. Anali ndi nthenga zazitali mikono ndi miyendo yonse. Ndipo popeza mawonekedwe amtunduwu sakhala osiyana ndi ma raptors, ma microraptors, pamodzi ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, amagawidwa pagulu loyambira.
Pyroraptor - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki limatanthawuza mbala yamoto. The pyroraptor adakhala ku Europe zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo.
Dromeosaurus amakhala ku North America zaka 75 miliyoni zapitazo.
Wotsogola - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki limatanthawuza mbala yakumwera. Australiaoraptor adakhala zaka pafupifupi 70 miliyoni zapitazo ku South America. Ma Austroraptor amatha kukangana nawo kukula kwake ndi Utaraptor, popeza kutalika kwake mpaka mita 5. Koma manja ake anali ochepa poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse, pafupifupi ngati wankhanza.
Sinornithosaurus - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Greek ndi Latin: Chinese raptor Chinese. Sinornithosaurus amakhala ku Asia zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zakale zake chikuwonetsa bwino lomwe mawonekedwe a nthenga. Nthenga ya nthenga inali ponseponse thupi kuphatikiza mutu, kumanja kunali kaphokoso, m'chiuno panali nthenga zazitali ndipo pamchira padali maula ambiri.
Rakhonavis Amakhala zaka 70-65 miliyoni zapitazo ku Madagascar. Rachonavis ndiwotcherera wokhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu komanso otchuka kwambiri kwakuti kwa nthawi yayitali satha kudziwa ngati mafupawo ndi a mbalame kapena Dromaeosaurus. Ndizodziwika kuti mafupa ake a humerus adamulola kale kuti awombane ndi mapiko.
Balaur Amakhala zaka pafupifupi 70 miliyoni zapitazo, adapeza gawo la Romania yamakono, ndipo adatsegulidwa mu 2010. Guwa yachinayi cha mwendo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachepetsedwa mu theropods, ku balaur imapangidwa ngati chida chachikulu cha nkhondo. Miyendo ndi yochepa. Ndipo popeza chala chachitatu m'manja mwa balaur chachepetsedwa, izi zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo pomenya nkhondo.
Megaraptors amathanso kutchedwa molakwika ngati ma dromaeosaurs, koma tsopano megaraptors amatchedwa allosaurus. Poyamba, dinosaur iyi idakonzedwanso kuchokera ku bulangeti lokhalo lomwe limapezeka ngati chimangirizo chachikulu, koma pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti chida ichi sichinali chakumbuyo, koma kuchokera kutsogolo.
28.05.2018
Ponena za akwatibwi, anthu ambiri amaganiza ngati ma buluzi, agulugufe okalamba okhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, monga mu filimu Jurassic Park, amene amatha kusaka m'magulu mpaka kudziwa momwe angatulutsireko nthawi ina. Kunena zowona, oyenda ambiri sanali mwana wocheperako, mwina anali ndi zofunda za nthenga ndipo sanadutse zovala wamba wamba zokhala ndi maluso amisala. (Kuti mumve zambiri, dinosaur, yemwe Stephen Spielberg adawatcha Velociraptor ku Jurassic Park komanso ku Jurassic World, adapangidwa pamaziko a deinonychus wokulirapo, koma sitikufuna. omwe sanali ma velociraptors.
Yakwana nthawi yoti mudziwe kuti akwatawo ndi ndani. Poyamba, zitha kumveka zododometsa, koma "raptor" ndi dzina lomwe linapangidwa ndi Hollywood. Komabe, akatswiri a Paleontologists amakonda dzina losasangalatsa lotchedwa "dromeosaurus" (lomwe, kuchokera ku Chigriki, amatanthauzira kuti "buluzi woyenda"). Kachiwiri, mndandanda wazokonzekera satha kutopa ndi omwe amadziwika komanso atchulidwa kale pamwambapa Velociraptor ndi Deinonychus. Mulinso mitundu yachilendo (koma yofunika) monga buitreraptor ndi rakhonavis. (Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti si onse a dinosaurs omwe mayina awo akuphatikiza "-raptor" ndiomwe amayimira operekera mkwatibwi. Mwachitsanzo, "osasinthika" akuphatikiza maropod, akuti, oviraptor ndi eoraptor.)
Tanthauzo la Raptor
Mwakutero, akatswiri a paleontologists amatcha ma raptors (kapena ma dromaeosaurs) theropods (omwe amayenda-ubweya), omwe ali ndi zofanana koma, osamvetsetsa bwino, mawonekedwe a anatomical. Tionjezanso kuti ma raptors nthawi zambiri amakhala a dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono kapena apakatikati. Kutsogolo kwawo kwakhumi kunali ndi zala zitatu. Ubongo wa ma dinosaurs awa unali wokulirapo, ndipo (chomwe chiri chosiyana kwambiri) ndi miyendo yakumbuyo inatha ndi zigamba zazikulu zakunja, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizira kuthana ndi kuthyola nyama.
Okwatibwi sanali okhawo oimira miyendo ya nyama ya Mesozoic, ma tyrannosaurs, ornithomimids, ndi ang'onoang'ono ophimbidwa ndi nthenga nawonso anali m'gulu lalikulu la madinala.mbalame za dyno».
Tsopano ku funso la nthenga. Ndizosatheka kunena mosatsutsika kuti ma koloza onse anali atakutidwa ndi nthenga, komabe, zidafundidwa zokwanira kuti zitsimikizire mawonekedwe a "mbalame". Umboniwu umapatsa akatswiri a paleont ufulu wonse wokhulupirira kuti oyendetsa mthenga zokhala ndi nthenga anali chizolowezi osati kupatula lamulo.
Komabe, kukhalapo kwa nthenga sizinatsimikizire kuti amatha kuuluka. Pomwe mitundu ina ya banja la ma raptor (monga ma raptor ocheperako) anali othekera kuthekera, mapulani ambiri amayenda pamtunda pokhapokha. Mulimonsemo, palibe kukayikira kuti oyendetsa ndege amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mbalame zamakono. Mwa osewera, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mbalame za nyama monga chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga.
Chiwonetsero cha okwatula
Akwatibwi adawoneka ngati gulu lolekanitsa kumapeto kwa Cretaceous of Mesozoic (pafupifupi zaka 90-65 miliyoni zapitazo), koma adayendera dziko lapansi zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni zisanachitike izi. Cretaceous Dromaeosaurus wodziwika kwambiri anali utaraptor, nyama yolusa kwambiri yomwe imalemera kuposa 900 kg (mapaundi 2000). Amakhala zaka 50 miliyoni mbadwa yake isanabadwe. Ngakhale izi, akatswiri a paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti ambiri mwa ma proto-raptors a malemu Jurassic komanso kuyambika kwa nthawi ya Cretaceous anali ochepa komanso opepuka pansi pa mapazi akulu (motsindika silabo yoyamba)ov ndi ornithopodov.
Pamapeto pa Cretaceous, ma raptors adadzaza dziko lonse lapansi, kupatula gawo la Australia amakono ndi kumwera kwa Africa. Ma dinosaurs awa anali osiyanasiyana kukula komanso kapangidwe. Chifukwa chake, microraptoryi inali yolemera magalamu angapo ndipo inali ndi mapiko anayi okhala ndi nthenga, pomwe yutasaur imatha kugunda deinonych ndi kumanzere kumodzi.
Pakati pawo panali oyendayenda wamba, monga: maoma a domaeosaurs ndi ma saurorn kupezaites, othamanga, oopsa, olimbana ndi nthenga omwe sanali osiyana kudya abuluzi, tizilombo, ndi ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono.
Khalidwe la raptor
Monga tanena kale, ngakhale wokonda kwambiri "wamasiku onse a Mesozoic sangafune ngakhale pang'ono kutulutsa mphaka wa Siamese, komanso ngakhale wamkulu." Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti ma dromaeosaurs (ndipo, nyama zonse) amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kuposa ma dinosaurs a herbivorous omwe amawasaka. Kukhala ndi moyo wokonzekereratu kumaphatikizapo kukhala ndi maluso enaake (kumva kununkhira, kuwona kwambiri, kusintha kwina, kulumikizana ndi zina, ndi zina) ndipo kumafunikira gawo lalikulu la imvi. (M'pofunika kunena kuti ma sauropod oyipa ndi ma ornithopod amayenera kukhala ocheperako kuposa ma herbivores omwe amadya nawo!)
Zikuwonekerabe ngati oyendayenda akusaka m'magulu kapena amodzi.
Ndi mbalame zochepa chabe zamakono zomwe zimasaka m'matumba, ndipo chifukwa chowona kuti mbalame zadutsa zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni chisinthiko, izi zitha kuonedwa ngati umboni wosadziwika kuti mabungwe a ma velociraptors ndi lingaliro chabe la opanga aku Hollywood.
Banja: Dromaeosauridae † = Dromaeosaurids kapena Raptor
Ndipo komabe, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa pamaukwati angapo okwanira m'malo amodzi akuwonetsa kuti ena mwa iwo atha kukhala m'magulu ndipo, chifukwa chake kusaka palimodzi kumawoneka kuti ndizovomerezeka, ngakhale kwa mitundu ina.
Mwa njira, atafufuza mawonedwe amaso, asayansi adawona kuti ndizochulukirapo ndipo adazindikira kuti, nthawi zambiri, oyendetsa ndege ndi ena ambiri, ang'onoang'ono aang'ono osanjika ndi nyama omwe amasaka usiku. Madzulo, maso akuluakulu a chilombo chimatha kugwira kuwala kozama ndikuwona ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono, abuluzi, mbalame ndi zinyama. Komanso, chifukwa cha kusaka usiku, akwatibwi ang'onoang'ono amatha kupewa kukumana ndi ankhanza akuluakulu ndikuwonetsetsa kukula kwa mtengo wabanja.
Velociraptor
Velociraptor - "Wakuba mwachangu"
Nthawi ya kukhalapo: Nthawi yovuta - pafupifupi zaka 83-70 miliyoni zapitazo
Gulu: Lizopharyngeal
Dongosolo: Theropods
Zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pam'mawu:
- anayenda miyendo yam'mbuyo yamphamvu
- anadya nyama
- Pakamwa pokhala ndi mano ambiri akuthwa, owongoka mkati
Sayizi:
kutalika 1.8 m
kutalika 0,6 m
kulemera ndi 20 kg.
Chakudya: Mayaso ma dinosaurs
Tazindikira: 1922, Mongolia
Velociraptor ndi wotsogola pang'ono wa nthawi ya Cretaceous. Anapeza mbiri yapadera chifukwa cha filimu "Jurassic Park". Ma Velociraptors pamenepo adatchedwa ma dinosaurs olusa, omwe ali oyenera kufotokozedwera. deinonychus. Komabe, izi "zimasangalatsa" velociraptor. Velociraptor ndi yaying'ono kukula kuposa deinonychus, koma osakhala oopsa, othamanga komanso okhetsa magazi.
Chibowo cha Velociraptor
Mutu:
Chigoba cha Velociraptor ndichopendekera pang'ono komanso chaching'ono, chotalika pafupifupi 25. Panali mano pafupifupi 50 osongoka mkamwa ndikuwongoleredwa mizere ingapo. Mabowo omwe ali mumalungo a dinosaur adapangitsa kuti chigaza chiwale kwambiri, ndipo Velocentric ndiyowonjezereka. Ubongo wa wothandizira njinga, kwa dinosaur, ndi wokulirapo. Mwina, Velociraptor, mwina ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri.
Velociraptor kapangidwe ka thupi:
Velociraptor anali ndi miyendo yayitali ya kumbuyo, zomwe zinaloleza kuti dinosaur apange liwiro labwino. Pamwendo uliwonse wakumbuyo panali chivundikiro chooneka ngati chimbudzi, pomwe Velociraptor adavulaza mabala amunthu wake. Monga maropropod onse, velociraptor anali ndi zala zinayi kumiyendo yawo yakumbuyo, imodzi yomwe inali yopanikizika ndipo sanachite nawo poyenda. Zatsogola sizinapangidwe bwino. Panali zala zitatu pachilichonse cha Velociraptor. Loyamba linali lalifupi kwambiri, ndipo lachiwiri ndilo lalitali kwambiri. Iwo a dinosaur adagwira nyama yake. Mchira wautali unkayendetsa kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikuthandizira kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri.
Khungu la Velociraptor:
Lero, kutsutsana kwakukulu kuzungulira Velociraptor ndi momwe kumawonekera. Chidacho choterechi chimakhala chikuwonetsedwa ndi khungu lobiriwira, koma zaposachedwa pomwepo chimawonetsedwa ndi nthenga zoyambira, zowoneka bwino, zowala.
Mu paleontology yamakono, malingaliro a ubale wama dromaeosaurids, omwe akuphatikizapo Velociraptor, ndi mbalame, amavomerezeka.
Mu 2007, akatswiri angapo a paleontologists adapeza kupezeka kwa chifuwachi m'chifaniziro cha Velociraptor pa fupa la ulnar, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti nthenga za nthenga zachiwiri. Mbalame zamakono zili ndi ma tubercles. Malinga ndi akatswiri a paleontologists, izi zidatilola kuzindikira kuti velociraptor anali ndi kuchuluka.
Kupezeka kwa nthenga mu Velociraptor komanso kuyandikira kwa mbalame kumatha kukhala ndi malongosoledwe awiri okhudzana ndi chisinthiko:
1. Kawirikawiri mawonekedwe a avian (kuphatikiza maula) omwe amawonedwa mu ma dromaeosaurids amachokera ku cholowa kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi. Malinga ndi izi, ma Dromaeosaurids ndi mbalame zimachokera ku gulu limodzi la ma coelurosaurs. Mafotokozedwe awa nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa.
2. Dromaeosaurids, kuphatikizapo velociraptor, ndi mbalame zakale zomwe zatha kulephera kuuluka. Chifukwa chake, velociraptor satha kuuluka, monga nthiwatiwa. Hypothesis iyi siodziwika bwino pakati paopaletologists ambiri.
ZOKHUDZAHot Velociraptor:
Asanafufuze zolembera zoyambilira za Velociraptor, ma dinosaurs anali kuonedwa kuti ndi zolengedwa zopanda nzeru komanso zopanda nzeru kwambiri. Komabe, velociraptor anali wothamanga wobadwa.
Dinosaur ya Velociraptor
Kuchokera kwa ambulansi, mwachangu adathamangira kwa womenyedwayo. Nyama zowomberedwa ndi Velociraptor zidalibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Wogwirizirayo, atagona, adalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndikuyesera kuti alumikizire mano ake pakhosi, kuti awonongeke kapena kuluma mitsempha yamagazi. Pambuyo pake, anavulaza mabala achivundi ndi bulawu, ndikung'amba thupi. Mchira wautali unathandizira kukhalabe ndi malire.
Pali mtundu womwe velociraptors, ngati abale awo a deinonychus, amasakidwa m'magulu. Koma mosiyana ndi iwo, manda okhala ndi ma velociraptors sanapezekebe. Chifukwa chake, kunena kuti Velociraptors osakidwa m'matumba sizotheka.
Wosaka ndi wozunzidwa:
Ma Velociraptor ndi ma protoceratops ndi amodzi mwazinthu zosavuta kwambiri za "mlenje ndi nyama" pakati pa dinosaurs. Mu 1971, akatswiri opanga ma paleont omwe amagwira ntchito ku Chipululu cha Gobi anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi. Adapeza mafupa a ma dinosaurs awiri - velociraptor ndi ma protoceratops - nyama yolusa ndi nyama yake, ikuphatana. |