An okwaniritsa oyisitara amene sadya oysters:

Sandpiper Magpie (Haematopus ostralegus)

Mu German, French ndi English, mbalame iyi akutchedwa "oyisitara okwaniritsa", koma kwenikweni sadya nkhono. Mlomo wowoneka bwino wa magpie amapangidwira kukumba ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono pamchenga ndi silt. Chakudya chake ndi nyongolotsi, crustaceans, mphutsi zazing'ono, nkhono zazing'ono. Amene ali onse mulomo, akhoza kuswa lotseguka chigoba cha mussel moyo, kuwaza izo, agwiritsira ndi mlomo ngati nyundo, kapena kutenga chipolopolo akufa kunja ndi mafunde nyanja ku mthunzi. Ndani ali ndi mathero akuthwa - amagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizira mphutsi. Koma ma oyster siokwanira kumadzi awa. Komabe, izi olakwika ndalama miyoyo ya anthu ambiri a iwo pamene mu 1974 eni minda oyisitara mu UK, kumene mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale ambiri ochokera kumpoto kwa Ulaya m'nyengo yozizira, chilolezo kuwombera "tizirombo". Mwamwayi, zonsezi ndi zam'mbuyomu, pano sikuti anangotsala pang'ono chabe, koma, m'malo mwake, amanyada. Mwachitsanzo, ku Islands Islands, omwe ali mbali ya Denmark, magpie amaonedwa ngati mbalame yophiphiritsa.

Kutalika kwa thupi - za masentimita 40.

Kulemera kuli pafupifupi 0,5 kg.

Khalani akuluakulu pazaka zitatu.

Magpies moyo m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nyanja ndi mitsinje lalikulu, osiyanasiyana mitundu akubwereza ndondomeko ya m'mphepete mwa m'madzi komanso lalikulu matupi madzi oyera. Asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu itatu: chisa chimodzi ku Western Europe, china kumwera kwa Europe Russia ndi Central Asia, ndipo chachitatu ku Kamchatka, China ndi Korea. Mapulogalamuwa amasiyanasiyana mumitundu yambiri komanso kutalika kwa mulomo, womwe umakulira kummawa. Mu Russia, subspecies onse atatu angapezeke ndi Asian ku Central, wotchedwa kumtunda, ndi kutchulidwa Red Book dziko lathu. Mosiyana ndi zina zonse, magpie a sandpiper kumtunda sakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu. Kukula kwachuma kwamadzi osefukira komanso kumanga zitsime kumalepheretsa mbalamezi kukhala malo oyenera kubzala. Kusunga iwo, malo magpie mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale zimapezeka nyengo kuswana ayenera kudulidwa mtengo. Magpie amadutsa nyengo yozizira ku Africa ndi South Asia, komwe amasonkhana pagulu lalikulu. Kafukufuku awonetsa kuti masango amtunduwu amatha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha thanzi lachilengedwe: amakhala m'magulu okhawo omwe malo osakhazikika.

Makumi mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale sakhoza analekerera: ali fussy, mokweza, imene makampani akuluakulu ndipo musabise konse. Monga mbalame zina, zimathamanga kwambiri, zimawuluka mosavutikira, komanso zimasambira bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika zikagwira nsomba zazing'ono. Munthawi yakudyayi, mbalame zoseketsa, zomwe zimakonda kusewera zimasinthiratu mawonekedwe: amapuma pantchito, ndipo ozunza amawukira. Izi ndi zofunika kuteteza zomangamanga, limene lili poyera pa mchenga, chipolopolo thanthwe kapena timiyala, mu kabowo pafupi ndi gombe, ndi kukula anapiye. Mu chisa pali mazira awiri mpaka anayi, nthawi zambiri - atatu. Makolo amathandizira nawo, zimatenga pafupifupi mwezi. Wamkulu magpie mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale osati kutsogolera anapiye awo, komanso chakudya, kubweretsa chakudya mu milomoyo awo, ndipo pamodzi.

Maonekedwe a sandpiper wa magpie

Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe imapangitsa kuti izindikire mosavuta. Ichi ndi mbalame zazing'ono za kukula kwa khwangwala.

Kulemera kwa magpie wamkulu ndi 420 - 820 g., Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 40 - 50, mapiko 80 - 87 cm. Zowoneka za mbalame ndizosiyana, zakuda ndi zoyera.

Mu nyengo yakukhwima, khosi, mutu, kutsogolo kumbuyo, pamwamba pa chifuwa, kumapeto kwa mchira, mapiko apakati komanso ang'onoang'ono a mbalame yachikulire adapakidwa akuda ndi utoto wachitsulo. Pamwamba pa mapiko a wakuda ndi yopingasa woyera lamizeremizere. Pansi pa mapiko, mbali, pamimba ndi mbali zina za thupi la mbalamezo ndizopakidwa zoyera. Pansi pa sandpiper wa magpie pali malo ena oyera oyera.

Mbali khalidwe la sandpiper ichi ndi m'malo yaitali 8 - 10 cm mlomo wa ofiira owala-lalanje mtundu. Iris imakhalanso lalanje-lalanje. Miyendo ndi yofiira-yapinki muutoto m'malo mofupikitsa. Mu autumn, chinyezimiro zachitsulo za nthenga kusiyiratu. Pakadali pano, pamalo ena pakhosi pali pena pomwepo.

Sandpiper Magpie (Haematopus ostralegus).

Komanso mu autumn, mapeto a mlomo wa chimaonekadi darkens mwa mbalame. Kugonana kwamaonekedwe mu mbalamezi sikupangika bwino, kotero kuti zazimuna ndi zazikazi sizosiyana mawonekedwe. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi achikulire omwe amakhala mumtambo wakuda kwamitundu. Komanso, nyama alibe malo woyera pa makosi awo. Miyendo yamiyendo yamphongo yaying'ono imakhala ndi imvi. Mlomo ndi lalanje pokhapokha, ena onse amapaka utoto wakuda.

Magpie malo makumi

Malo okhala magpie agawika magawo atatu opatula wina ndi mnzake. Anthu onsewa amakhala kudera la Eurasia. Aliyense wa anthu ndi allocated mu subspecies osiyana. Masamba a sandpiper amtundu wa magpie amasiyanasiyana mtundu wa zambiri zazambiri, kutalika kwa mulomo ndi kukula kwa mbalame.

Sandpiper Magpie akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia ngati subspecies yomwe yakhala yocheperako chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.

Kumpoto Sandpiper Magpie ndi subspecies nominative. Zisamba zake zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Iceland ndi Europe. Masabusikiripawa amagawidwa kumpoto kwa Atlantic, komanso amapezeka kumpoto kwa Mediterranean. M'chigawo cha North Sea, anthu a subspecies lino chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri. Kuchokera apa, ma subspecieswo amafalikira mpaka kukafika kumtunda waukulu, ndikukhazikika m'chigwa. Magombe a kumpoto kwa sandpiper amapezekanso m'madzi a Sweden a Netherlands, Netherlands, Turkey, Ireland, Scotland komanso kugombe la Arctic la Russian Federation mpaka kumtsinje wa Mtsinje wa Pechora kum'mawa.

The kumtunda sandpiper magpie umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu zisa pa kumtunda a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, ku Asia Minor ndi Western Siberia ku malire m'munsi mwa Abakan ndi ob mitsinje kummawa. Kumpoto kwa Russia, mtunduwu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Apa mbalamezi zimapezeka zigwa ndi zopitilira mitsinje yonga Northern Dvina, Volga, Don, Pechora, Desna, Irtysh, Ob ndi Tobol.

Pa makulitsidwe, izo limatulutsa lakuthwa, kubwereza "mwamsanga msanga-msanga-msanga", kawirikawiri ndi mlomo wake pansi.

Magpie aku East Eastern sandpiper ndiye malo am'mawa kwambiri. Izi zimayang'anira zisa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kumadzulo kwa Korea, Primorye ndi Kamchatka.

Magpie Sandpiper MOYO

Mtundu wa biotopu umaimira zilumba, zomwe zimayenda mosadukwanira m'mbali mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndimagombe.

Mtchenga uwu umapezekanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yaying'ono pafupi ndi pakamwa pawo.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbalame mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka ebbs ndi utuluke. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pakugwa mafunde pang'ono, madzi osungunula amatulutsa gawo la pansi pomwe chakudya chimapezeka.

Poika magpie, pali mazira atatu a utoto wachikasu wokhala ndi mawanga owoneka bwino otuwa ndi zidutswa zakuda, zazikulu kwambiri.

Magpie chakudya

M'malo mwa zakudya zama sandpipers a magpie mumakhala ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana, monga nyongolotsi za polychaete, ma mollusks, tizilombo ndi crustaceans. Nthawi zina mbalameyi imadya nsomba. Mu zikhalidwe pa maiko nyanja wamoyo, udindo waukulu mu zakudya ndi ankaimba ndi bivalves: mamazelo, mtima woboola pakati, Baltic nsomba ya makerele ndi ena. M'mphepete mwa madzi am'madzi komanso mkamwa mwa mitsinje, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, komanso nyongolotsi, ndizo chakudya.

Sandpiper Magpie ndi mbalame yolusa kwambiri komanso yaphokoso. Pa kudya, ndewu m'dera ndi skirmishes pakati pa mbalame pa madera kudyetsa si zachilendo. Akadyetsa, mbalame zimalima mchenga wonyowa kapena timiyala ndi milomo yayitali.

Anapiye okhala pansi amachoka pachisa pa tsiku loyamba, koma poyamba sangathe kutsatira makolo awo ndikudziyang'anira okha chakudya.

Magpie kuswana

Mbalame zimayamba kubereka mchaka chachinayi cha moyo. Sandpiper Magpie ndi mbalame yolowera. fumes Khola apitiriza mu moyo wa mbalame. Komabe, nthawi zina maanja amatha kutha.

Izi zimachitika pamene m'modzi mwa anthu aganiza zosintha mnzake, komanso pamkhalidwe wampikisano woyipa wa dera la abambo kapena chisa. Kufika pa malo kukaikira mazira kumayambira m'ma April.

Nthawi zambiri, okwatirana amabwerera kumalo odyera omwe amakhala chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomu.

Mwambo wokwatitsa ndi kuledzera kwamphongo wamwamuna amene amayenda mozungulira kapena kumayendayenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi kufuula kakhalidwe, kukhoma kwa khosi komanso mulomo wokwezeka. Mu ndondomekoyi, mbalame pang'onopang'ono anagawira awiriawiri, ndi kuyamba kumanga chisa. Iliyonse imakhala ndi malo ake osungira, yomwe imayang'anira. Ndi mbalame zochulukirapo, zisa zimatha kuyandikana kwambiri.

Pofunafuna chakudya, chimachititsanso sandpiper m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'madzi osaya, amakankhira mlomo wake mu madzi kapena mchenga.

Mverani mawu a Magpie Sandpiper

Chisa ndi dzenje laling'ono pamiyala, mchenga, ndipo nthawi zina mumadambo ocheperako. Zinyalala zambiri kwina. Chisa chimakhala pamtunda wina wamtunda wowoneka bwino. Chofunikira china posankha malo a chisa ndi kuyandikira kwake ndi madzi.

Zowalamulira zambiri imakhala mazira 3, komanso pali 4 ndi 2. nthawi makulitsidwe kumatenga 26 - masiku 27, imene onse akazi ndi zikhalire mwamuna mazira.

Pakadzitchinjiriza, chisa chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuziteteza, kuphatikizapo akhwangwala ndi nkhwangwa.

Munthawi ya makulidwe, chisa ndi chakudya chokoma cha akhwangwala ndi akhwangwala, kuti makolo asachisiye osagona ngakhale kwa mphindi imodzi. Pa tsiku loyamba pambuyo maonekedwe awo, anapiye akhoza kale kusiya chisa, koma iwo ali ofooka kwambiri ndipo sanathe kupeza chakudya chawo kapena kutsatira makolo awo. Poyamba, anapiyewo sakhala patali ndi chisa, ndipo makolo awo nthawi zonse amawabweretsera chakudya m'milomo yawo. Mwanjira imeneyi, mbalame zam'madzi zimadyetsa anapiye kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kufotokozera

Mkati osiyanasiyana, komanso anazindikira mbalame. Sangweji yayikulu yokhala ndi khwangwala wamkulu. Kutalika kwa thupi 40-47 masentimita, kulemera kwa 420-820 g, mapiko 80-86 masentimita. Mapau amakhala ndi mautali akuda ndi oyera. Mu mbalame wamkulu mu chovala mating, mutu, pakhosi, chapamwamba pachifuwa, kutsogolo kwa kumbuyo, ang'ono ndi sing'anga kuphimba mapiko mapeto mchira ndi wakuda, ndi pang'ono zachitsulo luster. Mapiko ali pamtunda akuda ndi mzere wokhotakhota woyera. Zina mwa ma plamu onse - pansi, mbali, pansi pa mapiko, nadhvost ndi kuvula mapiko - oyera. Pali yaing'ono woyera chidutswa pansi diso.

Mlomo ndi wofiirira, wowongoka, wothinikizidwa pambuyo pake, wamtali masentimita 8-10. Miyendo ndiyofupika kwa sandpiper, pinki-red. Utawaleza wofiira. Mu kugwa, ndi luster zachitsulo Mwamsanga, malo oyera mu mawonekedwe a akuoneka theka-kolala pakhosi pake, kunsonga ya darkens mulomo. Akazi akunja samasiyana amuna. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, ma toni akuda amakhala ndi bulawuni yoyera, palibepo malo oyera ammero, mulomo ndi imvi yakuda ndi maziko oyera a lalanje, miyendo ndi imvi yotuwa, utawaleza wakuda.

Akuthamanga, amasambira bwino. Ndegeyo imayenda mwachindunji, mwachangu, ndi mapiko ouluka pafupipafupi, zokumbukira kuthawa kwa abakha. Mbalame yolira komanso yaphokoso. Kulira chachikulu, panamveka onse pantsi mu mlengalenga, ndi trill mpaka zimauluka a "kvirrrrr". Mukamadzitchinjiriza, imakhala yakuthwa, kubwereza “Mwachangu-Changu,” nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mkamwa. Nyimbo yomaliza, nthawi zambiri imathamanga komanso kusinthira nyimbo, nthawi zina imabwera nthawi imodzi kuchokera kwa onse awiri kapena kwa mbalame zazing'ono.

Kukaikira mazira osiyanasiyana

Pali atatu opatulidwa kuchokera ku gulu lina lililonse la magpie sandpiper, omwe amapezeka ku Eurasia. Iliyonse mwa anthuwa imapatsidwa gawo la mitundu - mbalame zimasiyana kukula kwake, kutalika kwa mulomo, komanso mawonekedwe amitundu yambiri. mwadzina Subtype H. o. nthiwatiwa (Kumpoto sandpiper magpie) zisa pamodzi m'malire a ku Ulaya ndipo Iceland - makamaka North Atlantic, komanso kumpoto Mediterranean. Chiwerengerochi chimafika m'chigawo chachikulu cha kumpoto kwa North Sea, komwe chimalowa kutali kwambiri ndikukonzekera zisa zawo m'zigwa za mitsinje, makamaka monga Rhine, Ems, Elba, ndi Weser. Kuphatikiza apo, imapezeka m'madzi amkati a Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic ya Russia kummawa mpaka kukamwa kwa Pechora.

subspecies H. o. mautali (Kumtunda sandpiper-magpie) zisa Asia Minor, kumtunda a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi Western Siberia kum'mawa kwa ob ndi malire apansi Abakan. Imapezeka pafupipafupi kumadzulo kwa Russia, makamaka zigwa za mitsinje yayikulu ndi mabungwe awo: Don, Volga, Northern Dvina, Desna, Pechora, Ob, Irtysh, Tobol. Pomaliza, subspecies akummawa kwambiri H. inu. amuna (Far East sandpiper-magpie) amakhala ku Kamchatka, Primorye, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Korea ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Ngati mabanki ambiri a Nyanja Wadden gombe la Netherlands, Germany ndi Denmark, ku Korea, mbalame chisa mofanana osefukira zone ya Samangam, kupita mpaka mitsinje ya mitsinje anathamangira mu Nyanja Yellow.

Habitat

Khalidwe la nkhono yam'madzi yotchedwa magpie imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi malo am'madzi, momwe mbalameyo imapeza ndalama. Kukaikira mazira biotope - osaya m'malire nyanja, zilumba, mokoma mumbali zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi m'mphepete nyanja ndi zimakhalanso lonse miyala-mchenga, chipolopolo kapena mwala magombe ndi mchenga imene ili pafupi. Amapezeka m'mitsinje yaying'ono pafupi ndi malo omwe amayenda madzi ambiri. Nthawi zina, imakonza chisa m'madera onyowa, pomwe imasankha malo okhala ndi udzu wochepa, komanso minda ya mbatata ndi malo osangalatsa a mchenga. Phompho, inamera udzu ndi nkhalango, komanso m'madambo kugombe amapewa.

Zomwe zimakhala

Monga lamulo, mawonekedwe osamukasamuka. Only mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ulaya, mbalame zina zimene zimabisala mu malo kukaikira mazira kapena migrations kakang'ono - mwachitsanzo, masauzande wintering mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale zingaoneke kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa England ndi kugombe la nyanja Wadden, pamene mbalame kukaikira mazira pano kusakaniza ndi kufika mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale ku Iceland, ndi kumpoto a Great Britain, Scandinavia ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Gawo lina la mbalamezo limasunthira kumwera ku gombe la Iberian Peninsula ndi Southern Europe, ndipo magawo amawoloka Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndikufika kumpoto kwa Africa. Kum'mwera boma ndi mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale magpie ndi Ghana. Chiwerengero cha Central Europe (subspecies mautali) Ndi osamukawo kutali - malo awo wintering ndi kum'mawa Africa, ku Arabiya, ndipo mu India. Masanjidwe amuna nyengo mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa China.

Kuchoka kwa malowedwe kumayambira patangotha ​​nthawi yomaliza. Ku Europe, maulendo osunthika adayamba kulembedwa pakati pa Julayi, koma zochuluka zimasiyapo malo okhala mkati mwa Ogasiti - Seputembala. Umayamba achoke kwa malo kukaikira mazira kumapeto January, ndi mapeto a April zambiri za mbalame kale malo. Mbalame zomwe zikudutsa, monga lamulo, zimasunga gombe ndipo nthawi zina zimapezeka kuti ndizopezeka mkati konsipu.