Mphungu yakuda ndioyimira mtundu wa Ovid Eagles, wokhala ndi thupi lalikulu koma lonyowa komanso mulomo wochepa. Ali ndi mapiko autali kwambiri komanso mchira wautali. Nthenga zimakhala ndi nthenga, ndipo zimawoneka zazitali, koma zopindika pang'ono. Mbali iyi ndi yodziwika ya mbalame zokhala pamwamba pa mitengo.

Pamutu pali kachitsitsidwe kakang'ono kamene kamapangidwa ndi nthenga.

Zambiri za chiwombankhanga chakuda chachikulire ndi chokoleti chakuda, chofiirira, mpaka chakuda, nthawi zambiri chimapumira pa nthenga zachiwiri ndi nthenga zamapewa. Choyera chochepa chimawoneka pa nadhvost mawonekedwe a malo ochepa.

Mchira ndi nthenga za mapiko okhala ndi mikwingwirima ya imvi pazomera zamkati. Malo oyera pafupi cholowa. Brown iris. Sera ndi miyendo yachikasu. Mphungu zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mitundu yakuda yakuda. Nthenga za chisoti chachifumu, kumbuyo kwa mutu komanso pang'ono kumbuyo ndi nsonga zofiirira.

Mutu kumbali yakuda ndi yagolide. Chophimba chokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, ndi mikwingwirima yakuda imapezeka pa nthenga za mchira. Nthenga ndi nthenga za mchira sizimakomoka bwino kuposa mphungu zazikulire. Maso ndi a bulauni.

Zizolowezi Zamtundu Wakuda

Chiwombankhanga chakuda chimakhala m'mapiri komanso m'mapiri mpaka 3100 metres pamtunda wa nyanja, pomwe nkhalango zimapanga zosakwana 50% ya gawo.

Mbalame zodyedwa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalango, m'madambo komanso m'malo omwe kubwezeretsa nkhalango kumachitika. Ngakhale zili pamtunduwu, chiwombankhanga chakuda chimakonda nkhalango zomwe zili ndi denga lokwera.

Mphungu yakuda inafalikira

Imafalikira kuchokera ku Pakistan kupita ku Moluccas. M'dera lalikululi, ma subspecies awiri amadziwika. Ictinaetus malaiensis perniger amakhala kumpoto kwa India, amapezeka pakati pa mapiri a Himalayas, komanso kumwera kwa India.

Muli Orissa, East ndi West Ghats, Sri Lanka. I. M. malayensis amagawidwa ku Burma, kumwera, pakati komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa China, Peninsula ya Malawi, zilumba za Bolshoi ndi Genset, Sulawesi ndi Moluccas. Mwina ku Banggai ndi pachisumbu cha Sulu.

Kuswana kwamtondo wakuda

Nyengo yakudyayi ya chiwombankhanga chakuda zimatengera madera: Kubadwa kwa mbalame mu Novembala-Januware kumwera kwa India, patapita nthawi, kumpoto kwa subcontinent, mu Epulo - Ogasiti ku Java, mu Julayi ku Sulawesi, ndi Ogasiti ku Sumatra.

Amayendetsa ndege zodziwika bwino.

M'nyengo yakukhwima, chiwombankhanga chikuwonetsa kuthawa kodabwitsa, komwe mapiko ake amapindidwa kotero kuti nsonga zawo zimakhudza nsonga ya mchira, ndikupanga silhouette yofanana mawonekedwe ndi mtima, pomwe imatsika mothamanga kwambiri, kenako nkuwukanso kwambiri.

Mphungu zazikazi zakuda awiriawiri zikuthamangitsa pakati pa mitengo yamnkhalango, zikuyenda mwaluso kwambiri pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu.

Chiwombankhanga chakuda chimasaka nyama, chikuwuluka pamwamba pa dziko lapansi.

Amamanga chisa chachikulu chotalika masentimita 90-1.20 nthawi zambiri korona wamtengo wopendekera womwe umakula m'mphepete mwa phirilo poyang'ana chigwa. Maanja nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisa ziwiri zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi mtunda umodzi. Kukonza ma tchire kumayamba miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu asanaike mazira.

Zida zomangira zazikulu ndi nthambi zazing'ono. Zokolekazo zimapangidwa ndi masamba obiriwira. Yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi, osakonda awiri, koma makamaka nyengo yozizira. Pakakhanda pali zofiirira kapena mawu.

Kudyetsa chiwombankhanga chakuda

“Chiwombankhanga” chimakonda kudyetsa mazira ndi anapiye, omwe amapezeka pamitengo. Chakudyacho sichingokhala ndi izi, mbalame za abuluzi agwada, abuluzi ang'ono, achule, mileme, tizilombo tambiri.

Mbidzi zakuda nthawi zambiri zimadyera agologolo ndi ma macaques.

Amafunanso nyama zapamtunda, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zolengedwa zazikazi mpaka kukula kwa khola lalikulu ndi anapiye amtundu wa mbalame zapadziko lapansi. Chiwombankhanga chakuda nthawi zina chimagwira mbalame zazing'onoting'ono komanso zapakatikati ndikuthawa.

Chakudyacho chimadalira mazira a mbalame ndi ana a chisa mu zisa.

Maonekedwe a chiwombankhanga chakuda

Ngakhale chiwombankhanga chakuda chimafalikira kwanuko komanso mosagwirizana m'malo ake onse, nthawi zambiri, nyamayi ilibe zowopsa.

Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa mbalame zodya nyama zamtunduwu kumawonedwa kumapiri a Burma ndi kumwera kwa China. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi chiwonetsero chokwanira kwambiri motero, sichikuyandikira kufalikira kwa mitundu yosatetezeka.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mbalame zam'madzi zikukulirakulira, kutsika sikumadziwika kuti kumathamanga. Pachifukwa ichi, nyamazo zidawerengedwa kuti zikuwopseza pang'ono. Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala komanso kufotokozeredwa kwa nkhalango ndi zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepera kwa kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chakuda.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

(Spizaetus wankhanza)

Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Central Mexico kum'mawa kwa Peru, kumwera kwa Brazil ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina, komwe imakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zonyowa, zokhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, komanso mitundu ina yamitengo.

Mphungu yakuthengo yakuda imapakidwa makamaka mumdima. Mbali yamkati yamapikoyo pali mikwingwirima yoyera. Mapikowo ndi otambalala, osatalika kwambiri, omwe amathandiza chiwombankhanga kuyenda pakati pa mitengo. Mchirawo ndi wautali komanso wopapatiza, wokhala ndi milozo 4 yotakata imvi. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 58-70 masentimita, ndi kukula kwa 0,9-1,3 kg.

Ngakhale kuti chiwombankhanga chakuda chakuda ndicho choyimira chaching'ono cha mtundu wake, komabe chitha kuthana ndi nyama yayikulu komanso yolimba. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo nyama monga ngatiamu, anyani ang'onoang'ono, makoswe akuluakulu, komanso mileme ndi mbalame, kuphatikiza zazikuluzikulu monga toucans ndi gokko.

Zochepa sizidziwika za kubadwa kwa mbalameyi. Amadziwika kuti chisa chake chimakhala ndi timaluwa yaying'ono ndipo tili pafupifupi mainchesi 1. Chimapezeka m'makona a mitengo yayitali kutalika pafupifupi 15 m.

(Spizaetus melanoleucus)

Kugawidwa kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico (Oaxaca ndi Veracruz) kumwera kudzera ku Central America kupita kumpoto kwa Argentina. Sipezeka kum'mawa kwa Brazil. Pamakhala mitundu yamvula yamtundu uliwonse. M'mapiri amatuluka mpaka 1200 m pamwamba pamadzi.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-60 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi pafupifupi 850 g.Mutu, khosi ndi thupi ndizolochedwa zoyera. Dera lozungulira maso ndi mapiko ndi lakuda. Pali chisa chaching'ono chakuda pamutu. Mchirawo umakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Utawaleza utawaleza, miyendo yachikasu yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuda, mulomo wakuda wokhala ndi sera wonyezimira wachikasu. Kunja, amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana, koma chachikazi ndi chokulirapo.

Amadyanso nyama zosiyanasiyana, achule, zokwawa komanso mbalame. Zokonda zimaperekedwa kwa mitundu yamitengo yamtundu wa mbalame (oropendola, arasari, tanagra, kotinga), koma amathanso kuukira pamtunda ndi waterfowl (tinamu, zachalaka, cormorant, Brazil merganser). Nthawi zina imagwira anyani ang'onoang'ono. Popita kusaka, amadumphadumpha m'nkhalangomo, ataona nyama, amathamangira pansi ndikuigwira. Nthawi zina amayang'ana munthu yemwe wakhudzidwa ndi nthambi yanthambi yomwe ili pamphepete mwa nkhalangoyi.

Amanga zisa m'makona a mitengo yayitali, pamiyala yamiyala ndi malo ena komwe malo osaka akuwonekera bwino. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yodyetsayo imayamba nyengo yamvula isanayambe.

(Spizaetus ornatus)

Kugawidwa kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico kumwera kudzera ku Central America kupita ku Peru ndi Northern Argentina, kumapezekanso kuzilumba za Trinidad ndi Tobago. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, m'malo otsika komanso pansi, monga lamulo, pamalo okwera mpaka 1200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mbalame yakudya iyi ndi 58-67 masentimita, kutalika kwamapiko kwa 90-120 masentimita, amuna kulemera pafupifupi 0.96-1 makilogalamu, akazi - 1.4-11.6 kg.Imakhala ndi kaso lakuthwa kooneka bwino komwe imatulukira mbalameyo ikachita mantha, imakhala ndi mulomo wakuda, mapiko otambalala ndi mchira wautali, wozungulira. Wachikulireyu amakhala ndi kukulira kwakuda kwakuda ndi korona, machifuwa owoneka bwino m'mbali mwa khosi ndi chifuwa, choyera pakhosi komanso pakati pa chifuwa. Zina mwa ma plamu onse, kuphatikiza pamiyendo, zimayimiriridwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera. Pa mchira, mikwingwirayi ndi yonse. Tizilombo tating'ono timakhala ndi maonekedwe oyera pamutu, tinsalu tofiirira, tambala tofiirira kumtunda, komanso ntambo zamtambo wakuda. Amayimba mluzu woboola, wofanana ndi "woo-woo-woo."

Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, imakonda kudya zilombo zamphamvu. Nyama ya chiwombankhanga yokongola kwambiri imatha kuchulukitsa kasanu kulemera kwake. Chakudyacho chimakhazikitsidwa ndi mbalame zingapo zolemera kuyambira 180 g mpaka 8 makilogalamu (mbalame zamkaka, zikondwerero, ming'alu, zinziri za m'nkhalango, mbalame zazing'ono za buluu, nkhunda, nkhuku). Amadyanso zazikazi zazing'ono ndi zapakatikati (kinkaju, agouti, agologolo, makoswe, anyani ang'ono), abuluzi akuluakulu ndi njoka. Chakudya chimatha kudya pansi komanso kukhala panthambi ya mtengo.

Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yobereketsa imatha kuyambira mwezi wa Epulo mpaka Meyi, koma ingasiyane kutengera malo okhala. Makolo onsewa amatenga nawo mbali pomanga chisa. Chidacho chimamangidwa kuchokera kumitengo ndipo chimakhala ndi masamba obiriwira, m'mimba mwake ndi 1-1.25 m ndikuzama masentimita 50. Chidacho chimapezeka pamtengo wopendekera wa mtengo wamtali pamalo okwera mamitala 20-30. Ziwombankhanga zokongola zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito zisa zawo kwa zaka zingapo. Mu clutch pali dzira limodzi loyera kapena loyera, lomwe makolo onse amadzilowetsa masiku 48. Anapiyewo amadalira masiku a 66-93, pomwe mkazi amaleka kuwasamalira ndipo amphongo amasamalira onse. Achule amakhala ndi makolo awo kwa miyezi pafupifupi 12. Ziwombankhanga zokongoletsedwa zimaswana zaka ziwiri zilizonse.

(Spizaetus isidori)

Amakhala munkhalango zamapiri zam'mapiri kum'mwera kwa Andes kuchokera kumpoto kwa Argentina kupita kumpoto kudzera ku Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia kupita ku Venezuela. Imachitika pamtunda wa 1800-2500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 63-74, mapiko ndi kuyambira masentimita 147 mpaka 166. Mbali yam'mwamba ya thupi ndi mutu wa chiwombankhaka utoto wake ndi wakuda, chifuwa ndi m'mimba ndi zofiirira, mchira wake ndi wopepuka ndi chingwe chakuda kumapeto.

Nyamayi yolimba komanso yolimba imeneyi imafunafuna nyama ikauluka pamwamba pa nkhalangoyi ndikuigwira mwachidule. Nthawi zina zimatenga pansi kuchokera pansi. Nyama yake ndi nyama zazikazi zazing'ono zamitengo yayitali, monga nyani, sloth, malaya ndi agologolo, komanso mbalame zazikulu - makamaka kraks.

Ziwombankhanga zazitali za misozi zimakhala zochititsa chidwi kukula ndikufika 1 mita kutalika ndi 2m mulifupi. Nyumbayi imamangidwa pamtengo wamtali pafupifupi kuchokera kumitengo yokhayo yomwe mbalame zimatulutsa pa ntchentche. Ntchito yomanga ya Nest imachitika mu February - Marichi; mazira amayikidwa mu Epulo - Meyi. Mu clutch, nthawi zambiri mumakhala oyera achikasu ndi mazira osowa. Anapiye akuwombera pofika Ogasiti-Sepemba.

(Nisaetus cirrhatus)

Kugawidwa kuchokera ku India ndi ku Sri Lanka kudzera ku Southeast Asia kupita ku Indonesia ndi Islands Islands, imakwera m'mapiri mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pamadzi.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-72 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 1.3-1.9, mapiko a 127-138 cm. Pamwamba pamakhala bulauni, mutu ndi khosi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhala ndi mitsitsi yakutali, chifuwa chimayera ndi timiyala tokhala ngati dontho, miyendo yamiyendo ndiyotupa ndi mikwingwirima yopindika. Pali ma morph okhala ndi pansi loyera komanso lakuda kwenikweni, kukula kwa mawonekedwewo kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi chilengedwe - kuyambira nthawi yayitali mpaka kuwonongeka. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chovala chopepuka komanso cholowera pafupipafupi pamapiko ndi mchira wake (wowonekera bwino pansi pouluka). Utawaleza ndi wopepuka, sera ndi imvi, miyendo yake ndi yachikasu.

Chiwombankhanga chosasinthika - wokhala m'nkhalango, amakonda kusaka m'mphepete, akuwuluka kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri amayang'ana nyama yoti angagwire. Chakudyacho chili ndi mbalame zazikulu, achule, abuluzi, nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono.

Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira mwezi wa Disembala mpaka Epulo.Zingwe zimapangidwa mu korona wa mtengo wamtali pamtunda wa 10-30 mamita kuchokera pansi. Pali dzira limodzi loyera la mbewa. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku opitilira 60, akudyetsa chisa - pafupifupi masiku 70.

(Nisaetus bartelsi)

Pamakhala nkhalango zamvula za Java.

Imeneyi ndi mbalame yayitali koma yayitali, pafupifupi 60 cm. Mtundu wamba wamtundu ndi wodera. Mutu, khosi ndi chifuwa zili zofiirira, kumbuyo ndi mapiko ndi ofiira, mchira wake ndi wopepuka, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yotakata. Pamutu pali chipeso chachitali ndi nsonga yoyera. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana maonekedwe.

Chiwombankhanga chakuthengo cha ku Javanese ndi mbalame zoopsa. Yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi mu chisa chomwe chili pamwamba pamtunda pamtengo wamtali.

Amadyanso makamaka mbalame, abuluzi, mileme ndi nyama zina zazing'ono.

(Nisaetus alboniger)

Adagawidwa pachilumba cha Malacca, zisumbu za Kalimantan ndi Sumatra. Chimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, koma anthu azisumbu amakonda nkhalango zowirira.

Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi masentimita 51-58. Thupi lakumwamba ndi mutu ndi zakuda, chifuwa ndi m'mimba ndizoyera ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda. Pa mchira pali chingwe chowala kwambiri. Chikhulupiriro chake ndi chakuda.

Amadyetsa makamaka abuluzi ndi mileme. Kufunafuna nyama kuchokera m'mbali mwa nkhalangoyi. Mutha kuwona kuzungulira pamitengo.

Chidacho ndi nsanja yayikulu komanso yakuya ya nthambi zazing'ono, yomwe ili korona wa mtengo nthawi zambiri pamwamba pa mitengo yonse. Thireyi limakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira. Pali dzira limodzi mu clutch.

(Nisaetus floris)

Adagawidwa kuzilumba za Indonesia ku Flores, Lombok, Sumbawa, omwe ali m'gulu la a Littleer Sunda Islands. Imakhala m'nkhalango zotsika kwambiri, koma imatha kukwera m'mapiri mpaka 1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika konse kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 75-79. Thupi lakumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndi a bulauni. Thupi lotsika limakhala loyera, mutu umayera ndi mitsempha yaying'ono ya bulauni. Mchira wake ndi bulawuni wokhala ndi mikwingwirima isanu ndi umodzi yakuda.

Imadyera mbalame, abuluzi, njoka ndi zoweta zazing'ono.

(Nisaetus lanceolatus)

Agawidwa pachilumba cha Indonesia cha Sulawesi ndi zilumba zapafupi: Bud, Muna, Bangai ndi Sula. Imakhala m'mapiri komanso nkhalango zowirira pamtunda wamtunda mpaka 2000 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 55-64 masentimita, mapiko 110 110 mpaka 135. Tsamba lake lamwambamwamba ndi lofiirira. Belly, chiuno ndi miyendo ndiyoyera ndi yaying'ono yakuda yakuda. Chifuwa chimakhala chofiyira ndi timiyala takuda. Mchira wake ndi wotuwa pakuda ndi mikwingwirima yamdima ya 3-4. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, thupi lam'mwambalo limakhala lofiirira. Chifuwa cham'mutu, m'mimba, m'chiuno ndi miyendo ndiyoyera. Pa chifuwa pali timawu tating'ono tofiyira.

Amadyetsa zazing'ono zazikazi, abuluzi, mbalame ndi anapiye awo. Nyengo ya kuswana imatha kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti. Chisa chimamangidwa mu korona wamtengo wamtali.

(Nisaetus nanus)

Kugawidwa ku Myanmar, Thailand, ku Malacca Peninsula, ku Sumatra ndi Kalimantan. Imakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zam'malo otentha. Imachitika pamalo okwera mpaka 500 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja, sikukwera mpaka 1000 m.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 45-59, mapiko a 95-105 masentimita, kulemera kwa 510-610 g. Thupi lakumwambalo limakhala labulawuni, mutu umakhala wofiirira ndi mkwapulo wakuda, chifuwa ndichopaka utoto ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Belly, chiuno ndi miyendo ndi choyera, chokhala ndi mizere yaying'ono yakuda yopingasa. Maso ndi ma thunzi achikasu, sera ndi wakuda.

Amadyetsa mbalame zosiyanasiyana, mileme, achule, masikono ndi abuluzi. Olanda katundu ndi zowonjezera.

Nthawi yobereketsa imatha kuyambira Novembala mpaka Febere. Malo osungirako zinthu zakale amakhalabe malo osungira chisa chaka chonse. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi nthambi zazitali pamwamba pa mtengo. Pali dzira limodzi mu clutch.

(Nisaetus nipalensis)

Kugawidwa ku Himalaya kuyambira North India ndi Nepal kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa China, Thailand, Indochina komanso kumpoto kwa Malacca Peninsula, kumapezekanso ku Japan. Pamakhala nkhalango zowirira nthawi zonse. Imakonda malo ammapiri komanso mapiri pamtunda wamtunda wa 600 mpaka 2800 pamtunda, ngakhale m'chigawo cha China cha Yunnan chidawoneka pamtunda wa 4000 m, ndipo ku Japan - 200 m.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 67-86 masentimita, mapiko a 130-165 masentimita, amuna amalemera makilogalamu 1.8-2,5, zazikazi pafupifupi 3.5 makilogalamu.

Amadyanso nyama zazing'ono, mbalame ndi zokwawa. Mahares ndi chakudya chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri pakati pa zolengedwa, nthawi zambiri mbalame zimasaka nkhuku zamtchire, abakha, pheasants, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawombera nkhuku.Amayang'anitsitsa womusungayo ali m'ndende ndikugwira iye pansi.

Nyengo yakubereketsa ku Himalayas imatha mwezi wa February mpaka June, ku Japan kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, mbalame zimaswera m'mwamba, ndikugwedezeka pansi ndikuwuluka. Chisa chimamangidwa pamwamba pa mtengo kuchokera pamtengo, ndipo thirayo imakhala ndi masamba obiriwira kapena singano. Imatha kufika mainchesi 1.8 m ndikuya kuya kwa 1.2 m.Mkati mwa clutch, mazira 1-2. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi masiku 80.

(Nisaetus kelaarti)

Kugawidwa ku South-West India ndi Sri Lanka. Amakhala m'nkhalango zazikulu zam'mapiri nthawi zonse.

Poyamba anthu amawaganizira kuti ndi mtundu wa chiwombankhanga chomwe watenthedwa, koma chaposachedwa kudzipatula monga mtundu wodziimira pawokha. Amasiyanasiyana malo okhalamo komanso ang'ono.

(Nisaetus philippensis)

Kugawidwa pachilumba cha kumpoto kwa Philippines cha Luzon. Chimakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha kwambiri pamtunda wa 0 mpaka 1000 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-63 masentimita, mapiko a 105p125, masentimita 1.1-1.2.

(Lophaetus occipitalis)

Chimakhala m'malo ambiri otentha ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, kuyambira nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha komanso malo onyowa kuti nkhalango zowonetsera.

Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame ya nthawi yayitali yosadya nyama. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 50 mpaka 58 cm. Amuna akulemera kuyambira 0,9 mpaka 1.4 kg, zazikazi kuyambira 1.4 mpaka 1.5 kg. Zowonjezera zam'mwamba kwambiri zimakhala zakuda. Mlomo ndi imvi yakuda, zala ndi sera ndi chikaso. Mu mbalame zazimuna zonse ziwiri, kutulutsa nthenga zazitali kumayambira pamutu. Golide, lalanje kuti utawale wobiriwira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi maulalo akuda kwambiri, miyendo yawo imakhala yoyera ndi mikwaso ya bulauni, mchira wake umakhala wotsika kwambiri komanso wopanda mikwingwirima yocheperako.

Uyu ndi msaki wamba yemwe amakhala pamtengo kapena chipilala, amayang'anira nyama pansi. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi chimakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame zochepa. Pamodzi ndi izi, amadya abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, njoka, nsomba, tizilombo ndi nkhanu, komanso zipatso zomwe sizimakonda.

Nest imamanga pamitengo. Mu clutch pali mazira 1-2 okhala ndi ma brown bulauni a bulauni. Yaikazi imagwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi kwa masiku pafupifupi makumi anayi. Ana a chiwombankhanga amakhala odziimira okha masiku 53-58.

(Stephanoaetus coronatus)

Malo ogawikirako amachokera ku Gulf of Guinea mpaka ku Cape Province ya South Africa, komwe kuli ziwombankhanga zimakhala m'mbali mwa zipululu ndi theka. M'malo ambiri, mbalame ndizosowa, koma ku Kenya ndi Zaire, ndizofala. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zachilendo.

Uwu ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri ku Africa, kutalika kwake ndi 80-100 cm, mapiko ndi pafupifupi 2 m, kulemera kwake kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 kg. Msana wa graphite-wakuda ndikuwala, m'mimba yopyapyala ndi chovala chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimalola mbalameyo kuti isayang'anitsidwe mpaka nthawi yoyenera. Chiwombankhanga chokhazikika chimayendayenda m'malire ake, kuthamangitsa mbalame zina zazikulu zomwe zimadya. Adalengeza za kupezeka kwake mdera ili mokweza kwambiri. Ku chiwombankhanga, pakuwona kuyandikira kwa ngozi, nthenga zimatulukira kumbuyo kwa mutu.

Imasaka m'bandakucha kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Amayang'anitsitsa nyama yake, atakhala osasunthika pamtengo, kenako amathamangira nyama yomwe imalemera kasanu kuposa iye. Chiwombankhanga nthawi zambiri chimasaka awiriawiri: mbalame imodzi imakopa chidwi cha nyama, yachiwiri ikuukira kuchokera kumbuyo. Chiwombankhanga sichimagwira nyama yayikulu kwambiri chisa kapena kukwera pamtengo, pomwe imadyako kwathunthu, limodzi ndi mafupa. Amangoyala pansi ming'alu, kenako, wina nanyamula, napita naye mumtengo ndikudya. Amadyanso ndi zazikulu komanso zazing'onoting'ono, makamaka zazing'ono komanso zina zazing'ono zazing'ono, nyani, mongooses, ma Daman, makoko akuluakulu, ndipo nthawi zina amagwira abuluzi ndi njoka, mbalame zosowa.

Ziwombankhanga ziwiri zimakhala limodzi zaka zambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimaswana mchaka chimodzi, kuyamba nesting pazaka 4. Pamayambiriro a nthawi yotsekemera, yamphongo imachita kuvina koyamba.Ngati wamkazi amakondavina, ndiye kuti ajowina. Mbalame zikuwoneka kuti zimasewera limodzi: yamphongo imawulukira chachikazi, ndipo imatambasulira malekezero ake kutsogolo. Amawombera zofunda zawo ndikuchita zodabwitsa pamlengalenga.

Mbalame zomwe zimapangira awiriwo zimayamba kupanga chisa kuchokera kumitengo ndi brashi. Chidacho chili pamtondo wakutali wa mtengowo, pomwe chiwombankhanga chimayamwa milomo yake chimabweretsa timitengo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo timanyamula mfundo zikuluzikulu m'miyendo yawo. Chisa chomalizidwa chimakhala ndi udzu wobiriwira wofewa. Kupanga chisa, komwe kumakhala mainchesi 1.5-2, nthawi zambiri kumatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Chiwombankhanga chachifumu chaka chilichonse chimatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu kukonzanso ndi kukulitsa chisa, chomwe chikukulirakulira nthawi zonse ndipo nthawi zambiri chimafikira mamitala awiri m'lifupi ndi mamita atatu kutalika. Panthawi yachilala, yaikazi imalowetsa mazira awiri, ndipo yamphongo imamubweretsera chakudya, nthawi zina ndikusinthanitsa ndi chisa. Kugwedeza kumatenga masiku 50. Ndi mwana wakhanda m'modzi yekha amene amatsala m'mitengoyi. Wamkazi amateteza khama mwachangu, nthawi zambiri kumenya ngakhale mnzake, yemwe amabweretsa chakudya. Pambuyo pa milungu 11, phula loyera la anapiye limasinthidwa pang'ono ndi nthenga. Ndipo kuyambira masabata 15-16, anapiyewo ali kale kumapiko. Mwana wankhuku wouluka akupitilizabe kudalira makolo ake. Achichepere obadwira kummawa kwa Africa amapeza ufulu pambuyo pa anzawo ku South Africa.

(Polemaetus bellicosus)

Kugawidwa kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa ndipo sikumapezeka kumadera a nkhalango kumwera kwenikweni kwa South Africa. Imakhala m'nkhalango zotseguka, mitengo yotchingira mitengo, zitsamba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kunja kwa nkhalango. Popewa mvula zamvula zazikulu.

Kumbuyo, khosi ndi mapiko ndizolochedwa zofiirira zakuda, pomwe m'mimba mwayera ndi mawanga bulauni, omwe amatchulidwa kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna. Maso ndi achikaso. Chiwombankhanga chokhala pansi chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, ndipo mutu umakhala wofanana ndi zibwano zakuthwa. Minofu yamphamvu imawoneka pa chifuwa. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono komanso olemera kuposa amuna, omwe phindu lawo ndi akazi 75% okha. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 78 mpaka 96 cm, mapiko kuyambira 188 mpaka 227 cm, kulemera kwa 3-6.2 kg.

Chiwombankhanga cha nkhondo chimadya nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono zomwe zimapezeka pansi, mwachitsanzo, nkhuku zosiyanasiyana, nthiwatiwa zazing'ono, agulugufe, agulugufe, abuluzi am'madzi, abuluzi, amama, meerkat, njoka, abuluzi, abwanamkubwa, komanso zoweta nyama monga agalu, mbuzi ndi ana a nkhosa. Osanyalanyaza kudya ndi kudya mlendo. Imagawa nyama yambiri ndikuigulitsa kumtengo, komabe, ambiri mwa ozunzidwa amalemera mpaka 5 kg. Imasaka makamaka posunthira, imazungulira pamwamba pamtunda. Kuwona wovutikayo, modzidzimutsa pansi. Nthawi zina imafunafuna nyama, ikukhala pa nthambi yayitali. Mbalame, monga lamulo, zimagwira pansi ndikugwira pamtengo, koma nthawi zina zimatha kuzigwira zikuuluka.

Ziwombankhondo ziwiri za nkhondo zimakhala ndi magulu opitilira 1000 km². Awiriwa amakhala pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 50 kuchokera kunzake, komwe ndiko kutsika kokhazikika kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zonse padziko lapansi.

Nyengo yakukhwima imatenga mwezi wa Novembala mpaka Julayi ndipo imasiyanasiyana nthawi imeneyi kutengera kutengera kwina. Yaikazi imamanga chisa pafupifupi chokha. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka pa foloko munthambi kapena pachikona cha mtengo, mpaka mamita awiri ndi kutalika pafupifupi 1.5. Akamaliza chisa, mkaziyo amaikira dzira limodzi la beige ndi mabulangete a bulauni, omwe amalemera pafupifupi g g. kuyambira 6 mpaka 7 milungu. Pakatha miyezi itatu ndi theka, chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chimayamba kuyesa kuuluka, koma kwa kanthawi chimatsala pafupi ndi chisa cha kholo. Ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi iwiri, pamapeto pake amapeza manambala achikulire.

(Hieraaetus morphnoides)

Amagawidwa pafupifupi ku Australia ndi New Guinea. Kumakhala nkhalango zowala, nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kunja kwa nkhalango. Pewani nkhalango zowirira.

Chiwombankhanga chazitali ndi mbalame yothina yokhala ndi mutu waukulu. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 45-55, mapiko ngati 120 cm.Utoto umasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku kuwala mpaka pamtambo wakuda. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana mtundu, koma zazikazi ndizokulirapo.

Nyama yolusa iyi imadumphadumpha pansi pakusaka kapena kufunafuna nyama kuchokera kunthambi za mitengo kapena zitsamba. Amadyanso nyama zazing'ono, mbalame ndi zokwawa, kuphatikiza apo zimadya tizilombo tambiri komanso zovunda. Ndi kubwera kwa akalulu ku Australia, nthawi zambiri amakhala chakudya chochuluka kwambiri.

Chiwombankhanga cha ku Australia choikira chimakhazikitsa chisa chake korona wa mtengo wokhwima. Nthambi ndi burashi zimagwira ngati zakuthupi, thirayo imakhala ndi masamba obiriwira, nthawi zina imagwiritsa ntchito zisa za mbalame zina. Mazira, monga lamulo, amaikidwa kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, poyikidwa mazira 1-2. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi masiku 37. Chingwe chimadzimba pakatha milungu pafupifupi isanu ndi itatu.

(Hieraaetus ayresii)

Imagawidwa mowirikiza kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa: kuchokera ku Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast kum'mawa mpaka ku Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia ndi kumwera kumpoto kwa Angola ndi kumpoto chakumma kwa South Africa. M'nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'minda, nthawi zina mumapezeka mizinda. Mu nthawi yamvula, ziwombankhanga zambiri zimachoka m'nkhalango zowirira za Central Africa ndi kusamukira kumwera kumadera ena otseguka.

Kutalika konse kwa thupi ndi 46-55 cm, mapiko ndi pafupifupi masentimita 120, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi ndi 685-1045 g. Mkazi ndi wamkulu kuposa wamwamuna. Chiwombankhanga cha Aires hawk chimakhala ndi mchira wautali wamtambo, kachilala kakang'ono pamutu pake ndi mapiko ake. Thupi lakumtunda ndi lofiirira wakuda, khosi, chifuwa ndi m'mimba zoyera ndi timiyala tating'ono. Mitundu ya mbalame zazing'ono imakhala yodwala.

Pofunafuna chakudya, amakwera m'mwamba, komanso amatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali atakhala pa nthambi yamitengo. Kuwona wovutikayo, kuthamangira pansi. Streptopelia ndi nkhunda zimapanga gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake, zimadyanso mbalame zina ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono: agologolo, mbalame zamapiko, akalulu ndi mbewa.

Nyengo ya kubereka imachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, kutengera malo okhala. Chisa chimayika chisoti chachifumu cha mtengo waukulu, thonje limakhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Pali dzira limodzi mu clutch. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 35-43. Nkhuku zimachoka pachisa masiku 73-75.

(Hieraaetus wahlbergi)

Kugawidwa kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kulibe ku Horn of Africa kokha, ku Congo Basin komanso kumwera kotheratu kwa Africa. Ziwombankhanga zambiri za Walberg zimasamukira mtunda wautali, kusuntha kummwera mu Julayi - Seputembala komanso kumpoto mwezi wa February - March. Anthu ena amakhala ndi chithunzi cha moyo, kapena amayenda pandege zazing'ono pa equator. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotseguka, m'nkhalango zamatchi, m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa mitengo komanso m'minda, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi mitsinje. Pewani nkhalango zowirira ndi zipululu. Imachitika pamtunda wa 1800 mpaka 2800 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 53-61 masentimita, mapiko a 130-146 masentimita, kulemera kwa masentimita 437-845 g. Colours zimasiyanasiyana kuchokera pamtundu wamtundu wakuda, ndipo opepuka amapezekanso. Zovala zamkati zimachita imvi, maso ndi a bulauni, ma thunzi ndi sera ndi achikaso.

Amadyetsa makamaka abuluzi, njoka, makoswe ang'ono, opondera, agalu, mbalame zam'minda, zodyera, kadzidzi, anapiye a mbalame zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina amadya achule, kafadala, ziwala ndi chisa. Imayang'ana nyama yokhala ndi zowonjezera. Nsembeyo ndi yokwanira pansi, ngakhale nthawi zina amathamangitsa mbalame kuti ziziuluka.

Chiwombankhanga cha mbalame cha Walberg ndi mbalame yolowera. Kudera lonselo, nthawi yobereketsa imatha kuyambira mwezi wa Seputembala mpaka mwezi wa February, kum'mawa kwa Africa kuyambira Julayi mpaka Novembala. Chisa chimamangidwa mu korona wamtengo wamtali (baobab, acacia, eucalyptus) pamtunda wa 8-12 m pamwamba pa nthaka, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi posungira. M'litali mwake ndi masentimita 45-80 ndipo ndi 25-60 cm mwakuya; thireyi limakhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi loyera ndi madontho amdima. Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 44-48. Chingwe chomangira pa masiku 62-80.

(Hieraaetus pennatus)

Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, zisa m'mphepete mwa malire a Atlantic ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kuchokera ku Morris kum'mawa kupita ku Tunisia, osakumana kumwera kwa High Atlas ndi zigawo zapakati pa Tunisia.Ku Europe, malo ake ndi osakanikirana; anthu ambiri amakhala ku Iberian Peninsula ndi m'chigawo chapakati cha France kumpoto kwa Ardennes. Zisa zodzipatula zimapezeka ku Greece, Northern Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Moldova, Belarus ndi Ukraine. Pa gawo la Russia, imakhala m'malo awiri okhaokha - kumadzulo kumadzulo kwa Europe kumadera a Tula ndi Tambov, kum'mawa ku Altai, Tuva, Baikal ndi Transbaikalia. Kumwera kwa malire a Russia kumakhala zisa ku Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Northeast Mongolia ndi Northern India. Pomaliza, kuli anthu ena okhala ku Cape komanso mwina Namibia kumwera kwa Africa.

Kuchuluka kwa India, kumpoto kwa Pakistan ndi zilumba za Balearic ndikungokhala, zina zonse ndizosamuka. Ambiri a mbalame zaku Europe amapita ku sub-Saharan Africa, makamaka ku savannah ndi nkhalango-steppe. Anthu ena amakhalabe kumwera kwa Europe, makamaka ku Mallorca, komanso ku North Africa ndi Middle East. Anthu akum'mawa amasamukira ku Indian subcontinent. Popewa malo otseguka panyanja, amakonda kudutsa zotchinga madzi m'mphepete zopondera - Gibraltar ndi Bosphorus. M'madera ambiri, kuwuluka mu September, kubwerera mu March kapena April. M'mwezi wa Marichi, mbalame zokhala kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Africa zimasunthira kumpoto kwa Cape ndi Namibia, ndikubwerera kumalo awo okhalamo mu Ogasiti.

Munthawi ya chisa, imakhala kum'mwera kwa nkhalango, nkhalangoyi ndi malo otetezedwa, pomwe imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, zomwe sizimapezeka nthawi zambiri koma zotumphukira. Imapezeka pachidikha, koma nthawi zambiri imakonda malo opanda phokoso komanso mapiri okhala ndi masamba kapena zitsamba zazing'ono, pomwe imakwera mpaka 3000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Malo abwino okonzera zinyalala ndi nkhalango youma kwambiri yomwe ili kumapiri. Panalibe nkhalango zazikulu, amasankha timagulu tating'ono kwambiri tamitengo italiitali, nthawi zambiri pamphepete mwa ma swamp, malo otsetsereka kapena madambo osefukira. Ku South Africa, umalumikizidwa ndi mapiri oyima okhaokha - anthu akunja, komanso Karru Plateau, komwe umakhala pakati pa zitsamba zazitali ndi mitengo yopindika. M'nyengo yozizira, amasankha zofananira, makamaka savannah ndi nkhalango yotsika.

Chiwombankhanga chakuchepa kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa thupi chimafanana ndi zazing'ono, komabe chikuwoneka ngati chiwombankhanga. Chifukwa chala chachisanu ndi chimodzi (nsikidzi zili ndi zisanu), mapewa amawoneka ochulukirapo komanso amakula. Kuuluka kwawo ndikufanana kwambiri ndi kuwuluka kwa chiwombankhanga china - pamzere wowongoka, ndikuuluka mwachangu komanso kuthamanga. Mukamagwedezeka, kutsogolo kwa phiko kumapindika pang'ono, ngati ma kite - mbali yakumanjako imayang'anitsidwa kutsogolo ndipo mbali yakumanjayo imayang'anidwira kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso lisatseguke kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake konse, kusiyana kwa chiwombankhanga wamba ndi mapiko ochepera ndi mchira wautali kwambiri.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 45-53, mapiko ndi apakati 100 mpaka 132, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 500 mpaka 1300 g. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna, komabe, siosiyana ndi iwo. Mchira wochokera pansi nthawi zonse umakhala wopepuka komanso wopanda mikwingwirima yopingasa. Mlomo, monga ziwombankhanga zina, ndi waufupi, wowuma mwamphamvu, wakuda. Sera ndi zala zachikasu, zibwano ndi zakuda. Chiwonetserochi chimakhala ndi zala. Mtundu, pali mitundu iwiri, yotchedwa "morphs" - yamdima ndi yowala, ndipo kuwala kumakhala kofala. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira ziwombankhanga zamtundu wowala, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina: zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nsonga ya bulauni komanso pansi loyera (mapira amdima amapangidwa pachifuwa ndi kuzungulira maso), mapiko oyera oyera kumapeto kwake ndi mapiko akuda. Mphungu za morph zakuda zimakhala zofiirira pamtunda pansipa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tenti wagolide kapena pabuka pamutu, nthawi zambiri chiwombankhanga. Mbalamezi ndi zofanana pakhungu ndi zilombo zina zazitali zamkati, makamaka kambuku wamba ndi kite wakuda.Zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi chiwombankhanga chazikulu kwambiri ndi mutu waukulu, mulomo wamphamvu komanso pafupifupi wamawonekedwe amiyendo ndi miyendo yolimba.

Miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zala zazitali zolimba, mlomo wamphamvu wam'mapiko ndi mapiko opapatiza amalola chiwombankhanga chocheperako kusaka chachikulu mokwanira, mpaka pa kalulu, ndi masewera othamanga. Chakudya ndicho chosiyana kwambiri, kudzipereka posaka nyama imodzi kapena gulu lina kutengera nyama. Imagwira mbalame zazing'ono zazing'onoting'ono pansi komanso pa ntchentche - maula, mpheta, mphaka, mikanda yakuda, kamvuluvulu, nkhunda, chimanga ndi zina, ndikuwononganso zisa zawo. M'madera ouma, abuluzi - abuluzi, geckos, njoka - amapanga gawo lalikulu. Imapha njoka zapoizoni ndi mlomo umodzi kumutu, komabe, ku Asia ndi Africa komwe kuli kotentha, pali milandu ya kufa kapena kutayika kwa masoka ndi njoka. Kuchokera kwa zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa zimayang'anira pa maula ang'onoang'ono, agologolo pansi, makoswe, mbewa ndi makoswe ena. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sathandiza kwenikweni pakudya, koma nthawi zina gawo lawo limatha kufikira 20% ya kuchuluka - mwachitsanzo, chonde ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe amakonda kwambiri nthawi yozizira. Nthawi zina imayang'anira nyama yomwe yabisalira, itakhala pa nthambi pamphepete, kapena, monga goshawk, imawuluka mwachangu pakati pamitengo yopanda kumtunda, ndikuwopseza amene angayigwire. Nthawi zina chimasaka pamalo otseguka kuchokera kutalika kwakukulu, koma sikawonjezeka. Atazindikira nyama, imatsika mpaka 20-30 m, kenako mwadzidzidzi pansi. Wogwiridwayo amamenya ndi ndodo zakuthwa, ndikusankha ziwalo zosafunikira kwambiri - thupi kapena khosi.

Zikuwoneka kuti, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimabwereranso kumalo omwe zinakhala kale. Maanja amabisala padera, koma kasupe amakumananso pansi pachaka. Pakubwerera, anyamatawa amakhala ngati akuwonetsa - akukwera kutalika kwa 500-800 mamita m'malo ozungulira, ndikulowera kwa mphindi zingapo ndikugwa mapiko awo atakulungidwa, pambuyo pake amabweranso m'mwamba, nthawi zina kumachita chiuno chakufa. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zimachita phokoso, kutulutsa chiwombankhanga. Nthata za nthambi ndi nthambi zimapangidwa m'nkhalangoyi pafupi ndi malo, pansonga yopondera, pomwepo nthambi yaying'ono yamtengo pamtunda wa 5-18 mamita kuchokera pansi.

Chisa chake ndi chachikulu komanso chokhala ndi thireyi - chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 70-100 masentimita ndi kuya kwa masentimita 5 mpaka 10. Onse awiriwa amatenga izi ndikuziyika, zomangidwazo zomangiridwazo zimalembedwa ndi singano za paini ndi udzu wouma chaka chatha. Kuphatikiza apo, monga njuchi, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimawonjezera masamba obiriwira achisa. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo mwa chisa chatsopano, zisa zakale za mbalame zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dzira limodzi kapena awiri amaikidwa pakati pa Epulo - kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Mazira amakhala oyera, nthawi zina amakhala ndi kuwala pang'ono kapena kutuwa pang'ono, wokhala ndi bulauni kapena buffy. Kumaswa kumayamba ndi dzira loyamba; wamkazi amakhala makamaka kwa masiku 36- 38. Ming'oma pakukola imakutidwa ndi ntchafu yoyera, yokhala ndi sera yachikaso ndi miyendo, utawaleza wamtambo. Nthawi yoyamba kusamala, mkaziyo amakhalabe mu chisa, akuwotcha mbewu, pomwe yamphongo ikuchita nawo chakudya. Chakumapeto kwa Julayi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, azaka za pakati pa 50-60, anapiye omwe adathawa amachoka mu chisa, komabe, amakhala pafupi nawo kwa masiku angapo. Ana amasamba mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, pambuyo pake mbalame zazing'ono zoyambirira komanso pambuyo pa masabata awiri mbalame zazikulu zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu.

(Lophotriorchis kienerii)

Imakhala m'malo otentha a Indomalai zone. Malo omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri akutali amatenga gawo lachi Indian, Indochina, Malaysia, Western Indonesia ndi Philippines. Mbalame zimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, zobiriwira nthawi zonse.

Uwu ndi chiwombankhanga chotalika 46 mpaka 61 masentimita ndi mapiko a masentimita 105-140. Mapikowo ndi opapatiza, owongoka pang'ono. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wozungulira pang'ono. Zala ndi zikhadabo ndizitali. Mu mbalame zazikulu, thupi lonse lakumaso ndi lakuda, kuphatikiza mbali za mutu mpaka kutalika kwa maso. Chibwano, mmero ndi chotupa ndi zoyera. Thupi lotsikirako, komanso miyendo ndi mapindikidwe am'mapiko ndi ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda.Kunja kwa mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pamutu pali kachitsotso kakang'ono. Miyendo yake ndiyambiri zala zala. Mlomo wakuda, iris wamaso ndi wakuda. Chiwopsezo ndi zala zake zachikasu, zibwano ndi zakuda. Kugonana kwamanyazi sikunafotokozeredwe. Kukula kwa amuna kumakhala pafupifupi 81% ya kukula kwa akazi.

Maziko a chakudya ndi mbalame zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono zazikazi. Nthawi zambiri nyama yodyera nyama imakonda kukhala ndi nyama zakuda, nkhalango ndi nkhuku zoweta, phala, ma shaki, nkhunda zobiriwira, nkhunda zapakhomo, mbalame zausodzi ndi agologolo. Pofufuza chakudya, nthawi zambiri chimadumphira pamwamba pamtondo. Ataona nyama, imakhazikika pansi ndikuigwira, nkuthawa mtengo kapena pansi.

Chiwombankhanga chotchedwa Indian Hawk chimamanga kuchokera ku nthambi chisa chachikulu ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka 1.2 m ndi kutalika kwa 60 cm, thireyi limakhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Pa chisa, amasankha mtengo wawukulu, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda, kuchokera 25 mpaka 30. Pali dzira limodzi mu clutch, lomwe makolo onse awiri amawaswa.

(Achila fasciata)

Kugawidwa kumalo otentha ndi madera akum'mawa kwa kummawa: kum'mwera kwa Europe, Africa (kupatula Sahara), Anterior, Central ndi South Asia, pa Zilumba Zapang'ono za Sunda. Pochulukirapo, imapezeka kawirikawiri ku Central Asia kuchokera ku Turkmenistan ndi Tajikistan kumwera kupita kumapiri a Karatau kumpoto. Ziwombankhanga za mtundu wa Hawk zimakhala kumapiri a mapiri komanso mapiri okutidwa ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba.

Mapiko kutalika kwa 46 mpaka 55 masentimita, kutalika konse 65-75 masentimita, kulemera makilogalamu 1.5-2,5. Makongoletsedwe a mbalame zachikulire ku dorsal mbali ndi yakuda bii, mchira wake ndi imvi ndi mawonekedwe amdima akuda. Mbali yam'mphepete mwa chiwombankhanga imakhala yotuwa kapena yoyera yokhala ndi timiyala tating'ono takuda ndi timiyendo tosanjika chakumaso pa nthenga za tibia ndi osakhulupirika. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zazovala zoyambirira pachaka zokhala ndi mbali yamkati zimakhala zofiirira ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa pakatikati ndi pachifuwa, pamutu ndi khosi pamakhala timiyala tofiira. Utawaleza wachikaso mu akulu, wotumbululuka bulauni. Bill ndi wakhungu lakuda, zibwano zake ndi zakuda, nthenga ndi ma thunzi achikasu. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna.

Amadyetsa zazikazi zazing'onoting'ono ndi mbalame - mahatchi, akalulu, gawo laimvi ndi miyala, njiwa zamtchire, akhwangwala (jackdaws), ndi zina zambiri.

Chiwombankhanga sichimakhala m'matanthwe, otsika, kumapiri opanda kanthu. Pafupi ndi chisa sichilekezera oyandikana nawo osati oyimira ena amtundu womwewo, koma palibe mbalame ina iliyonse yodyedwa. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Januware mpaka pakati pa Epulo nthawi zambiri kumayikira mazira 2 (kawirikawiri 1 kapena 3). Kubwatula, komwe kumatenga masiku 40, kumachitika mosinthana ndi kwamphongo ndi wamkazi, ndipo mbalamezo nthawi zambiri zimatembenuza mazira ndi mulomo wawo, kusiya masamba awo pansi. Wamng'ono amakhala ndi mapiko ali ndi zaka 60-65 masiku. Maubale omwe ali pabanja amakhala olimba kwambiri, ndipo amatha kukhala limodzi moyo wawo wonse. Pokhala pafupi ndi chisa, abwenzi awiri alumphira pansi, akuchita ziwonetsero zina, akusewera mlengalenga.

(Akula africana)

Adagawidwa ku West ndi West Central Africa kuchokera ku Sierra Leone ndi Liberia kupita ku Uganda, Zaire ndi North-West Angola. Imakhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zojambula pamtunda pamalo okwera mpaka 2300 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-61 masentimita, ndipo misa ndi 0,9-1.2 kg. Thupi lakumtunda ndi lofiirira, thupi lam'munsi ndiloyera, miyendo ndiyoyera ndi mawanga akuda, mchirawo uli ndi mikwingwirima itatu. Maso ndi ofiira, achikasu ndi otumbululuka chikasu, zibwano ndi mulomo ndi zakuda.

(Akula spilogaster)

Kugawidwa ku Africa kuchokera ku Senegal ndi Gambia kum'mawa mpaka ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia komanso kumwera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa South Africa. Chimakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'nkhalango, mumakonda malo omwe kuli miyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Zimalepheretsa nkhalango zowondana komanso zowirira, komanso madera ouma a South-West Africa. Imakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ngakhale nthawi zina imawoneka 3,000 m.

Kutalika kwa thupi 55-65 masentimita, mapiko a masamba 130-160 masentimita, amuna kulemera kwa 1.1-1.4 makilogalamu, zazikazi 1.4-11.75 makilogalamu.

Imadyanso mbalame zazikulu (mbalame zakutchire, turuchi), ndipo imadyanso zokwawa ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono. Imayang'ana nyama, yoyenda mlengalenga kapena kukhala panthambi ya mtengo. Wovutitsidwa atha kugwidwa pansi ndikuthawa.

Izi ndi mbalame zodumphitsa. Chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa chimamanga chisa kuchokera kumaudzu opendekera mtengo wamtali, nthawi zina pamiyala ndipo ngakhale pamitengo yamagetsi, ndimagwiritsanso ntchito zisa za mbalame zina. Pazitseko za chisa pali pafupifupi mita 1. Mu clutch 1-2 mazira. Kumpoto kwa equator, zomangamanga zimachitika mu Okutobala - Marichi, kum'mwera kwa Epulo - Januware. Makulidwe obisika amatenga masiku a 43-44, makolo onse awiri amalowetsa mazira. Ming'alu imachoka pachisa ngati masiku 73, ndikuyima pawokha patatha miyezi itatu.

(Akula chrysaetos)

Adagawidwa mowonjezeka mozungulira kuzungulira Holarctic yonse. Ku North America, imakhala pachilumba chakumadzulo kwa Africa kuchokera ku Brooks Range ku Alaska kumwera kumadera a Mexico, komanso kum'mawa kwa Canada ndi USA. Kumpoto kwa Africa, kumakhala malo kuchokera ku Morocco kummawa kupita ku Tunisia, komanso kugombe la Red Sea. Ku Europe, malo omwe amakhala ndi mapangidwe ake ndi amitundu, makamaka omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi madera akumapiri kum'mwera ndi pakati, Scotland, Northern Scandinavia, Caucasus, Turkey (kuphatikiza gawo la Asia), komanso zigawo za Belarus, Ukraine, mayiko a Baltic ndi Russia. Imapezeka kuzilumba za panyanja ya Mediterranean - Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sisili ndi Krete. Ku Asia, imafalikira kumwera kudera la Sinai Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, malo otsetsereka a Himalayas, mapiri kumpoto kwa Myanmar ndi dera la China la Yunnan. Kuphatikiza apo, imakhala pachilumba cha Japan cha Honshu komanso mwina Hokkaido ndi Shikoku. Zimapezeka pafupifupi kudera lonse la nkhalango ku Russia (kupatula nkhalango ya tundra ndi dera la Amur).

Amakhala ndi moyo wongokhala. Kukhonde lakumpoto kwa mtunduwo (pafupifupi kumpoto kwa 55th) ku Russia ndi North America, pomwe masewera, omwe mbalame zimasaka (mwachitsanzo, marmoti) hibernate, ena a chiwombankhanga chagolide amasamukira kumwera nthawi yozizira, komabe otsalira pakati pa malo okhala nesting kapena pafupi nawo. Mbalame zazing'ono sizizolowera kuyenda mtunda wautali, zimawuluka kale kuposa ena komanso mtunda wawutali. Mbidzi zazikulu zimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi malo odyera ndipo, ngati zingafunike, zimangoyenda kumwera. M'mapiri, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhazikika mosadukaduka, zimatsikira zigwa zazing'ono kwambiri nyengo yozizira. Ku North America, kusamuka kwa nthawi yophukira kumayambira mu Seputembala, kubwerera kumalo osungirako koyambirira kwa February komanso pambuyo pake.

Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana otseguka komanso osatseguka omwe anthu samapitako, kuphatikiza tundra, tundra wamtchire, malo ophimbidwa ndi zitsamba, mitengo italiitali ya nkhalango komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi malo otseguka, mapiri a steppe, mapiri apakati. Kuchulukana kwakukulu kwambiri kumakhala m'malo a mapiri ndi mapiri, pomwe nthawi ya chisa imapezeka m'mapiri a pakati komanso mapiri a alpine pamtunda wa mpaka 3600 m pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nkhalango zowoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri amasankha "zisumbu" zobzalidwa ndi mitengo yamatanda pakati pa mapiko a sphagnum, malo otsetsereka a zigwa. Kuti amange chisa ndikupuma, amasankha miyala yamiyala kapena mitengo yayikulu yokhala ndi nthambi zokulira. Malo odyetserako zakudya ali mkati mwa makilomita 7 kuchokera ku chisa - monga lamulo, awa ndi malo otseguka okhala ndi ma sere, makoswe ndi masewera ena oyenera - mwachitsanzo, madambo, zigwa za mitsinje, malo owotchera, malo otenthedwa, moorlands ndi msipu. M'nkhalango yowirira, chiwombankhanga chagolide sichisaka - mapiko otambalala samalola kuyendetsa pakati pa mitengo.

Chiwombankhanga chachikulu komanso champhamvu - kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 76993, mapiko a sentimita 180-240. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna, kulemera kwawo kumasiyana kuyambira 3,8 mpaka 6.7 kg, pomwe amuna amachokera ku 2.8 mpaka 4,6 kg. Mlomo nthawi zambiri umakhala madzi am'madzi: okwera komanso pambuyo pake opindika, osungunuka pansi.Nthenga pakhosi ndizolowera - chizindikiro chimapezekanso m'manda. Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo komanso mulifupi, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumunsi ndi kumbuyo kwa chala, kotero kuti mukamayendayenda, kumbuyo kwake kwa mapiko kumawoneka kolowera ngati chilembo cha Chilatini S, mawonekedwewa amatchulidwa kwambiri mu mbalame zazing'ono. Mchirawo umakhala wozungulira pang'ono komanso wautali kuposa wa mphungu zina. Ikamagwedezeka, mbalameyo imayang'ana kutsogolo nthenga ngati chala. Utoto wamitundu yambiri umakhala wamtundu wakuda mpaka woderapo wakuda wokhala nthenga zagolide kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi. Zipinda zonse ziwiri ndizopakidwa chimodzimodzi. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi akulu, koma zimawoneka ndi maonekedwe akuda kwambiri (pafupifupi akuda mchaka choyamba) ndipo zimakhala ndi mawanga oyera "kumbali yakum'munsi ndi kumapeto kwa phiko, komanso mchira wopepuka wokhala ndi mzere wakuda m'mphepete. Chovala chomaliza chodzaza chimapezeka ndi zaka 4-6, pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa ult uliwonse uzitenga mawonekedwe okalamba. Maso ndi a bulauni, mulomo ndi wakuda, nthenga ndi miyendo yake ndi chikaso. Mukamagwedeza, anapiyewo amaphimbidwa ndi zoyera ndi utoto wokuyera, womwe kenako umayatsidwa ndi oyera oyera. Matanga ndi amphamvu, okhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu kwambiri, ngati za chiwombankhanga china chokhala ndi zala. Kusungunuka pambuyo pa post-nuparti kumakulitsidwa kuyambira pa Marichi-Epulo mpaka Seputembala, ndipo nthenga zina sizisintha chaka chilichonse.

Imasaka masewera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza yayikulu, yosinthika mosavuta ndi mderalo komanso nthawi zina pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, marmoti, agologolo pansi, mavu, nseru, skunks, akamba amagwiritsa ntchito zakudya (mwachitsanzo, ku Bulgaria, turtles zimafikira 20% ya chakudya). Nthawi zina imagwira nyama zomwe zimapambana kuposa izo kulemera ndi kukula kwake, makamaka odwala kapena ana amuna - agwape ofiira, agwape, chamois, nkhosa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mbalame - njiwa zamtambo, grouse wamtchi, grouse wakuda, phala, zinziri, abakha, herons, atsekwe oweta, kadzidzi komanso nkhumba zina. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, njoka, achule ndi nyama zina zapamwamba ndi zakudya zam'mwera zimadya. Amadya zovomerezeka, makamaka nyengo yozizira.

Kunja kwa nthawi ya kuswana, nthawi zambiri imasaka awiriawiri. Njira zopangira chakudya zimadalira kwambiri nyengo. Patsiku lowala bwino, chiwombankhanga chagolide nthawi zambiri chimakwera kumwamba kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kumachita ngati goshawk pamalo otsika. Njira inanso yosakira imakhala yofanana ndi tsiku lamvula - kuchokera pagalu, pomwe mbalame imayang'anitsitsa mosazungulira kuzungulira mtengo wakufa kapena mtengo waukulu. Ikazindikira kuti ikhoza kudya nyama, chiwombankhanga chimathamanga ndikuuluka komanso kuiwuluka ndi mapiko osongoka pang'ono, ndikuigwira pansi kapena, mbalame, nthawi zina ikamanyamuka. Njira yolanda ndi kupha nyama imasiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga chagolide chomwe chimakhazikika m'mutu, ndipo chachiwiri kumbuyo, kuyesera kuthyathyola msana. Nthawi zina masewerawo amasula khosi ndi mulomo wakuthwa, kuthyola zombo zazikulu. Chinyama chachikulu, cholimbana ndi nkhonya chimakankhana kangapo, ndikuyigwira kumbuyo ndi mapiko.

Monga lamulo, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimayamba kubereka kuyambira wazaka zinayi kapena zisanu, nthawi zina ngakhale chisanachitike chovala nthenga zokulira. Pokhala mbalame yodziwika bwino kwambiri, chiwombankhanga sichimakwatirana kwazaka zambiri pomwe chiwalo china chili ndi moyo. Ngati mbalamezo sizisokonezeka, ndiye kuti malo omwewo amakhazikika zaka zingapo motsatana, pomwe champhongo ndi chachikazi chimaziteteza kwa adani ena okhala ndi zipatso chaka chonse ndikuyesetsa kuti zisachoke ngakhale nthawi yozizira.

Nthawi yakukhwima, kutengera kutalika ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhazikika, imayamba pakati pa febuluni ndi Epulo. Pakadali pano, mbalame zonse ziwiri za awiriwa zimachita ziwonetsero - zimachita zosiyanasiyana mlengalenga. Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri chimadziwika kuti ndi "garland", chodziwika bwino cha chiwombankhanga ndi ma buzzards, ndege ya wavy yokhala ndi matalikidwe akulu, omwe amatha kuchitidwa ndi mamembala awiri kapena awiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakula ndipo chimasweka kwambiri.Potsikira, mbalame imasinthira mwanjira yomwe ikuyenda ndikuthamangira kumtunda wam'mbuyo momwe ikuyang'ana. Pamalo apamwamba, kuthawa kuthamanga, kumapangitsa mapiko angapo okhala ndi mapiko ndi kutsekemera kachiwiri, kubwereza kutembenukira kwapita. Ziwerengero zina zachiwonetsero zikuthamangitsa wina ndi mzake, kunamizira kuwukira, kuwonetsa zibwano, kulumikizana molumikizana komanso kupindika pakati.

Ntchito yomanga ndi kukonza zisa m'magulu a chiwombankhanga chagolide imatha kupitilira chaka chonse, koma chiwonetsero cha ntchito, monga lamulo, chikugwera nthawi kuyambira kumapeto kwa Januware mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Gulu lirilonse limatha kukhala ndi zisa mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri, zogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana, koma kuchuluka kwake sikupitirira awiri kapena atatu. Nthawi zambiri zisa sizokhala zakale, koma zachikale - izi zitha kuweruzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mafupa omwe amakhalabe pansi pawo. Chaka chilichonse, nyumbazi zimasinthidwa ndikumalizidwa. Komwe kuli chisa ndi foloko pamtengo kapena nthambi yayikulu ya mtengo, mwala wamiyala kapena chimanga, nthawi zina nyumba yopanga nyumba (nsanja ya geodetic, chingwe cholimba kwambiri, makina amphepo, ndi zina). Kusankhaku kumasiyana malinga ndi dera lomwe akukhalamo - mwachitsanzo, m'malo ambiri a Russia (kupatula madera akumapiri kumwera kwa dziko), ma conifers akuluakulu amasankhidwa. KuEurasia, paini ndi larch zambiri zimalamulira, koma pamakhalanso mitengo ya mkungudza, aspen, birch kapena spruce. Ku America, pseudo-tsuga ndi pine wachikaso kwambiri. Pamtengo, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimafunikira malo ocheperako kuti athe kuyandikira - m'nkhalangozi imatha kukhala njira yomata, msewu wakale, dambo, phiri, kunja kwa dambo. Chofunikira chinanso ndikutetezedwa ku mphepo zamphamvu ndi kuwunika kwa dzuwa, komwe kungasokoneze kukula kwa ana. Mtunda kuchokera pachisa kupita pamwamba pa dziko lapansi zilibe kanthu (milandu kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 107 m imadziwika), ngati sichitha kupezeka ndi malo akuluakulu okhala ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira kapena wolverine. Pofalikira pamitengo, chisa chimakonda kukhala m'munsi kapena chapakati pa korona pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 18 m, pomwe nthambi zake zimakhala zokulirapo komanso zolimba kuti zithandizire kulemera kwa nyumbayo ndi mbalame. Zoyala zopangidwa ndi mfundo zolimba pamenepa ndi zazikulu kwambiri - mainchesi 1-2 m ndi kutalika kwa 0,5-1.9 m Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yofananira, chiwombankhanga chagolide nthawi zonse chimagundana ndi udzu wa chaka chatha, makungwa ndi zidutswa za moss, ndipo m'mphepete mwa chisa ndi nthambi zobiriwira za conifers kapena, zochepa, mitengo yowoneka bwino ndi zitsamba. Nthenga ndi ubweya wa nyama zakufa, zomwe zimagwira ngati mtundu wa zinyalala, zitha kupezekanso mu chisa. Chisa chimasungidwa choyera - kukongoletsa kwatsopano sikungoyambira kuyikira mazira, komanso kumapitilira nyengo yakubereka mpaka anapiye atawuluka. Chaka chilichonse, chisa chimasinthidwa ndikumalizidwa, pang'onopang'ono chikukula. Pakati pa nthambi zazingwe za chisa zitha kukhalamo, pomwe ziwombankhanga zagolide siziganizira.

Nthawi yodzala ndi mazira imakulitsidwa malinga ndi malo odyera - kuchokera hafu yoyamba ya Disembala ku Oman mpaka pakati pa Juni kumpoto kwa Alaska ndi Siberia. Mu ma clutch 1-3 (nthawi zambiri 2) mazira, omwe mkazi amayikira ndi nthawi 3-4. Amakhala oyera pamtundu, wokhala ndi zofiirira kapena zofiirira komanso zolimba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zosiyana kwambiri ndi maliro. Kumaswa kumayambira dzira loyamba ndipo kumatenga masiku 40-45. Yaikazi imakhala gawo lalikulu, pomwe nthawi zina imasinthidwa mwachidule ndi yamphongo. Chophimbidwa ndi zoyera ndi duwa loyera la pansi, anapiye amabadwa munthawi yomweyo momwe mazira amayikira - ndi masiku angapo. Nthawi yomweyo, woyamba kubadwa, yemwe amachita mwankhanza kwa abale ndi alongo achichepere, ali ndi mwayi wopulumuka - amawachotsa, amawachotsa komanso amawaletsa kudya. Nthawi yomweyo, makolo amakhala opanda chidwi ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Zotsatira zake, 50-80% ya ana oyamba kubadwa amafa milungu iwiri yoyambirira.Ngakhale anapiyewo ndi ochepa komanso osathandiza, amphongo amadzidalira nawonso amabwera ndi chisa, pomwe chachikazi chimawotha ndikudyetsa ana, ndikuphwanya nyama. Anapiyewo akangokulira ndikuyamba kupukutira chakudya chawochawo ,ikazi nayonso imawulukira kukasaka. Ali ndi zaka 65-80 masiku, chiwombankhanga chimakwera phiko, koma chimakhala nthawi yayitali mkati mwa malo odyera. Kutalika kwambiri kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide pafupifupi zaka 23, kotero kuti ngakhale atakhala ochepa, anthu amakhalabe okhazikika. M'badwo wotchuka kwambiri kuthengo ku Europe adalembedwa ku Sweden - zaka zoposa 32. Mu malo osungira nyama, chiwombankhanga chagolide amakhala zaka 50.

(Akula heliaca)

Mbalame yocheperako, yaying'ono. Imakhala m'chipululu, steppe, nkhalango zowirira komanso kum'mwera kwa nkhalango ya Eurasia kuyambira ku Austria, Slovakia ndi Serbia kummawa mpaka ku chigwa cha Barguzin, pakati pa mapiri a Vitim ndi chigwa cha Onon. Chiwerengero chonse cha ku Europe sichichulukirapo 950, woposa theka laiwo, kuyambira 430 mpaka 680 (chidziwitso cha 2001) chisa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Oposa khumi adalembedwa ku Bulgaria, Hungary, Georgia, Macedonia, Slovakia, ndi Ukraine, ndi chisa chochepa chabe m'maiko angapo a Central ndi Eastern Europe. Ku Asia, kunja kwa Russia kumakhala chisa ku Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Iran, mwina Afghanistan, North-West India ndi North Mongolia. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mtundu wosamukasamuka kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Mbalame zachikulire zochokera ku Central Europe, Dera la Balkan, Asia Minor ndi Caucasus zimangokhala nthawi yayitali, pomwe achinyamata amasamukira kumwera. M'madera akum'mawa ochulukirapo, mbalame zina zimakhalabe m'malo opondera, koma zimangoyang'ana kum'mwera. Ena onse amapita kumwera - ku Turkey, Israeli, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India, Laos ndi Vietnam. Ku Africa, anthu amafikira ku Kenya. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizo zinali zoyambirira kuchoka m'malo odyeramo mu Ogasiti ndipo, monga lamulo, chisanu m'malo otsika. Kuchulukaku kumawulukira kumwera kuyambira pakati pa Seputembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala ndipo amabwerera theka loyambirira la Epulo.

Poyamba, mbalame ya malo otetemera, m'malo ambiri chifukwa chofunafuna ndi kulima malo, idadzaza m'mapiri - malo omwe ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chagolide. Malo okhala zisautso zazikulu ndi maponda, mapiri, nkhwangwa, koma osatseguka kwathunthu, ngati chiwombankhanga, koma ndi mitengo yayitali kapena zisumbu zazitali. Pakati ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe, imakhala m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka mpaka 1000 m, komanso malo ometera ndi malo olima omwe ali ndi mitengo yayitali kapena nsanja zopatsira mphamvu. M'mphepete mwa Dnieper ndi Don amakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, kudula mitengo kale, kuwotcha. Dera la Ciscaucasia ndi dera la Volga, limakhala m'malo otetezeka komanso opanda chipululu, komanso nkhalango, komwe limakonda malo opanda mpumulo - zigwa za mitsinje, malo otsetsereka, mitsinje. Anthu ambiri akum'mawa amasankha nkhalango zachikhalidwe, mapiri ndi malo owoneka achipululu okhala ndi mitengo yamitengo, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. M'malo achisanu nthawi yachisanu amasankha ma biotopu ofanana, komabe, okhudzana ndi matupi amadzi.

Mbalame yayikulu yakudya yomwe ili ndi mapiko aatali komanso mchira wautali, wowongoka. Kutalika kwa 72-84 masentimita, mapiko a mapiko a 180-215 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.4-4,5. Nthawi zambiri, manda ake amafananizidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, chifukwa mbalame zonse zimagwirizana komanso zimafanana, ndipo magawo ake amakhala mosiyanasiyana. Manda ake ndiocheperako pang'ono, ali ndi mchira wamfupi komanso wocheperako, ndipo woderapo, pafupifupi maonekedwe akuda aunyinji nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide. Komabe, ngati chomeracho chakweza nthenga pakhosi lachikasu, ndiye kuti maliro ake ndi opepuka - udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, mawanga oyera - "epauleuits" amatha kupangidwa pamapewa.Mu mbalame zazikulu, mbalame zazikulu zoyambirira zimakhala zakuda pamtunda, zofiirira pansipa zokhala ndi timizeremizere tofiirira m'munsi mwa zitsulo zamkati. Zocheperapo pamwambapa ndi zofiirira zakuda, kuchokera pansi pofiirira mpaka bulawuni wakuda, komanso ndi bandi yolankhulidwa pang'ono. Mapiko okutira kuchokera pansi kumbuyo kwa mapiko a ntchentche amawoneka akuda kwambiri, akuda bii. Mchirawo uli ndi mawonekedwe a nsangalabwi, kuphatikiza miyala yakuda ndi imvi. Manda amapeza chovala chomaliza chokhacho pofika zaka 6-7. Mbalame zakubadwa zaka zambiri ndizopepuka - zambiri zopepuka zowoneka ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso mbalame zofiirira zakuda. M'zaka zotsatila, maula amada kwambiri mpaka matayala amadzala. Utawaleza ndiwotuwa kapena wachikasu, kapena utoto wonenepa, chikwangwani chimakhala chamaso ndipo chakuda pamwamba. Makwinya, kuwuma pakamwa ndi miyendo yachikasu, kumawoneka wakuda bii. Kuuluka, nthenga kumapeto kwa mapiko ndi zokhala ngati chala, kuuluka kwa mbalameyo kukukwera, pang'onopang'ono.

Zimagwira makamaka zazinyama zazing'ono komanso zapakati - agologolo pansi, mbewa zam'munda, hamsters, ma voles am'madzi, mimbulu yaing'ono ndi marmot, komanso grouse ndi corvidae. Kaloti amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'zakudya - makamaka kumayambiriro kwa masika, pomwe makoswe akadali obisalira, ndipo mbalame sizinabwerere nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi imeneyi, ziwombankhanga zimawuluka mwapadera kuzungulira malo komwe nyama zomwe zagonja nthawi yachisanu zimatha kupezeka. Mtembo wa nkhosa, wosavomerezeka, kapena galu amatha kupatsa mbalame chakudya kwa masiku angapo. Nthawi zina, amadya achule ndi akamba. Monga lamulo, kudya nyama kumakhala kokwanira kuchokera padziko lapansi, ndipo nthawi zonse mbalame zikauluka. Pofufuza chakudya, amawuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kumwamba kapena kwa olondera, atakhala pa dais.

Tsamba limodzalo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza kwa zaka zambiri. Ziwombankhanga zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakonza zisa pamtengo pamtunda wa 10-25 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka. Popanda kukhalapo, zimatha kukhala pakati pa nthambi za chitsamba chotsika kwambiri, monga caragana, kapena kawirikawiri pamwala wawung'ono. Imakonda pine, larch, popula, birch, zomwe sizikhala ndi zambiri paphiri la oak, alder kapena aspen. Mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, momwe chisa chake nthawi zambiri chimakhala pakatikati pa korona, manda ake nthawi zambiri amasankha kumtunda kwake, pafupifupi pamwamba. M'malo okhala ndi mphepo yamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, ku Minusinsk kuvuta kum'mwera kwa Siberia) kapena komwe malo a malirowo adakhazikika posachedwa (monga kum'mwera kwa Urals), chisacho chimatha kupezeka pakatikati korona - pansonga mu thunthu kapena panthambi ya nthambi yayikulu. Zoyimira, kuchuluka kwake komwe pamasamba kumatha kufikira awiri kapena atatu, kumangidwa ndi onse awiriawiri, koma kwakukulu wamkazi. Zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana zaka zingapo, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa majeremusi omwe amakhala momwemo - utoto wa mbalame, ntchentche za ntchentche ndi ma midges. Chidacho ndi chachikulu (ngakhale chaching'ono kuposa cha chiwombankhanga chagolide) ndipo chimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri ndi nthambi zambiri. Thirayi imakhala ndi nthambi zing'onozing'ono zopanga, makungwa, manyowa akavalo, udzu wouma wambiri, ubweya ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana za anthropogenic. Mbalame zokhala m'nkhalango zimawonjezera nthambi zobiriwira zazing'ono pachisa - mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri wa chiwombankhanga wagolide. M'litali mwake chisa chomangidwachi chimakhala pafupifupi masentimita 120-150, kutalika kwa 60-70 masentimita. M'zaka zotsatira, chisacho chimakulanso modabwitsa, mpaka pafupifupi masentimita 180-240 ndi 180 cm. Pamunsi pa chisa chakale, mbalame zina zazing'ono zimakhazikika. Mbawala zamtchire zimatha kukhalabe mu chisa chomwe chilibe kanthu, pomwe njuchi izi zimachita zankhanza zazikulu kupita nazo ku chiwombankhanga chokulirapo, ndikuthamangitsa chisa chawo.

Kuyika kamodzi pachaka, kumakhala ndi mazira 1-3 (pafupipafupi 2) omwe amayikidwa ndikutalika kwa masiku atatu. Kutengera ndi malo, izi zimachitika pakati pa kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena ngakhale koyambirira kwa Meyi. Tizilombo tokhala ngati mazira timakhala tosakhwima, koyera, komwe kali koyera, timaso tambiri tofiirira, tofiirira kapena tofiirira.Pakutaya kumaso koyambirira, mkazi amatha kuikhazikitsanso, koma kale chisa chatsopano. Kumaswa kumayamba ndi dzira loyamba ndipo kumatenga masiku 43. Onse awiri a m'banjamo amakoloweka, ngakhale nthawi yayitali yokhala mchisa imakhala nthawi yayitali. Ming'alu yokutidwa ndi yoyera yoyera imawoneka mokhazikika momwe mazira anayikidwa. Yaikazi imakhala sabata yoyamba chisa, ikusilira ana, pomwe yamphongo imasaka ndikubweretsa nyama. Nthawi zina mwana wam'ng'ono akamwalira, sangathe kupikisana ndi m'bale kapena mlongo wamkulu komanso wamkulu, koma osati ngati chiwombankhanga chagolide kapena chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, zisonyezo zoyambirira zimayamba kuoneka mwa anapiye, patatha masiku 35- 40 mutu ndi khosi zokha sizimasambitsidwa, ndipo patatha masiku 65-77 anapiyewo amapita kuphiko. Akachoka pachisa, anapiye amabwerera kwa kanthawi, pambuyo pake amamwazikana ndikuwuluka kukayamba kugonja nthawi yachisanu.

(Achila adalberti)

Adagawidwa ku Iberian Peninsula ku South-Western Spain komanso pafupi ndi Portugal. Kukhala moyo wongokhala, ndi mbalame zazing'ono zokha zomwe zimapanga ndege zazing'ono kuchokera kumalo okhalamo. Kumakhala nkhalango zowala, zigwa komanso malo okwiriridwa.

Kutalika konse kwa thupi ndi 78-82 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.5-3,5, mapikowo ndi masentimita 180-210. Amasiyana ndi maliro a masiku onse mumdima wakuda.

Ration imakhazikitsidwa ndi akalulu, imafunafunanso mahatchi, makoswe osiyanasiyana, nkhunda, magawo ena, abakha, akhwangwala ngakhale agalu ang'onoang'ono.

Nyengo yoswana ikuyamba mu Okutobala. Chisa ndi nsanja yayikulu ya nthambi, zomwe zimakhala pamtengo, nthawi zina pamtengo wamphamvu. M'mazira ochepa (nthawi zambiri 2), mazira amadzimatira, amphongo nthawi zina amadzalowa m'malo mwake. Makulidwe obisika amatenga masiku 39-42.

(Aquila nipalensis)

Dera loberekeralo limakhala zigawo za Russia (Stavropol Territory, Orenburg Oblast, Kalmykia, Astrakhan ndi Rostov Madera, kumwera kwa Urals, South-East ndi South-West Siberia), Western, Central ndi Central Asia mpaka kumadzulo kwa China. Amatsukidwa kumpoto chakum'mawa, kum'mawa, pakati komanso kumwera kwa Africa, India komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabia. Amakhala m'magulu a anamwali, zipululu (nthawi zina m'mapululu) komanso mapiri.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-85 masentimita, kutalika kwa mapiko ndi 51-65 masentimita, mapiko ndi 220-230 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa mbalame ndi 2.7-4.8 kg. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Utoto wa mbalame zachikulire (zaka zinayi ndi kupitilira) ndi zofiirira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo ofiira kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndi mbalame zofiirira zakuda, pomwe timitsitsi ta bulauni timapezeka m'munsi mwa matungidwe amkati, nthenga za mchira zimakhala zofiirira zofiirira komanso zopyapyala. Utawaleza ndi wonyezimira, mulomo ndi wopanda khungu, zikhadabo zake ndi zakuda, sera ndi miyendo yachikasu. Povala zoyambirira pachaka, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira zokhotakhota zomata ndi ma nuhvost, nthenga za mchira zimakhala zofiirira zokhala ndi malire.

Amakhala ndi timiyala tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, makamaka agologolo pansi, komanso mahatchi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono (agologolo pansi, agulugufe, nyongolotsi), nthawi zina anapiye kapena nsabwe za mbalame, amadya zonunkha, nthawi zina amapatsanso.

Zingwe zimapangidwa makamaka pansi, nthawi zina pamiyala yaying'ono ndi miyala, malovu, nthawi zambiri pamitengo ndi poyendera magetsi. Awiriwa ndi okhazikika, amakhala m'malo ambiri okhalamo kwa zaka zambiri. Kuyika kwa mazira kumachitika: kumadzulo - mu Epulo (theka lachiwiri), kum'mawa - kuzungulira pakati pa Meyi. Mu clutch pali mazira oyera oyera, oyenda pang'ono. Kubwatula kumatenga masiku 40-45, nthawi yobereketsa imakhala pafupifupi masiku 60. Mu Ogasiti, anapiye amadziwa kale kuuluka.

(Achila rapax)

Pali mitundu itatu yachilengedwe. Imodzi imapezeka ku Asia (kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Iran, Pakistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India, kumwera kwa Nepal komanso kumadzulo kwa Myanmar. Yachiwiri ku West Africa (Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Dera la Arabian) Lachitatu ku Namibia ndi Botswana , Kumpoto kwa South Africa, Lesotho ndi Swaziland.Imakhala m'mphepete mwamchenga ndi mapiri, kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 3000 mamita pamwamba pamadzi. Zopewera zipululu komanso nkhalango.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-72 masentimita, mapiko ndi masentimita 159- 183. Kulemera kwa amuna ndi 1.6-2.0 makilogalamu, ndipo mwa akazi 1.6 kg. Pali ma morphs angapo, kuphatikizapo zovala zapazaka, subspecies, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maso ake ndi achikasu kuti azitha kulawirira, ma thunzi achikasu. Mapikowo ndi otakata, mchirawo ndi waufupi.

Amadyetsa zinyama, mbalame, repitili, tizilombo, amphibians, nsomba ndi carrion, nthawi zambiri zolemera kuyambira 126 g mpaka 2 kg. Zakudya zambiri zimapezeka pamtunda, koma nthawi zina mbalame zimagwidwa mpaka kukula kwa flamesos amathawa. Kusaka nsomba kumachitika ndikumizidwa pang'ono m'madzi m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri zimaba ndikuyamba kulanda mbalame zina.

Nyengo yakuberekera imatha kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Ogasiti kumpoto ndi North-East Africa, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Juni ku West Africa, chaka chonse ku Kenya, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Januware pakati ndi kumwera kwa Africa, komanso kuyambira Novembala mpaka Ogasiti ku Asia. Maanja ndi amodzi. Chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera ku timitengo, nthawi zina ndi kuwonjezera kwa mafupa a nyama. Chisa, monga lamulo, ndi 1.0-1.3 m kudutsa ndikuzama masentimita 30. Liter: udzu, masamba, ubweya. Ili pamtunda wamtunda mpaka 30 m, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 6-15 m, kumtunda kwa mtengo wokhawokha. Mazira mu clutch 1-2. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 39-45. Zachikazi zimagona makamaka, ngakhale zazimayi nthawi zina zimathandiza. Nthawi zambiri, kamwana kamodzi kokha kamatsala. Nkhupakupa zimatenga mapiko zikafika zaka 76-75. Nkhupakupa zimatha kutha msinkhu wazaka 3-4.

(Akula verreauxii)

Yogawidwa kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kuyambira ku Chad ndi Kenya Samburu Park kumpoto kupita ku Finbosh ndi Mapiri a Dragon kumwera, imapezekanso ku Sinai ndi South Arabia. Amatsata madera owuma ndi mvula yopanda 60 masentimita a mvula pachaka. Amakhala m'miyala yamiyala, m'matanthwe ndi pamiyala, malo owuma. Imachitika pamalo okwera mamilimita 4000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Ndi mbalame yakudya nyama yayitali kutalika kwa 70-95 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 3.54,5 ndi mapiko pafupifupi mita 2. Mtundu wa chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir ndi wakuda; mapiko otambalala, malo oyera ngati V akuwoneka kumbuyo ndi mapewa. Mphepo, yolira mozungulira maso ndi miyendo yachikasu. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizosiyana ndi achikulire, mtundu wake umakhala wamtali ndipo ma toni otuwa amakhala momwemo. Amakhala ndi chovala chachikulire pokhapokha azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi zolengedwa zazikazi zapakatikati, ndipo m'malo ambiri nyama zodyerazi zimangokhala kuti zikuwononga madamu. Imagwiritsanso ntchito mbalame zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono zazing'ono, mahatchi, ma mekitala ndi ma mbewa ena, agologolo, anyani, turuch, mbalame za Guinea, mbalame zazikazi, nkhunda, akhwangwala, njoka zambiri ndi abuluzi.

Ziwombankhazi zimasungidwa ziwiriawiri m'gawo lawo. Mderali, kuchokera zisa 1 mpaka 3 zitha kumangidwa. Zoyipa zimakhala pamiyala yamiyala, m'miyala yamiyala kapena m'miyala yaying'ono. Chisa ndi nsanja ya nthambi zokhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 1.8 mita ndikuzama pafupifupi mamita 2. Amuna ndi akazi onse amagwira nawo ntchito yomanga, ngakhale wamkazi nthawi zambiri amatenga gawo lalikulu. Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira awiri, koma, monga lamulo, nkhuku imodzi yokha imatuluka mu chisa. Ali mwana, mwana wamwamuna wamkulu komanso wamphamvu amapha mchimwene wake. Onse makolo amakhala ndi chimbudzi (makamaka chachikazi) kwa masiku 43-47. Mwana wankhuku amachoka chisa pambuyo pa masiku 95-97, koma amakhala pafupi ndi makolo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Maonekedwe a mchitidwe wakhungu

Chiwombankhanga chakuda ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zodziwika bwino kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mbewa. Amatha kugwira mazira ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina amabowola chisa chonse panthambi.

Chiwombankhanga chimatenga nyama nayo nkumadya m'malo obisika.

Pofuna kusaka kumeneku, nyama yokhala ndi mbewayi imakhala ndi zala zazitali komanso nthambo zazifupi. Potseguka, chiwombankhanga chakuda chimazungulira pansi ngati mwezi, chikuyang'anira zinyama zazing'ono. Amatha kuchita ngati mauna ndi kumeza kunja kwa phanga.

Mphungu zakuda ndi za mbalame zokhazikika; ndege zapita kumalo ena sizinadziwike. Amawuluka, mwachionekere, osalimbika.Kuuluka kwake kumayenda pang'onopang'ono ndipo kumangoyenda pamwamba pa mitengo. Chiwombankhanga chakuda chimatha kukhala mumlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, kotero Amwenye adachitcha "chosakhala mbalame" (mbalame yomwe simakhala konse).

Ali mlengalenga mwanjira yapadera, amasuntha mofulumira kwambiri, ali ndi mapiko otambasuka kutalika konse. Chiwombankhanga chakuda chimazungulira pang'onopang'ono kudutsa m'nkhalangomo, chimakhala ngati chikuwombera malo otsetsereka pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, osatulutsa mapiko ake.

Nthawi zina amawulukira m'mapanga ndipo amagwira mileme. Mapiko aatali komanso ofewa ndi chida chothawira pang'onopang'ono. Zovala, zopindika pang'ono kuposa zolengedwa zanyambo zambiri, zimathandizira kulanda zisa za mbalame zina.

Mtundu wofanana ndi chiwombankhanga: kuthamanga ndi mawonekedwe okwera

Chiwombankhanga wamba sichikhala m'gulu la mbalame 10 zokulirapo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma ili ndi mawonekedwe othamanga. Chifukwa chake, chiwombankhanga chikuuluka imathamanga mpaka 200 km / h. Ikatsika pansi, kuthamanga kwa mbalameyo kumafika pa 320 km / h.

Poyerekeza: zidatenga zaka 40 kuti Ferrari akhazikitse mtundu woyamba pamsika womwe ungakwaniritse kuthamanga koteroko. Mu 2017, kuthamanga kwa 320 km / h kumatha kupanga mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yamagalimoto apamwamba a nkhawa zodziwika bwino.

Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuwuluka pamalo okwera kuposa 700. Mu 1797, munthu wa ku France dzina lake Andre-Jacques Garnerin woyamba kudutsa kuchokera kumtunda womwewo. Zinatenga zaka zopitilira 200 kuti munthu athe kudumphadumpha kuchokera kumtunda wopanda chiwombankhanga wopanda parachute.

Chifukwa cha mapikidwe apadera a mbalamezo, mbalame yodya nyama imatha kuuluka pamwamba kwambiri osasuntha mapiko ake ndikuuluka mumphepo yamkuntho. Chipangizo cha mapiko a chiwombankhanga chinatsogolera opanga kupanga mapiko - mapiko okwera mapiko a ndege, omwe amapereka ma aerodynamics abwino.

Chiwombankhanga chambiri - chachikulu kwambiri cha chiwombankhanga - chimatha kukwera mpaka 4,5 m ndikuyang'ana nyama.

(Akula gurneyi)

Yogawidwa ku Moluccas ndi New Guinea, nthawi zina imawulukira kumpoto kwa Australia. Izi ndi mbalame zokhazikika zomwe zimangosamuka kwawokha. Amakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadambo otentha: madambo otentha, otsika, mapiri, mitengo ya kokonati. Imachitika pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pa 74 mpaka 85 cm, pafupifupi theka lomwe limagwera mchira, mapiko a 170-190 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi pafupifupi 3 kg, ndipo zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Mtundu wamba wamtundu umakhala wakuda mpaka wakuda. Mapiko ndi mchira wa chiwombankhanga chotere, mutuwo ndi waukulu. Matata ndi achikasu, sera ndi imvi.

Amadyetsa makamaka zazinyama zam'madzi (mwachitsanzo, zazikazi), abuluzi akuluakulu, nsomba kapena mbalame. Amayang'ana nyama atakhala pamipanda yamitengo ikulira m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi kapena m'mphepete mwa chosungira.

(Akula audax)

Amagawidwa ku Australia konse, pachilumba cha Tasmania komanso kumwera kwa New Guinea. Imakhala pafupifupi malo onse, koma imakonda malo ena otseguka.

Imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 81 mpaka 60 ndi 182-232 masentimita. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa abambo, pafupifupi amalemera pafupifupi 4.2 kg, ndipo nthawi zina makilogalamu 5.3. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni wokhala ndi mapiko owoneka ofiira komanso mutu. Akamakula, amakhala akuda, mpaka utoto wonyezimira.

Ziwombankhanga zazitali zokhala ndi mbewa zabwino zimasaka bwino, koma osanyoza kunyamula. Monga lamulo, gawo lawo lalikulu ndi akalulu. Nthawi zambiri amapanga pafupifupi 30-70% ya zakudya, koma gawo la akalulu amatha kufikira 92%. Komanso, chiwombankhanga chimadyera abuluzi, mbalame (cockatoo, abakha, akhwangwala, ibis, emus) ndi zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana (wallabies, kangaroos yaying'ono, positi, koalas, bandicuts komanso ngakhale nkhandwe). Ziwombankhanga zazitali zazitali zimagunda ana a nkhosa, koma amapanga kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka chakudya. Chiwombankhanga chimatha tsiku lonse chikukhala paboma la mtengo kapena pathanthwe ndikuyamwa nyama, nthawi zina chikuwuluka mpaka pansi.

Chiwombankhanga cholowera mpanda chimamanga chisa pamtengo wamtali (pafupifupi 30 mamitala pamwamba pa nthaka), pomwe ndichotheka kuwona malo ozungulira, popanda malo abwino, chisa chimakhala pamphepete mwa phompho. Kuchulukana kwa nesting kumadalira kuchuluka kwa adani ndi kuchuluka kwa zopezera chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimakhala 2,5-5 km kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Ngati zinthu zili bwino, mtunda ungakhale wochepera 1 km, popeza mbalame zimafunikira malo ang'onoang'ono kuti mupeze chakudya chokwanira. Zisa zili zazikulu, mpaka mainchesi atatu mpaka 2,5 mulifupi, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza pomaliza pang'onopang'ono.Mu clutch 1-3 mazira. Makolo onsewa amakhala ndi makulitsidwe. Nthochi zimaswa pakatha masiku 42-45. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zazitali zazitali zimadalira makolo awo kufikira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

(Clanga clanga)

Zoweta kuchokera kumwera kwa Finland, Poland, Hungary ndi Romania kummawa mpaka kumpoto kwa Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China ndi Pakistan. Uku ndi mbalame yosamukira nyengo yozizira ku North-East Africa, Western, Middle, South Asia, Arabia, Northern India ndi Indochina. Amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, komanso pafupi ndi malo ozizira madzi, madambo, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Malo awa ndi ake abwino osaka. Chiwombankhanga chimakhala m'madambo pafupipafupi, koma sichimapezeka pamtunda wamtunda mpaka 1000 m.

Ili ndi kutalika kwam'mimba masentimita 59-71, mapiko a 157-99 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi ndi 1.6-3.2 kg. Mitundu ya kugonana siyimafotokozeredwa, akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Zambiri mwa mbalame zazikulu (kuyambira azaka zitatu ndi kupitirira) zimakhala zowoneka bwino, zofiirira, kumbuyo kwa mutu komanso pansi pa mchira ndizowala pang'ono. Nthenga zake zimakhala zakuda ndipo ndizoyala zazing'ono zamkati, nthenga za mchira zimakhala zofiirira, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wakuda. Nthawi zina, anthu amapezeka pomwe mtundu wakuda wa bulauni umasinthidwa ndi wakuda wakuda. Mwa achichepere, maula omwe ali ndi mawanga owoneka ngati kuwala kumtunda kwa thupi, palinso kusintha kosiyanasiyana komwe kumakhudza mayimbidwe a golide. Pazovala zapakatikati, kuphatikizika kwa zovala za ocher pang'onopang'ono kumachepa. Mlomo ndi zikhadabo zakuda. Sera ndi miyendo yachikasu. Mapazi ali ndi zala zala.

Zovala (zambiri ma boti zam'madzi), zouluka, mbalame za m'madzi, ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala chakudya cha chiwombankhanga chowoneka. Pofunafuna chakudya, amawuluka pamalo okwera kapena kufunafuna nyama, akuyenda pansi wapansi.

Chiwombankhanga chachikulu pamitengo ya mitengo. Chisa chimodzi cha mbalame chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo. M'mwezi wa Meyi, chachikazi chimagona 1-3, koma nthawi zambiri mazira 2 a motley. Mazira oyamba ndi achiwiri amayikidwa nthawi yomweyo, koma makulidwe amayamba ndi dzira loyamba. Nthochi zimaswa. Mwana wakhanda womaliza, yemwe adagwidwa ndi dzira lachiwiri, amazunzidwa ndi wamkulu ndipo, monga lamulo, amafa milungu iwiri yoyambirira. Pazaka za masabata 8-9, anapiye amphwayiwa amakhala ndi mapiko, ndipo, kutengera malo okhalamo, mu Seputembala kapena Okutobala, ziwombankhanga zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu.

(Clanga pomarina)

Zimakhala kuchokera ku Central ndi Eastern Europe kumwera chakum'mawa kupita ku Turkey ndi North-West Iran, kuli anthu ena osiyana ndi ena ku India ndi Burma. Ino ndi mbalame yosamukira, nthawi yaku Europe nyengo yotentha ku Africa. Chimakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango zowumirira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanizika, komanso zigwa za m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yonyowa. Imachitika pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 62-65 masentimita, mapiko ndi pafupi 150 cm ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1.5-1.8 kg. Mbalameyi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chija, koma chocheperako komanso ndi nthenga zowala. Mu mbalame yachikulire, maula ndi a bulauni, kumtunda kwa mutu komanso kumbuyo kwa khosi kumakhala kopepuka, chingwe chimakonda kukhala ndi chingwe choyera, nthenga za mapiko ndizobowola, nthenga za mapiko ndizovala zofiirira kapena zofiirira, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakutidwa ndi nthenga, sera ndi zala zachikasu. Mbalame yaing'onoyo ndi ya bulauni, yokhala ndi malo owoneka bwino kumbuyo kwa mutu, pamapiko pamwambapa mzere umodzi wamtundu wazoyera pamwamba pa mchira, mzere wopyapyala. Utawaleza mu akuluakulu ndi wotumbululuka chikasu, bulauni. Bill ndi wakuda bii, ntchentche, kapangidwe kamkamwa ndi mawamba ake ndi achikasu, zibwano zakuda. Kuuluka kwawo ndikosavuta, nthawi zambiri kuposa chiwombankhanga chachikulu, imagwiritsa ntchito kuthawa. Zimayenda pansi bwino. Pakuuluka, ma ntchentche nthawi zambiri amakhala "ngati chala".

Amadya nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mahatchi achichepere (sangathe kuthana ndi akuluakulu), njoka, achule, abuluzi. Imatha kuukira oyandikana nawo okhala ndi utoto, kusankha mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, ndipo sichinyoza tizilombo - dzombe, ziwala, ndi zina.

Masika akuwonekera mzaka zitatu za Marichi. Kusunthika kumapitilira mpaka chaka chachiwiri cha Epulo. Mbalame ya monogamous.Amaikira mazira mu Epulo. Atagona mazira awiri onse. Yaikazi imagwira masiku 38-43. Chingwe chikuwoneka kumapeto kwa Meyi, ndichokere mu chisa mu Ogasiti. Monga lamulo, nkhuku imodzi yokha ndiyomwe imatsala. Yophukira imayamba kuuluka koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Imafika pa kutha msinkhu wa zaka 3-4.

(Clanga hasata)

Zoweta ku Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar ndi Nepal. Imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zam'malo otentha, minda komanso malo olimapo. Mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowoneka, malo okhala aku India samalumikizidwa ndi matupi amadzi.

Thupi limakhala lalitali masentimita 65 ndipo limakhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 150. Chiwombankhanga chokulirapo, chapakatikati ndi mapiko aafupi, lalitali komanso mchira wamfupi. Utoto wa mbalame zachikulire ndiowonjezereka, ndipo iris imakhala yakuda kuposa ya chiwombankhanga china chowoneka. Mutu ndi wokulirapo pokhudzana ndi kukula kwa thupi.

Mtunduwu ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri yomwe imagwira nyama, makamaka zazing'ono zazikazi, kuchokera pansi momera m'nkhalango kapena pafupi ndi nkhalangoyi. Amasakanso achule ndi mbalame.

(Ictinaetus malaiensis)

Iyi ndi mbalame yokhazikika munkhalango za ku Southeast Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Sulawesi ndi Moluccas.

Kukula kwa wamkulu ndi 70-80 masentimita, mapiko ndi 164-88 masentimita ndipo kulemera kwa thupi ndi 1-1.6 kg. Ili ndi thupi labwino kwambiri, lolemera pang'ono komanso mapiko aatali, komanso mulomo wopanda mphamvu. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli kakhalidwe kakang'ono. Mchira ndi wautali. Utoto wa mbalame zachikulire ndi zakuda, kupatula maso pali malo oyera. Nuft ndi imvi ndi mawonekedwe oyera oyera. Mtundu wa mchira wake ndi wakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima ya imvi. Mlomo ndi waimvi, uci ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi wachikasu.

Zakudya za chiwombankhanga cha ovid ndi chambiri ndipo zimaphatikizapo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zolengedwa zazing'ono zazikazi (kuphatikiza anyani), zokwawa ndi mbalame zina. Komabe, pamaziko a chakudyacho amaphatikizidwa ndi mazira a mbalame ndi nestlings zomwe zili zisa. Nthawi zina chiwombankhanga chimatenga chisa cha mbalame chonse kuti chikadye zomwe zili m'malo obisika. Mawonekedwe ake a mawondo ake amatha kusinthidwa bwino ndi izi - zala zakunja ndi zibwano zake ndizochepa kwambiri, koma pazala zina zonse zikhadabo ndizitali kwambiri.

Zomera m'mitengo. Nthawi zambiri mu clutch 1 kapena 2 mazira okhala ndi chipolopolo chamitundu yambiri.

Mphungu - mkango wa banja la mbalame pachikhalidwe

Ngati mkango umaonedwa ngati mfumu ya nyama, ndiye kuti chiwombankhanga ndi mfumu pakati pa mbalame. Nzika zakale zinkakhulupirira kulumikizana kwapadera kwa chiwombankhanga ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, mu nkhambakamwa ya Sumerian pali nthano yokhudza momwe chiwombankhanga chidanyamulira Mfumu Ethan kupita kumwamba. Mu chihindu, mbalameyi idalumikizidwa ndi mulungu Vishnu, ndipo pakati pa Abuddha - ndi Buddha. M'magiriki akale, chiwombankhanga chopimira ndi chizindikiro cha Zeus. Aperisi ali ndi mulungu Mithra.

Olemba akale achi Roma, a Lucan ndi a Pliny Mkulu analemba kuti ziwombankhanga zimatha kungoyang'ana dzuwalo popanda kupindika, zimazindikira kuti ndi ndani mwa ana omwe angadzapulumuke. Mwana wankhuku uja atasunthira, kuyang'ana nyenyeziyo, iye anaponyedwa kunja kwa chisa.

Zithunzi za chiwombankhanga ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zodziwika bwino. Kuyambira kale, zithunzi za ziwombankhanga zomwe zikukhala pansi ndi kuponya m'miyendo ndizodziwika. Zomwe sizinali zachilendo kwambiri ngati zifanizo za mitu ndi mapiko a chiwombankhanga ngati zisonyezo zamitundu.

Mphungu yokhala ndi mitu iwiri inali chizindikiro cha Ufumu wa Byzantine. Zithunzi zochepa zodziwika za chiwombankhanga cha triceps. Zofanana ndi izi zitha kuonedwa pa spider ya Grand Palace ku Peterhof. Miyambo yokhudza mphungu zamitu itatu imapezeka mu Chechen, Evenk ndi Yakut nthano. Chiwombankhanga chomwe chili ndi mitu itatu chimatchulidwa m'buku lakale la Ezara, lomwe linapezeka mzaka zoyambirira za nthawi yathu ino.

Zithunzi za chiwombankhanga zilipo m'manja mwa mayiko opitilira awiri.

Ku United States, pali lamulo lapadera lomwe limalola kugwiritsa ntchito nthenga za chiwombankhanga pokha pazauzimu ndi zachipembedzo, komanso kwa anthu amtundu wodziwika bwino wa Native American.

Diso ngati chiwombankhanga

Wofufuza kuchokera ku zojambula "Bremen Town Musicians" (1969) adadzitama mu nyimbo kuti anali ndi mphuno ngati galu komanso diso ngati chiwombankhanga. Masomphenya a mbalame amatha kuchitira chidwi. Ngati diso laumunthu limatha kuyang'ana pa mutu umodzi wokha, ndiye kuti chimbudzi - kawiri nthawi imodzi. Ndipo imatetezedwa zaka mazana awiri. Transparent - imateteza diso paulendo, ndipo opaque - imakulolani kugona.

Kuchokera pamtunda wa 3000 metres, mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kuwona kukula kwa kalulu wamkulu pamalo opitilira 11 km. Kutalika kwa chiwombankhanga ndi madigiri 270.

Chiwombankhanga: Vuto Losautsa

Mwa anthu, vuto lanyengo yamkati limayamba ali ndi zaka 40. Popeza zakhala zaka 40, chiwombankhanga sichichita zambiri monga moyo wa anthu, koma zimakumana ndi mavuto akuthupi. Nthenga zomwe zili pachifuwa zimacheperachepera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma aerodynamics othawa asamawonongeke, zipere zimakhala zofewa, ndizovuta kugwira nyama, ndipo mulomo umakula kuti usalole kuyamwa nyama.

Kwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu, chiwombankhanga chikuchita kubadwanso. Mlomowo umagwa, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimadikirira mpaka chatsopano chikhala champhamvu mokwanira. Ndiwo amatula nthenga zakale ndikubowola nsapato. Nditapulumuka pakukonzanso, mbalameyi imatha kukhala zaka zina 40.

Kukhulupirika kwa chiwombankhanga

Mawu akuti "kukhulupirika kwawo" akhala chizindikiro cha chikondi chamuyaya cha banjali. Koma ziwombankhanga siothandizanso mokhulupirika kuposa ma swans. Amapanganso banja banja. Anthu ali ndi chikondwerero cha 35 lokukhala pamodzi chotchedwa ukwati wa matanthwe. Akatswiri a zamankhwala analemba za chiwombankhanga chomwe chimatha kukumbukira tsiku lomwelo.

Mphungu zimatha kukwatirana mumlengalenga. Ndi makolo achitsanzo chabwino. Mbalame zimapanga zisa pamwamba penipeni pa mitengo kapena m'mapiri kuti ziteteze ana kwa zilombo komanso kuti zizioneka bwino. Chidacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chobisalira pomwe nyama yolusa imadikirira nyama.

Akatswiri a zamankhwala amapeza zisa zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi amuna awiri akuluakulu. Mphungu sizisiya zisa zawo, ngakhale zitawonongeka. Mbalame zimakonda kubwezeretsa zomwe zilipo m'malo mopanga zatsopano. Sapereka ana, ngakhale kupulumuka.

Mazira amawaswa onse awiri. Chiwombankhanga chopanda chizitha kuluma ana atatu. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi zochepa. Pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa mbewu, maudindo amasiyanitsidwa bwino.

Wamphongo amabweretsa nyama, ndipo yaikazi amasamalira anapiye. Komanso, ntchito ya akazi sichovuta. Ngati pali thukuta lopitilira limodzi mu tchire, miyezi iwiri yoyamba imapikisano mwamphamvu, wina ndi mnzake, kuyesera kutulutsa mnzake mu chisa.

Pazaka zitatu zokha, chiwombankhanga chimayamba kuwuluka ndikusaka chokha. Ndizosangalatsa kuti makolo amaseka ana ndi nyama ngati awona kuti chiwombankhanga chimachita mantha kutuluka m'chisa. Kapenanso zimatha kuponyedwa kunja kwa chisa ndikugwidwa ngati chiwombankhanga sichinafune kuwuluka chokha.

Chiwombankhanga - chonyadira pakati pa mbalame

Chithunzi cha chiwombankhanga chimawonetsera ngati cholusa. Ndipo izi nzoona. Ndiye chifukwa chake Asilava akale amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyo ndi mfumu kumwamba. Chiwombankhanga chimakonda kukhala kumtunda komanso kutali ndi abale ena. Zilibe malo ndipo sizisokera m'makola.

Mphungu sizimawopa. Ku Mongolia, mbalame zophunzitsidwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka mimbulu. Mbalame zopanda mantha zimatha kuukira nyamayo, yomwe ndi yayikulu komanso yamphamvu kuposa iyo.

Mmodzi mwa adani achilengedwe a chiwombankhanga ndi njoka zomwe zimakwawa zisa kusaka mazira. Chiwombankhanga chimathamangira kumalo osungirako poyizoni, osachita ziphe. Amaletsa mabere, kuteteza ana. Njoka ikasowa kuponyedwa, mbalameyo imapukusa mutu ndi mlomo wake.

Mphungu zimakhala zoyera ndipo sizidyetsa zonunkhira. Mu nkhani ya Pushkin "Mwana wamkazi wa Kaputeni" Pugachev amauza munthu wamkulu nthano ya Kalmyk yomwe adamva ali mwana. Ali pafupi momwe chiwombankhanga chidayesera kuti adziwe chifukwa chomwe akukhala mochepa, ndipo khwangwala ali ndi zaka mazana atatu. Raven adati chinsinsi cha kutalika kwake pakudya. Amadya zovunda, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimadya nyama yatsopano.

M'moyo, ziwombankhanga sizigwira mtembo.M'minyama zamtchire nthawi yanjala, ziwombankhanga zimasinthira kubzala zakudya. Akakhala mu ukapolo okha pomwe amasiya kukhala ndi chidwi ndi moyo ndipo amatha kudya nyama yowola kuti apulumuke. Komanso ali mu ukapolo, chiwombankhanga sichimaswana.

Wosaka ndi wachifwamba

Chiwombankhanga, chomwe chithunzi chake chimachita chidwi ndi kusaka, chimatha kuwuluka kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kuponya mwala. Komanso, chiwombankhanga chomwe chagwidwa sichimapha nthawi yomweyo. Amutengera ku chisa kuti anapiyewo aphunzire kugwira nyama.

Chifukwa cha nyama, ziwombankhanga zakonzekera kuba. Amatha kutenga nyama kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zodyedwa ndi nyama zina, monga nkhandwe.

Chiwombankhanga chimatha kugwira mbalame zazing'onoting'ono pa ntchentche, ndikuziyendetsa mothamanga kuchokera kumtunda waukulu. Amphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti amatha kukweza pansi kuchokera pansi.

Pakati pa chiwombankhanga palinso masamba. Mwachitsanzo, bowa kapena chiwombankhanga, wokhala ku Africa, amakonda nyama ya kanjedza m'malo mwa nyama.

Mdani wa munthu

Amadziwika kuti mitundu ina ya chiwombankhanga imatha kusaka nyama zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Philippines, kuli chiwombankhanga chachikulu chotchedwa azeze kapena chodya mbewa. Amatha kunyamula mulomo osati nyani, komanso mbuzi kapena chimbalangondo.

Mitundu ina ya chiwombankhanga imayesa kuukira anthu. Chifukwa chake, mchaka cha 2012, ku Montreal ku Canada, chiwombankhanga chidatsala pang'ono kukoka mwana papaki yamzindawu. Mu 2016, zoterezi zidachitikanso ku Australia, komwe mbalame idayesa kukoka mwana yemwe adamtsamira zipper kuti azivala. Akatswiri amati linali phokoso lotsegula ndi mphezi yotseka yomwe inakopa mbalame yodya nyama.

Mu Seputembala 2019, chiwombankhanga chinaukira mwana ku Ethiopia. Mbalameyo, chithunzi chake chomwe sichingapangidwe, anagwira mwanayo ndi zikhadabo ndipo sanasiye, ngakhale amayi ake anali kulira. Apolisi adalandira lamulo loti aphe chiwombankhanga, koma adathawa. Mnyamatayo anamwalira ndi mabala ake.

Mwachilungamo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti zochitika za anthu zadzetsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya chiwombankhanga pa Dziko Lapansi ili pafupi kutsirizika. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, zopitilira 60% zakufa kwa mbalame zimachitika chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu (kuwombera, kuwombana ndi mawaya kapena nyumba, ndi zina). Koma anthuwa ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri kuposa mbalame zomwe zimakumana ndi vuto ngati mbalame.

Chizindikiro ku America - wachibale wa chiwombankhanga

Chiwombankhanga, chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pa US Press, ndi wachibale wa chiwombankhanga ndipo ndi a banja limodzi nawo. Abambo oyambitsa adasankha dala mbalameyi mwadala kuti apange chizindikiro cha dziko latsopano kukhala losiyana ndi omwe adadziwika.

Pofika m'zaka za zana la 18, ziwombankhanga zinali zisonyezo zamphamvu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, aku America adasankha wachibale wawo wapamtima. Zimasiyana osati maonekedwe okha, komanso zakudya. Mphungu zimadya nsomba.

Kuphatikiza apo, iwo amakhala mdziko la zilombo. Kuteteza gawo ndikukopa chachikazi, chiwombankhanga chimapanga chiwonetsero. Amakuwa mokweza mawu, amagwera pansi, amazungulira mokhazikika ndikuwonetsa mkwiyo kwa mbalame zina.

Mphungu m'malo mayina amayiko ambiri

Mzinda waku Russia wa Oryol sindiwo chitsanzo chokha pomwe malo adatchulidwa dzina la mbalame yonyada. Mawu oti "Chiwombankhanga" m'mazina akumidzi ndiofala. Pali midzi yomwe ili ndi dzina la Mphungu m'magawo a Perm ndi Primorsky ku Russia. Mudzi wa Oryol uli mdera la Odessa ku Ukraine ndi dera la North Kazakhstan.

Ku Europe ndi America, dzina la Chiwombankhanga limadziwikanso ndi mayina amalo. Mwachitsanzo, ku France kuyambira zana la XI pali tawuni ya L'Egel, yomwe, malinga ndi nthano, idakhazikitsidwa pamalo a chisa cha chiwombankhanga. Banja lodziwikiratu la L'Egel, yemwe adayambitsa mudziwo, adagwiritsa ntchito chiwombankhanga chovala manja.

Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yolusa yomwe yasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nthano za chiwombankhanga zimatha kupezeka mu nthano za mayiko ambiri, ndi zithunzi za mbalame - m'manja ndi mbendera zamayiko ambiri.

Kuwona ziwombankhanga, anthu adaphunzira zambiri pa aerodynamics. Nthawi yomweyo, kuthokoza anthu, mbalame zamtunduwu m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi zinali pafupi kutha.