Takulandirani patsamba 404! Muli pano chifukwa mudalowa adilesi ya tsamba lomwe kulibenso kapena komwe kwasunthidwa ku adilesi ina.

Tsamba lomwe mwapempha mwina lisunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ndizothekanso kuti mwapanga typo yaying'ono mukalowa adilesi - izi zimachitika ngakhale nafe, kotero fufuzani mosamala.

Chonde gwiritsani ntchito njira yosakira kapena yosakira kuti mupeze zambiri zomwe mukufuna. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, lembani kwa oyang'anira.

Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mapangidwe: kumwera kwa North America, Central America, kumpoto ndi pakati pa South America.

Ocelot ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri wamphaka wa tiger. Kutalika kwa thupi 68-100 cm, kutalika kufota 40-50 masentimita, mchira kutalika 27-45 masentimita, kulemera kwa 8-16 kg.

Ubweya wake ndi wosalala. Makutu ndi ozungulira. Mchira ndi wautali. Miyendo ndi yotakata komanso yayifupi, yokulirapo kutsogolo kuposa kumbuyo. Pa miyendo yakutsogolo ya zala 5 zokhala ndi zibwano, pamiyendo yakumbuyo - 4.

Kutentha kwamphamvu kwa thupi ndi 37.7-38.8 ° C.

Mitundu ya malaya imasiyanasiyana kwambiri ngakhale mkati mwa anthu. Zizindikiro pambali, pamphumi, korona, nape ndi mapewa ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo sizigwirizana. Ocelots kumpoto kwa Rio Grande, amaso kwambiri kum'mwera, zilembo zakuda mkati mwake zimachepetsedwa mpaka pazikhala mipata yomwe ili pakati pawo.

Mbali yayikulu imasiyana kuchokera ku imvi kupita ku bulauni. Mtundu woyambira kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapazi umakhala ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono kuposa kumbuyo kwa msana, ndipo utoto wake wammbali ndi wopendekera kuposa kumbuyo.

Zowonekera kwambiri ndi mawanga akuda ngati mphete, opakidwa bulauni mkati. Mphete zimapanga maunyolo omwe amayenda mosazungulira m'mbali. Pamutu pali malo ang'onoang'ono akuda ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pamasaya, pakhosi ndikuzungulira mapewa mawanga amatembenukira kukhala mikwingwirima 4 kapena 5 yomwe imafikira pansi mpaka m'khosi. Chinkachoyera. Gawo lamkati mwa thupi limakhalanso loyera, koma ndi mawanga akuda. 1 kapena 2 mikwingwirima yopingasa imakulira mkati mwa miyendo yakutsogolo. Mchira wake ndiwowoneka bwino komanso wopingasa. Zolemba pamchira zakuda.

Makutu ndi akuda ndi maso oyera oyera kumbuyo.

Maso amakhala oderako, ndipo akamawonekera, amawoneka golide, osati wobiriwira. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna, monga amuna (mpaka amuna).

Nthawi zambiri nyama yamadzulo komanso yam'munda kwambiri. Mikangano ya dziko lapansi imachitika ndewu zachiwawa, nthawi zina mpaka kufa. Monga amphaka onse, imayika gawo lake makamaka mwa kupopera mkodzo. Monga amphaka ambiri, ndizinyama zokha, zomwe zimangopezeka zokhazokha. Komabe, masana, kupumula pamitengo kapena m'malo ena, nthawi zina ogel amagawana malo awo ndi ocelot ena amtundu wawo.

Amuna amakhala m'dera la 3.5-46 km², zazikazi 0.8–15 km² ndi madera awo kuzungulira gawo la wamwamuna. Kuphatikiza pa mkodzo, ma oceloti amagwiritsa ntchito ndowe zomwe zatsala kuti zisonyeze gawo lawo.

Ngakhale kuti ma oceloti amatha kupewa malo otseguka masana, nthawi zina amadya nawo usiku. Ngakhale malo awa ali osiyanasiyana, ma ocelot siwofikira. Ndiwogwirizana kwambiri ndi madera obiriwira kapena chomera chakuthengo komanso malo okhala ochepera kwambiri kuposa momwe tingayembekezere kugawidwa kwina.

Ocelots amatha kusaka mitengo, koma akadali osaka othandiza padziko lapansi. Amadyawa ndi anyani aliwonse omwe amatha kuthana nawo (ambiri amakhala opanda usiku), zolengedwa zazing'ono (nthawi zambiri zophatikizika), zirombo ndi ma amphibians (abuluzi, akamba ndi achule), akhwangwala, mbalame ndi nsomba.

Kuthengo, kukhwima kwakuthupi kumafika pamiyezi 20-23. Kutha msambo kumatha kuchitika, asanakwanitse miyezi 18, 16, ngakhale mwa akazi pambuyo pa miyezi 24, nthawi zambiri amuna amakhala ndi zaka 30 zakubadwa. Akazi amatha kukhala ndi zinyalala zoyambirira ali ndi miyezi 18 ndipo amatha kubereka mpaka zaka 10, muukapolo wazaka 13 zolembedwa.

Matenga amatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Zomera zimatha masiku 7-10. Kuthengo, estrus imachitika pakapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Kulumikizana mu ma ocelots omwe amawoneka mu ukapolo kumachitika madzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri ndipo kumatha kubwerezedwa kangapo 5-10 patsiku. Kutalika kwa 1.5 min, ngakhale kumasiyana.

Mwachilengedwe, ma ocelot amatha kupanga zinyalala chimodzi mu zaka 2 (mu ukapolo pambuyo pa miyezi 9). Ngati zinyalala zitayika, zazikazi zimatha kulowa nthawi ya estrus m'masiku 10-20.

Akakhwima, mbalameyo imathawira kuphanga, mumtondo mwa mtengo kapena m'makola akhungu (makamaka prickly). Mimba masiku 72-82. Malita 1-2, osowa kwambiri 3 kapena 4.

Kuchepetsa kumatha kukhala kwa miyezi 3-9.

Ziphuphu zatsopano zimapangidwa bwino, koma ubweya wawo ndi imvi ndipo miyendo yawo imakhala yakuda. Kukula kwa akhanda ku Texas: kutalika konse 23-25 ​​cm, kutalika kwa mchira 5.5 cm, kulemera kwa 200-276 g. Utoto wa achikulire umawonekera pang'onopang'ono m'miyezi ingapo yoyambira ndikuyamba kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kittens amabadwa ndi maso abuluu, omwe pang'onopang'ono amasanduka bulauni pakapita miyezi itatu. Amatsegula maso pa masiku 14-18, amayamba kuyenda masabata atatu, kusiya phanga ndikuyenda ndi amayi awo kukasaka pa masabata a 6, amatenga chakudya cholimba pakatha masabata asanu ndi atatu. Amayamba kuchoka pamphongo atakwanitsa miyezi itatu, koma amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mpaka zaka ziwiri.

Ocelots amakhala mpaka zaka 10, ali mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 18 (pazolembedwa zaka 20).

Kufotokozera

Ocelot ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wa amphaka aku South America kapena tiger (Leopardus). Zazo zazikulu zimachokera ku 8.5 mpaka 16 kg, kutalika kwa thupi 65-97 cm. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Chovala ndi chachifupi, chokulirapo komanso cholimba kuposa chibale chapafupi, chokhala ndi mphaka wautali, kapena margay (Leopardus wiedii). Wosakhudzika ndi wopepuka, ndipo mawonekedwe ena onse amasiyana thupi ndi loyera komanso laimvi. Mtunduwo umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala: Ma ocelot omwe amakhala m'malo owuma omwe ali ndi zitsamba ali ndi chovala chaubweya wopepuka kuposa anthu okhala m'nkhalango zotentha. Osowa kwambiri, chikhoto chakuda kwathunthu chimapezeka. Monga lamulo, ma oceloti amakhala ndi mikwaso yakuda, mawanga kapena ma rosette omwe amakhala mozungulira malo owala a ubweya wa ubweya. Pamasaya a cholembera pali mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda, makutuwo ndi akuda ndi malo achikasu pakati, ndipo mzere umodzi kapena iwiri yopingasa yakuda imadutsa mbali zamkati mwa miyendo. Maonekedwe a muzzle ndi osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu. Mchirawo ndi wautali ndi mphete zakuda, ndipo ma paws ndi akulu mwakulingana ndi kukula kwa thupi, chifukwa chake ku Spain, ocelot amatchedwa "manigordo", omwe amatanthauzira ngati miyendo yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yotakata kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Monga mamembala ena am'munsi omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe amphaka, ma ocelot alibe molar wachitatu. Chizindikiro ndi chopindika, mano ake ndi 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1, mano pafupifupi 30 onse. Mlingo wa ocelot wa basal metabolic pafupifupi 0,298 cubic centimeter paola. Ocelots nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi mitundu yokhudzana - oncilla ndi mphaka wautali wamisala. Nkhani yomwe "Amphaka amtundu wa Tiger: ocelot, margay, oncilla, ndi mawonekedwe awo ofananirako" ikufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa mitundu itatuyi.

Malonda 10 otsatirawa a ocelot amadziwika:

• L. p. aequatorialis - wopezeka kudera la Costa Rica. Mawu: L. p. mearnsi ndi L. p. minimalis,
• L. p. alubino - amakhala ku Texas. Mawu: L. p. limitis ndi L. p. ludoviciana,
• L. p. melanura - Guyana. Mawu: L. p. maripensis ndi L. p. tumatumari,
• L. p. mitis - Paraguay. Mawu: L. p. armillatus, L. p. brasiliensis, L. p. chibi-gouazou, L. p. chibiguazu, L. p. hamiltonii, L. p. maracaya ndi L. p.smithii,
• L. p. nelsoni - Mexico
• L. p. pepani - Mexico. Mawu: L. p. canescens, L. p. griffithii, L. p. griseus, L. p. ocelot ndi L. p. pictus.
• L. p. pseudopardalis - Colombia. Synonym - L. p. sanctaemartae.
• L. p. pusaea - madera akumphepete mwa Ecuador,
• L. p. sonoriensis - Mexico
• L. p. steinbachi - Bolivia.

Dera

Ocelots amapezeka kwambiri ku Central America, komanso amapezeka m'malo onse pakati pa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States (Texas, Arizona) ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Kuchulukana kwambiri kumawonedwa kumpoto kwa Central America, kumpoto chakumadzulo, kumpoto chakum'mawa komanso pakati mwa South America.

Habitat

Tizilombo tachilaza timapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mvula, svannah, zitsamba, meadows, mangroves ndi swamp. Monga lamulo, amakhala pamtunda wosakwana 1200 metres, koma nthawi zina amakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 3800 metres kupitilira nyanja. Chofunikira chachikulu pakupezeka malo okhala ndi masamba. Ocelots amawonekera m'malo otseguka kokha nyengo yamvula kapena usiku pamene mwezi watsopano wawonekera.

Kuswana

Ocelots ndi nyama zayekha zomwe zimakhala ndi njira yobereketsa ya polyline. Mndandanda wam'nyumba wamphongo wamwamuna mmodzi, umakuta magulu azimayi angapo. Nthawi ya estrus, zazikazi zimakopa omwe atenga nawo mbali pakulankhula mokweza kwambiri zofananira ndi amphaka akunyumba. Pambuyo pakupuma, ma ocelot amatengera kasanu mpaka 10 pa tsiku. Kuthekera kwa kutenga pakati pa estrus komwe kumakhala pafupifupi masiku 5 ndi 60%. Nthawi yayitali ya estrus ndi masiku pafupifupi 4.63.

Ngati matani achita bwino, ndiye kuti mayi woyembekezera amapanga pobowoleza nkhokwe m'matako oyambapo pomwe kubadwa kumachitika. Mimba imatenga masiku 79-85. Kukula kwa zinyalala ndi ma kittens 1-3, pafupifupi 1.63 kittens / zinyalala. Ng'ombe zimabadwa zolemera 200 mpaka 340 magalamu. Monga lamulo, wamkazi amabala ana kamodzi pakatha zaka ziwiri zilizonse.

Ma kiteloti a Ocelot amachotsedwa mkaka wa mayi wawo ali ndi milungu 6 ndipo amakula msinkhu wazaka 8-10. Kukula mwakugonana mwa akazi kumachitika pa miyezi 18 mpaka 22 ndipo amatha kubereka mpaka zaka 13. Amuna amakhala okhwima pofika miyezi 15, komabe, monga lamulo, spermatogeneis imachitika pafupifupi miyezi 30. Umboni ukusonyeza kuti kutha msambo mwa abambo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndikupeza gawo lawolawo.

Akazi okha ndi amene amasamalira ana. Kittens amayamba kuyang'anira amayi awo pakasaka, miyezi ingapo atabadwa. Kuyimira pawokha kumabwera pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, pambuyo pake achinyamata olemot ayenera kupeza zigawo zawo.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Ocelot ndi msodzi waluso kwambiri. Amphaka awa amafufuza nyama zawo ndi kununkhira ndipo nthawi zambiri akamenyedwa amapambana. Pambuyo pakugwidwa, akumupha ndikudya pomwepo, ndipo zotsalazo zikubisidwa. Monga amphaka ena, ma ocelot amatha kusinthidwa ndi zakudya zawo zokoma: mothandizidwa ndi mano, amatulutsa nyama kuchokera ku nyama, ndipo chifukwa cha michere yamphamvu yogaya chakudya, amatha kuyigaya.

Zakudya za ocelot zimakhala ndi makoswe ang'onoting'ono 65-66%, zokwawa 12-18%, zolengedwa zapakati 6-10%, mbalame za 4-11%, ndi 2-7% crustaceans ndi nsomba. Mitundu yawo yofunika kudya ndi mitundu yausiku, kuphatikiza bango (Zygodontomys)makoswe odulidwa (Echimyidae)agouti (Dasyprocta)opossum (Didelphimorphia), ndi armadillo (Cingulata). Ngakhale nyama zambiri zimalemera osakwana 1-3% yakulemera kwa thupi, ma ocelot amathanso kudya nyama zazikulu, kuphatikiza anteaker a mikono inayi (Tamandua tetradactyla)mazamu akulu (Mazama americana)anyani wamba agologolo (Saimiri sciureus) ndi akamba am'madzi (Testudinidae).

Mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimadyera makamaka zimakhala pansi, ndipo amphaka amatha kuphimba mitembo yayikulu ndi zinyalala kuti akazigwiritse ntchito pambuyo pake. Ocelots amapezeka paliponse, ndipo zakudya zawo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kupezeka kwa nyama.

M'madzi osefukira a ku Venezuela omwe anasefukira pachaka, amphaka amadya nkhanu zokha, zomwe zimakhala zochulukirapo panthawi yamvula. Osambira abwino amaola zakudya m'madzi am'madzi komanso am'madzi chaka chonse.

Khalidwe

Ocelots sachiza. Amphaka omangidwa mwamphamvu awa ndi amokha komanso malo. Amagwira maola maola 12-14 patsiku. Ocelots amapuma masana pamulu wazomera wa nthambi ndi mipesa, kapena pakati pamizu yamitengo ikuluikulu. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala otakataka usiku, nthawi zina nyengo yamvula (makamaka pamitambo), kusaka kumachitika masana.

Amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri akuyenda pang'onopang'ono kunyumba kwawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafufuza. Ofufuzawo apeza kuti amphaka amayendera madera awo masiku awiri kapena anayi alionse. Amuna, monga lamulo, amayenda kwambiri kuposa akazi chifukwa cha zofuna zawo zamphamvu, komanso kufunikira kuyesa akazi kuti akhale okonzeka kubereka, mkati mwa mitundu yawo.

Mitundu yakunyumba

Nyumba zawo zimakhala kuyambira 2 mpaka 31 km², kutengera malo. Makulidwe a amuna ndi akulu kuposa zazikazi, ndipo osangokhalira amuna amuna ena. Komabe, monga mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, magawo a amuna, monga lamulo, amagwirizana pang'ono ndi magulu angapo achikazi. Kuchulukana kwa mitunduyi, pafupifupi, ndi anthu anayi kwa 5 km² ali m'nkhalango zotentha, ndipo kuchokera kwa anthu awiri mpaka asanu kwa 5 km iliyonse m'malo otseguka.

Zowopsa

Ubweya wokongola wa ocelot unapangitsa amphaka awa kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri yamphaka zazing'ono. Pakati pa 1960 ndi 1970, anthu opitilira 200,000 amaphedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha malonda akunja apadziko lonse lapansi. Kusaka kwa malonda kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha chitetezo chamalamulo, koma malonda osavomerezeka akupitilizabe, ndipo izi zikufunanso ngati chiweto. Ocelots nthawi zina amaphedwa pobwezera kuti agwiritse nkhuku. Komabe, choopsa chachikulu pamtunduwu ndikutha kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha kudula mitengo kwa ng'ombe ndi ulimi.

Ngakhale izi zimawopseza, ocelot adakali mtundu wamba wamphaka wambiri m'mitundu yawo yambiri, mpaka amafalikira kwambiri kuposa mtundu wocheperako, monga margay, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ma ocelot amakhudzanso abale awo ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa ma ocelot, kuphatikiza kufunikira kwa malo okhala wandiweyani komanso nyama yaying'ono yambiri, kungakhudze kuchepa kwa anthu.

Kuyankhulana ndi kuzindikira

Amphaka awa ali ndi chidwi chanunkhira komanso kuwona. Amagwiritsa ntchito fungo kuti apeze msewu ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, komanso kuti adziwe malire a mtunda. Ocelots ali ndi lakuthwa lakuwona kwamaso, opanga bwino kusaka usiku. Leopardus pardalis amaika malire pamudzi wawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawu polankhula ndi abale.

Ntchito pa zachilengedwe

Ocelots amathandiza kwambiri malo awo ngati adani. Ngakhale kuti amadya kwambiri pamtundu wapadziko lapansi, ma ogelot ndi mwayi kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Nthawi zina amakhala ngati nyama yolusa (mwachitsanzo, kamphaka)Panthera onca)) ndi makamu a majeremusi ambiri.

Wabwino

Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 kudzafika pakati pa zaka zam'ma 1980, anthu azungu amafuna kwambiri ubweya wa amphaka amtunduwu. M'masiku amenewo, malaya aubweya wa ocelot amatha kugulitsidwa $ 40,000 (US) kumadzulo kwa Germany. Ma Ocelot anali otchuka ngati ziweto zosowa, zomwe zimawononga $ 800 pamunthu aliyense. Mu 1975, Mgwirizano wa International Trade in Endangered Species ya Wild Fauna ndi Flora (CITES) udasainidwa, mayiko ena, kusinthana kwa malonda ocelot ndi zinthu zawo (mwachitsanzo, ubweya) zidakhala zosaloledwa m'maiko ambiri. Komabe, mutha kugulitsabe ocelots mosavomerezeka ku Managua International Airport ku Nicaragua kapena kumsika wakuda.

Ma Ocelot amathanso kukhala opindulitsa kwa anthu mwa kuwongolera mapanga omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi tizirombo taulimi.