Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic Ocean - kuchokera pagombe lakumwera kwa Brazil kupita ku Argentina. Malire a malo osiyanasiyana - kuchokera madigiri 19. N mpaka madigiri 53 N, ndi kuchokera madigiri 68. w.d. mpaka 38 digiri w.d.
Imakonda madzi ofunda, dothi lofewa, lolola kubisala thupi pakasaka. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mozama kuchokera 50 mpaka 400 m.
Mawonekedwe
Mtundu wa angelo shaki. Antennae yaying'ono, yamtundu. Makulidwe amtundu wa pakhungu m'mphuno amathetseka, samapatsidwa zambiri. Zikumera ndizazikulu, kutalika kwa maso pafupifupi 2,5. Pali zingwe pamutu. Pakatikati pamsana, ma spines ndi ochepa, pafupifupi osawoneka.
Mtundu wakuda ndi wofiirira kapena wa bulauni, mbali yamkatiyo ndiyopepuka. Malo ang'onoang'ono akuda akumwazikira thupi lakumwambalo.
Chuma chochepa kwambiri cha ndalama zam'mimba ndizotalikirapo kuposa zapamwamba; anal finyo palibe. Zipsepse za Dorsal zimasinthidwa kumbuyo kwa thupi.
Amakonda kuwedza shark ku Argentina
Tsiku lina, munthu wokonda masewera aku Argentina, yemwe ankayenda m'bwatolo pafupi ndi gombe la Pacific dziko lakwawo, adakwanitsa kuchitapo kanthu ngati zikuwoneka ngati zabwinobwino, koma ndizosowa kwenikweni.
Atayimirira pamapangidwe ake achikale a Cesar Morales, modzidzimutsa adawona patali pafupifupi makumi asanu kuchokera mchombocho zipse zingapo, zomwe kuchokera patali zimafanana ndi zipsepse za shark. Pokhala wokonda komanso ukatswiri wazomera m'madzi, Cesar adatenga ma binoculars ndipo sanachokere paphwandopo kwa maola angapo, akuwona gulu la nyama izi, zomwe mwina zikubwera kapena kusuntha kutali ndi sitimayo. Poyamba, adanenanso kuti ndi a shaki a shaki, omwe mwina amapezeka kumpoto kwa Atlantic ku gombe la Atlantic ku South America, koma patapita nthawi, adazindikira kuti awa ndi mtundu wa asodzi, womwe ndi nsomba ya Atlantic.
Chingwe chinagunda pagombe la Argentina.
"Poyamba, nditazindikira kuti pali ziphuphu pakona ya diso langa, ndimaganiza kuti ndi ma dolphin, ndipo nditatha maola ochepa ndidawalabadira ndipo ndidazindikira kuti pali kusiyana. Kenako ndinayamba kuwayang'anitsitsa, ndikusiya zinthu zina kuti ndichite, koma ngakhale pamenepo sindinazindikire kuti izi zinali shaki ya Atlantic, ndikuganiza kuti ndakumana ndi mako. ” - atero Cesar Morales.
Poona kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa zipsepse, panali asodzi atatu. Mmodzi wa iwo anali wamkulukulu pomwe enawo anali ochepa. Tsoka ilo, yachtsman waku Argentina walephera kufotokoza zenizeni, koma ngati zinali zowetchera, ndiye kuti izi zitha kuonedwa ngati zosowa kwambiri.
"Ndili ndi chisoni kuti sindinatengeko zida zamagetsi, zomwe ndinazikonza masabata awiri apitawa, koma adasankha kuti asatenge nane, poganiza kuti sizingakhale zothandiza kwa ine. Sindinatenge kamera ya kanema. Ndinkayenda kwambiri kuposa kamodzi ndikumphira pansi, ndikusambira pafupi ndi asodzi ndipo ndimatha kudziwa bwinobwino zomwe shakizi ndi zake, koma mwatsoka, sizimakhala momwe zimafunira. Kwazaka zopitilira makumi awiri zokhala ndi zokondweretsa, mwawona kale zinthu zambiri zomwe simumadalira chilichonse chapadera, makamaka chosowa m'madzi awa ngati shaki ya herring. - adaonjezera Cesar. "Ndikadapanda kukhala osasamala, ndikadawajambula, ndimagwiritsa ntchito zida za scuba pazolinga izi." Ndikufuna kudzakumananso tsiku lina. ”
Chowonadi ndi chakuti shaki ya Atlantic shark imakhala makamaka kumpoto kwa dziko, pomwe kum'mwera imatha kupezeka m'madzi a Indian Ocean ndi Pacific Ocean. Pakadali pano, kumwera kwa Haiti, shaki ya ku Atlantic siinawonedwepo, tsopano ikungolingalira chabe zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nyamayi ipite kutali kwambiri kummwera komwe imakhala, komwe ndi madzi a North Atlantic. Komabe, titha kuganiza kuti pazifukwa zina anasamukira ku South Pacific kudzera pa Drake Channel.
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Kuchulukitsa
Kulongosola koyamba kwa asayansi akuba nsomba za ku Atlantic kunapangidwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku France a Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre mu 1788 pamaziko a lipoti lakale lomwe linapangidwa mu 1769 ndi Wachilengedwe wachilengedwe waku Wales. Bonnaterre adatcha mtundu watsopano Squalus nasus (kuchokera ku Lat. squalus - "shark" ndi Lat. nasus - "mphuno"). Mu 1816, katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku France, dzina lake Georges Cuvier, ananena kuti nsomba yam'madzi ya Atlantic ndi mtundu wina womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito pakudziyimira pawokha.
Etymology ya dzina lachi Ngerezi la nsomba yakuwala kwa Atlantic porbeagle sichinafotokozedwe bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi kuphatikiza kwa mawu achingerezi. porpoise - "porpoise" beagle - "beagle", yomwe imalongosoleredwa ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la shaki iyi ndi machitidwe ake osaka. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, amachokera ku mawu a Chimanga luso - "doko", "doko" ndi bugel “M'busa.” Oxford English Dictionary imati liu ili mwina linali lotengedwa kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Chimachimake, kapena linachokera ku liwu lachiCorish lotanthauza "doko" ndi liwu lachi Chingerezi "beagle", komabe, palibe mawu omwe ali ndi chizimba cholankhula chiyankhulo cha ChiCorish. Buku lotanthauzira mawu linanena kuti palibe umboni uliwonse wogwirizana ndi mawu a Fr. porc - "nkhumba" kapena Chingerezi. luso.
Phylogeneis ndi chisinthiko
Kafukufuku wambiri wa phylogenetic wokhazikika pamakhalidwe a morphological ndi machitidwe a mitochondrial a DNA adawulula ubale wapakati pa Atlantic herring shark ndi nsomba ya salmon, yomwe imakhala ndi chilengedwe chofanana ku North Pacific. Mitundu ya shaki za hering'i idawoneka zaka 65-45 miliyoni zapitazo. Sizikudziwika kuti mitundu iwiriyi yomwe idalipo idagawanikana bwanji, ngakhale izi mwina zidapangidwa mwa kupangidwe kwa kapu ya polar mu Arctic Ocean, yomwe idasiyanitsa anthu aku North Pacific shark ku North Atlantic.
Zotsalira zakale za nsomba zakuwala za Atlantic zomwe zimapezeka ku Belgium ndi Netherlands kuyambira nthawi ya ku Miocene (pafupifupi zaka 7.2 miliyoni zapitazo), zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka ku Belgium, Spain ndi Chile ndi gawo la Pliocene (zaka 5.3-2.6 zapitazo) ), ndi mchere wina wachi Dutch - ku Pleistocene (zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo - zaka 12000 BC). Komabe, mano opukusira achikafuta, ofanana kwambiri ndi mano a nsomba zakuwala ku Atlantic omwe amapezeka pagombe la Antarctic Peninsula, amachokera ku Middle kapena Late Eocene nyengo ya zaka (50- 34 miliyoni zapitazo). Kugawika kwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zam'mimba ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mano awo.
Dera
Mbawala zakuthengo za ku Atlantic ndizofalikira m'madzi otentha; sizimapezeka m'madzi otentha. Amakhala ndi niche zachilengedwe zofanana ndi nsomba za nsomba zamchere ku North Pacific. Malowa agawidwa magawo awiri. Yoyamba ili kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean (kuchokera ku North Africa ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kumwera mpaka kumalire a Scandinavia ndi Greenland kumpoto), kuphatikizapo Barents ndi White Sea (pakati pa 30 ° ndi 70 ° N). Shaki a North Atlantic nthawi zina amangosambira kumphepete mwa South Carolina ndi Gulf of Guinea, komabe, amayi apakati omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa Atlantic amabala ana mu Nyanja ya Sargasso ngakhalenso m'madzi a Haiti. Gawo lachiwiri la masanjidwewo ndi gulu lomwe lili ku Southern Hemisphere pakati pa 30 ° ndi 50 ° S. w. (madzi akutsuka gombe lakumwera kwa South America, Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand). Pali lingaliro loti nsomba za ku Atlantic zikutha kudutsa kum'mwera kwa nyengo yam'madzi, yomwe idayamba ku Quaternary (kuyambira zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo), pomwe malo otentha anali otsika kwambiri kuposa lero.
Mbawala zakuthengo za ku Atlantic zimakonda kukhala pansi panyanja pamagombe apansi panthaka zokhala ndi nyama zambiri, ngakhale zimapezeka kumtunda ndi madzi osaya ndi akuya mpaka 1360 m. Pali umboni wosakhalapo wa kubowola kwa nsomba zazingwe za ku Atlantic zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi opanda kanthu a Mar Chiquita ru en, Argentina. Kuyika ma shaki ku Britain Isles kwathandizira kuzindikira kusintha kwakukulu pakupita kwakanthawi kwamtunduwu. Kusunthika kosunthika kumawonjezeka mozama ndipo zimadalira kutentha kwa madzi; madzi osaya, osasinthika, asodzi amayenda motsutsana, amakhala tsiku lonse m'madzi osaya ndipo akutsika usiku. M'madzi akuthambo, asodzi amatuluka mobwerezabwereza, ndipo amatha tsiku lonse kutenthetsedwa ndipo amatuluka usiku mpaka pamwamba. Mbawala zakutchire ku Atlantic zimakonda kutentha kwa madzi kuyambira 5 ° C mpaka 10 ° C, ngakhale kutentha kwawo kumachokera ku 1 ° C mpaka 23 ° C.
Kuchuluka kwa nsomba za nsomba za ku Atlantic zomwe zimakhala kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa mapiri ndizodzipatula zokha. Mu Northern Hemisphere, pali magawo awiri - kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, komwe samakonda kudutsana. Shaki imodzi yokha ndi yomwe imadziwika, yomwe idawoloka Atlantic kuchokera ku Ireland kupita ku Canada, itayenda mtunda wa 4,260 km. Palinso magawo ena osiyana azungu. Shaki zamtunduwu kumpoto kwa Atlantic ali ndi magawano kukula ndi kugonana, ndipo ku Southern Hemisphere, kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa amuna kwa akazi onse m'mphepete mwa Spain ndi 2: 1, ku Scotland kuli azimayi oposa 30% kuposa abambo, ndipo abambo omwe ndi anyamata kwambiri amakhala ku Gulf of Bristol. Asodzi akulu akulu amapezeka m'malo okwera kuyerekeza ndi achichepere.
Mbawala zakuthengo za ku Atlantic zimasamuka nthawi ndi nthawi ku North and Southern Hemispheres. Kumpoto kwa Atlantic chakumadzulo, ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi akuya pamalo opumira a Nova Scotia, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe amasambira kumpoto mpaka mtunda wa 500-100 km m'madzi osaya a Great Newfoundland Bank ndi St. Lawrence Bay. M'mwezi wa Disembala, akazi akulu akulu amasamukira kum'mwera mtunda wopitilira 2,000 Nyanja ya Sargasso, kumene amabereka ana, akukhala akuya kupitirira mamitala 600 masana ndikukwera mpaka 200 m usiku kuti akakhale m'madzi ozizira pansi pa Gulf Stream. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Atlantic, nsomba za nsomba za Atlantic zimagwiritsa ntchito chilimwe m'madzi osaya a alumali, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimabalalika kumpoto munyanja yamtambo. Pakusamukira kwawo, shaki amatha kuphimba mtunda wa 2300 km, komabe, atakwaniritsa cholinga choyenda, amakonda kukhala m'malo ochepa. Chiwerengero cha South Hemisphere nthawi yachisanu chimasunthira kumpoto pamwamba pa 30 ° S. w. m'madzi otsetsereka, ndipo kasupe amabwerera kumwera pansi pa 35 ° S. ,. komwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri kuzilumba zazing'ono.
Anatomy ndi mawonekedwe
Asodzi aku nsomba aku Atlantic ali ndi thupi lolemera komanso lambiri. Mutu wautali wa conical umatha ndikutulutsa chotsekemera, chomwe chimathandizidwa ndi kukulitsa mtima. Maso ndi akulu, akuda, kope lachitatu kulibe. Mphuno zazing'ono zooneka ngati S zimakhala kutsogolo ndi pansi pa maso. Pakamwa ndi yayikulu, yokhotakhota, nsagwada imatuluka pang'ono. Asodzi aku North Atlantic ali ndi ma dentitions amtundu wa 28-29 komanso 26-27 wotsika, pomwe shaki ochokera ku Southern Hemisphere ali ndi 30-31 kumtunda ndi 2729 otsika. Mano ndi owongoka, koma okhala ndi maziko otsekedwa kwambiri, ali ndi malo owumbika owoneka bwino ndi mano ochepa, omwe amapangika bwino kuposa mu Pacific herring shark (sapezeka mwa ena onse amakono a banja la Lamnidae). Mano akutsogolo ali pafupi kuyerekeza, mano kumbuyo amakhala opindika kumbuyo. Magulu awiri a mipata yayitali ya gill yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa zipsepse.
Zipsepse zamtchire ndizitali komanso zopapatiza. Chomaliza cha dorsal fin ndi chachitali komanso chachikulu, pamwamba ndi pozungulira, maziko amakhala kumbuyo kwa zipsepse. Zipsepse zamkati, zodutsa komanso zachiwiri zimakhala zazing'ono. M'mphepete mwa khoma lamiyala ya patudal. Pansi pa keel zazikulu pali buluzi yachiwiri yofupikitsa. Crescent yooneka ngati thonje; Pansi pa ndalama ya caudal pamakhala poyambira porsal ndi ventral precaudal notch. Boti lolemba mkati limapezeka pamphepete mwa lobe yapamwamba kwambiri. Khungu zofewa limakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ophatikizika omwe amapanga mawonekedwe velvety. Chikuto chilichonse chimakhala ndi ma protoni atatu oyang'ana kumapeto kumene.
Kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi kapena imvi. (Mpaka mpaka wakuda), m'mimba mwayera. Mtundu wakuda wa dorsolateral umafikira ku zipsepse zamakina. Mapeto aulere a dorsal fin yoyera ndi imvi kapena yoyera, komwe ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu. M'malingaliro ochokera kum'mwera chakum'mwera, kumunsi kwa mutu kumakhala kwakuda ndipo m'mimba mumawona. Asodzi a nsomba zaku Atlantic amafika kutalika kwa 3 m, zambiri za anthu akuluakulu (pafupifupi 3.7 m) zimatha kukhala zolakwika ndipo zimagwiranso ntchito ku mitundu ina ya asodzi a nsomba. Kutalika kwakukulu ndi 2.5 m. Kumpoto kwa Atlantic, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna - kutalika kwakukulu kojambula kuchokera kumphepete mwa phokoso kupita pa mphanda ya mtengo wa caudal ndi 2.5 m kwa amuna ndi 3 m kwa akazi. Mbawala zazitali za Atlantic zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera kuzungulira dziko lapansi, zazing'ono, zazikazi ndi zazimuna ndizofanana kukula, mpaka 2.1 m ndi 2 mamita, motsatana (kuyambira kumunsi kwa pomwe pali pomwepo. Kulemera kwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu za ku Atlantic sikupitirira 135 kg. Kulemera kolemera makilogalamu 230 (munthu amene adagwidwa mu 1993 kudera la Caithness, Scotland).
Biology ndi Ecology
Osaka nsomba zakuthengo ku Atlantic mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu amapezeka onse m'magulu komanso mosiyanasiyana. Thupi lawo lopingasa, chokhala ndi tsinde lopyapyala ndi mtengo wowoneka bwino wamiyala amapangidwa bwino kuti azithamanga mwachangu. Mwapangidwe, amafanana ndi nsomba, nkhokwe ndi nsomba zina zomwe zimatha kusambira mwachangu. Asodzi a nsomba za ku Atlantic ndi shaki za salmon amakhala ndi thupi lotetezeka kwambiri pakati pa oimira banja lankhondo la hering'i (mulingo wa kutalika ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 4.5), motero mayendedwe awo alibe kusinthika: amasuntha mchira wawo mbali ndi mbali, pomwe thupi pafupifupi silimapinda. Njira yosambira iyi imawapatsa mphamvu patsogolo komanso mphamvu zambiri pakuwonongeka kwa kayendedwe. Gawo lalikulu la gill limapereka minyewa yamkati ndi mpweya wambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mbali mwake amakhala ndi mzere wa "minofu yofiyira" ya aerobic, yomwe imachepetsedwa ndi mphamvu zochepa ngakhale "mitsempha yoyera", yomwe imawonjezera kupirira.
Asodzi a nsomba aku Atlantic ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zingapo zomwe zimatha kuwonetsa masewera. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Cornwall, ndikuwonetsetsa momwe asodziwo adagwa ndikusintha mozungulira kuzungulira nkhwangwa yayitali kwambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Mwina mwanjira imeneyi shaki zimadzisangalatsa, kudya nyama zazing'ono zomwe zikukhala mu algae, kapena kuyesa kuthana ndi majeremusi. Kuphatikiza apo, tinayang'ana nsomba zazikuluzikulu za Atlantic zikuthamangitsa aliyense, atasonkhana gulu. Pali malipoti oti amasewera ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyandama m'madzi: kukankha, kugwedeza kapena kuluma zidutswa za timiyala tosanja ndi tosambira.
Shaki zoyera ndi anamgumi opha akhoza kukhala akuwedza nsomba za nsomba zaku Atlantic. Chiyerekezo chaching'ono chidatengedwera kumtunda kwa Argentina ndi zilembo zolumikizidwa kuchokera ku nsapato zazing'ono kapena zazifupi, koma sizikudziwika ngati uku kunali kusaka kapena kuwonetsa mwankhanza. Pa izi shaki tapeworms parasitize Dinobothrium septaria ndi Hepatoxylon trichiuri ndi Copepods Dinemoura producta , Laminifera doello-juradoi ndi Pandarus floridanus . Chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa pachaka chimakhala chochepa kwambiri ndipo chakumadzulo kwa North Atlantic ndi 10% mwa anthu osakhazikika, 15% mwa amuna akuluakulu ndi 20% mwa akazi achikulire.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mbedza za ku Atlantic zimawedza nsomba zazikulu komanso zazing'onoting'ono. Nsomba zapaPelagic, monga Alepizaurus ru en, zimaphatikizidwa pazakudya zawo., mackerel, sardines, hering ndi saury, komanso nsomba zam'munsi, monga nsomba zamkati, hake, whitefish, mpendadzuwa, gerbils, pinagors ndi flounders. Cephalopods, makamaka squid, ndiwonso chakudya chofunikira kwambiri, pomwe shaki zazing'ono monga supu shark kapena shark yokhala ndi nambala zazifupi sizikhala chakudya chawo. Kafukufuku wazomwe zimapezeka m'mimba mwa asodzi aku Atlantic akuwonetsa kuti amadyanso ma bollus, crustaceans, echinoderms ndi ma invertebrates ena, omwe amatha kumeza mwa mwayi pamodzi ndi zinthu zosavomerezeka (zinyalala, nthenga ndi miyala).
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic, nsomba za nsomba za Atlantic ku kasupe zimadya makamaka nsomba za pelagic ndi squid, ndipo m'dzinja, nsomba za pansi. Izi ndichifukwa chakusuntha kwakunyengo mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira kuchokera ku madzi akuya kupita kumadzi osaya komanso mosinthika. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwu ndiwosinthika mosavuta popanda zofuna zapadera. Chapakatikati ndi chilimwe mu Nyanja ya Celt kumphepete kwakunja kwa mashelufu aku Scottish ru en asodzi amasonkhana kutsogolo kwa mafuta komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma ebb ndi kayendedwe ka mafunde kuti asaka nsomba zokopa chifukwa cha kudzikundikira kwakukulu kwa zooplankton. Pakusaka, asodzi amakwawa kuchokera pansi pamadzi mpaka pansi ndikuwukanso patatha maola ochepa. Mwina kusunthika kosunthika kumawathandiza kuti azidziluma. Chaka chimodzi chaka cha Atlantic hering shark 1 mita adadyetsedwa ndi krill ndi polychaetes.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo komanso kubereka
Nthawi yakubala kwa nsomba zakuwala ku Atlantic sizachilendo chifukwa zikufanana m'makutu onsewo ndipo sizisintha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kutentha ndi usana masana sizimakhudza kwambiri kubereka kwawo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thupi la nsomba za endothermic. Kukwatirana kumachitika makamaka kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala. Pakukhwima, amuna amaluma akazi ndi kugwira mano awo ndi ziphuphu za pectoral mdera la branchial ndi pambali. Malo awiri amadziwika kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic pomwe Atlantic herning shark mate - imodzi ku Newfoundland ndi ina ku Maine Bay. Akazi akuluakulu amakhala ndi ovary mmodzi wogwira ntchito (kumanja) ndi ma oviducts awiri. Mwinanso amabereka ana chaka chilichonse. Mu zinyalala kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 cubs, nthawi zambiri 4. Mimba imatenga miyezi 8-9.
Monga mamembala ena am'banja lake, shaki za ku Atlantic zimaberekana mwa kubadwa mwanjira inayake, kutanthauza kuti, mluza umadya kwambiri mazira osabereka. Mu gawo loyamba la kubereka, thupi la mayiyo limatulutsa mazira ambiri otere, otsekedwa ndi chifuwa chotalika masentimita 7.5 Mazira amalowa m'mazira oviducts. Mluza umayamba kudya phukusi la yolk ndikudzigwira kuchokera kapsulo yake, ndikuyamba kutalika kwa masentimita 3,2-2.2. Pofika nthawi iyi, magwiridwe ake akunja ndi mpweya wamatumbo oyambitsidwa kale kupanga bwino. Ndi kamwana ka mluza wa 4.2-9.2 masentimita, gawo la yolk ndilopanda kanthu, mluza umataya mapiritsi akunja, koma osadyeka ndi mazira osabereka, popeza satha kutsegula. Pa mluza wa 10-12 masentimita, ma "fini" "awiri otumphukira amawonekera pachiwono, ndi timavalo tating'ono tating'ono pamtondo wapamwamba, mothandizidwa ndi iwo kubaya mapiritsi a dzira. Amayamba kudyetsa mwachangu za yolk ndipo m'mimba mwake amatambasulidwa kwambiri: minofu yam'mimba imagawidwa pakati, khungu limatambasuka kwambiri.
Kutalika 20 mpaka 20, mluza umakhala ndi utoto wapinki chifukwa chosowa, ndipo maso okha ndi amene amakhala amdima. Mutu ndi ma gill omwe ali kumbali zambiri amakula ndikukhala gelatinous. Kulemera kwam'mimba kodzaza ndi yolk kumatha kukhala mpaka 81% ya kulemera konse kwa mluza 30-42 cm. Mluza umakhala mumdima, mpaka kutalika kwa 34- 38 cm. Pofika nthawi iyi, kupanga dzira kumaima ndipo yolk yomwe yazunjikana m'mimba imakhala gwero la michere. Kuphatikiza apo, mluza umapitilizabe kudya mazira oikidwa, kuboola ndi kumwa zomwe zili, kapena kumeza lonse. Pang'onopang'ono, m'mimba amasiya kukhala nkhokwe yamphamvu ndikucheperachepera, chiwindi chokula chimayamba kugwira ntchito imeneyi. Pokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 40, mluza umakhala utakhazikika kale, ndipo utali wa masentimita 58, umakhala wofanana kwambiri ndi shaki yatsopano. Minofu yam'mimba imayendera limodzi, ndikupanga zomwe zimatchedwa "umbilical scar" kapena "scar from the yolk sac" (mawu onsewa ndi olakwika). Mano ang'onoang'ono amawoneka ngati nsagwada zonse ziwiri, zomwe zimangokhala osadukizadukiza mpaka pakubala.
Kukula kwa ana obadwa kumene kumasiyana pakati pa 60 ndi 75 cm (69-80 cm ku South Pacific), ndipo kulemera sikupitirira 5 kg. Kulemera kwa chiwindi kuli mpaka 10% ya kulemera konse, ngakhale yolk yochepa imatsala m'mimba, yomwe imathandizira mwana wakhanda mpaka ataphunzira kudya. Kukula pamwezi ndi 7-8 masentimita. Nthawi zina kilogalamu imodzi imakhala yocheperako kuposa inayo, yomwe si yovuta. "Amphaka" oterewa amabadwa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mluza wodziwika kwambiri pafupi ndi gwero la chakudya, lomwe limatulutsa mazira ambiri, kapena chifukwa choti mayi satha kupereka chakudya kwa mazira onse. Kubadwa kwa mwana kumachitika kuyambira mwezi wa Epulo mpaka Seputembala, kumpoto kwa Atlantic, nsonga imachitika mu Epulo ndi Meyi, komanso ku South Hemisphere mu Juni ndi Julayi. Kumpoto kwa Atlantic chakumadzulo, ana obadwa kumene amabadwira mu Nyanja ya Sargasso pakuya pafupifupi 500 m.
Asanasamuke, amphongo ndi zazikazi zimamera pamlingo wofanana, ngakhale zazimuna nthawi zambiri zimakula kukula ndipo pambuyo pake zimakhwima. Zaka zinayi zoyambirira za moyo, shaki zimawonjezera masentimita 16-20 pachaka mu hemispheres yonse. Pambuyo pake, asodzi omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean (South Hemisphere) amakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa achibale aku North Atlantic. Amphongo amafikira kutha msinkhu ndi kutalika kwa 1.6-1.8 mamita kuchokera pamphuno ya mphuno mpaka mphanda wa mchira, womwe umafanana ndi zaka 6-11, ndipo zazikazi 2-2.2 m ndi 12-18 zaka, motsatana. Ku South Hemisphere, amuna amakhala okhwima kutalika kwa 1.4-1,5 m, azaka 8-11, ndi akazi 1.7-1.8 m ndi 15-18 wazaka, motero. Zaka zambiri zoyendetsedwa ndi moyo zaka 26, zinajambulidwa mu shaki 2.6 metres. Mwachidziwitso, nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi nsomba za Atlantic imatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 30 mpaka 40 ku Atlantic ndi kufikira zaka 65 ku Southern Hemisphere.
Machida
Monga mamembala ena am'banja lake, shaki za ku Atlantic zimatha kusunga kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi poyerekeza ndi chilengedwe. Amatumikira ichi Rete mirabile ru en (kuchokera ku Chilatini amatanthauzidwa kuti "network yabwino"). Ichi ndi chopindika chokhala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha yomwe imayenda mbali zonse za thupi. Zimakuthandizani kuti musunge kutentha chifukwa cha kufinya, kutentha magazi ozizira ochepa ndi minyewa yotentha, yolusa. Mwanjira imeneyi, alaki amasunga kutentha kwambiri m'malo ena a thupi, makamaka m'mimba. Asodzi akuwala aku Atlantic ali ndi angapo rete mirabile: orbital, kutentha mtima ndi ubongo, pambuyo pake modukizadukiza, ndikupeza minofu yosambira, suprahepatic ndi aimpso.
Asodzi a nsomba zaku Atlantic ndi achiwiri okha ayi. Minofu yofiyira, yomwe ili mkati mwenimweni mwa thupi, imalumikizidwa ndi msana. Kutentha kwamkati kwa nsomba za Atlantic shark kumatha kupitirira kutentha kwa madzi ozungulira pofika 8-10 ° C. Kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti nsomba izi zizikhala ndi liwiro lalikulu, kusaka kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndikusambira nthawi yozizira kupita kumalo okwera kwambiri, komwe nsomba zina sizitha kufikako. Orbital rete mirabile kumawonjezera kutentha kwa ubongo ndi maso a akuwala aku Atlantic ndi 3-6 ° C ndipo, m'malo mwake, kumathandizira kuteteza malo ozizwitsawa kuchokera ku kutentha kwamphamvu komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kutsika kwakuzama panyanja, mwina mapangidwe awa amathandizira kuwonekera kwamawonekedwe ndi kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe.
Kuyanjana kwa anthu
Ngakhale kuti nsomba zazikuluzikulu za Atlantic zimadziwika kuti ndizowopsa kwa anthu, sizimawombera anthu kapena mabwato. Pa mndandanda wapadziko lonse wa Shark Attack on Humans ru en adalemba maulendo awiri okha. Zolemba zina zimafotokoza momwe "mbedza imakulira munthu," koma nsomba za nsomba zaku Atlantic zimasokonezeka mosavuta ndi mako kapena shaki zoyera. Kanema adapangidwa yemwe akuwonetsa momwe shaki ya ku Atlantic imagwirira munthu wina wogwira ntchito papulogalamu yamafuta mu Nyanja Yofiyira ndikumumenya popanda kuwononga. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti samasaka ndipo machitidwe ake amachitidwa chifukwa chofuna kudziwa zambiri kapena chodzitchinjiriza.
Panthaŵi inayake, nsomba zazikuluzikulu za ku Atlantic zimaganiziridwa kuti zingavulaze nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowedza zopepuka. Mtunduwu umawonedwa kwambiri ndi ma angler ku Ireland, UK ndi USA. Akakhala chokhomedwa, asodzi amakana mwachangu, koma, mosiyana ndi shaki, samadumphira m'madzi. Oyambira nthawi zambiri amasokoneza shaki za ku Atlantic ndi a shaki.
Usodzi wamalonda
Asodzi aku nsomba aku Atlantic ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha nyama ndi zipsepse, chifukwa chake, mtunduwu wakhala umasakidwa kwanthaŵi yayitali. Nyamayo imagulitsidwa mwatsopano, youma ndi mchere wowuma. Mu 1997-1998, mtengo wathunthu wa nyama za asodzi awa anali 5-7 € pa kilogalamu, katatu mtengo wa nyama ya shaki wabuluu. Ku Europe, ikufunika kwambiri, United States ndi Japan alinso ogulitsa kunja. Ziphuphu zimaperekedwa ku Southeast Asia, komwe amapangira msuzi. Zotsalira za mtembowo zimatayidwa kuti zipange khungu, mafuta komanso nsomba. Malonda apadziko lonse a nyama za asodzi aku Atlantic ndiwofunikira, koma zowerengeka sizikupezeka, chifukwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu ingapo ya asodzi zingatenge nawo gawo. Mbawala zakuthengo za ku Atlantic zimagwidwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mautali, komanso maukonde, maukonde ndi ma trowls. Nyama ya asambazi ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri chifukwa amasungidwa ngakhale kwa nsomba zosayenera, akagwidwa ngati asodzi. Popanda kusungirako, zipsepse zake zimadulidwa, ndipo mtembowo umaponyedwa.
Kusodza kwakukulu kwa nsomba zazingwe za ku Atlantic kunayamba mu 30s ya XX, pamene Norway ndipo, pang'ono, Denmark idayamba kugwira ntchito zombo zazitali ku North Atlantic. Ku Norway, zopezeka pachaka zimakwera kuchoka pa matani 279 mu 1926 mpaka matani 3,884 mu 1933 ndi kuchuluka mu 1947, mpaka matani 6,000. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, migodi idayambiranso. Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa asodzi adayamba kugwa mwachangu: ku Norway, nsomba zapachaka zimatsika pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pa matani 1200-1900 kuyambira 1953 mpaka 1960 mpaka 160 mpaka 300 matani koyambirira kwa 70s mpaka matani 10-40 kumapeto kwa 80s ndi 90s koyambirira zaka. Mofananamo, ku Denmark kugwidwa pachaka kudagwa kuchoka matani 1,500 koyambirira kwa 50s mpaka ochepera matani 100 mu 90s. Pakadali pano, maiko ambiri aku Europe, kuphatikiza Norway, Denmark, France, ndi Spain, akupitiliza kusaka nsomba zazikuluzitali ku Atlantic kumpoto kwa Atlantic. France ndi Spain adayamba kulodza nsomba zamtunduwu mu zaka 70s za XX. Asodzi aku France asodzi makamaka mu Nyanja ya Celtic ndi Bay of Biscay ndipo amawona kugwidwa kwa pachaka kuyambira matani opitilira 1000 mu 1979 mpaka matani 300-400 kumapeto kwa ma 90s. Kuchulukitsa kwa asodzi aku Spain akuchokera kuzisonyezo zochepa mpaka kukagwira matani opitilira 4000 pachaka, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kuyesayesa kumadzi asanagwiritsidwe ntchito kale.
Popeza nsomba zam'madzi za Atlantic sizimapezeka kawirikawiri kum'mawa kwa Atlantic mu 60s ya XX m'ma 100, zombo zaku Norway zayenda kumadzulo - kumadzi a New England ndi Newfoundland. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, zombo zazitali zochokera ku Islandse Islands zidalowa nawo. Kubedwa kwa pachaka ku Norweku kunakwera kuchoka pa matani 1900 mu 1961 kupita pa matani 9000 mu 1965. Asodzi a nsomba amatumizidwa ku Italy, komwe nyama yawo (ital. Smergliosmerglio) ndiyotchuka kwambiri. Pazaka 6 zokha, kuchuluka kwa asodzi kunatsikanso msanga: pofika ma 1970s, dziko la Norway limapanga zochepera matani 1000 pachaka, asodzi aku Farawo adaona zomwezi. Asodziwo atasowa, makampani ambiri asodzi amasinthana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Zaka 25 zikubwerazi, anthu asodzi pang'onopang'ono adachira pang'onopang'ono ndipo adabwerera ku 30% ya momwe adaonera usodzi usanayambe. Mu 1995, Canada idakhazikitsa madera ena azachuma ndipo idakhala gawo lalikulu la asodzi aku Atlantic m'derali. Pakati pa 1994 ndi 1998, asodzi aku Canada akuba matani 1,000-2,000 pachaka, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu achuluke mpaka 11,17% ya msanachitike asodzi. Kuwongolera kwakukulu komanso kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa kugwira nsomba mu 2000 pang'onopang'ono kumachepetsa kuchepa, komabe, zimatenga zaka makumi ambiri kuti zibwezeretsedwe chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa asodzi. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kusankha kwaumbuli komwe kudapangidwa ndi asodziwo kunadzetsa kubwezeretsa kukula komweku, ndiye kuti, ndikukula kwachangu komanso kusasinthika kwa asodzi.
Ku South Hemisphere, palibe kuwedza kwa asodzi aku nsomba aku Atlantic komwe kunalembedwa. Ambiri asodzi agwidwa mwangozi mu nsomba zazitali zazitali zamtundu wamtundu wina wamtengo wapatali, monga shaft, nsomba zaku Australia (Thunnus maccoyii) ndi Patagonian dzinofish pogwiritsa ntchito zombo za Japan, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa ndi New Zealand. Kupanga kwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu za ku Atlantic zojambulidwa ndi Uruguayan Tunnel Longline Fleet kunafika pachimake mu 1984 ndipo kunakwana matani 150. Kuyerekeza kwa asodzi kuti akagwire ntchito yausodzi kunawonetsa kuchepa kwa 90 peresenti kuyambira 1988 mpaka 1998, ngakhale sizikudziwika, zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kusintha kwa asodzi. New Zealand inanena kuti chaka chilichonse anthu amapeza matani 150-300 kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2003, ambiri mwa iwo anali osakhazikika.
Njira Zosungira
Kugwa kwachilengedwe kwa asodzi aku nsomba aku Atlantic kumadera onse a kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zakugwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri. Zinthu monga zitosi zing'onozing'ono, kusasinthika kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kugwidwa kwa anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana zimapangitsa kuti asodzi akhale akumwa kwambiri. Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Natural lapatsa mtunduwu mtundu wa "Zowopsa", anthu akumadzulo kwa North Atlantic - "Zinyama Zakutha" ndi "Zomera Zosatha" mwa anthu akum'mawa kwa North Atlantic ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Ziwombankhanga zaku Atlantic zidalembedwa mu Zakumapeto I ku UN Convention on the Law of Sea ndi Zakumapeto I wa Msonkhano wa Bonn. Ku Canada, USA, Brazil, Australia, ndi European Union, ndizoletsedwa kudula zipsepse kuchokera ku herantic shark popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nyama yakufa.
Chokhacho choletsedwa ku South Hemisphere ndi gawo loti asodzi a nsomba zazikuluzikulu zaku Atlantic adalowetsedwa mu 2004 kuchuluka kwa matani 249 pachaka. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic, kupanga sikunakhalepo malire, ngakhale mbiri yakale idatsimikizika. Kuyambira 1985, gulu la asodzi aku Norway ndi Islandse Islands lalandira chiwopsezo chogwidwa pachaka m'madzi a maiko aku European Union mma 200 ndi matani 125, motsatana. Ngakhale ndalama izi sizochepa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu 1982 (matani 500 aku Norway ndi 300 ku Islands a Islands), zimapitilira chaka chilichonse nsomba zazikuluzikulu za Atlantic m'derali chifukwa sizigwira ntchito.
Ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, nsomba zazingwe za ku Atlantic zatsala pang'ono kutha; kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu atsika ndi 99.99%. Danga lawo lachepetsedwa ndikutsuka madzi ku Penennula ya Apennine, komwe kuli nazale zachilengedwe. Kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, palibe anthu khumi ndi angapo omwe akutchulidwa mu malipoti asayansi omwe adagwidwa ndi ukonde, atayikidwa pa nkhono za usodzi ndi ndodo za asodzi-asodzi.
Chiwerengero cha asodzi aku Atlantic, omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa North Atlantic, ali ndi chiyembekezo china poyerekeza ndi abale ake akum'mawa. Kuyambira 1995, kusodza kwawo kwawongoleredwa m'madzi aku Canada, kuchuluka kwa matani 1,500 kwakhazikitsidwa, nthawi ya usodzi, malo ndi mtundu wa magiya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazombo zamalonda ndizochepa, ndipo masewera asodzi amayang'aniridwa. Zitsanzo za chitukuko cha anthu zakonzedwa, malinga ndi momwe chiwerengero cha matani 200-250 chololeza anthu kukula, motero, mu 2002-2007 ziletso zotere zidalandiridwa. Dera la malo achilengedwe ogombe la Newfoundland akuti ndi malo osungirako anthu. Chiwerengero cha madzi aku US ndi matani 95 (zinthu zakonzedwa) chaka chilichonse.