Nyama ya Saiga * Amayi

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Ma Saigas (a Latin Saiga tatarica) ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zapakhomo za artiodactyl zochokera ku banja la bovids, zakale kwambiri mwakuti abulu awo amadya ndi anyama. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu iwiri ya Saiga tatarica tatarica (saiga wobiriwira) ndi Saiga tatarica mongolica (saiga wofiira).

Amadziwikanso kuti margach ndi antelope wakumpoto. Pakadali pano, mtunduwu umatetezedwa kwambiri, chifukwa uli pafupi kutha.

Anthu ena opeza amati nkhosazi ndizopatulika. Mutu wa ubale wapakati pa nyama izi ndi anthu waululidwa munkhani ya saigak yoyera yolemba Ahmedkhan Abu Bakar.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Nyama iyi sikuti imadziwika kuti ndi yokongola. Choyambirira chomwe chimagwira diso lanu, ngati mutayang'ana chithunzi saiga - chizolowezi chawo chosasangalatsa komanso chowoneka bwino ndi mafoni okhala ndi mphuno yozungulira. Kapangidwe kam kamwa kameneka kamakupatsani mwayi kuti musangotentha mpweya ozizira nthawi yozizira, komanso kusunga fumbi nthawi yotentha.

Kuphatikiza pa mutu wotsekemera, saiga imakhala yokhazikika, thupi lathunthu mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka kutalika kwake, miyendo yayitali, yomwe, monga ma artiodactyl onse, imatha ndi zala ziwiri ndi ziboda.

Kutalika kwa nyama mpaka 80cs kufota, ndipo kulemera sikupita 40 kg. Mtundu wa nyama umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalachi chimakhala chofunda komanso chotentha, chowala, chokhala ndi ubweya wofiyira, ndipo nthawi yotentha chimakhala chofiyira, chakuda kumaso.

Mutu wa anyani amangidwa ndi nyanga zautali, zofiirira zokhala ndi maonekedwe oyera zachikuda mpaka 30 cm. nyanga za saiga yambani pafupifupi pambuyo pobadwa kwa mwana wang'ombe. Ndi nyanga izi zomwe zidapangitsa kutha kwa mitunduyi.

Zowonadi, mzaka za 90 za zana lomaliza la saiga zidagulidwa bwino pamsika wakuda, mtengo wawo udali wokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, olosera anaziwonongeratu ndi anthu zikwizikwi. Masiku ano saigas amakhala ku Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan, mapiri a Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia. Pamalo omwe amapezeka ku Kalmykia komanso kudera la Astrakhan.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Komwe seiga imakhala, iyenera kukhala yowuma komanso yayikulu. Zabwino kwa steppe kapena theka-chipululu. Zomera zomwe amakhala m'malo awo ndizosowa, kotero amayenera kuyendayenda nthawi zonse kukafunafuna chakudya.

Koma ng'ombe zimakonda kukhala kutali ndi minda yofesedwa, chifukwa sizitha kuthamanga chifukwa cha malo osagwirizana. Zitha kulolera chomera chokha mchaka chouma, ndipo, mosiyana ndi nkhosa, siziponda mbewu. Sakonda malo opanda mapiri.

Saiga - chinyamawomwe umasungidwira ng'ombe. Chowoneka modabwitsa ndi kusamukira kwa gulu, lomwe lili ndi zolinga zikwizikwi. Monga mtsinje wosefukira pansi. Ndipo izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha mtundu wa antelope yomwe ikuyenda - amble.

Margach amatha kuthamanga kwanthawi yayitali mpaka kuthamanga mpaka 70 km / h. Inde, ndipo iyi ndiyoyandama saiga antelope Zabwino kwambiri, pali zochitika zina zowoloka nyama kudutsa mitsinje yopanda mwachitsanzo, Volga. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nyamayo imadumphadumpha ikuyenda.

Kutengera ndi nyengo, amasunthira kum'mwera nthawi yozizira ikayandikira ndipo chisanu choyambirira chikugwa. Maulendo osamukira nthawi zambiri samachita popanda kudzipereka. Poyesa kuchoka mkuntho wa chipale chofewa, ng'ombe patsiku imatha kuthana ndi 200 km osayima.

Ofooka ndi odwala amangokhala ndi mphamvu ndikugwera kuthawa, amafa. Akasiya, adzataya gulu lawo. M'nyengo yotentha, gululo limasamukira kumpoto, kumene udzuwo umakhala wowola kwambiri ndipo kumakhala madzi akumwa okwanira.

Ana a anyaniwa amabadwa kumapeto kwa kasupe, ndipo amabwera m'malo ena asanafike mtundu wa saiga. Ngati nyengo siyabwino kwa zinyama, amayamba kusamuka kwawo, kenako m khola mutha kuwona ana.

Amayi amasiya ana awo okha papandalo, amabwera kawiri patsiku kudzawadyetsa

Ali ndi zaka 3-4 zakubadwa ndi masekeli mpaka 4, amaseketsa amayi awo, kuyesera kupitilirabe. Nyama izi zimatsogolera moyo wokonzekera masana, ndipo zimagona usiku. Kuchokera kwa mdani wawo wamkulu - nkhandwe yolowera, nyama zitha kupulumutsidwa pokhapokha ngati zikuthamanga mwachangu.

Zakudya za Saiga

Nyengo zosiyanasiyana, magulu a saigas amatha kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, zina zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni wazomera zina. Mphukira za chimanga zopambana, chinangwa ndi chowawa, quinoa ndi hodgepodge, ndi mitundu yokhayo zana yokha yomwe imaphatikizidwa muzakudya za margach chilimwe.

Kudya mbewu zokhala ndi mabulosi abulu, antelope amathetsa vuto lawo ndi madzi ndipo angathe kuchita popanda ilo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo nthawi yozizira, m'malo mwa madzi, nyama zimadya chipale chofewa.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nthawi yakukhwima kwa saigas imagwera kumapeto kwa Novembala komanso kumayambiriro kwa Disembala. Mukamayendetsa, wamwamuna aliyense amayesetsa kupanga "harem" ya akazi ambiri momwe angathere. Kutha msambo mwa akazi kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa amuna. Kale mchaka choyamba cha moyo ali okonzeka kubereka.

Pa nthawi yopaka, ndimadzi amtundu wonyezimira wokhala ndi fungo lakuthwa, losasangalatsa amatulutsidwa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tating'ono tating'ono. Chifukwa cha "fungo labwino" lamtunduwu amadziwana ngakhale usiku.

Nthawi zambiri pakati pa amuna awiri olimbirana amakumana, kumathamangirana wina ndi mnzake, kumalondana pamphumi zawo ndi nyanga mpaka wina wotsutsana naye atagona.

Mu nkhondo zoterezi, nyama nthawi zambiri zimazunza mabala owopsa, pomwe amatha kufa. Wopambana amatenga zazikazi zokopa kupita nazo kwa akazi. Nthawi yodzala imatenga masiku 10.

Pokhala chinyama champhamvu komanso chathanzi, mpaka akazi 50 amapezeka m'gululo, ndipo kumapeto kwa kasupe aliyense wa iwo adzakhala ndi imodzi (ya akazi achichepere) mpaka yama saiga atatu. Asanabadwe, zazikazi zimapita kumapiri akutali, kutali ndi dzenje la kuthirira. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yomwe mungadzitetezere nokha ndi ana anu kwa adani.

Masiku angapo oyambira, mwana wa ng'ombe wamtchire samayenda ndipo amagona pansi. Ubweya wake uli pafupi kuphatikiza ndi nthaka. Pakangopita maora ochepa patsiku mayi amabwera kwa mwana wake kuti amudyetse mkaka, ndipo nthawi yonseyo amangodya kumene.

Mwana wa ng'ombeyo sanakhwime, amakhala osatetezeka ndipo amatenga nkhandwe ndi ankhandwe, komanso agalu onyenga. Koma patatha masiku 7-10, saiga imayamba kutsatira zidendene zake, ndipo kupitilira milungu iwiri imatha kuthamanga ngati akuluakulu.

Pafupifupi, mu vivo saigas amakhala zaka 7, ndipo ali mu ukapolo moyo wawo umafika zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.

Ngakhale mtundu wamtunduwu wa artiodactyls unali wakale bwanji, suyenera kuzimiririka. Mpaka pano, njira zonse zatengera gawo la Russian Federation ndi Kazakhstan kuti apulumutse ma saigas. Ma Zapovednik ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe adapangidwa, cholinga chake chachikulu ndikusunga mawonekedwe oyamba amtsogolo.

Ndipo zokhazo zomwe olemba ndakatulo omwe amalabadira zopereka kuti agule nyanga za saiga, pachaka kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu. China ikupitilizabe kugula nyanga mtengo wa saiga Momwemo umangodutsa, ndipo zilibe kanthu, ndi nyanga zakale, kapena zatsopano, kuchokera ku nyama yomwe yangophedwa kumene.

Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala azikhalidwe. Amakhulupirira kuti ufa wopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo amachiritsa matenda ambiri a chiwindi ndi m'mimba, sitiroko, ndipo amatha kuchititsa munthu kudwala.

Malingana ngati pakufunika, padzakhala ena omwe akufuna kupindula ndi nyama zoseketsa izi. Ndipo izi zidzatsogolera kutha konse kwa anyani, chifukwa muyenera kutenga magalamu atatu a ufa kuchokera panyanga.

Mawonekedwe

Saiga ndi nyama yocheperako. Monga gawo la antelope subfamily, saigas imakhala ndi thupi laling'ono lalitali, loposa mita ndi theka kutalika, miyendo yotsika ndi mchira yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa kufota sikupitirira masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa.

Kulemera kwa Saiga nthawi zambiri kumachokera pa kilogalamu 25 mpaka 60, kulemera kwa nyamayo kumatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya m'deralo, komanso kugonana kwa nyama. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kulemera ndi kukula kuposa amuna.

Amuna ali ndi nyanga zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mitu yawo ndipo zimawumbika bwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwake, amakula mpaka sentimita makumi atatu.

Ubweya wa Saiga m'chilimwe, kupatula pamimba, mchenga kapena mtundu wofiirira. Pamimba, tsitsi la saiga limakhala lopepuka, nthawi zina ngakhale loyera. M'nyengo yozizira, tsitsi la saiga limakhala lofiirira, m'malo ena mumakhala zofiirira kapena zofiirira. M'nyengo yozizira, tsitsi la saiga limakhala lokulirapo komanso lalitali, lomwe limathandiza kuthana ndi chisanu.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi saiga ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a mphuno yake, omwe ali ngati thunthu lalifupi. Mphuno ya humpbacked saiga ndiyotsogola kwambiri ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono imafalikira kutalika kwa milomo. Kapangidwe kameneka ka mphuno kamathandizira kuti ma saigas azitha kupulumuka bwinobwino m'malo awo: nthawi yozizira, mpweya wozizira umakhala ndi nthawi yoti uziwotha pambuyo pakupuma, m'chilimwe ndimafayilo owonjezera omwe amakola fumbi ndikuletsa kuti asalowe m'thupi.

Kufuna kudziwa chilichonse

Saiga, kapena saiga (Latin Saiga) ndi mtundu wa nyama zoyamwitsa zomwe zimachokera mu dongosolo la artiodactyls, banja la bovids, subfamily of antelopes real. Mkazi wamkazi saiga ndi saiga, wamwamuna saiga amatchedwa saiga kapena margach.

Dzina lachi Russia la mtunduwu lidayamba chifukwa cha zilankhulo za gulu la Turkic, momwe lingaliro la "amanyat" kapena "saiɣak" likufanana ndi nyamayi. Kutanthauzira kwachi Latin, komwe pambuyo pake kunakhala kudziko lonse lapansi, kunayamba, zikuwoneka, chifukwa cha ntchito ya wolemba mbiri yakalembedwe waku Austria ndi kazembe Sigismund von Herberstein. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, dzina la saiga linalembedwera mu Zolemba zake pa Muscovy, zomwe zimachokera ku 1549. MU NDI. Dahl panthawi yomwe analemba "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" akuti "saiga" kapena "margach" amangosungidwa amuna okhaokha, ndipo akazi amatchedwa "saiga".

Saiga amatanthauza nyama zapadera zomwe sizimasinthika kuyambira nthawi imeneyo pamene maiwe a mammams amayenda padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a artiodactyl awa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, chifukwa omwe sangasokonezeke ndi nyama ina iliyonse.

Tizilombo ta saiga, kapena cholema, ndi nyama yotalika masentimita 110 mpaka 146 (kuphatikiza mchira) ndi kutalika kufota kwa masentimita 60 mpaka 79. Kutalika kwa mchirawo kumafika masentimita 11. Kulemera kwa saiga kumasiyana malinga ndi jenda ndipo ndi mkati mwa 23- 40 makilogalamu, ngakhale abambo amodzi amatha kulemera makilogalamu 50-60. Ma miyendo ya anthaka opondaponda ndi aafupi komanso owonda, thunthu silili lalikulu, lalitali.

Chizindikiro cha onse oimira mtunduwo ndi mphuno yofewa ya saiga, yomwe ingakumbukire za thunthu lalifupi. Chiwalochi chimapendekera motsika kwambiri, kudutsana ndi milomo yapamwamba komanso yotsika, komanso chimakhala ndi mphuno yayikulu yozungulira, yosiyanitsidwa ndi septum yopyapyala kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mphuno yakutali ya mphuno, kusefedwa koyenera kwa mpweya kuchokera kufumbi kumachitika mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, ndipo nthawi yozizira, mpweya wozizira umawotha.

Kuphatikiza apo, mothandizidwa ndi mphuno ya mphuno nthawi yakukhwima, abambo a saigas amapanga mawu apadera opangidwira kuwopseza wotsutsa komanso kukopa chidwi cha akazi. Nthawi zina, kukweza mawu kumakhala kokwanira, ndipo abambo sayenera kuyika zida zawo machitidwe - nyanga, zomwe zimadziwika ndi chithunzi chogonana.

Mawonekedwe ake, nyanga za saiga zikufanana ndi timitengo tokhotakhota ndipo timamera pamutu pafupifupi. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa nyanga za saiga kumafika 25-30 cm, ndi magawo awiri, kuyambira mutu, amaphimbidwa ndi zitunda zolumikizana za annular. Mtundu wa nyanga zake ndi wofiyira. Mukakula, nyanga za nyamazo zimasinthasintha ndi tint yoyera. Ndizachilendo kuti wamphongo akafika zaka ziwiri ndi theka, kukula kwa nyanga kumayima. Akazi a Saiga alibe nyanga.

Makutu a nyama ndi afupifupi komanso onse. Maso aang'ono a saiga ali pambali, ma eyoni ali pafupi maliseche, mwana amasowa, ndipo iris amakhala wachikasu.

Ubweya wamtchire waufupi komanso wosowa kwambiri wamtundu wa chilimwe umakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, wamdima m'mbali ndi kumbuyo. Kutalika kwa ubweya kumafikira masentimita awiri .. Pamimba, utoto wa chovalacho sukulirapo. Thupi lakumunsi, khosi, komanso mkati mwamiyendo ndi loyera. Ndi nyengo yozizira, saigas imakutidwa ndi wandiweyani, malaya owoneka ndi utoto wazoyera, mpaka 7 cm kapena kupitirira. Chifukwa cha izi, gulu la saigas lomwe lili pamtunda wa chipale chofewa limawoneka ngati losaoneka kwa adani achilengedwe. Kusintha kwa chivundikiro cha ubweya, saiga molt, kumachitika mchaka ndi yophukira.

Ma Saigas ndi nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zomwe zimatha kununkhira bwino, chifukwa zimamva fungo laling'ono la greenery ndi mvula yam'mbuyomu. Kumva bwino kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lililonse lokayikitsa patali, koma nyama za artiodactyl sizimasiyana m'maso.

Kodi saiga amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Kutalika kwa moyo wa saiga mu vivo kumadalira jenda. Amuna achimuna a Saiga amakhala zaka 4 mpaka 5, kutalika kwa moyo wa akazi ndi kuyambira zaka 8 mpaka 10-12.

Mitundu ya saigas.

Mtundu umodzi wokha ndi womwe umaphatikizidwa mu genus - saiga (Latin Saiga tatarica), momwe mabizinesi awiri amadziwikirana:

Saiga tatarica tatarica ndi mabungwe omwe ziweto zawo mu 2008 zinaposa anthu 50,000. Ma Saigas amakhala kumapiri ndi zipululu za Russia (North-Western Caspian), Kazakhstan (Ustyurt, Betpak-Dala, mchenga wa Volga-Ural).

Saiga tatarica mongolica ndi subspecies omwe amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia. Chiwerengero chake mu 2004 sichidaposa anthu 750. Mitundu ya ku Mongolia imasiyana ndi Saiga tatarica tatarica mu kukula kwake kochepera thupi, kutalika kwa nyanga komanso malo.

Kodi saiga amakhala kuti?

M'nthawi ya Late Valdai itadula, ma saigas adakhala gawo lalikulu, kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Europe ndi Great Britain mpaka Alaska komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada. M'zaka 17-18, nyama zidatenga gawo laling'ono, kuyambira kumapazi a Carpathians kupita ku Mongolia ndi kumadzulo kwa China. Kumpoto, malire a malo adakhazikika m'mbali mwa Baraba Lowland kumwera kwa Siberia Yakumadzulo. Chifukwa cha kukhazikikanso kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa ma saigas kwatsika kwambiri. Pakadali pano, ma saigas amangokhala kumapiri ndi zipululu za Kazakhstan (mu mchenga wa Volga-Ural, Ustyurt ndi Betpak-Dala), Russia (North-Western Caspian), komanso kumadzulo kwa Mongolia (Shargin Gobi ndi Somon Mankhan). Ku Russia, saiga amakhala kumapiri kwa Astrakhan, ku Kalmykia ndi ku Altai Republic.

Munthawi yachilimwe komanso nyengo yachilimwe, magulu am'madzi amtchire, kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimachokera ku 40 mpaka 1000 nyama, zomwe zimakhala m'malo otetezeka kapena opanda mapiri omwe amakhala ndi malo okhala komanso kusapezeka kwa malo okwezeka kapena mitsinje. M'nyengo yozizira, mvula zamatalala, nyama zimakonda kubisala kuti zisabowoleke ndi mphepo m'mapiri. Kuphatikiza kwa saigas m'malo otetezeka okhala ndi miyala kapena dongo kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthamanga kwake. Ikasunthika motere, nyamayo singadumphe ngakhale yaying'ono m'lifupi.

Saigas amakhala ndi moyo wosakhazikika, kukhala wotakataka masana. Pakakhala zowopsa, kuthamanga kwa saiga kumatha kufika 80 km / h, ndipo ndikudutsa mtunda wautali, gulu limakhala ngati liwiro la sitimayi mozungulira liwiro la 60 km / h. Mayendedwe osankhidwa ndi mtsogoleri amatha kusintha kwambiri osakhudza mayendedwe ake.

M'nyengo yozizira, saigas imakhala m'malo omwe kutalika kwa kuphimba kwa chisanu sikupita masentimita 15-20. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, nyama zimasamukira kumadera akumpoto kwambiri.

Kodi saiga amadya chiyani?

Mndandanda wazakudya zomwe zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya za saiga zimakhala ndi udzu mazana angapo a steppe, kuphatikiza ngakhale mitundu yomwe ili ndi poizoni ku ziweto.Mu kasupe, maluwa ndi zitsamba zimakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, kotero nyama zimakwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamadzi podya zipatso zamtchire (irises ndi tulips), licorice ndi Kermek, steppe lichen, fescue ndi tirigu, ephedra ndi chowawa. Zofunikira tsiku lililonse zobiriwira zambiri zimachokera 3 mpaka 6 makilogalamu pa munthu payekha. Ndi nthawi yotentha, mbewu monga nthula ndi hodgepodge zimawonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha saiga, ndipo anthambo za steppe zimayamba kusuntha kukafunafuna chakudya ndi madzi. Ma Saigas nthawi zonse amakhala akuyenda ndipo amapitilira chakudya popita, ndikuluma mbewu zomwe akudutsa. Nyama zosaloledwa kulowa m'minda yolimapo, monga dothi lotayirira komanso lalitali, mbewu zazingwe zimasokoneza mayendedwe omasuka a saigas.
Kubalana kwa saigas.

Nthawi yoswana mu saigas imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Pofika nthawi ino, abambo amphamvu kwambiri atatha kusinthana matimu, nthawi zina owopsa komanso wamagazi, amakhala eni ake, omwe amatha kukhala anayi mpaka 20 kapena kuposa akazi. Chizindikiro chifukwa chomwe amuna amatha kudziwa wotsutsa ngakhale mumdima ndiye kutuluka kwa bulauni komwe kumakhala ndi fungo linalake. Amatuluka kuchokera ku tiziwalo tating'ono tomwe timakhala pafupi ndi maso a nyamayo.

Ma saigas safika pa kutha msambo nthawi yomweyo: zazikazi zakonzeka kukwatirana kale chaka choyamba cha moyo (miyezi 8-9), ndi margachi, amuna, zimatha kubereka ana kuchokera chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ndipo nthawi zina pambuyo pake. Panthawi yopanga, ntchito yayikulu ya Margachey ndikupanga nyamayi, kuiteteza kuti isasokonezedwe ndi amuna enanso, ndipo, kuphatikiza ndi akazi onse agulu. Nthawi zambiri, amuna samakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kufunafuna chakudya kapena kupumula, motero sizodabwitsa kuti gawo lina la iwo limafa chifukwa chotopa. Amuna amene apulumuka chimwacho nthawi zambiri amasiya gulu lanyama ndikupanga otchedwa "magulu achibale".

Mimba ya Saiga imatha miyezi isanu. M'mwezi wa Meyi, nthawi yobala nkhosa isanachitike, akazi oyembekezera amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndipo amasiya gulu lalikulu, ndikusiya mozama patali, kutali ndi malo amadzi (mitsinje, nyanja, madambo). Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muteteze ana ku chiwopsezo cha adani achilengedwe a saigas - mimbulu, ankhandwe kapena agalu osochera akusanyika m'madziwe kuti akamwe madzi.

Posankha dera lathyathyathya, lopanda zomera, nyama ya saiga imakonzekera kubereka. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti, mosiyana ndi nyama zina, saiga samakonza zisa zapadera, koma amatulutsa ana mwachindunji pansi. Nthawi zambiri, ana 1-2 amabadwa mwa mayi m'modzi, komabe, pali milandu ya kubadwa kwa ana atatu nthawi imodzi. Kulemera kwa saiga yatsopano kumafika pafupifupi 3.5 kg.

Chifukwa chakuti akazi onse amapita kukabereka, mpaka ana 6 obadwa kumene amatha kukhala pamalo amodzi pa hekitala imodzi. Masiku oyamba amoyo, ana a ng'ombe a saiga ali pafupi kusuntha, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kuzizindikira m'malo opanda masamba, ngakhale awiri kapena atatu.

Akangobereka, akazi amachoka kwa mbadwa kukapeza chakudya ndi kuthirira. Masana, amabwerera kangapo kwa ana kuti awadyetse. Mbewu zimamera mwachangu kwambiri. Pakatha masiku asanu ndi atatu mpaka khumi, ma saigas amatha kutsatira amayi awo. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna, abambo amakula nthawi yoyamba kubereka, ndipo zazikazi kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira zimafanana ndi nyama yazaka zitatu pakuwoneka.

Adani a Saiga

Zingwe zamtchire zimakonda kukhala ndi moyo masana, chifukwa chake usiku ndizovuta kwambiri. Mdani wamkulu wa saigas ndi nkhandwe ya steppe, yomwe imawonedwa osati yolimba, komanso yanzeru kwambiri. Saiga amatha kuthawa koma kuthawa. Mimbulu imasankha mwachilengedwe mumtundu wa saigas, ndikuwononga iwo omwe amayenda pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zina amatha kuwononga gawo lachinayi la ng'ombe. Zowopsa kwa saigas ndi agalu osokera, ankhandwe, ankhandwe. Nthawi zambiri, achinyamata omwe amadana ndi ana amadwala matendawa. Koma ana obadwa kumene a nyamayi amatha kuopsezedwa ndi nthenga, nkhandwe ndi chiwombankhanga.

Zifukwa zakuchepera kwa kuchuluka kwa ma saiga.

Ma Saigas (makamaka amuna achikulire) ndi chinthu chofunikira kusaka. Amachotsedwa chifukwa cha ubweya ndi nyama, zomwe, monga mwanawankhosa, zitha kuphika, yokazinga, kudyetsedwa. Chofunika kwambiri ndi nyanga za nyama. Ufa wabwino, womwe umapezeka kwa iwo, wapezeka kuti umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala azikhalidwe zaku China. Imatha kutsitsa kutentha thupi komanso kuyeretsa thupi. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchotse flatulence, kuchiritsa malungo. Madokotala aku China amagwiritsa ntchito nyanga zopindika matenda ena a chiwindi. Mothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa, mutha kuthana ndi mutu kapena chizungulire, ngati gawo laling'ono la iwo limaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena.

Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, kukwiya msanga kwa mizindayi ndi mabizinesi akunyumba komwe kuli zikhalidwe zanyanjayi komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwapangitsa pang'onopang'ono kuchepa kwakukulu kwa malo okhala zachilengedwe a saigas. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kowopsa kwa anthu awo kudakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwombera kosalamulirika kwa ma artiodactylawa osaka makamaka osaka.

Panthawi ya Soviet Union, izi sizinakhudze kuchuluka kwa ma saigas, popeza panali pulogalamu yomwe idateteza ndi kuteteza nyambo za steppe, zomwe zidaloleza kuchulukitsa anthu kukhala miliyoni imodzi. Komabe, kutha kwa USSR, ntchito yobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu idachepetsedwa, pomwe zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa zaka za 20 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, kuchuluka kwa ma saigas kudatsika kwambiri kotero kuti kupitirira 3% ya chiwerengero choyambirira cha nyama zamtunduwu zidatsala.

Mu 2002, lingaliro la International Union for Conservation of Natural, ma saigas adayikidwa pangozi. Ogwira ntchito zachilengedwe adayamba kupanga ndikukhazikitsa mapulogalamu omwe amalimbikitsa kubereka mwaunyama mndende, ndipo adayamba kubereka mwa kufuna kwawo, kuti mtsogolo azitha kusinthanso anthu amtunduwu m'malo azatsopano kapena kupulumutsa dziwe lawo lanyama, kusinthanso malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi.

Kukula saigas m'malo osungira nyama ndikovuta. Izi ndichifukwa chakutopa kwambiri komanso kuthekera, kuwopa, kuthawa mwachangu kwambiri, komwe kumayambitsa kuvulala. M'malo osungira nyama, saigas nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha matenda am'mimba komanso matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, achinyamata nthawi zina sakhala chaka chimodzi.

Palinso chidziwitso chabwino mu saigas yomwe ili mu ukapolo. Nyama zochepa masiku ano zimakhala ku Cologne Zoo ndi ku Zoo ya Moscow. Malamulowa akutsatiridwa pano:

zazimayi ndi zazimuna zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale kuvulala komwe amuna ankhanza omwe amadzibweretsera okha kapena ziwalo zina, komanso kusintha nthawi yobereketsa. Munthawi yakukhwima, amuna okhwima pololedwa amaloledwa m'modzi kudzera mwa akazi,

nthawi yakukhwima ku malo osungirako zinyama imasinthidwa ndi mwezi wathunthu (kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware) kuti ng'ombe zatsopano zatsopano sizimafa kuyambira mu Meyi chisanu, koma zimabadwa nthawi yotentha (mu Juni),

kuyandama m'zotchingira nyama izi ziyenera kukonzedwa, osati kupalizidwa. Izi zimathandizira kuyeretsa komanso kumalola kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizipezeka pafupipafupi. M'mapensulo oterowo, makanda samadwala, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kokwanira.

Kudyetsa kumalo osungira nyama kumadalira nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, saigas amadya udzu wambiri, ndipo nthawi yachisanu. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizidwa ndi kaloti wosenda, barele, Quinoa, clover, ndi zina. Mchere umawonjezeredwa kwa odyetsa, omwe nthawi zina amasuntha mosangalatsa.

Zotsatira zabwino pobwezeretsa anthu a saiga zidakwaniritsidwa m'malo omwe alipo komanso opangidwa mwapadera, malo achilengedwe omwe ali oyenera kusunga ma artiodactyls osasinthika.

Mu Juni 2000, mothandizidwa ndi bungwe la Munich Society of Zoologists, lomwe limayang'anira kubzala kwa saiga ku Kalmykia, nazale inatsegulidwa m'mudzi wa Har Buluk kumalo apadera omwe cholinga chake ndikuphunzira ndikusunga nyama zakutchire ku republic. Pa nthawi yayitali kwambiri yamphongo zazimayi, makanda obadwa kumene omwe sanawope anthu amasankhidwa m malo osungirako nyama kuti adzadyere nthawi yayitali azimayi a saiga. Mchitidwewu udapereka mwayi wopanga timagulu tomwe titha kupitilizidwa ndikufalitsika muukapolo popanda mavuto. Ziweto zazing'ono zazing'ono, zopangidwa ndi anthu 8-10, zimagona m'misasa pafupi ndi famu za ziweto. Kwa ziweto, adapanga chakudya chapadera chomwe chimawerengera zaka zonse zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa ma artiodactyls. Nyama zazing'ono zimadyetsedwa mkaka wothira watsopano, pomwe zimawonjezera nkhuku yolimba, michere ndi michere yamavitamini. Kusintha kwa chomera chakudimba kumachitika pang'onopang'ono kupitirira miyezi iwiri ndi iwiri mpaka itatu.

Chidziwitso chabwino cha kusungidwa kosavomerezeka kwa saigas chimapangitsa kukhala ndi malo apadera omwe samangochotsa zovuta zobwezeretsa zachilengedwe kuchokera pagawo, komanso kukonza nyama zowetedwa ku ubusa wachikhalidwe ku Kalmykia.

Ntchito yofananira ikuchitikanso mu nkhokwe yachilengedwe ya Stepnoy, yomwe ili mu Astrakhan steppes, ndi malo osungirako nyama a Black Lands, komwe pafupifupi anthu onse okhala ku North-Western Caspian amasonkhana nthawi yakukhwima ndi kubereka akazi.

Boma lidayendetsa mabizinesi osaka okha kuti asungire zolemba zawo, ndikuchepetsa chiwembucho kuchokera manambala. Nthawi zambiri sizidutsa 20 peresenti. Pofuna kuti akolole zochulukira, minda yosaka idachulukitsa anthu ndi theka. Malinga ndi mapepalawa, zidapezeka kuti adawombera 20 peresenti ya abodza omwe sapezeka, kwenikweni adawombera 40% kapena kuposerapo, ngati mungawerengere kuti ndi anthu enieni.

Kuyambira 1985, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma saigas ku republic, Kazakh Zoological Combine yapatsidwa udindo wopanga ma saigas ndikugulitsa nyanga zake pamsika wakunja. Bizinesiyo idayendetsedwa ndi nthambi ya Kazakh Main of Security ya Zinyama Zakuthengo motsogozedwa ndi Nduna ya Kazakh SSR. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa perestroika (1985) mpaka 1998, matani 131 a nyanga adatumizidwa kunja. Chifukwa chake kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, kuchuluka kwa ziga za ku Kazakhstan kudali mitu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, koma zitatha zaka 10, kuchuluka kwa nyama kudatsika pafupifupi 20,000. Mu 1993, kutumiza mwalamulo kwa nyanga panyanga kunakwana mabatani 60.

Mu 2005, kukhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsidwa pakuwombera kwa saigas, yomwe ipitilira mpaka chaka cha 2021. Mu 2014, kuchuluka kwa saigas kunafika anthu 256.7,000. Mwambiri, kutsika kwa ziwerengero za saiga ku Kazakhstan pakadali pano kumalumikizidwa ndi kupha anthu komanso matenda opatsirana. Komanso, kufa kwa saigas kumawonedwa chifukwa cha icing ya steppes, yomwe imalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa chakudya. Mu nthawi za Soviet, nthawi yozizira, amapulumutsidwa ndi odyetsa zida zapadera. Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi mu 2012-2014 udapatsa anthu 332 miliyoni tenge kuti aphunzire matenda opatsirana pakati pa anthu a saiga.

Nthawi yowerengera za saigas ku Kazakhstan

1981, Epulo - mitu yokwana 180,000 ya saiga yamwalira mdera lomwe kale linali Turgai.
1984, febulo - Epulo - Epulo - anthu 250 miliyoni adamwalira ku West Kazakhstan.
1988, Meyi - pafupifupi ma saigas 500,000 amwalira.
1993 - chifukwa cha chisanu chambiri, anthu aku Betpakdala apitilira theka kuchokera ku 700 mpaka 270 miliyoni nyama.
2010 - saigas zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri afa.
2015, Meyi - mdera la Kostanay, Akmola, ndi Aktobe, ma saigas oposa 120,000 afa ambiri. Kuwunika koyambirira kwa ntchito yaukatswiri wa CMS pazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa saigas kunatsimikiziridwa, choyambitsa chake chinali matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya a Patteurella multocida, i.e. pasteurellosis.

Mu buku la Chungiz Aitmatov "Scaffold", kusaka saiga akufotokozedwa motere:
Ndipo osaka ma helikopita, akuyenda kuchokera kumalekezero awiri a ziweto, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi wailesi, ogwirizanitsidwa, anaonetsetsa kuti sanabalalikire pozungulira, kuti siziyenera kuthamangitsanso ziweto pamchenga, ndikuwopa kwambiri, kukakamiza ma saigas kuti athawe movutikira adathawa ... Oyendetsa ndege za Helikopita amawona bwino kuchokera kumwamba momwe mtsinje wakuda wazowopsa zamtchire unkazungulira popondera, pamiyala yoyera ya chipale chofewa ...

Ndipo pomwe ma anelope omwe adazunzidwa adatsikira pachidikha chachikulu, adakumana ndi omwe ma helikopita adayesera m'mawa. Amawadikirira osaka, kapena m'malo mwake, akuwombera. Pa magalimoto apamsewu apamsewu apamwamba a UAZ, owombera amayendetsa ma saigas patsogolo, ndikuwawombera iwo ali pa mfuti zochokera pamakina, osalozera, osawona, akumatchetcha ngati udzu m'munda. Ndipo kumbuyo kwawo onyamula katundu adasuntha - adaponya mitengo imodzi imodzi mthupi, ndipo anthu amatuta zokolola zabwino. Amuna ambiri osazengereza, mwachangu analowa bizinesi yatsopano, atamaliza ma sagi opanda anthu, amathamangitsa ovulala ndipo nawonso adamaliza, koma ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikukhomera mtembo wamagaziwo pamiyendo yawo ndikuwaponyera modumphira mgalimoto imodzi yomwe idagwa! Savannah adapereka msonkho wamagazi kwa milungu chifukwa chofunitsitsa kuti ikhalebe ya savannah - mapiri a mitembo ya saiga yolowedwa matupi.

Nkhani ya mlembi waku Russia komanso mtolankhani Yuri Geyko, yemwe wolemba amamuwona ngati ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri zaluso, idachokera pa kulongosola za kusaka kwalamulo kosavomerezeka kwa saiga komwe kunachitika pakusaka kwangozi, komanso mlandu wotsatila.

Zosangalatsa Zokhudza Saiga:

Wakale wakale wa saigas wamtunduwu ndi mtundu wakale wa Saiga borealis (Pleistocene saiga), yemwe adakhalako nthawi yamakedzana. Nyama zazikazi zomwe zasowa kwambirizo zomwe zinkakhala mozizira kwambiri komanso malo otentha kwambiri pafupi ndi madzi oundana kumpoto kwa Eurasia, Siberia Yakumadzulo ndi Kumadzulo, zimapezeka ku Alaska komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada pa nthawi ya nyama.
Mtunda womwe gulu la saigas limatha kuyenda patsiku limodzi limaposa 200 km.

Malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za Kalmyk ndi Mongololia, mu Buddha pali mulungu amene amateteza ndi kuteteza nyama zankhalapazi - White White, wosunga moyo komanso chizindikiro cha chonde. Osaka sayenera kuwombera pamene saigas agogoda palimodzi, chifukwa panthawiyo Mkulu akuchotsa mkaka wawo.
Mankhwala akum'mawa akuwonetsa kuti ufa wopangidwa kuchokera ku nyanga za saiga uli ndi mphamvu zochiritsa.

Habitat

M'mbuyomu, malo ogona a saiga anali akulu kwambiri, adakuta gawo lonse la Eurasia, koma m'mene dziko lapansi lidasokonekera padziko lapansi chipilala chidangokhala m'mapiri ndi zipululu.

Ku Russia, saigas imapezeka m'dera la Astrakhan, Republic of Kalmykia, ndi Altai. Pazigawo zamayiko oyandikana nawo, saigas amakhala ku Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan ndi Turkmenistan.

Malo okhala zachilengedwe za saigas ndi mapiri ndi zipululu, ndipo amakonda kukhala pathanthwepo kuposa zitunda, m'mapiri kapena m'mapiri.

Izi ndichifukwa choti ndizovuta kuti awolokere kupita kumalo komwe amafunikira kudumphapo zopinga zilizonse. Ma Saigas amakonda kusuntha amble, ndipo sakonda kudumpha.

Saigas ndi matalala akuya sakonda, chifukwa chake amakonda kupitilira nthawi yozizira momwe mulibe chipale chofewa champhamvu.

Moyo ndi zizolowezi

Ma Saigas amakhala moyo wosasunthika, pomwe amasonkhana m'khola lalikuru, mutu wa gulu lililonse ndi mtsogoleri.M'chipululu, amachoka chisanu chikayamba kugwa, ndipo mu steppe amabwerera ndi masiku otentha oyamba.

Nyama imatha kuzolowera zonse kuzilala komanso kuzizira. Kwakukulu, amasinthika mokwanira pazinthu zatsopano, amatha kukhala pazakudya zopanda pake komanso madzi ochepa kwa nthawi yayitali.

Zitsamba za saigas zimayenda pa liwiro lalitali kwambiri, zofooka komanso zodwala sizingayendetse mayendedwe ambiri, chifukwa chake zimasiyidwa m'mbuyo ndikumwalira kuchokera mano.

Pangozi, saigas imatha kuthamanga kwambiri, yomwe imatha kufikira 80 km / h.

Ma Saigas amatha kusambira, panthawi yosamukira, popanda zovuta zambiri amatha kudutsa madzi akuya kapena mtsinje.

Saigas amakhala ndi zaka 9. Amuna samakhala ocheperako, nthawi zambiri salinso kuposa zinayi.

Kodi saiga amadya chiyani

Ma Saigas ndi nyama zamtchire, chakudya chawo chimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 100 yosiyanasiyana. Kutengera ndi malo okhala komanso nthawi ya chaka, zakudya zawo zimasiyana kwambiri. Chapakatikati, saigas amakonda kudya: licorice, kermek, fescue, udzu wa tirigu, ephedra ndi chowawa. amakwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamadzimadzi podya maluwa amtchire: ma irises ndi tulips, omwe ali ndi madzi ambiri.

M'chilimwe, hodgepodge, quinoa ndi zitsamba zina zimawonjezedwa ku chakudya chawo. M'chilimwe, udzu mu steppe mulibe madzi okwanira a saigas, motero amakakamizidwa kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kuti akapeze chakudya chofunikira ndikupeza maiwe okhala ndi madzi oyenera kumwa. Zomera zambiri zomwe zimatha kukhala zowopsa kwa anthu, nyama izi zimadya modekha, popanda kuvutika ndi poizoni.

M'nyengo yozizira, saigas nthawi zambiri amadya lichens, chimanga. Mphepo yamkuntho ikabwera, ndiye kuti ma artiodactyl amatha kukhala ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali, kubisala nyengo kapena kusinthira ku coarser chakudya, mwachitsanzo, bango.

Ma saigas amafuna 3 mpaka 6 kilogalamu zama feed patsiku, motero ma saigas amakakamizidwa kuti azisuntha pafupipafupi, pomwe amadya kumene akupita.

Adani m'chilengedwe

Ma Saigas ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda kupeza zawo zokha masana, chifukwa chake zimakhala zosavulaza nthawi ino yamasiku. Mdani wamkulu amatha kutchedwa nkhandwe, pomwe nyama zimatha kupulumutsidwa ndikuuluka zokha. Akapeza gulu lalikulu lomwe silinakonzekere kuukira, mimbulu imatha kuwononga pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi asanu a iwo.

Komabe, kusankha kwachilengedwe kotero nthawi zina kumakhala kopindulitsa. Zoyang'anira zimangogwira munthu wofooka kapena wodwala, izi zimathandiza gulu kuti likhale loyimilira mwamphamvu komanso athanzi pamadongosolo awo. Ngozi imayimiridwanso ndi agalu, nkhandwe ndi nyama zina zomwe zimatha kugwira gululo.

Cuba ndizovuta kwambiri, sizikhala ndi mphamvu komanso kuthamanga kwa munthu wamkulu, ndipo ma saigas sangathe kuwateteza nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake amafa nthawi zambiri. Osangokhala mimbulu yoopsa kwa iwo, komanso zonyansa komanso mphungu.

Mdani wa saigas ndi munthu. Kuchulukitsa malire awo, anthu amatenga malo a chakudya kuchokera ku nyama, motero amawalanda chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri - chakudya. Kusaka ndi kupha nsomba kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Moyo wokhala mu ukapolo

Akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso akatswiri pantchito yowonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu akhazikitsa malo abwino okhala m'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi kuti athe kusungira dziwe la gene kuti lipitirizebe kuswana kwa nyama izi.

Komabe, kuzisunga m'malo otsekedwa komanso kosungika kunali kovuta. Chifukwa cha mantha komanso mantha, nyama zinkang'ambika mothamanga kwambiri, kuyesera kuthawa kuwopsezedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkavulala. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimawaphunzitsa momwe angathanirane ndi adani awo komanso mantha osati kudzera munkhondo, koma mwa kuthawa. Nyama zambiri sizinakhale ndi moyo mpaka chaka chimodzi, koma asayansi sanataye mtima ndipo komabe, kutsatira malamulo ena, adatha kuyendera ma saigas ali akapolo.

Izi zingafune:

mating adakonzedweratu mpaka tsiku lina, kuti ana a ng'ombe a saiga abadwe nyengo yotentha - koyambirira kwa chilimwe, kukakhala kotentha kwambiri.
Akazi ndi amuna amakhala mosiyana,
Thanzi lakhala losiyanasiyana pofuna kuwonjezera kukana kwa thupi, makanda ndi akulu, ku matenda osiyanasiyana.

Komabe, njirazi sizilola kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi, koma zimangopereka chiyembekezo champhamvu kuti saigas sizitha. Moyo wokhala mu ukapolo amaperekedwa kwa iwo movutikira, koma bola bola ngozi ya kutaya nyama zokongola izi mpaka kalekale, adzakakamizika kukhala malo osungira nyama.

Kusaka kwa Saiga ndi kuchepa kwa anthu

Kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi, anthu a saiga adayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Zomwe zidachitika izi zinali zauchifwamba, anthu amasaka nyanga za nyamayo, yomwe inali yodula kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala kulikonse. Ufa, womwe umapangidwa kuchokera ku nyanga, umatha kuchiritsa mutu, kutentha thupi, matenda a impso ndi chiwindi. Nthawi zambiri anali kuwonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala ena kuti akwaniritse zomwe ali nazo. Nyama yanyama inalinso yamtengo wapatali. Kusaka kwa ma artiodactyl awa afalikira.

Panthawiyo, adayamba kupanga malo apadera osungira, mwanjira inayake kuyesa kusintha mwanjira ina. Komabe, izi sizokwanira, chifukwa ngakhale lero mtunduwu watsala pang'ono kutha. Ndipo izi zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito osati njira zapadera zokha, komanso kukhazikitsa njira ndi pulogalamu yayikulu yotetezera nyama zapaderazi.

Ofukula za chilengedwe amalimbikitsa kuti azitsegulira ana ambiri ndikuwasunga ana osungira anthu osawopa anthu. Sankhani chakudya chapadera, chopatsa thanzi, chomwe chimakhala chosavuta kuti akhale ndi moyo popanda mkaka wa amayi. Muli zinthuzo, mwina anthu khumi mu ndege. Izi sizingolola nyama zazing'ono kuti zizolowere moyo wamtchire, komanso pang'ono pobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zapaderazi.

Pomaliza

Ma Saigas ndi nyama zosangalatsa kwambiri, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osakumbukika okha, komanso otha kuchita zambiri. Amatha kupulumuka nyengo yachisanu yozizira, osakhala ndi chakudya komanso madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, amayenda kwambiri kutentha kwambiri, ndipo amayenda pafupifupi makilomita mazana awiri tsiku limodzi. Ichi mwina ndi nyama yokhayo Padziko Lapansi, yomwe, malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za Abuda, ilinso ndi milungu yake, yomwe imawateteza.

Koma ngakhale chinyama chapadera chotere, munthu sakanathawa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu. Mtunduwu ukhoza kuzimiririka ndipo tidzakhala wolakwa kwathunthu. Lisanathe, ndikofunikira kulingalira mtundu wa cholowa chomwe tisiyira mbadwa zathu komanso ngati padzakhale mtundu wina pakati pawo. Pali mwayi woti ukonze zomwe zachitika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zolengedwa izi, monga kale, zidadyera momasuka kumapiri ndi mapiri a Dziko Lapansi.

Makhalidwe apadera a saigas

Ma saigas ndi zinyama zakuthengo zomwe zimachokera ku banja la artiodactyl. Amakonda khalani kumapiri aku Russia. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyama izi kunayamba kale. Amakhulupirira kuti makolo akale a mbalame za m'matanthwe anali akambuku kapena nyama zazikazi, zomwe tsopano zatha. Nthawi imeneyo amakhala ku Europe konse mpaka ku Alaska. Koma ngati mizimu yakale ya anyaniwa atafa, ndiye kuti ma saigas nawonso amatha kusintha ndikusintha.

Mitundu

Saiga si nyama yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe Zina kusiyanitsa izi:

Kutalika kwa chifanizo cha kuthengo ndi 1 mpaka 1.4 mm.
Kutalika kwa nyama nyama ndi kufota kumakhala pafupifupi 6-0.8 mm.
Ma Saigas ali ndi mphuno yeniyeni - the proboscis.
Mtundu wa nyama si wowala. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiyira kapena imvi. Mwa njira, mtundu wa ubweya wa saiga umatengera nyengo.
Kulemera kwa miyambo yamtchire kumakhala pafupifupi kilogalamu 20 mpaka 40. Koma sizipezeka kawirikawiri anthu amtunduwu, omwe akulemera kwawo ndi 60 kilogalamu.
China chake ndi kusoka kwa ziboda. Kufufuza koteroko kumawoneka ngati mtima wokhala ndi malekezero. Mwanjira ina, kutsika uku ndi kofanana ndi kubowoka kwa ziboda za nkhosa zapakhomo.
Nthawi zambiri simungamve kulira kwa fanizo lakuthengo. Koma ngati zinthu zili zadzidzidzi, ndiye kuti amayamba kulira.
Saiga amayenda modekha komanso mofananamo, atakhazikika pansi. Koma ngozi ikangowoneka, imayamba kuthawa, ndikupanga liwiro. Nthawi zina chimafika 70 km / h. Amatha kuthamanga kwambiri osathamanga makilomita 12, chifukwa ngakhale akathamanga amadumpha.

Akazi ndi amuna a nyamayi ndi osiyana kwambiri. Choyamba, ndi nyanga. Amuna, akangobadwa kumene, amayamba kukula. Pa miyezi 6 iwo khalani ndi khungu lakuda, ndikuwala chaka chimodzi. Kapangidwe ka nyanga zoterezi ndi kowonekera bwino, kofanana ndi sera. Nyanga zazimuna zazitali zimapindika ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafika masentimita 40. Koma mwatsoka, mtengo wa nyanga zotere pamsika wakuda ndiwokwera kwambiri kotero kuti kwadzetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa asaka omwe mopanda chisoni amawononga nyama yabwino komanso yodabwitsayi.

Habitat

Ndikudziwika kuti ma anelopu asanafike pafupifupi ku Europe konse, koma pambuyo pa nyengo ya ayezi, kuchuluka kwawo kunachepa ndipo saigas inayamba kukhala zigawo za steppe zokha.

Koma kodi saiga amakhala kuti tsopano? Bwaloli limadalira malo otseguka, pomwe nthaka nthawi zambiri imakhala yosalala, yolimba, yamwala kapena dongo. Amayesa kusankha malo omwe mulibe ngakhale malamba ang'onoang'ono a m'nkhalango, kuyesera njira zonse zotheka kuti adziteteze kwa adani ndi kuukiridwa.

Pakadali pano saiga adasankha mayiko otsatirawaomwe madera awo ndi abwino kukhala:

Ku Russia, Kalmykia amadziwika kuti ndi malo abwino kupezekapo saiga. Mbawala yamtchire imadyera m'malo opanda phokoso ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, motero, njere. Amasowa madzi m'chilimwe basi. Koma nyamayi ndi yamanyazi kwambiri, motero imayesetsa kuti ikhale kutali momwe ingathere kukhazikikamo anthu.

Moyo wa Saiga

Zifanizo zamtchire amakonda kukhala m'maiwe. Mu gulu limodzi lotere, mutha kukhala ndi zolinga 10 mpaka 50. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala magulu omwe amakhala ndi zolinga 100 kapena kuposapo. Nyama izi zimayendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira amayesera kupita kuchipululu, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala chipale chofewa, ndipo nthawi yotentha amabwerera ku steppe.

Saiga ndi nyama yolimba kwambiri yomwe imatha kuzolowera nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Itha kulolera osati kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuzizira, komanso kudya masamba ochepa komanso khalani opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kusintha kuchokera m'malo kupita kumalo kwa anangula ambiri kumatha ndiimfa. Nthawi zambiri, atsogoleri amayesetsa kuyenda ma kilomita ambiri patsiku, ndipo ofooka kwambiri, omwe sangathe kuyimilira, amafa.

Nthawi yachisanu ikadzafika, saigas imayamba kuthamanga. Kulimbana kumachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa atsogoleri, omwe amangokhala osati ndi mabala akulu, koma nthawi zambiri ndi imfa.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa akazi ndi amuna a nyama yamtchireyi ndi kosiyana. Amadziwika kuti moyo wa amuna ndi Zaka 3-4, ndipo mwa akazi m'badwo uno ukhoza kufikira zaka 9. Mwina ndi chifukwa chake anyani amtchire amatha kubereka mwachangu kwambiri. Akazi amayamba kuthamanga atangotha miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Chifukwa chake, atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi amabweretsa mwana wawo woyamba. Amuna, kutha msambo kumachitika pofika zaka ziwiri ndi miyezi isanu.

Ana obala achikazi nthawi zambiri amabweretsedwa mu Meyi, atachoka kale pagululi ndikuyesa kupeza malo omwe asiyidwa kwambiri pabwalo, kulikonse komwe mlenje amayang'ana. Amabereka mwachindunji pansi. Ngati saiga wamkazi wabereka nthawi yoyamba, ndiye kuti mwanayo adzakhala yekha. Kenako padzakhala awiri, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale ana atatu.

Masiku oyambira mwana wa ng'ombe wamphongo ndi osathandiza kwenikweni, ndipo amangogona pansi. Koma ngakhale akukula, ana samabweretsa mavuto kwa amayi awo, iwo ana omvera kwambiri kuthengo. Pakatha sabata limodzi mwana atabadwa, saiga imatha kutsatira amayi ake, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri imatha kuyenda ndi ng'ombe. Koma azitha kutsina yekha udzu pakatha mwezi umodzi.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Saigas ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe. Nyama ndizoyimira gulu lokhala ndi ziboda, banja la bovids, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu ndi mitundu ya saiga.

Saiga ndi nyama yakale kwambiri. Ndizodziwika kuti nthawi ya Pleistocene amakhala kudera lamakono la Eurasia kuyambira ku Britain Isles kumadzulo chakumadzulo kupita ku Alaska mbali yakum'mawa. Pambuyo pazikambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi, gawo lawomwe ankakhalamo linangosungidwa kumapiri a ku Europe okha. Akatswiri ena a zoyereza akuti awa amaimira ma bovid omwe anali ndi nyama zopatsa mphamvu. Kuyambira pamenepo, nyama sizinasinthe konse, asunganso mawonekedwe awo apakale.

Kanema: Saiga

Mu Chirasha, dzinali limapezeka kuchokera ku mawu achi Turkic. M'malankhulidwe apadziko lonse, zidawoneka ngati zothokoza pantchito za sayansi za wofufuza komanso wasayansi wa ku Austria Sigismund von Herberstein. M'malemba ake, adalongosola za moyo ndi mawonekedwe a nyama iyi. Koyamba kutchulidwa kwa nyama yotchedwa "saiga" kudalembedwa m'buku lake la sayansi "Zolemba pa Muscovy," pomwe wochita kafukufuku adalemba mu 1549.

Popanga dikishonale yake yofotokozera, Dahl ananena kuti ndi bwino kuitana saiga wachikazi, ndipo wamwamuna amatchedwa saiga.

Adani a Saiga

Zowopsa kwa saigas ndi agalu osokera, ankhandwe, ankhandwe. Nthawi zambiri, achinyamata omwe amadana ndi ana amadwala matendawa. Koma ana obadwa kumene a nyamayi amatha kuopsezedwa ndi nthenga, nkhandwe ndi chiwombankhanga.

Komabe, ozembetsa makamaka ndi oopsa kwa saigas. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, anali atawonongedwa kwambiri, motero m'malo ambiri kumene amakhala kumene, ma saigas ndi osatheka kukumana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Lenin adayenera kupereka lamulo loletsa kuwonongedwa kwa mbendera. Koma mu 1950s, kusaka kwa saiga kumeneku kunaloledwa. Ndipo mu ma saigas a 70s okha amakumbukiridwanso komanso kuletsedwa kusaka. Koma pofika nthawi iyi mdziko lapansi panali kokha Anthu 35,000, ndipo makamaka anali akazi.

Pakadali pano, ntchito zonse zofunikira zikuchitika kuti abwezeretsenso mitundu ya anyani. Chifukwa chake, malo osungirako ndi otetezedwa a saigas amapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, malo otchedwa Rostovsky Reserve amadziwika, omwe ali kunyanja yotchuka ya Manych - Gudilo. Thumba la Zamoyo Zakuthengo lidayendetsa ndikuwongolera nyama zamtchirezi, zomwe zidachepa kwambiri. Tsopano saigas adalembedwa mu Red Book, pomwe pali mwayi wowonera zithunzi za saiga. Ndipo kuti kuchuluka kwa anyaniwa akutchire kukula, zopereka zosiyanasiyana zimapatsidwa zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi woteteza komanso kuteteza nyama yodabwitsayi.

Kufotokozera

Nyama yaying'ono yokhala ndi ziboda, thupi kutalika 110-66 masentimita, mchira 8-12 masentimita, kutalika kwa kufota 60-79 cm. Pamaso miyendo yayifupi, yochepa. Mphuno yamtundu wopepuka, wotupa, wam'manja wokhala ndi mphuno yozungulira, wapamphuno wapamtima umapanga zotsatira za "chizolowezi chong'ambika." Makutu ndi ntchentche yozungulira. Ziboda zapakati ndizazikulu kuposa zam'mbali. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amakhala ofanana kutalika kwa mutu ndikufika pafupifupi 30 cm, translucent, oyera chikasu, osasanjika maonekedwe owoneka bwino, magawo awiri mwa atatu pansi amakhala ndi zigawo zopingasa, zokhala pamutu pafupifupi.

Ubweya wa chilimwe umakhala wofiyira, wachikuda pakati penipeni pamsana ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono umawalira pamimba, popanda mchira "kalilole", wotsika komanso wosowa. Ubweya wozizira umakhala wokwera kwambiri komanso wokulirapo, wopepuka kwambiri, wa imvi. Kumwaza kawiri pachaka: kasupe ndi yophukira.

Pali infraorbital yaying'ono, inguinal, carpal, ndi interdigital enieni khungu. Nipples - awiriawiri.

Kodi saiga amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Saigaki ku Kazakhstan

Pokhazikika, nyama zopanda moyozi zimasankha malo okhala ndi zomera zochepa. Ma Saigas amakhala makamaka kumapiri kapena kumapiri. Amayesa kupewa mitsinje, zitunda, kapena nkhalango zowirira.

M'mbuyomu, saigas anali ofala kwambiri mu Europe yamakono. Masiku ano ali pafupi kutha, ndipo malo awo anachepa kwambiri.

Madera okhala malo okhala nyama:

Dera la Astrakhan la Russian Federation,
Kalmykia,
Altai
Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan,
Mongolia,
Turkmenistan

Ma Saigas amakonda zigwa chifukwa choti kulumpha amapatsidwa kwa iwo ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndikayamba nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, amakonda kusamukira kumalo okhala ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa kutentha kwambiri matalala kumapangitsa kuti kusuntha kusunthe. Ma Saigas amayesetsanso kuti asakhale pamipanda ya mchenga, chifukwa m'derali ndizovuta kuti asunthe, makamaka kuti atha kuthamangitsidwa ndi adani. Nyama zimakhala pafupi ndi zitunda m'nyengo yachisanu, pomwe mvula yamkuntho imawonekera.

Oyimira awa a untulates amapanga mayendedwe achilendo - oyenda. Mwanjira imeneyi, amatha kukhala othamanga kwambiri - mpaka 70 km / h. Ma saigas amatha kukhala kumapiri komanso kumapiri. Ku Kazakhstan, nyama zimakhala pamalo okwera mamita 150 mpaka 650 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ku Mongolia, malo awo amayimiridwa ndi maenje pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.

M'nyengo yachilala choopsa, nyama zikavutikanso ndikuvutika kupeza magwero azakudya, zimatha kulowa gawo laulimi ndikudya chimanga, rye, ndi mbewu zina zomwe zikukula m'minda. Ndi nyengo yozizira, nyama zimasankha malo omwe zimakhala zosavuta kuti apeze gwero la chakudya ndikuyesera kukhala pafupi ndi dziwe.

Kufalitsa

Saiga ndiye nthumwi yakale kwambiri pa gulu lotchedwa mammoth fauna (pamodzi ndi chipembere chaubweya komanso mbewa zam'madzi).

Pambuyo pakuwala kwa Late Valdai, saigas adakhala kuchokera kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Europe, kuphatikiza British Isles, mpaka pakati pa Alaska ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada. M'zaka mazana a XVII-XVIII, ma saiga amakhala kumapiri konse ndi zipululu zochokera kumapiri a Carpathians kumadzulo kupita ku Mongolia ndi China chakumadzulo. M'masiku amenewo, idafika kumpoto mpaka ku Kiev ndi Baraba steppe ya Siberia. Komabe, theka lachiwiri la zaka za XIX, anthu adadzaza mwachangu malo opondera, ndipo saigayo idatsala pang'ono kutha ku Europe. Mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma saigas ku Asia nawonso kunachepa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, adasungidwa ku Europe kokha kumadera akutali kwambiri a kumunsi kwa Mtsinje wa Volga, komanso ku Asia - kudutsa Ustyurt, ku Betpak-Dal, mkati mwa Ili - Karatal (mchenga wa Saryesik-Atyrau), m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzulo ya Mongolia. ndi malo ena.

Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa ziwonetsero komanso pafupifupi kuthana kwathunthu kwa ma saigas m'ma 1920s, koma chifukwa cha njira zomwe amatenga kuti ateteze komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma saigas, kuchuluka kwa anthu kunapezekanso ndipo mu 1950s chiwerengerocho chinali choposa anthu 2 miliyoni omwe amakhala kumapiri ndi zipululu za USSR (zimaganiziridwa kuti ku Pleistocene anali ochulukirachulukira ndipo amakhala kumalo ozizira pamodzi ndi oyimilira ena a mamm fa fauna). Nthawi inayake, magulu a zithandizo zanyama, monga World Wildlife Fund, adalimbikitsa kusaka nyama zamtchire, ndipo amatcha nyanga zawo m'malo mwa nyanga za njuchi. Chiwerengerochi chatsikanso, ndipo pano saiga ili pamndandanda wa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupangidwa ndi bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Natural.

Kuwonongeka kwa Soviet Union, pofika chaka cha 2008, mitundu ya saiga pafupifupi 50,000 ya mabungwe omwe adalipobe idalipo. Saiga tatarica tatarica ndipo ndikukhala ku Russia (North-Western Caspian) ndi zigawo zitatu za Kazakhstan (mchenga wa Volga-Ural, Ustyurt ndi Betpak-Dala). Mu 2010, saigas 12,000 adamwalira ndi epizootic ya pasteurellosis kumalire a dera la Volgograd ndi Kazakhstan. Kusunga anthu a saiga okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Caspian, mu 1990 ku Republic of Kalmykia (Russia) Black Lands Reserve idapangidwa. Mu 2012, nazale ya saiga ku Kalmykia idapeza mpanda wamagetsi wokhala ndi magetsi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala kumadera akutali a Mongolia (Shargin Gobi ndi dera la Manhan Somon) ndi njira ina - Saiga tatarica mongolica ndipo pakali pano anthu pafupifupi 750 (kuyambira Januware 2004).

Ku Zoo yaku Moscow, malo osungira nyama ku San Diego ndi ku Cologne adakhala nawo m'mbuyomu m'magulu awo. Pali chikonzero chobwezeretsanso saiga kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia monga gawo la Pleistocene Park.

2010 ku Republic of Kalmykia adalengezedwa kuti Chaka cha Saiga.

Kudera la Ukraine, kagulu kakang'ono ka saigas (pafupifupi nyama 600) kamakhala kumalo osungira a Askania-Nova.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Saiga

Ma Saigas ndi nyama zoweta, sizimangochitika zokha. Amasonkhana magulu ambiri, yemwe mutu wawo ndi mtsogoleri wamphamvu komanso wodziwa zambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu amtengowu chimatha kukhala chimodzi kapena zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Ziweto sizachilengedwe. Amasamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana kukafunafuna chakudya, kapena kuthawa nyengo. Nthawi zambiri amapita kumapululu ndi nthawi yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, ndipo amabwerera kumapazi ndi masiku otentha oyamba.

Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, atsogoleri a magulu osiyanasiyana a nyama amakonda kumenya nkhondo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapha. Khalidwe losunthika limakhudzanso kayendedwe ka anthu. Kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kake ndi mndandanda wake umakhazikitsa mtsogoleri wamphamvu. Sikuti anthu onse amthumba omwe angafanane nazo. Chifukwa chake, nyama zambiri sizifika komwe zimapitako, zikumangofa m'njira.

Nyama zimasinthasintha malinga ndi chilengedwe. Amatha kukhala m'malo okhala ndi chakudya ndi madzi pang'ono, ndipo m'malo otere amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi. Mukuyenda, nyama zimatha kuyenda mothamanga kwambiri, nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 80 km / h. Akakumana ndi zoopsa amathawira ku gulu lonse. Nyama zodwala komanso zofooka zimangotsala pambuyo pa gulu la ng'ombe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa chifukwa chodana ndi adani.

Nyama mwachilengedwe amasambira abwino kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe amatha kuthana ndi madzi ang'onoang'ono komanso apakati popanda zovuta. Mwachilengedwe, nyama zimapatsidwa khutu labwino kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zingwe, zowopsa pamtunda wa makilomita angapo. Kuphatikiza pakumva bwino, nyama zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, zomwe zimakuthandizani kuti muzimva kusintha kwa nyengo, momwe mvula kapena chipale.

Kutalika kwa nyama nyama ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo zimatengera jenda. Amuna mu chilengedwe amakhala zaka zosapitilira zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu, moyo wamtundu wa akazi umafika zaka 10-11.

Kazakhstan

M'masiku a Soviet, gulu lachitetezo cha saiga ku Kazakhstan lidapatsidwa ntchito yofunafuna ma famu osaka, omwe anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa State Committee ya Kazakh SSR pa kayendedwe kazachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. Mphamvu zawo zimaphatikizaponso kuwongolera kuwombera kwa mafakitale komanso kutetezedwa kwa nyama zankhondo kwa osaka. Njira yoyang'anira ndi chitetezo idapangidwa molakwika. Boma lidayendetsa mabizinesi osaka okha kuti asungire zolemba zawo, ndikuchepetsa chiwembucho kuchokera manambala. Nthawi zambiri sizidutsa 20 peresenti. Pofuna kuti akolole zochulukira, minda yosaka idachulukitsa anthu ndi theka. Malinga ndi mapepalawa, zidapezeka kuti adawombera 20 peresenti ya abodza omwe sapezeka, kwenikweni adawombera 40% kapena kuposerapo, ngati mungawerengere kuti ndi anthu enieni. Kuyambira 1985, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma saigas ku republic, Kazakh Zoological Combine yapatsidwa udindo wopanga ma saigas ndikugulitsa nyanga zake pamsika wakunja. Bizinesiyo idayendetsedwa ndi nthambi ya Kazakh Main of Security ya Zinyama Zakuthengo motsogozedwa ndi Nduna ya Kazakh SSR. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa perestroika (1985) mpaka 1998, matani 131 a nyanga adatumizidwa kunja. Chifukwa chake kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, kuchuluka kwa ziga za ku Kazakhstan kudali mitu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, koma zitatha zaka 10, kuchuluka kwa nyama kudatsika pafupifupi 20,000. Mu 1993, kutumiza mwalamulo kwa nyanga panyanga kunakwana mabatani 60. Mu 2005, kukhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsidwa pakuwombera kwa saigas, yomwe ipitilira mpaka chaka cha 2021. Mu 2014, kuchuluka kwa saigas kunafika anthu 256.7,000. Mwambiri, kutsika kwa ziwerengero za saiga ku Kazakhstan pakadali pano kumalumikizidwa ndi kupha anthu komanso matenda opatsirana. Komanso, kufa kwa saigas kumawonedwa chifukwa cha icing ya steppes, yomwe imalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa chakudya. Mu nthawi za Soviet, nthawi yozizira, amapulumutsidwa ndi odyetsa zida zapadera. Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi mu 2012-2014 udapatsa anthu 332 miliyoni tenge kuti aphunzire matenda opatsirana pakati pa anthu a saiga.

M'milambo Isanu ndi Iwiri, saiga imapezeka kumpoto kwa nkhalango, kuchokera komwe imayenda nthawi yachisanu kupita kumapululu oundana ndi chipululu chochepera kumalire kwa Tien Shan. Nthawi zina ziweto zimalowa chigwa cha Chuy, pomwe, tsoka, sizimafa kuchokera ku mimbulu chifukwa chakusaka.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Saiga Cub

Mwachilengedwe, saigas ndi nyama zamitala. Nthawi yakukhwima imadziwika ndi nyengo komanso imayamba kuyambira Novembala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Januware. Nthawi imeneyi zimatengera dera lomwe akukhalamo. Ku Kazakhstan, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Marichi mpaka Epulo. Nthawi yakukhwima kwa nyama imatenga masiku 10 mpaka 25. Munthu aliyense wogonana amakhala ndi banja la iyemwini, akumamenya pakati pa akazi asanu mpaka khumi, omwe amatetezedwa ndi amuna kuti asazidwe ndi amuna amuna akunja.

Hrem opangidwayo amapezeka m'dera linalake, lomwe lili ndi 30-80 lalikulu mita. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna amakhala okwiya, nthawi zambiri amamenyera ufulu wokhala muukwati ndi wamkazi kapena wamkazi. Kulimbana koteroko nthawi zambiri kumatha mabala akulu ndi kufa.

Pakugonana amuna, chinsinsi chachinsinsi chimabisidwa kuchokera pakhungu la infraorbital komanso m'mimba. Kukalamba nthawi zambiri kumachitika usiku, nthawi yaimuna amuna nthawi zambiri amasangalala ndikupeza mphamvu. Ndi nthawi imeneyi yomwe anyaniwa amadya pang'ono, mphamvu zawo komanso thupi lawo limatayika. Pakadali pano, padalembedwa zochitika za anthu ena.

Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu pofika mwezi wachisanu ndi chitatu wa moyo, amuna amangokhala chaka chimodzi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Akazi omwe amabereka ana aamuna amadzisonkhana malo amodzi, makamaka m'malo otsetsereka ndi masamba ochepa. Kulemera kwa thupi kwatsopano ndi ma kilogalamu 3-3,5.

Patsiku loyamba, ana amakhala osayenda. Anawo atabadwa, mayiyo amapita kukasaka chakudya ndi madzi, koma amabwera kangapo patsiku kudzacheza ndi mwana wawo. Makanda obadwa kumene amakula mwachangu ndikulimba, patsiku la chisanu ndi chiwiri - tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri amatha kutsatira amayi awo.

Nthawi yowerengera za saigas ku Kazakhstan

1981, Epulo - mitu yokwana 180,000 ya saiga yamwalira mdera lomwe kale linali Turgai.
1984, febulo - Epulo - Epulo - anthu 250 miliyoni adamwalira ku West Kazakhstan.
1988, Meyi - pafupifupi ma saigas 500,000 amwalira.
1993 - chifukwa cha chisanu chambiri, anthu aku Betpakdala apitilira theka kuchokera ku 700 mpaka 270 miliyoni nyama.
2010 - saigas zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri afa.
2015, Meyi - mdera la Kostanay, Akmola, ndi Aktobe, ma saigas oposa 120,000 afa. Choyambitsa kufa chinali kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa bakiteriya Pasteurella multocida, ndiko kuti, pasteurellosis.

Adani achilengedwe a saigas

Chithunzi: Saigaki pansanja

Monga nthumwi iliyonse ya anthu osakhulupirira, saigas nthawi zambiri imakhala chakudya cha adani omwe amakhala m'malo omwe saigas imakhala.

Adani achilengedwe a osakhulupirira:

Nthawi zambiri olusa amabisalira nyama zawo akasonkhanitsa magulu kuti akhale madzi okwanira. Akatswiri a zaumoyo akuti akagwidwa panthawi yomwe simumayikhulupirira kwambiri, gulu la mimbulu limatha kuwononga gulu la anthu osakhulupirira. Choopsa chachikulu ku chiwerengero cha nyama ndi munthu ndi zochita zake. Mochulukitsa, saigas idachotsedwapo ndi asodzi omwe amasaka ubweya wofunika, nyama yokoma komanso yopatsa thanzi, komanso nyanga za nyama yopanda tanthauzo.

Nyanga za nyama zamtunduwu ndizofunika kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ena ku China. Powder amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, omwe ali gawo la antipyretic, anti-kutupa, komanso kukonzekera kuyeretsa thupi. Komanso, madokotala achi China amagwiritsa ntchito ufa ngati mankhwala a matenda a chiwindi, migraine, komanso pathologies am'mimba.

Ndalama zambiri zimalipira nyanga zotere mumsika waku China, kufunikira kwa nyanga za saiga ndikofunikira nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake olemba ndakatulo amafuna kubwezeretsa mthumba lawo popha nyama zodabwitsazi.

Mbiri yakale

Herberstein adachezera kawiri ku Primeity of Moscow (mu 1517 ndi 1526) mu "Zolemba pa Muscovy" adalemba za nyama iyi:

"Pamalo opondera pafupi ndi Borisfen, Tanais ndi Ra, pali nkhalango ina, yotchedwa Pole Solhac, ndi Muscovites - saig (Seigack), kukula kwake kwa agwape, koma ndi miyendo yifupi, nyanga zake ndi zazitali ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zili ndi zikwangwani, Ma Muscovites amapanga mpeni mawonedwe kuchokera kwa iwo. Amathamanga kwambiri ndipo amalumpha kwambiri. ”

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zinali zofunikira kwambiri kupha nsomba kumapiri a Kazakhstan, makamaka pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Aral. Brockhaus ndi Efron Encyclopedia imapereka tsatanetsatane wotsatila wosaka nyama zamadzi:

C. akumizidwa zochuluka kwambiri chilimwe, kutentha, atatopa pakulimbana ndi tizilombo akuzunza - ma midges, ma gadget, ndipo makamaka mphutsi za tiziromboti timene timakhala pansi pakhungu lawo, osapeza kupuma, C. amalowa m'mimba ndipo ngati wamisala akuthamangira pamalo opondera, kapena ngati openga oyimirira pamalo amodzi ndi kukumba maenje (cobla) ndi ziboda zawo, kenako nkugona pamenepo, ndikubisala mphuno zawo pansi pa miyendo yawo yakutsogolo, ndiye kuti amalumpha ndikugubuduza m'malo awo, panthawi ngati S. " ", Ataya chisamaliro chawo chawamba, ndipo asaka amawazingira anawomberedwa. Asaka a Kyrgyz odyetsa S. amasakidwa ndi anzawo, omwe amagona ndi mfuti, makamaka pafupi ndi mabowo othirira, kapena ndi mitolo ya mabango amilozo, omwe amayendetsedwa mumayendedwe omwe S. akutsikira pamalo othirira, kenako amawayang'ana pamayendedwe, pakuwoloka mitsinje, amapitilira maenje ndi madzi oundana, pomwe S. sangathe kuthawa. Nthawi zina amasaka agalu a Baikal okhala ndi karategin greyhound (mabeseni), omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyenda bwino kwambiri, osaka amapita kukasaka awiriwo, aliyense ali ndi ma greyhound mumpingowo, akudziwitsa S., m'modzi mwa osaka amathamangira kutsogolo kwa gulu lankhosa, ndipo linalo limayenda mtunda wamtunda wa 5-8, mlenje woyamba ayambitsa agalu ndi kuyendetsa nyama kupita kwa mlenje wachiwiri, yemwe, atadikirira S., akuyamba, agalu ake, ndipo amapeza mosavuta nyama zomwe zatopa ndi kuthamangitsa koyamba. Nthawi zina amasaka S. ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Amayi achiKyrgyz nthawi zina amafunafuna azimayi oyembekezera ndipo pambuyo pobala amadzala tiana tating'ono, omalizira amadyetsedwa mosavuta ndi mbuzi yanyumba ndikuyamba kukhala ouma. Nyama imapangika chakudya chokometsera cha nomad, nyanga ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri posinthana ndi ndalama, ndipo khungu ndiye chinthu chabwino kwambiri chopanga ma doxes (ergaks).

Nyanga za S. zazing'ono zimakhala zachikaso kwathunthu, zokhala ndi malekezero akuda, osalala, onyezimira, nyanga za S. zachikasu, zachikasu, zokhala ndi ming'alu yayitali. Wool S. ndi waufupi komanso wokhwima, amapita kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo. Usodzi wa saiga kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 ndiwofunikira kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyanga zomwe zimatumizidwa kunafika makumi zikwizikwi pazaka 1894-1896.Vuto lalikulu la usodziwu ndiwakuti linapangidwa panthawi yotentha kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe ogwira ntchito mgodiwo amayenera kunyamula mchere ndi machubu nawo mchere ndi nyama zotulutsidwa kumalo osaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Saigas m'chilengedwe

Mpaka pano, nyamayo idalembedwa padziko lonse lapansi, mu Red Book ya ku Russia yokhala ndi mtundu wa mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutha. Ofufuzawo akuwona zomwe zikuchitika pakuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi.

Pamenepo, mankhwala othandizira adayamba kukhazikika ku China ndipo adayamba kupereka ndalama zambiri pamsika pa nyanga za zinyama, kuchokera pomwe ufa wowuchiritsa udapangidwa pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu la nyama ndi nyama yawo, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino aukoma, inali yamtengo wapatali. Chiwembuchi chinayamba kuchuluka mwachangu, ndipo nyama zambiri zidapha.

Panthawi yomwe kuchuluka kwa nyama kunatsika koopsa, olamulira anayamba kuganiza zopanga mapaki apadera am'dzikoli momwe kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kubwezeretsedwera. Komabe, zoyesera zoyambayo sizinaphule kanthu. Akatswiri a zoology amati izi ndizofunikira kuti pakhalepo komanso kubereka sizinapangidwe, ndipo akatswiri sanakhalepo ndi mapulogalamu oyambitsanso manambala a saiga.

Gulu

Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa Mongolia amagawidwa m'malo ena - the saiga MongoliaSaiga tatarica mongolica), chiwerengero chake ndi anthu 750. Anthu ena onse ndi m'mabungwe osankhidwa. Saiga tatarica tatarica. Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti Saiga ya ku Mongolia ndi mtundu wina wa Pleistocene ndi foni Saiga borealis mongolica .

Kuteteza kwa Saiga

Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Saiga

Pofuna kuteteza nyama kuti isawonongedwe, kusungidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero zawo, adalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Kuphatikiza apo, adaphatikizidwa mu Mndandanda wa nyama zomwe zimayikidwa ngati nthumwi za maluwa ndi nyama, kusaka komwe kuyenera kuletsedwa kapena kuletsedwa.

Dipatimenti ya zachuma yosaka ya Russian Federation ikukonza njira zokhazikitsira malamulo omwe cholinga chake ndi kubweretsa udindo waupandu ndi kuwongolera kuwononga nyama zosowa, komanso kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu apadera omwe cholinga chake ndi kusunga ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa nyamazi.

Akatswiri ofufuza za zinyama ndi ofufuza amalimbikitsa kuti pakhale malo osungiramo nyama ndi malo osungiramo nyama momwe amafunikira kuti pakhale malo oyandikana kwambiri ndi malo achilengedwe a saiga. Ndi malo oterowo, okhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, zomwe zotsatira zoyambirira zitha kupezeka. Saiga ndi nthumwi yakale kwambiri yazomera ndi zomera, zomwe zimasungabe mawonekedwe ake oyambira kale kuyambira pomwe zidayamba kukhalapo Padziko Lapansi. Lero latsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo ntchito ya munthu ndikukonza zolakwika zake ndikuletsa kuwonongedwa kwathunthu.

M'mabuku

Mu buku la Chungiz Aitmatov "Scaffold", kusaka saiga akufotokozedwa motere:

Ndipo osaka ma helikopita, akuyenda kuchokera kumalekezero awiri a ziweto, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi wailesi, ogwirizanitsidwa, anaonetsetsa kuti sanabalalikire pozungulira, kuti siziyenera kuthamangitsanso ziweto pamchenga, ndikuwopa kwambiri, kukakamiza ma saigas kuti athawe movutikira adathawa ... Oyendetsa ndege za Helikopita amawona bwino kuchokera kumwamba momwe mtsinje wakuda wazowopsa zamtchire unkazungulira popondera, pamiyala yoyera ya chipale chofewa ...

Zosangalatsa

Oyang'anira achitetezo a Kalmyks amadziwika kuti ndi White White - mulungu wachi Buddha wachuma komanso moyo wautali. Zinali zoletsedwa panthawi yakusaka kuti aziwombera pa saigas, olumikizana palimodzi: zimakhulupirira kuti panthawiyi Mkulu Woyera yemweyo adawamwetsa mkaka.
Chochititsa chidwi, koma chosadalirika cha saiga chikutchulidwa mu filimu "Phunziro mu Literature": kamodzi m'malo ophatikizidwa ndi magetsi oyendetsa galimoto, amayendetsa kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ndi kugwa kwa USSR, kupanga kosasunthika kwa ma saigas kunayamba ndi cholinga chotumiza nyanga ku China. Malinga ndi magazini ya Geo, munthawi ya 1990 mpaka 2003-2006, kuchuluka kwa ma seigas padziko lapansi kutsika ndi 94-97% - kuchokera pa miliyoni imodzi kufika pa anthu 31-62,5 miliyoni.

Izi ndi zomwe buku la Kazakh likulemba Ural Sabata:

"Mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China, nyanga za saiga zili pamizere yokhala ndi nyanga za njuchi ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti zimayeretsa thupi komanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito pochizira malungo. Pakakhala kuphwanya komanso kukomoka kwambiri chifukwa cha malungo, nyanga za saiga ndi zipembere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi. Kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ena, nyanga za saiga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa mutu, chizungulire, ndi matenda ena. Mlingo uliwonse ndi magalamu atatu a ufa wabwino waminyanga, wotenthetsedwa kapena kusowetsedwa m'madzi ”

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