Maonekedwe a ma Dicynodonts atha kufotokozeredwa motere: mulomo wa kamba, thupi la mvuu ndi ma fangs awiri a walrus.
Asayansi amafotokoza kuti Dicinodont ndiwocheperako - wosaposa mita imodzi, herbivore wokhala ndi chigaza cholumikizidwa komanso mchira wamfupi wakuda. Akatswiri a Paleontologists amati akhoza kukhala m'maenje. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ma Dicynodonts ali m'gulu la nyama zomwe zimafotokozedwa kuti ndi mtundu wa nyama zam'mera, zomwe zimachokera kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa.
Dicinodont (lat.Dicynodontia)
Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti umboni wakale kwambiri wowoneka wa zizindikiritso zakugonana mu nyama zapamtunda ndi ma fangs akulu a Dicinodont, omwe adakhala Padziko Lapansi zakale asanabadwe. Mwa nyama zomwe zikukhala nthawi ya Permian, ma Dicynodonts ndi omwe amakonda kwambiri kubwezeretsa. Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, a Dicynodonts adawonekera padziko lathu lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Permian ya Paleozoic, pafupifupi zaka 30 miliyoni nthawi ya dinosaur isanachitike.
Mitundu ina ya ma Dicynodonts idakhalako mpaka kumapeto kwa Upper Triassic ndipo idakhala kudera lamakono la Australia zaka 105 miliyoni zapitazo. Zinali za m'badwo uwu pomwe zotsalira za nyama yakale zakale zimapezeka - chibwano, canine ndi mulomo. Ngakhale kale ankakhulupirira kuti a Dicynodonts adamwalira zaka pafupifupi 220 miliyoni zapitazo. Nthawi inayake, buluzi wophatikizikayu anali nyama yotchuka kwambiri Padziko Lapansi, malinga ndi Talbourne waku Australia.
Dicinodont Placerias hesternus
Ofufuza ena sagwirizana ndi zomwe Talborne apeza ndipo amakhulupirira kuti mbali zina za chigaza chomwe chinapangidwa ndi mafuta zingakhale za dinosaur yokhala ndi nyanga. Mwachitsanzo, Fraser, wa paleontologist ku Virginia's American Museum of Natural History, amakayikira kuti ma dicynodonts adapulumuka pakuchulukitsidwa kwa nyama zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo (monga momwe pulaneti lathu lidayendera ndi pulaneti yayikulu). Komabe, Talborne akuti a Dicynodonts amatha kubisala kum'mawa kwa malo opambana a Gondwana, kudera lomwe kwazaka zambiri lakhala Australia.
Mitundu ya ma dicynodonts.
Zinthu zambiri zakale za Ditsinodontov zapezeka pafupi ndi Kotelnich. Pofufuza zomwe apezazi, asayansi anazindikira kuti zolengedwa zakale zasintha kwambiri. oyimira posachedwa a painolin awa anali kukula kwa njovu yamakono. Ma Dicynodonts mu tsiku lawo lokhala ndi thupi amafalitsa thupi kumayiko onse apadziko lapansi kupita ku Australia, komwe zotsalira zawo zidapezeka.
Dicinodont listozavr.
Kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, zokumbira zachitika ku South Africa ndikuwunika mwatsatanetsatane pafupifupi mafupa onse opezeka a Dicinodonts apangidwa. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wasayansi zimapereka chithunzithunzi chakuwonekeraku kukhalapo kwa izi zakale zapaubwino za chikhalidwe. Zinapezeka kuti a Dicinodonts amatsogolera gulu la ziweto, amakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti anali ochulukitsa. Nyamayo imatha kuyenda pansi, koma inkakhala ndi moyo wamadzi.
Dicinodont Hundezahn.
Ndi kusintha kwa chisinthiko, malinga ndi lingaliro lokhazikika la asayansi, ma Dicynodonts omwe anali atatha anali ndi matenthedwe a thupi, anali ndi chovala cha tsitsi, komanso anali opepuka.
Mu mitundu yomweyi ya Dicynodonts, kupezeka kwa demorphism komwe kunapezeka, komwe kumadziwonetsera pazolemba zosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi osiyana (kukula, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu), omwe ofufuzawo adapeza umboni wotsimikiza. Kuwonetsedwa koyamba kwa demorphism yogonana ku Dicynodonts adawonekera zaka 252-260 miliyoni zapitazo. Dicinodont yamphongo, mosiyana ndi yaikazi, inali ndi mafangayi awiri akulu akulu okula kuchokera pachiwono.
Primitive dicinodont Australobarbar (lat. Australobarbarus) yopezeka mdera la Kirov.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists sanapeze chilichonse chomveka bwino kuti mafangawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama kukumba mabowo. Komanso ma fangawo sakanatha kupatsa ma Dicinodonts kuti adye, popeza iwo sanali akaziwa. Komabe, ma fangawa adakula pomwe panali nyama. Pomwe fangayo idasweka, siyidakulanso. Malinga ndi zisonyezo zonsezi, asayansi akuwona kuti ma fang anali chiwonetsero cha kusankhana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mwambiri, nkhonya zolimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amuna pomenya nkhondo zachikazi pachaka chokomera, komanso kudziteteza ndi ana awo kwa adani.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
DICYNODONTS
Mu buku buku
Gawo 9. Moscow, 2007, p. 112
Pangani ulalo wa zolembedwa:
DICYNODONTS (Dicynodontia), nyama yomwe imasowa kwambiri yomwe ili ndi nyama zambiri. CHABWINO. Mitundu 40, mitundu yopitilira 150. Ku Middle Permian, D. adawonekera m'dera la Gondwana, ku Triassic - ku makontinenti onse, kuphatikizanso ku Antarctica, ku Australia adakhala mpaka Cretaceous. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 10cm mpaka 4m. Dzinalo (lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Latin "canine") limaperekedwa ndi kupezeka kwa zigoba ziwiri pachiwono. Mano otsala amasinthidwa ndi chivundikiro cha nyanga. Herbivores mwina anakumba zitsamba zofewa kuchokera pansi. Mu Late Permian ndi Triassic - DOS. gulu lalikulu la zinyama.
Ma dicynodonts - Dicynodont
| ma dicynodonts |
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Owen, 1859
Dicynodontia ndi taxon yochokera ku anomodont of therapside wokhala ndi chiyambi pakati pa Permian, yomwe imalamulira Late Permian ndikupitilira mu Triassic yonse, ndipo mwina itasungidwa ku Early Cretaceous. Ma dicynodonts anali herbivores okhala ndi ma ntcha awiri, motero dzina lawo, lomwe limatanthawuza "agalu awiri a dzino." Ndiwopambana kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana amtundu wa mankhwala osachokera ku mamina osagwirizana, omwe ali ndi mitundu yopitilira 70 yodziwika kuyambira kukula mpaka njovu.
DICINODONTS
DICINODONTS (Dicynodontia), chigawo chazomwe zatsalira zapadziko lapansi za terapsid. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri pagululo. Amadziwika kuchokera ku Late Permian mpaka ku Late Triassic yamayiko onse (zopezeka zazikulu ku South Africa). Kutalika kuyambira 20 cm mpaka 4 4. Chigoba chimakhala chachikulu, champhamvu kwambiri cha mafupa padenga. Khomo lachiwiri ndi lachiwerewere. Mano adasinthidwa ndi mlomo wowopsa, mu milomo 2 yayikulu maxillary adasungidwa, mwa oimira archaic - komanso mano a pambuyo pake. Chotupa chija ndi chachikulu, chamiyendo chamiyendo isanu chamanja chamiyala yayitali. Mabanja 6, mitundu yopitilira 100. Ma hydro ndi amphibionts, ndipo mwina mitundu yokumba. Ambiri mwa ma dicynodonts anali a herbivorous, mitundu yaying'ono inali yopanda mphamvu.
Onani zomwe Dicinodonts ili mu mabuku otanthauzira ena:
DICINODONTS - (Dicynodontia), chigawo chazomwe zatsala pang'ono kutheratu za terapsid. Ochulukirapo. gulu m'magulu. Amadziwika kuchokera ku Late Perm mpaka ku Late Triassic yamayiko onse (zopezeka zazikulu ku South Africa). Chifukwa kuyambira 20cm mpaka 4 m .. chigaza ndichulukacho, champhamvu ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
DICINODONTS - (Dicynodontia) magawo a nyama zouluka ngati nyama. Herbivores okhala m'madambo. Nthawi zambiri, ndimabowo awiri okha mumsaya wapamwamba omwe amapangidwa, kapena sanapezekepo. Amadziwika kuchokera ku Permian ndi Triassic of Africa, Permian of Europe, Triassic of Asia, S. ndi Yu ... ... Geological Encyclopedia
Dicynodonts - (Dicynodontia) chigawo (kapena chaposachedwa) cha zokwiriridwa pansi. Zinali ponseponse kumapeto kwa Permian komanso kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya Triassic. Zingwe zochokera ku teni mpaka m'temberero. Chigoba chimakhala chachikulu, mano amachepa, chifukwa ... ... Big Soviet Encyclopedia
ma dicynodonts - (ndime di (s) awiri + kycn (kynos) galu + odus (odontos) dzino la gulu la ma Romorphic (onani maomorphs) am'mapeto a chiyambi cha Paleozoic cha nthawi ya Mesozoic, yodziwika ndi kukhalapo (m'chigawo chapamwamba) cha mano awiri akuluakulu owoneka ngati ( kutali ... ... Dongosolo la mawu achilendo aku Russia
Dicinodont -? Kingdom Dicynodonts Sayansi Kugawa Ufumu: Mtundu wa Zinyama: Gulu la Ma Chord ... Wikipedia
Canneymerides -? † Cannadiamerid Wadiazavr (Wadiasau ... Wikipedia
Mndandanda -? † Lysrosaurs Lystrosaurus murray Gulu la Sayansi ... Wikipedia
Matendawa -? † Cannemémeria ... Wikipedia
Placerias -? † Placerias ... Wikipedia
Chikwanje -? Restoration Kubwezeretsa kwa Cannemémeria Moyo wa Kannemeyeria Gulu la Sayansi: Mtundu wa Zinyama ... Wikipedia
Makhalidwe
Ma dicynodonts a chigaza ndi apadera kwambiri, opepuka koma olimba, okhala ndi mawonekedwe omasuka kwakanthawi kumbuyo kwa chigoba amakakulidwa kwambiri kuti athe kukhala ndi minofu yayikulu ya nsagwada. Mbali yakutsogolo ya chigaza ndi nsagwada ya m'munsi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopyapyala komanso zowondera zonse kupatula mitundu ingapo yakale. M'malo mwake, kutsogolo kwa kamwa kamakhala ndi milomo yolakwika, ngati akamba ndi ma dinosaurs a ceratops. Chakudyacho chimakonzedwa ndikutulutsanso nsagwada ya m'munsi ndikatseka pakamwa pake, ndikupanga chinthu champhamvu chometa ubweya chomwe chingapatse mwayi ma dicynodonts kuthana ndi zinthu zolimba za chomeracho. Mitundu yambiri imakhalanso ndi ma fangs awiri, omwe amamuwonetsa kuti ndi chitsanzo cha dimorphism yokhudza kugonana.
Thupi limakhala lalifupi, lamphamvu komanso lopanda mbiya, lokhala ndi miyendo yolimba. Mu genera lalikulu (i.e. dinodontosaurus ) miyendo yakumbuyo yake idagwidwa molunjika, koma matambawo adapinda. Onse pectoralis ndi ileamu ndi akulu ndi amphamvu. Mchira wake ndi wafupi.
Endothermia ndi tsitsi
Ma Dicinodonts akhala akuwakayikira kwa nthawi yayitali nyama zokhala ndi magazi ofunda. Mafupa awo amakhala olimba kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi mayendedwe a Haversian, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo mthupi kumathandizira kuti kutentha kusungidwe. Mwa achichepere, mafupa amakhala olimba kwambiri kotero kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo kuposa ma terapsid ena ambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku pa LAT-Triassic dicynodonts wa patadox wapolisi wapolisi amawonetsa mitundu yam'mimba yodziwika kwambiri ya nyama yokhala ndi pang'onopang'ono kagayidwe.
Posachedwa, kupezeka kwa zotsalira za tsitsi m'mapepala amtundu wa Permian kungalungamitse mkhalidwe wa dicynodonts ngati nyama za endothermic. Popeza ma kopoteni awa amachokera ku mitundu yokongola komanso kupukusa mafupa ochulukitsa, akuti ena mwa zotsalira za tsitsizi zimachokera ku ma dicynodonts a nyama.
Pentasauropus Nyimbo za ma dicynodonts zikusonyeza kuti ma dicynodonts anali ma paty meaty pamiyendo yawo.
Nkhani
Ma Dicinodonts amadziwika kuyambira m'ma 1800s. Katswiri wa zamagetsi ku South Africa Andrew Geddes Bain adafotokoza koyamba za ma dicynodonts mu 1845. Panthawiyo, a Bane anali oyang'anira omanga misewu yankhondo pansi pa zipolopolo za Royal Engineers ndipo adapeza zimbudzi zambiri atamujambula ku South Africa. Bane adafotokozera mafutowa mu kalata ya 1845 yolembedwa Zochitika mu London Geological Society kuwatcha "oyang'anira" chifukwa cha ma fang awo awiri otchuka. M'chaka chomwecho, Richard Owen wa ku England adalemba mitundu iwiri ya ma dicynodonts ochokera ku South Africa: Dicynodon lacerticeps ndi Dicynodon bainii . Popeza Bane amatengedwa ndi Royal Injiniya Corps, amafuna kuti Owen afotokoze zochuluka kwambiri. Owen sanafotokoze kufotokozerako mpaka 1876 mu yake Bokosi lofotokoza ndi zojambula za Fossil Reptilia South Africa pamsonkhano wa Museum ya Britain . Mwa ichi, ma dicynodonts ambiri adafotokozedwa. Mu 1859, pali mtundu winanso wofunikira Ptychognathus declivis adatchulidwa kuchokera ku South Africa. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1860, Owen adatcha gulu la Dicynodontia. AT kalozera ofotokoza ndi zithunzi , Owen amalemekeza Bain akumanga Bidentalia ngati dzina lake m'malo mwa Dicynodontia. Bidentalia idasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mzaka zotsatirazi, m'malo mwa Dicynodontia Owen.
Msonkho
Dicynodontia poyambirira adatchulidwa ndi English paleontologist Richard Owen. Idakhazikitsidwa mu banja la Anomodontia dongosolo ndikuphatikizira kubala Dicynodon ndi Ptychognathus . Magulu ena a Anomodontia anaphatikiza Gnathodontia, yomwe inaphatikizanso Rhynchosaurus (tsopano yodziwika kuti archosaurus) ndi Cryptodontia, yomwe idaphatikizapo oudenodon . Cryptodonts anali osiyana ndi ma dicynodonts chifukwa chosowa fang. Ngakhale kusowa kwa ma fang, oudenodon samatchulidwanso kuti dicynodonts, ndipo dzina la Cryptodontia siligwiritsidwanso ntchito. Huxley adakonzanso Dicynodontia ya Owen monga lamulo lomwe linaphatikizaponso Dicynodon ndi oudenodon . Dicynodontia pambuyo pake adavotera ngati suborder kapena infraorder ndi gulu lalikulupo la Anomodontia, lomwe limayikidwa ngati dongosolo. Maudindo a Dicynodontia amasiyanasiyana mu kafukufuku waposachedwa, pomwe a Ivakhnenko (2008) amawerengera gawo lake, Ivanchnenko (2008) amawerengera infraorder yake, ndi Kurkin (2010) poganizira momwe adalamulira.
Ma taxa ambiri apamwamba, kuphatikiza ma infra ndi mabanja, akhazikitsidwa ngati njira yogawa mitundu yambiri ya ma dicynodonts. Cluver ndi King (1983) adazindikira magulu angapo akuluakulu ku Dicynodontia, kuphatikizapo Diictodontia, Endothiodontia, Eodicynodontia, Kingoriamorpha, Pristerodontia, ndi Venyukoviamorpha. Mabanja ambiri akufuna, kuphatikiza Cistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Listosaurus, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae ndi Robertiidae. Komabe, ndi kukula kwa phylogenetics, zambiri zamtunduwu wa taxa sizikuwonedwa kuti ndizovomerezeka. Kammerer ndi Angielczyk (2009) adapereka malingaliro akuti zovuta ndi zolemba za Dicynodontia ndi magulu ena pazotsatira zambiri zotsutsana ndi zomwe zimachitika pamaina osavomerezeka zidakhazikitsidwa molakwika.
Leni
Newt
Triton vulgaris Triton vulgaris Katswiri wa sayansi: Mawu apadziko lonse lapansi asayansi a Lissotriton vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Amitundu m'magulu a taxonomic Ordinary triton (lat....
Ganizirani zachilengedwe.