Aigupto akale ankaona ngati kuti mulungu wawo ndiye mulungu wotchedwa Choroni - woyera mtima woyang'anira Mafara. Pa chikhalidwe cha Inca, mbalameyi imayimira dzuwa. Mbiri za Asilavo ndizodzaza ndi zomwe zimawonetsa ngati chisonyezo cha kulimba mtima ndi ulemu. Mwa a Turks, uwu ndi mzimu wa eni, omwe sangagulitsidwe kapena kuwonongeka. Ngakhale nthano imodzi imati mphamvu yosagonjetseka ya Khan Tokhtamysh idabisika m'mabodza ake awiri. M'nkhaniyi, tidziwana bwino ndi mbalame yosangalatsayi ndikupeza mawonekedwe ake.
Kufotokozera kwa Falcon
Ino ndiye mbalame yoyamba yamapiko padziko lapansi.. Liwombali limatha kuyenda mumlengalenga mwachangu mpaka makilomita 320 pa ola limodzi. Mlenje wofunitsitsa komanso wamphamvu, wokhoza kuwona wozunzidwa pa kilomita imodzi. Dzinalo la mbalameyi mchilatini limamveka ngati "falco", limachokera ku mawu oti "falx", omwe amatanthauza chikwakwa. Zowonadi, ngati mutayang'ana ku falcon kuthawa, mutha kupeza kufanana kwamapiko ndi chikwakwa.
Mawonekedwe
Falcon ili ndi thupi lamphamvu wokhala ndi mapiko olimba komanso otambalala. Chifuwa chachikulu ndi miyendo yolimba. Mlomo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa: wamfupi, wolira-ngati wina wokhala ndi dzino lakuthwa kumtunda. Zimakupatsani mwayi kuti muthyole mizere ya mbalame zazing'ono. Dera lozungulira maso limakhala mbali yomata. Mapiko akulu. Mchira wautali, wozungulira. Akuluakulu amasiyana ndi nthenga zazing'ono. Zovala zazing'ono zazing'ono, nthenga zonse zimakhala zazifupi komanso zouluka, ndipo zimatseguka kwambiri pakuuluka. Akuluakulu, ntchentche ndimphindi chachiwiri, koma yayitali kwambiri.
Oimira ambiri ali ndi zosankha izi:
- Kutalika kwa thupi: mpaka 60 cm,
- Wingspan: mpaka 120 cm,
- Mchira: 13-20 cm
- Mapazi: 4-6 cm
- Chingwe cha mapiko: 39cm,
- Kulemera: Amuna mpaka 800 magalamu, zazimayi mpaka 1,3 kg.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zazikazi zazikazi zimakhala zazikulupo kuposa zazimuna polemera komanso kukula kwake konse.
Utoto wake umakhala wambiri, wotuwa kapena wakuda. Mtundu wopindika patatu wamitundu yakuda kwambiri imawonetsedwa. Pakhoza kukhala milawu yoyera. Mimba ndi gawo la chifuwa ndizopepuka zachikaso, kuphatikizana ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mawanga akuda pa nthenga zouluka. Mutu wokhala ndi chipewa chakuda. Nthenga ndizolimba, zolimbirana thupi. Chifukwa chake, sizimasokoneza mbalame panthawi yothawa, koma m'malo mwake zithandizira kukulitsa liwiro lina. Pali pafupifupi azungu, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa gyrfalcons akumpoto. Pali mitundu yakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi yakuda ya peregrine falcons.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Pofuna kusaka, sankhani nthawi yam'mawa ndi yamadzulo. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa. Carrion samadyedwa konse. Kuti mugwire nyama gwiritsani ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira. Amatha kulowa pansi mothamanga kwambiri, kuchokera kumtunda waukulu. Amasaka bwino pothawa. Masana ena amakonda kupumula m'malo osavomerezeka, kugaya chakudya. Pamalo okhala zisa, ma treetops ndi miyala imasankhidwa. Osowa, koma atha kukhala m'nyumba za mbalame za anthu ena. Samakhala chisa padziko lapansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Aphanu amakonda kukonza masewera amlengalenga m'mlengalenga, kuwonetsera kuthamanga ndi kukongola kwa kuthawa kwawo. Nthawi zambiri, zimawoneka kuti zimaseka mbalame zina zodya nyama, kumadzigulitsa.
Amatha kukwera m'mwamba kwambiri, pomwe mbalame zina sizimawuluka. Pangani banja ndikuyesetsa kuteteza "banja" lawo kwa osalowerera. Zonama zonse ndizoyimilira mwachilengedwe. Ndipo samangoyendayenda pongoyitanitsa chilengedwe kuti akachite bwino nyengo yachisanu. Ena amachita izi kwa moyo wawo wonse. Mbalameyi imawetedwa mosavuta, mosiyana ndi nyama zina zanyambo.
Sindiopa munthu konse ndipo mwina ingakhale pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Chidwi ndi machitidwe osakira abodza. Akatswiri a zamankhwala nthawi zambiri amati nyama yamphongo imamenya nyama. Zowonadi, machitidwewo ali ofanana. Amagwira nyama mwachangu mwachangu komanso mwachangu, ziukiro zochokera kumwamba. Amenya mwamphamvu ndi mulomo wokhomedwa ndi mbedza. Kumenya kamodzi kokwanira kupha mbalame yaying'ono.
Nthawi zina, zimawoneka kuti zimawopa kuthira pansi, zimachoka kenako mwadzidzidzi zimazigwira mlengalenga. Ngakhale akumeza alibe mwayi wothawa. Nyamayi imapereka nsembe pamlingo wa madigiri 25, pa liwiro la makilomita 100 pa ola limodzi. Zimachitika kuti ma falcons amawoneka kuti akusewera ndi nyama: amatha "kuphonya" ndikusiya oponderezedwa, koma akatembenuka, amaperekanso chiwopsezo chatsopano ndikulanda chandamale.
Ndizosangalatsa! Falcon ndiye mitundu yanzeru kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zonse.
Mbalame zimalandira bwino pophunzitsidwa ndipo sizichita mantha ndi anthu. Pophunzitsa, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza zinthu zamasewera m'makalasi. Komabe, musaiwale, ngakhale falcon ikalumikizana bwino - awa si galu kapena mphaka, koma nyama yoopsa yolusa. Amatha kuzolowera mwini wake komanso amawakonda, komabe amafunika chisamaliro chapadera polumikizana ndi munthuyo.
Mitundu ya Falcons
Banja la falcon limaphatikizapo 11 genera. Mwa iwo:
- Caracara. 5 genera: wakuda, wopanda mutu, phiri, ndalama, phokoso.
- Zonama. 6 genera: kuseka, nkhalango, yaku America, yaying'ono, yazing'ono, falcons (Falco).
Mwa awa, mtundu wa zabodza (Falco) yayikulu komanso yopanga manambala. Kuphatikiza ndi magulu 40 omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu oimira:
- Ma Kestrels - mbalame zazing'ono, zonenepa za mtundu wofiira. Palinso imvi, koma makamaka ku Africa. Amadziwika kuti ndiwosaka makoswe. Pali mitundu 12: Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Molucca, ndevu zaimvi, wamba, wamkulu, nkhandwe, steppe, imvi, milozo, mpheta,
- Егegloki - mbalame yayikulu komanso yofowoka yokhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso nthenga zakuda m'masaya. Pali mitundu isanu padziko lapansi: Cheglock ya Eleanor, African, wamba, Eastern ndi Australia,
- Zonama - gulu loyimira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza siliva, madzulo, mabere ofiira, New Zealand, bulauni, imvi, zakuda, Mediterranean, Altai, Mexico, tepi tatifupi,
- Turumti ndikaya phokoso lofiirira– mbalame yayitali-yayikulu, yokhala ndi kapu yofiyira njerwa pamutu pake. Amakhala m'magawo a India ndi Africa.
- Kobchik - falcon yaying'ono, yofanana kwambiri mwa magawo ndi kachitidwe kestrel. Kulemera sikuposa 200 gr. Mlomo ndi waufupi komanso wopanda mphamvu. Amamadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha. Ndi zosangalatsa amadya chinjoka, ziwala, dzombe ndi kafadala wamkulu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti khwangwala amasankha "nyumba" yosiyidwa ngati chisa chake. Oimira 100 akhoza kukhala m'matumba. Komanso amasamukira m'matumba.
- Derbnik - amakhala makamaka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe. Mtundu wocheperako, wamtali wokhala ndi mapiko aifupi komanso mchira wautali. Amakhala m'mipata ya mitsinje, mapesi a sphagnum. Popewa nkhanu zowirira ndi nkhalango zakuda. Kwambiri amadya mbalame zazing'ono. Subspecies yocheperako yomwe imatha kukonza zisa pansi.
- Ziphuphu - chachikulu, mbalame yayikulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pakusaka. Amadyanso mbalame zina zazing'ono. Koma imagwiritsa ntchito gophers, hares.
- Saker Falcon - Wogawidwa ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, China. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mabungwe oopsa kwambiri. Kutalika kumakula mpaka 60 cm.Wingspan mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Ofanana kwambiri ndi peregrine falcon, koma amasiyana pamtundu wopepuka wa mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mapiko.
- Girfalcon - zocheperako komanso zazikulu kwambiri za zabodza. Zazikulu, mapiko ake ndiwotalika komanso owonda. Wamphongo umalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi. wamkazi pafupifupi 2 kg. Amasiyana ndi peregrine falcon ndi mchira wautali. Kugawidwa ku Europe, Asia, North America. Pali mitundu yocheperako ya ma gyrfalcons ku Altai. Kuphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira.
- Peregrine falcon- mbalame yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mbalame yayikulu, choyimira choyimira m'mabanja a falcon. Kugawidwa padziko lonse lapansi kupatula Antarctica,
- Shahin - amatchedwanso chipululu chadzuwa chifukwa chokonda kukhala m'chipululu. Wocheperako wa peregrine falcon kukula. Mtunduwo umakhala wofiyira kwambiri, owoneka bwino kwambiri. Yaikazi imalemera pafupifupi theka laimphongo. Kulemera kwa mkazi kumafika magalamu 765, abambo nthawi zambiri amalemera 300-350 magalamu. Maonekedwe okhumudwitsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Falcon - gyrfalcon akuwonetsedwa pamoto wa mikono ya Kyrgyzstan. Ndipo pa ndalama ya 500 Kazakh tenge falcon imawonetsedwa - wozungulira.
Habitat, malo okhala
Mbalame zodya nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula kumpoto ndi kumwera. Ndi achichepere okha omwe amawuluka mopitirira malire. Okhwima amakhala kunyumba, akuyenda ndi kuzizira pafupi ndi malo osungira. Amakonda mapondedwe ndi chipululu. Ma gyrfalcons amakonda madera am'mphepete mwa mayiko akumpoto. Ku Europe, mapiri ndi mapiri akuya amasankhidwa. A Peregrine Falcons amayendayenda pafupifupi amoyo wawo wonse ndipo amatha kupezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Zakudya za Falcon
Idya mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe, tizilombo. Itha kudya achule, njoka, ndipo nthawi zina nsomba. Amadyetsa nyama zonse zokhala ndi magazi ofunda omwe ndi ochepa kuposa kukula kwake. Nyamayo ilibe mwayi wodziwonera pasadakhale ndipo, makamaka, kuti imasuke. Nyangayo imalimba, kenako mbalameyo ikang'amba mtemboyo.
Zofunika! Paukapolo, ndikofunikira kudyetsa masewera, apo ayi falcon imatha kudwala kwambiri.
Kuti chimbudzi chizigwira ntchito popanda zosokoneza, mbalame zambiri zimafunikira nthenga ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono. Mwachilengedwe, kudya nyama yonse, amapeza chilichonse chomwe amafunikira nthawi imodzi. Maola ochepa mutatha kudya, mwambi umapangidwa - uwu ndiye zinyalala zomwe mbalame imang'amba.
Mbalame zathanzi zizikhala ndi zithupi zokhazikika, zopanda zodetsa magazi ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Podyetsa kunyumba, perekani mbewa, makoswe ndi mbalame zazing'ono zonse, osakongoletsa. Dyetsani malinga ndi zaka. Mukamakula mbalameyo, sichichedwa kudyetsa.
- Pazaka ziwiri zokha - pafupifupi 6 pa tsiku. Potere, muyenera kupatsa nyama zazing'ono zokhazikitsidwa ndi yankho lofooka la saline. Amachita izi kuti azitsatira malovu amayi, omwe amathandiza kuti mwana wa chimbudzi agaye bwino.
- Mpaka mwezi - pafupifupi nthawi 5 patsiku,
- Kufikira mwezi umodzi ndi theka - katatu,
- Mpaka zonse zofunikira - kudyetsa 2 pa tsiku.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Monogamous Falcons. Awiri amapangika nthawi yakukhwima. Mu mbalame zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera, nthawiyo imayamba kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti. Koma kwa oyimira kumpoto kwa abodzawa, masikuwo akusintha: kuchokera paFebruwari mpaka Marichi. Kuvina ukwati kumachitika kumwamba. Yaimuna nthawi zambiri imapereka mphatso kwa wamkazi yomwe imalankhulidwa pamilomo yake yapamwamba komanso yapamwamba. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimatsikira liwiro lalikulu, kugundana zoluka. Chifukwa chake, zimatha kuuluka mpaka 10 metres.
Malowa a chisa amasankhidwa mosamala. Makina otetemera amakonda. Yaikazi imayikira mazira anayi ofiira. Amakhulupirira kuti wamkazi akamalemera wamkazi, amakhala wowonjezereka. Mazira amathandizira makolo onse awiri. Kubwatcha kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchuluka kwa anapiye amtsogolo chisa kumadalira chakudya: kuchuluka kwake, mazira ambiri amaikidwa.
Zonama ndi makolo osamala. Anapiyewo amatetezedwa, kuteteza chisa chiwawa. Koma, zipatso zazikazi zikamamera, pafupifupi mwezi umodzi atabadwa, ayenera kuchoka pachisa. Kupanda kutero, pali chiopsezo chodana ndi makolo awo, omwe amadzimva kuti ndi achinyamata amapikisana nawo. Kutha mu mbalamezi kumachitika pazaka chimodzi zokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Fonco ili ndi adani angapo. Izi ndi pafupifupi adani onse akuluakulu. Zokha ndizowopsa kwa iwo. Ankhandwe ndi martens, nsapato ndi zala zina zabera zisa, idyani anapiye. Koma mdani wamkulu wa falcon ndi munthu amene amawononga chilengedwe, kuwononga mosangalatsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ziphe kuti alime minda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pakadali pano, gyrfalcons adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu. Altai Falcon ikuwopseza kutha. Palibe chidziwitso chotsimikizika chakuti anthu a Altai falcon omwe tsopano ali padziko lapansi ali oyera.
Zofunika! Komanso zokhala pachiwopsezo, peregrine falcon ndi kestrel.
Kubera kwa nthawi yayitali kumadziwika ndi munthu. Amakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati msaki wodabwitsa: wokonda, wolimba komanso wowala mwachangu. Mbalameyi idakhalapo kalekale bwenzi lokhulupirika la anthu omwe amapeka nthano za izo, kudzipatula ndi kupembedza ngati mulungu wamoyo. Mafumu a ndege, olusa mwamphamvu komanso osaka osawerengeka - zonse zokhudza zabodza.