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Deinonychus - dinosaur yaying'ono yamphongo, yomwe kutalika kwa thupi lake sikudutsa mamita 3-4, ndipo yambiri idagwera mchira, ndikulemera 50 kg. Mabuluzi agulugufe amatha kuyenda mwachangu, kwinaku akuyika matupi awo pansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mchira ngati wotsutsa.

Kukula kocheperako sikunalepheretse deinonychus kukhalabe ndi mbiri yaomwe anangoyang'anira nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Pa mbali iliyonse yakumanzere kunali lalitali (pafupifupi 13 cm) ndi lida lakuthwa. Buluzi anagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso pokasaka, akumapweteketsa zilonda zazikulu kwa mnzake. Zala zomwe zidatsala zinamaliranso kwambiri, koma zazifupi. Chifukwa cha izi, buluzi amatchedwa deinonychus, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "bulawu wowopsa".

Miyendo yakutsogolo ya dinosaur idapangidwa bwino komanso yamphamvu ndikulola kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu yayitali pakati, pomwe deinonychus anang'amba ndi mano ake ndi zibwano za miyendo yakumbuyo. Kapangidwe ka nsagwayo kunapereka mwayi wogwira nyama mwamphamvu, ngakhale itakhala yayikulupo: mano a wolalawo anali pang'ono kuti agwade, motero wophulikayo amangodzalidwa okha. Poona zotsalira za anthu angapo omwe amapezeka pafupi wina ndi mnzake, a deinonychus omwe amasakidwa m'matumba kapena timagulu ting'onoting'ono, akuwukira makamaka ofooka kapena aang'ono aakazi, osatha kulimbana ndi adani.

Deinonychus

Deinonychus - matembenuzidwe enieni "bulawu wowopsa" - amatanthauza gulu la abuluzi ndi ma dinosaurs. Wokhala ku Cretaceous zaka pafupifupi 100 miliyoni zapitazo kummawa kwa dera la North America. Kukula kochepa kwa buluzi - kulemera kwa makilogalamu 80, kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 metres, kutalika kwa 4 metres - sikunasiyane ndi kusaka kwa dinosaur yosaka.

Gawo lalikulu la thupi (woposa theka la kutalika kwathunthu) linagwera mchira, kukhazikika kokwanira komwe kunapangitsa kuti buluzi likhazikike ndipo, koposa zonse, kumenyana ndi nyama zina. Mano akuthwa komanso zikhadabo zosaneneka zadzetsa ngozi yayikulu kwa omwe akuyenera kukumana ndi chilombochi.

Pa mbali iliyonse yakumanzere ya buluzi panali chiwalo chimodzi chachikulu komanso chopindika, chomwe chimagona m'mwamba chikuthamanga. Pakuwombera munthu wina wonyansa, adadzimbira m'khosi mwake ndi mphamvu yowopsa. Kugundidwa kunakulitsidwa pomwe buluzi wokhala ndi kutsogolo kwake amagwira nyama, ndipo ndi mano akuthyo anaboola thupi la wosavulalayo.

Komwe kuli mano a buluzi pang'ambika pang'ono, wogwirawo adagwira nyama. Ngati wozunzidwayo ayesa kuthawa, ndiye kuti mano ake alowerera kwambiri m'thupi mwake.

Adasaka ma dinosaurs aang'ono, makamaka herbivores, mwachitsanzo, iguanoda ndi gypsilophodon. Ndi machitidwe ake osaka, buluzi wokometsetsa amafanana ndi kambuku amakono - amatha kusaka nyama zomwe zinali zazikulu komanso zazikulupo.

Chida choyipa

Zoyang'anira ndi nyama zomwe zimapha mtundu wawo kuti zizipeza chakudya. Kuchita koteroko kumafunikira machitidwe apadera azida ndi zida zakunja zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti mutsate, gwiranani ndi nyama zomwe mumazigwira ndikuziwukira. Pakati pa dinosaurs, olusa omwe amadyera nyama amasaka nyama-abuluzi - theropods. Ma dinosaurs a gululi amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri, pomwe kutsogolo kwawo kunachepetsedwa pang'ono. Miyendo yakumbuyo, yokhala ndi minofu yamphamvu, imalola nyamazo kuti zizichita bwino. Malinga ndi kuwerengera, wankhanza - wolusa kwambiri - amatha kuyenda pa liwiro la 30 km / h, lomwe ndi lambiri kwambiri kwa cholengedwa chamafuta 7. Koma, zowona, chizindikirochi ndichotsika kwambiri kuposa kuthamanga kwa zilombo zazikulu zamakono, mwachitsanzo, nyalugwe, nthawi zina imafika 80 km / h. Ma dinosaurs ang'ono ndi okalamba malinga ndi liwiro lomwe adapambana. Akuyerekeza kuti kompognat ya 3-pound (yomwe idakhala ku Europe zaka 150 miliyoni zapitazo) imatha kuthamanga pa liwiro lalikulu la 64 km / h.

Popeza kuwonetseratu kwa ma dinosaurs otsogola sanali kwenikweni kugwira ntchito, mano awo anali zida zazikulu zowukira. Iwo adafika pamiyeso yoopsa komanso mawonekedwe mu maropod. Chitsanzo wamba ndi kamwa la wolusa, wokhala ndi mano asanu ndi limodzi akulu akulu, pakati pawo panali "ziguduli" zotalika masentimita 30. Mano onse anali ndi notchoti wazowoneka m'mphepete kumbuyo ndikuweramira kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwira wovulalayo ndi kung'amba. Asayansi amakumana ndi kulumidwa kwa ma firannosaurus m'mafupa a nyama zina. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi ma 80 80 amapezeka pamafupa a pelvic a herbivorous triceratops, zomwe zikuwonetseratu kuphedwa kwake. Pomwe amaphunzira imodzi mwa olamulira ankhanza, zilembo zakumwa zinapezeka m'mafupa ake, ndipo dzino lodziyimira la mtundu womwewo linapezeka mu khomo lachiberekero. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kulimbana pakati pa ankhanza awiri? Inde, amatha kukwatiwa chifukwa cha chakudya kapena chachikazi. Ngakhale izi ndizokayikitsa, chifukwa zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa kugonana komwe kwachitika, ndipo ma dinosaurs sangakhale nawo. M'malo mwake, zitha kulingaliridwa kuti opondera anzawo amachita zamatsenga munyengo yamvula.

Gulu lonselo, lomwe linali ndi moyo usanachitike wankhanza, limatha kudyera ziphona zazikulu za diplodocus ndi apatosaurs. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi apatosaurus mchira wama vertebrae wopezeka ku US waku Wyoming wokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuya a mano a allosaurus, ndipo dzino limodzi la masentimita 15 la allosaurus, monga momwe adalili kale, adangokhala mchira wa mdani. Zikuwoneka kuti adagogoda pankhondo yapakati pa adindo.

Chida china chowopsa - zigwiriro zakuthwa zowoneka ngati zigawenga zidawonekeranso m'mazakudya ochepa osati nthawi yomweyo, koma munthawi ya Cretaceous (zaka 145-65 miliyoni zapitazo). Khungu looneka ngati khosi lomwe linali patsogolo pake linali ndi dinosaur yaying'ono, Baryonyx, "bulawu" lalikulu lomwe lidakhala ku England masiku miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Zovala miyendo yake yakumbuyo, imodzi pachilichonse, inali ndi Velociraptor, "msaki wamiyendo yolimba," yosakwana mamitala awiri. Mofananamo, deinonychus (wa Deinonychus) wa mita 3, "chovala chowopsa", chokhala ndi zibonga zitatu zakuthwa kutsogolo kwake ndi bulangeti imodzi yamatentimita 13 kumbuyo - kumbuyo. Chovala chachitali ichi chinali chosunthika ndikutsamira kumbuyo ndikuthamanga. A Deinonychus anasaka ana osokoneza bongo ngati ma gypsilophodones ndi ma iguanodons, amathamangitsa wofunsayo, ndikumadumphira kumbuyo kwake kapena kumamatira kumbali yake, nthawi yomweyo ndikulowa ngati kubaya kwawo m'mimba mwa wozunzidwayo.

Zambiri mwazomwe ma dinosaurs olosera adagwiritsa ntchito mano ndi zikhadabo, ndi mndandanda wa omwe awazunzidwa makamaka ndi malingaliro aumboni, pali maumboni ochepa kwambiri (kutanthauza kuti amapeza), ndipo ngakhale ali ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana. Monga, mwachitsanzo, zopezeka zodziwika bwino kwambiri za zigoba ziwiri za abuluzi - chithokomiro chotchedwa herbivorous protocol ndi velociraptor, chomwe chinapangidwa mu 1971 m'chipululu cha Gobi ndi asayansi a ku Soviet-Mongolian paleontological expedition. Zikuwoneka kuti zonse ndizodziwikiratu: ma dinosaurs onsewo adapeza zitsamba zolemera kunkhondo, ndipo analibe mphamvu yotsegulira nsagwada zawo ndikuthawa pomwe mkuntho wa fumbi unayamba. Ndipo adaniwo anafa atagwirana wina ndi mnzake. Komabe, paleontology mfundo yomweyo imatha kutanthauziridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ayi, kunalibe ndewu, otsutsa akutero, koma kungowona mtsinje wamadzi wolumikizira bwino nyama ziwiri zakufa ndikuziyika m'manda pansi pa mchenga ndi silt.

Zojambula zolimbitsa thupi, monga mano kapena zibwano, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zazikulu za nyama yolusa, koma zinakhala zopanda mphamvu pamaso pa nyama zazing'onoting'ono. Kuthana ndi ma dinosaurs akuluakulu, omwe amadyanso ng'ombe, amafunikira njira zina. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti pofuna kuchita bwino, olusa ena amaphunzira kusaka palimodzi, monga momwe amachitira mikango ndi mimbulu. Zowona, kusaka nyama kumati kuli ndi zotsatirapo zake: kumbali ina, ndikosavuta kuthana ndi womenyedwayo, kumbali ina, mlenje aliyense amapeza chakudya chochepa. Pali umboni wowukira gulu, ngakhale pakati pa ma dinosaurs akuluakulu: mwachitsanzo, mafupa a mapusaurs asanu ndi awiri omwe amapezeka pakufukula ku Argentina anali pafupi. Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti ma dinosaurs awa adamwalira nthawi yomweyo ndipo mwina anali mamembala a phukusi losaka limodzi. Mwaukadaulo, ma Mapusaurs ochepa adatsika ndi Argentina wa mamita 40, palibe chodabwitsa. Maliro ofananawo amatchulidwanso chifukwa cha coelophysis. Amakhulupirira kuti agigantosaurus awiri omwe amasakidwa. Ngakhale, kumbali inayo, kupezeka kwa mafupa angapo owononga omwe adafa nthawi yomweyo, zimangosonyeza kuti awa ndi gulu la nkhosa. Malo wamba omwe amafera amatha kufotokozeredwa ndi chochitika china, mwachitsanzo, nyama zotopa ndi kutentha zimadza pamalo othirira.

Nkhondo ya Styracosaurus yokhala ndi Trisannosaurus Rex
Red Deer River Valley, Canada, zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo

Kutsutsana ngati wankhanzayo analidi wandewu kapena kudya nyama yowotchera kumapitirirabe. Ngakhale lingaliro lomaliza ndilowona, m'miyambo yeniyeni yamoyo, pamenepo, panali ndewu ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Wankhonya, ali wanjala kwambiri, amatha kugwirira nyama yoyamba yomwe idakumana nayo, kuphatikiza nyama yodwala, koma yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe idasochera kuchoka pagululo. Nthawi yomweyo, mdaniyo sanali woteteza pamaso pa mano a wolusa, koma amatha kudziyimira yekha, monga Styracosaurus, ceratops wokhala ndi nyanga ya theka pamphumi pankhope pake ndikuwombera kolala khosi. Momwe nkhondo yolumikizana pakati pa ma dinosaurs imeneyi ingachitikira komanso amene angatulukirepo, wina sangangolingalira. Kulumala kwa Tyrannosaurus kumatha kusiya michere yayikulu pakhungu la styracosaurus, ndipo imatha kufooka pakapita nthawi, magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, wolusa uja anali ndi chidendene cha Achilles - m'mimba, lotseguka ku nyanga yolira ya mdani.

Luntha - chida chachikulu cha adani

Sikokwanira kukhala ndi mano ndi zibwano, zimafunikirabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso, ndipo izi ndizosatheka popanda luntha. Kupatula apo, moyo wa mlenje umatanthawuza kufunikira kwakuyenda mwachangu kuti atsate ndi kuwatsata, kuti aziwonetsetsa kuti akuwongolera. Chifukwa chake zida zamatsenga anzeru komanso zamphamvu zopanga ma dinosaurs zolusa zidapangidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimatsogolera kukhazikika mwamtendere. Ndipo akakhala anzeru kwambiri, okulirapo kukula kwa ubongo, komanso ma dinosaurs sikuti anali osiyana ndi lamuloli. Zida zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti ubongo wa theropod unali wokulirapo kuposa ubongo wa sauropod, kukula kwake kwa ma dinosaurs otchedwa herbivorous wokhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso mutu wochepa. Velociraptor ndi deinonychus anali ndi ubongo waukulu, ndipo wopambana kwambiri mu ubongo anali Stenonichosaurus: ubongo wake unali wokulirapo koposa kasanu ndi umodzi wamakono wofanana nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, stenichosaurus anali ndi maso akulu kwambiri komanso, mwina, kuwona kwam'manja, ngati mbalame ndi anthu. Ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu, nyamayo sikuwona chithunzi chosiyana ndi diso lirilonse, koma malo osakanikirana azithunzi omwe amapezeka kuchokera kumaso onsewo. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi wosunthira ku cholinga chomwe akufuna. Mosakayikira, kuthekera kotere - luso kwa anthu oyamba panthawiyi - kunathandiza stenichiosaurus kuti azitha kulondola nyama moyenera. Ukadaulo wamakono wapanga kuthekera kofikira pamalingaliro okhudza ziwalo zamatsenga za ma dinosaurs achilengedwe. Sergey Saveliev kuchokera ku Institute of Human Morphology ya Russian Academy of Medical Science ndi Vladimir Alifanov kuchokera ku Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science atapanga silicone kuponya ubongo kudzera mu ubongo wamkati mwa tarbosaurus pogwiritsa ntchito chigaza chake chonse, ndikuchifanizira ndi ubongo wa mbalame komanso zamakono zapamwamba. Zinapezeka kuti tarbosaurus inali ndi mababu akuluakulu opanga, mapepala olimbitsa thupi opangidwira bwino, komanso makutu abwino. Koma ndi mawonekedwe owonera, zonse zidasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana - sizinapangidwe motero. Ndikusintha kuti tarbosaurus posakira nyama idadalira kwambiri kununkhira kuposa pakuwona. Kodi adafuniranji izi? Mwinanso pofuna kuti azinunkhira nyama yozungulira kuchokera kutali. Mwinanso, ma tarbosaurus, ndikufanizira ndi izi, ma dinosaurs ena akuluakulu olusa sanakhale ndi moyo wotsutsana nawo - sananyalanyaze kudya zovunda. Potsimikiza kuti izi, asayansi amatchera khutu kukula kwa buluzi - mwa kusaka, zimphona ngati tarbosaurus ndi trisannosaurus sizinathe kudzidyetsa nthawi zonse, mwina zimayenera kukhala zokhutira ndi zomwe zinagwera kumapazi awo. Pali mtundu wosinthanitsa ndi zomwe zidaloseredwa kale: nyamayo imasaka mosinthana bwino ndi zochitika zina, mwachitsanzo, pomwe wozunzidwayo ali pafupi kwambiri ndipo mutha kuthamangira komweko kuti mukagwire akadwala ndipo sangathe kuthawa, kapena wovutitsidwayo ndi kamwana. Kuphatikiza pa izi, nyama yolusa idadya chakudya chotsika mtengo, kusaka komwe sikunafune mphamvu zambiri.

Zida zamphamvu

Nyama yomwe nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimadya "pansi" mano awo odzala zinali mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana: mitundu yonse ya mitundu yodziwika bwino, komanso nyama zomwe zimadya nsomba, sizinanyoze abuluzi ndi arthropods. Pakadali pano, magawano a ma dinosaurs kukhala carnivores ndi herbivores nthawi zambiri amakhala okhazikika, ambiri a iwo ayenera kumaonedwa ngati omnivores. Kusiyana pakati pa nyama zogwira ntchito komanso zowetedwa kumadziwika kwambiri, chifukwa ndi chomaliza chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chogwirapo. Ma dinosaurs omwe amatsogolera moyo wongokhala, ndiye kuti, samadziwa kuthamanga ndikusaka, mwina anali zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zidakhalako Padziko Lapansi. Ambiri aiwo ankangoponderezedwa ndi kukula kwawo. Monga, mwachitsanzo, ma sauropod opambana - diplodocus, brachiosaurus, brontosaurus - adafika pamtunda wamamita 40 kutalika ndi kulemera kwamakumi. Sizovuta kupha anthu oterowo, palibe wolimbana nawo nthawi imeneyo yemwe angafanane ndi iwo kukula. Ndikulondola kuti ma saiziopu amthupi momwemonso adawateteza ngati mtundu wa chitetezo. Allosaurus ndi ceratosaurs, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi diplodocus, ndizokayikitsa kuti amasaka akuluakulu okha. Nthawi zambiri, olusa ankaweta gulu lawo ndikudikirira kuti lakale kapena lakale liwonongedwe. Zinali zotheka kudzaza diplodocus wamkulu kapena brontosaurus kokha ndi zoyesayesa za adani ambiri akuluakulu.

Oimira ma dinosaurs ama nkhuku - ma satana, ma ankylosaurs, ndi ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nyanga sanali akulu ngati sauropods, koma akunja kwambiri. Ma spikes awo, nyanga, kutuluka ndi zipolopolo zimawoneka ngati zida zamphamvu zodzitetezera. Mwachitsanzo, ma stegosaurs anali ndi mafupa m'mapewa awo otambuka kuchokera ku vertebrae. Kumbuyo kwa zolengedwa zotchuka kwambiri, za stegosaurus zokha, m'mizere iwiri zinaikidwa mafupa enaake omwe amawoneka bwino kwambiri. Koma kodi amateteza ku mano a adani? Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mbale sizodalirika ngati njira yodzitetezera: ndizosavuta kuthyola ndipo zimasiya zotseguka. Mwambiri, mafutawo adathandizira kuti munthu athe kutulutsa magazi: khungu lomwe limakutira mwina lidalowetsedwa ndi maukonde olemera amitsempha yamagazi, yomwe idalola buluzi kuti lizitenthe mwachangu dzuwa dzuwa ndikuyamba kusuntha pomwe olusa adagona. Koma kafukufuku waposachedwa amatsutsa kukayika pamtunduwu: ngati pakanapezeka ma mtsempha wamagazi pamenepo, amapezeka mwanjira yoti sangathe kuchotsa bwino kutentha kwakukulu. Mwina ma dorsal plates adakhala ngati mitundu ya insignia, ngati utoto wowala wa mbalame zambiri, koma izi sizotsimikizika konse. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chiyani m'modzi mwa mbawala, “buluzi” wam'madzi, Kentrosaurus, wopezeka ku Africa, amakhala ndi mbale zokutira kumbuyo ndi lakuthwa kumphepete mbali zonse? Kuphatikiza apo, ma stegosaurs anali ndi ma spikes amphamvu anayi pamchira, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kuthana ndi zomwe amadana nazo.

Ankylosaurs anali atavala zida zenizeni zodzitchinjiriza, atatha kudziwa madera akutali a Earth wakale - kuyambira North America kupita ku Antarctica. Matupi awo anali okutidwa ndi zipolopolo zochokera kumikono yamafupa okhala kumbuyo. M'mitundu ina, zikopa zimaphatikizidwa, ngati akamba. Zishango zomwe zimapezeka pachikondwerero cha ankylosaurus (Ankylosaurus) zinali zodzadza ndi zigoba ndi ma spikes, kotero kuti buluzi limafanana ndi bomba lalikulu. Kutetezedwa kotere kunali ndi mtengo wake: Nyama zokhala ndi zida zinali zochepa komanso zosakwiya, zoyenda mothamanga osapitilira 3 km / h. Kodi chigobacho chidawateteza molondola kwa adani? Mwina inde. Ankylosaurus anali pachiwopsezo pokhapokha atatembenuka ndi mimbulu yopanda zipolopolo. Koma ngakhale mlenje wamkulu sangathe kuchita izi naye. Kuphatikiza apo, ankylosaurus adatha kuteteza mchira wake ndi nthito yayikulu ya mafupa, akumenya mwamphamvu ndi mdaniyo nayo.

Nyanga kumaso idatenga abuluzi a herbivorous kuchokera pagulu la ceratops, nyama zamiyendo inayi zokhala ndi mutu waukulu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mafupa awo okhala ndi nyanga zooneka bwino zochokera ku chigaza adapezeka mu 1872, ndipo zotsatira zakutsogolo zidawonetsa kuti kumapeto kwa nthawi ya dinosaur, "abuluzi wokhala ndi nyanga" amafika mosiyanasiyana. Ma Ceratops anali atavala “kolala” la mafupa osenda bwino m'khosi mwawo, ndipo kumapeto kwa kupukutira kwawoneka ngati mulomo. Buluzi wokhala ndi nyanga kumpoto kwa America, Triceratops, anali ndi nyanga zitatu: umodzi pamphuno, ngati chipembere, ndipo awiri, kutalika kwake, kutalika pamwamba pa maso. Monga nyama zamakono zokhala ndi nyanga (agwape, ma geninoceros), nyanga za ma dinosaur zidagwira nawo ntchito yayikulu pakusankha kugonana: yemwe ali ndi nyanga zambiri, amalimbana ndi akazi abwino kwambiri ndipo amalandira ana ambiri opindulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, a Triceratops amatha kuteteza modzitchinjiriza ndi adani: kuwawopseza, kuwasisita, kuwamenya mdani kuchokera pansi, ndikutsegula m'mimba, yomwe, mwa njira, idatsegulidwa ndi maropod. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, nyanga zimatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chowombera - kufotokozera maubale omwe akukolana nawo amtundu womwewo, mwachitsanzo, pamasewera akukhwima.

Ma kolowedwe amfupa a ma ceratops amatithandizanso, makamaka, monga chizindikiro cha kusiyana kwakunja, ngati nthenga za mchira. Kuphatikiza apo, kutafuna kolimba kwa nsagwada kunaphatikizidwa kwa iwo. Komabe, kolala imatha kuteteza khosi, ngakhale sichinali kwathunthu, chifukwa m'mitundu yambiri ya dinosaur iwo anali odzala mabowo. Chigoba cha torosaurus (Torosaurus), chomwe chinapatsidwa kolala, chinafika pa 2.2 metres ndipo chinali ndi "windows" lalikulu angapo. Ndipo ku styracosaurus (Styracosaurus), wopezeka ku Canada, m'malo mwake, kolala inali yolimba, ndipo inali ndi zida zisanu ndi imodzi zazitali zakuthwa. Akatswiri a Paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti chitetezo choterocho chimawopseza zilombo kuti zisakumanane ndi achibwibwi.

Mu Novembro 2007, akatswiri a ku Canada atumbamo doko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lalitali mita 9.75, ku Horseshoe Canyon m'chigawo cha Canada ku Alberta. Adadziwika kuti kholo la trizeratops ndipo adatchedwa Eotriceratops xerinsularis. Kutalika kwa chigaza cha Eotricheratops kunali pafupifupi mita atatu, pafupifupi ngati galimoto. Mamembala opita ndiulendo wovuta kwambiri adamukweza. Monga ma triceratops, eoticeratops anali atanyamula minyanga iwiri ya infraorbital yautali wa mita imodzi ndi theka ndi nyanga yaying'ono ya piramidi pamphuno. Komanso anali ndi kolala ya mafupa yokhala ndi ma spikes ozungulira m'mphepete.

Dinosaurs inatha zaka 65 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo malo awo okhala komanso malo okhala kwambiri anali ndi zinyama. Pali zofanana pakati pawo, makamaka, zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa zimagwiritsa ntchito zomwezi pomenyera komanso kuziteteza ngati ma dinosaurs. Mikango ndi akambuku, komanso Mesozoic theropods, amasiyanitsidwa ndi minyewa yolimbitsa thupi, mano owongoka ndi zibwano. Ndipo tiziromboti, ma hedgehogs ndi armadillos adatenga zipolopolo ndi singano, ndiye kuti, chitetezo chokha, ngati ma stegosaurs ndi ankylosaurs. Nyanga ngati njira yodzitchinjirizira sizinatayirepo kanthu - zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma rhinos, buffalos ndi moose. Kodi kufanana kumeneku kumachokera kuti? Sitinganene kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimalandira izi kuchokera ku ma dinosaurs, chifukwa magulu onse a nyama siogwirizana. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zachilengedwe ali ndi kufotokozanso kwina: m'njira zambiri, malo ofananawo, komanso mawonekedwe apangidwe ka mawonekedwe apamwamba, komanso kukula kwake pafupi ndi anthu kwachititsa kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zizikhala ndi njira zofananira ngati ma dinosaurs.

Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi Olga Orekhova-Sokolova

Mitundu / Mitundu - Deinonychus antirrhopus. Deinonychus

Kutalika kwa mano: 2 cm (kutalika korona).

Moyo ndi chiyambi cha dinosaur zokongoletsa izi kufikira posachedwapa zinali chinsinsi chachikulu kwa ofufuza. Tsopano, mukayang'ana mafupa okonzedwa a dinosaur iyi, mutha kuzindikira zinthu zitatu izi: zibwano zamphamvu, zibwano zazikulu komanso kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo. Umu ndi momwe ochititsa chidwi a Deinonychus antirrhopus amawonekera.

Mpaka pano, asayansi sakudziwa momwe ma dinosaurs a deinonychus amafalikira. Amakhulupirira kuti zazikazi zimayikira mazira, omwe amasamalidwa, monga mbalame zamakono.

Chakudya: anali mlenje wokonda kusaka, mwina kudya nyama zovunda. Mwachidziwikire, ankasaka nkhosazo kuti agonjetse nyama yayikulu.

MALANGIZO

Thupi la dinosaur lokongola la deinonychus linali lotalika 3.3 m, linali lalitali pafupifupi 1.5 m. Deinonychus anali wamkulu kuposa nthumwi zina za banja la Dromaeosaurus. Wotsogola uyu anali ndi mutu waukulu - 35 cm.

Deinonychus anali ndi khosi lolimba komanso losinthika kwambiri. Anali ndi mano akuluakulu ofanana ndi masamba awiri. Kukonzanso minyewa yamutu kunawonetsa kuti mayendedwe awo akuyenera kukhala achangu, ndipo nsagwada ikamalimba, motero nyama yolusa, yomwe imakola mano m'thupi la wozunzidwayo, imathanso kudula nyama. Chifukwa cha thupi lake lopepuka komanso kuthekera kuyimirira miyendo iwiri, Deinonychus anali wothamanga bwino kwambiri. Dinowa amatha kuthamangitsa nyama yake kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusungabe nthawi yake yomwe ikuyenda kunamuthandiza ndi mchira wautali. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kam mchira (mkati mwake, pafupi ndi kumapeto kwake panali mbale zamafupa), deinonych anapitilizabe kuyenda
amafanana ndi dziko lapansi. Kuthawa mchira wake, buluziyo amatha kusintha mosavuta kayendedwe kake. Popita kusaka, iye anagwira womugwirira ndi dzanja lake lakutsogolo, nthawi yomweyo ndi chida chakumaso cha kumbuyo, anang'amba m'mimba mwake. Koma chozizwitsa chodabwitsa kwambiri cha deinonychus sichinali kutsogolo mwamphamvu, osati bulange lakuthwa, kapena mano ngati lumo.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri, malinga ndi asayansi, ndikuti anali ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri. Kukula kwaubongo wake kuli pafupi ndi kukula kwa ubongo wa mbalame ndi zinyama!

NKHANI NDI ZIWANDA

Mitundu yokhudzana ndi Deinonychus yapezeka ku Mongolia ndi North America. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Phaedrolosaurus, kapena "buluzi wonyezimira," yemwe zinthu zakale zakale zapezeka ku China. Amakhala nthawi yomweyo deisonychus. Muli njira zamtundu uliwonse (nyama zoyenda miyendo iwiri) zomwe zinkakhala momwemo Nthawi, monga deinonychus, ikhoza kukhala mdani wawo. Ma sauropod akuluakulu omwe amayenda pamiyendo inayi amatha kugonjetsedwa mosavuta ndi deinonychus, koma zimphona zamtchire izi sizinawopseze anansi awo, pokhapokha, atawalimbikitsa. ngozi yayikulu gr Ana aang'ono a Zila omwe adachokeranso kwa makolo awo kapena gulu la ziweto .. Monga deynonihi amasaka m'matumba, amatha kuwukira ma dinosaurs akuluakulu.

Kufalitsa

Za momwe ma deinonych amafalikira, palibe chomwe chimadziwika. Kutengera ndi zomwe zikupezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamitundu inanso ya dinosaur, monga ma sauropods ndi ma hadrosaurs (omwe amaphatikizapo mayosaurs apezeka posachedwa), akukhulupirira kuti abuluzi awa amatha kuyikira mazira. Malingaliro a miyendo yakumbuyo yomwe yasungidwa akusonyeza kuti nyama monga deinonychus, zili m'matumba, sizongoyendayenda ndikusaka, komanso mazira. Amakhulupirira kuti ma skopa pamagazi adachitika pakati pa amuna pakati pa amuna. Otsutsawo adalumphana ndikuwombana. Mwina ndi zikhadabo zakupsinjika iwo adabalana kwambiri.

ZOPHUNZITSIRA ZOSANGALATSA. MUKUDZIWA KUTI.

Kusaka m'gulu kunathandiza abuluzi ang'onoang'ono kugonjetsedwa ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri.
Mukuyenda uku, malaya akuluakulu amiyendo yakumbuyo ya deinonych adakwezedwa, kotero dinosaur idakankhidwira pansi ndi zala zina ziwiri. Kutsogolo kwa dinosaur imeneyi kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri.
M'malo otsalira a deinonychus Deinonychus antirrhopus, zofukula za tenontosaurus ndizofala. Chingwe chachikulu chachikulu choterechi mwina chinali nyama yoyamba ya Deinonychus, yomwe, ngakhale yaying'ono, inkasaka m'matumba. Ngati tenontosaurus adayesa kuthawa, m'modzi mwa zigawozo adamatirira mchira wake kapena miyendo yakumbuyo, pomwe gulu linalo limadula khosi la m'mimba, m'mimba, kapena pachifuwa.

NKHANI ZOSAVUTA

Mutu: yayikulu kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi thupi (kutalika pafupifupi 35 cm). Kusuntha nsagwada ndi kuwerama kumbuyo, mano akuthwa adatulutsa nyama.

Khosi: Kutalika komanso kusinthasintha.

Mchira: chakumapeto, mapangidwe a mchirawo adalimbikitsidwa ndi ndodo za mafupa, ndikuthandizira dinosaur kuti mchira wawo ukhale wofanana ndi pansi nthawi yoyenda. Mothandizidwa ndi mchira, deinonychus anasintha mosavuta mayendedwe ake. Kuphatikiza apo, mchirawo unathandizira buluzi kukhalabe osasunthika poyimirira mwendo umodzi ndikugunda womenyedwayo.

Zolocha pamphumi: chifukwa cha kuwongola kwawo, anali angwiro pogwira nyama. Nyama yothandizidwa imatha kuteteza kapena kuukira.

Zala zam'manja: lakuthwa kwambiri. Pamalopo panali chala chachikulu. Nthawi zambiri ankakwezedwa, choncho dinosaur imathamanga zala 2. Deinonychus amatha kumenya wovulalayo atayimirira mwendo umodzi.

- Malo Opezekera

KAPENA NDI PAMENE ANAKHALA OKHA

Chilombochi chidakhala gawo lamakono la North America kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic. Mu 1964, mafupa ambiri a choyolin awa adapezeka pansi pa phiri ku Montana. Achibale ake akutali - velociraptor, chomwe chimatanthawuza "wachifwamba wachiwerewere" ndi Dromaeosaurus, kutanthauza "buluzi woyenda" - amakhala kumapeto kwa Cretaceous.

Gulu la ma ceratosaurs limatsutsana ndi stegosaurus
Colado Plateau, USA, zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo

Kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic, ma dinosaurs a nyama zoopsa, Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus), amakhala kudera la North America. Pokhala m'mbali limodzi ndi zilombo zazikulu, anali ndi chitetezo chambiri: kukula kwa matupi awo kunali kofanana ndi basi, ndipo m'mbali mwake kuchokera pakhosi pawokha padatambasuka mizere iwiri yamapulalo, ndikudutsa mchira m'miyala inayi yamafupa. Koma ndikuwoneka kowopsa, adachedwa kwambiri ndikupereka chizolowezi kwa osaka owopsa nthawi yawo - ma ceratosaurs (Ceratosaurus). Zowona, palibe mdani aliyense amene sakanapangana ndi chimphona choterocho, choncho oyang'anira nkhosawo amakonda kuukira pagululo. Sichingachitike kuti kusaka kunali kosavuta komanso kwachangu, mwina, ena mwa omwe adawakwapulawo adamwalira chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi mchira wa stegosaurus, koma akapambana, ena onse adapeza nyama yambiri.

Kuukira ndi njira yodziwika mdziko la nyama. Zolinga zake ndizosiyanasiyana: amawukira chifukwa cha chakudya, kukhala ndi mkazi, kuteteza ana kapena zisa. Dinosaurs sanali okhawo, m'malo mwake, adakhala chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zamakhalidwe otere, omwe adapangidwa, mwa njira, zolengedwa zosiyana kwambiri komanso kalekale - pafupifupi zaka 570 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe nyama zomwe zimadya chakudya chazinyama zimafalikira Padziko Lapansi, m'malo momadya zofunikira organic kapena algae. Mwanjira ina, olusa. Ndipo ngakhale apo panali zida zokusaka (zophatikizika zingapo zophatikizika, ma spikes, "harpoons", glands poyizoni) ndi zida zoteteza (zipolopolo, zipolopolo). Pakubwera kwa mitundu yatsopano ya moyo, zida zogwiritsira ntchito podzitchinjiriza komanso zodziteteza mwadzidzidzi zidasintha, zosintha zawo zoyambilira zidawonekeranso ma dinosaurs: zikhadabo zokutira ndi mano m'mizere ingapo, nyanga zazikulu, kolala ndi zipolopolo. Ngakhale mwachilengedwe zida zonse zodabwitsazi si kanthu koma khungu losintha kapena mafupa a chigaza. Pambuyo pa ma dinosaurs, nyama zapamtunda ndi zolengedwa zina zimayesetsanso kudzikonzera momwemo, koma onse anali kutali ndi ma dinosaurs a Mesozoic. Tsopano Padziko Lapansi, akamba ndi ng'ona okha ndi omwe akukhutira ndi gawo lochepera lazida zowopsa zomwe ma dinosaurs anali nazo.

Tarbosaurus amatsata ankylosaurus
Gobi Desert, Mongolia, zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo

Wachibale waku Asia wa wankhanza - tarbosaurus anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe adadya kwambiri nthawi yake ndipo adatenga gawo lalikulu pampandawo. Dinayolo wa mita isanu amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri yopanda mphamvu ndipo amatha kupezeka ndi dinosaur iliyonse yamtundu wa herbivorous. Mutu wake waukulu unali pakamwa wokumbika ndi mano owoneka ngati mbawala. Mano oterowo analowa mnofu, ngati nthungo zowota, zokutira, ndikusiya, kumang'amba ndi mbali zawo zopindika. Koma "mfumu ya chirombo "yi idayesa kuukira Tarchia? Kupatula apo, chomalizachi chinali chilombo chankhondo kuchokera ku banja la ankylosaurids ndipo chinali ndi malo amodzi osatetezeka - m'mimba, omwe amangopezeka mwa kutembenuza pinacosaurus, popewa kuwomba kwa mchira wake. Kuukira koteroko kumakhala kowopsa ngakhale kwa tarbosaurus - kodi sizingakhale zosavuta kufunafuna nyama yaying'ono kapena kuchotsa kachotsekera kwa winawake? Kutsogolo: kutalika kwa nkhondo pakati pa Velociraptor (amachokera pansi) ndi Protoceratops.

Chifukwa cha deinonychus, chiphunzitso chinkawoneka kuti mbalame zimachokera m'madinosa

Chakumapeto kwa zaka 60 - koyambirira kwa zaka 70 zapitazo, wasayansi wina waku America dzina lake John Ostrom adafanananso ndi deinonychus ndi mbalame zamakono. Ndiye anali woyamba kuuza anthu kuti mbalame zimachokera m'madinowa. Chiphunzitso, chomwe panthawiyo chimadziwika kuti chinali cholimba kwambiri, masiku ano sichikukayikiridwa. Ophunzira ambiri adachikulitsa ndikuchikulitsa, kuphatikiza ndi wophunzira wa Ostrom Robert Becker.

05. Masamba oyamba a deinonychus adapezeka mu 1931

'Wosaka dinosaur wodziwika bwino' waku America "Barnum Brown adapeza mabwinja a deinonychus pomwe amafunafuna mtundu wina wosiyana ndi boma la Montana - the hadrosaurus (aka the dinosaur-dinosaur). Brown sanasangalale kwambiri ndi mkwatulo waung'ono, womwe adakumba mwangozi, popeza zomwe munapeza sizimayembekezera konse. Wofufuzayo adatcha zolembedwazo kuti ndi daptosaurus ndipo adayiwala.

08. Mwina Deinonychus anali kusaka ma hadrosaurs

Zotsalira za ma deinonych amapezeka limodzi ndi zotsalira za ma hadrosaurs (nawonso ndi ma dinosaurs oyamwa). Izi zikutanthauza kuti onse awiri amakhala ku North America kudera lomwelo ku Middle Cretaceous. Wina angaganize kuti deinonychus adadyapo ma hadrosaurs, koma vuto ndi loti munthu wachikulire yemwe amalemera pafupifupi matani awiri, ndipo oimira mtundu wocheperako amatha kuthana nawo palimodzi.

09. Nsagwada za Deinonychus ndi zofooka, chifukwa sizodabwitsa

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti Deinonychus sakanatha kuluma aliyense, mosiyana ndi ena, maropropod a nthawi ya Cretaceous, mwachitsanzo, Rex tyrannosaurus ndi spinosaurus. Izi sizingafanane ndi ng'ona yamakono. Zikuwoneka kuti zibwano zamphamvu za ngwazi yathu sizinali zofunika kwenikweni, chifukwa zibwano ziwiri ndi kutsogolo kwakanthawi kokwanira zinali zokwanira.

Dzira loyamba la deinonychus linapezeka mchaka cha 2000 chokha

Ngakhale mazira a theropods ena aku North America, makamaka ma troodon, asayansi apeza zambiri, alibe mazira a deinonychus. Wosankhidwa yekha (koma osati wani peresenti) adapezedwa mu 2000. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti Deinonychus adasokoneza ana mwanjira yofanana ndi ya utoto wokhala ndi chitipati chofanana. Chitipati sanali mkwatulo mu lingaliro lathunthu la mawu, koma mtundu wa theropod wotchedwa oviraptor.

Mopanda mantha, dinosaur waku Britain uyu amatchedwa "Clawed." Zovala zazikulu zakukula zala zamtsogolo zake zinali pafupifupi kutalika kwa dzanja la munthu!

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zotsalira za baryonyx zimapezeka pafupi ndi mafupa a iguanodon - dinosaur wina wokhala ndi zibwano pazala zotsutsana.Poganizira mafupa am'madzi a baryonix, omwe akatswiri adatola kuchokera ku zidutswa zosiyasiyana, titha kuzindikira molimba mtima mawonekedwe angapo a thupi lake. Zizindikiro zotere zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, chigaza chautali chomwe chimakhala pakhosi lalitali.

Thupi la baryonyx linali kutalika kwa basi - pafupifupi mita 9, ndipo kulemera moyenerera - pafupifupi matani awiri. Poyerekeza, tikuwona kuti kulemera kumeneku ndi kofanana ndi kulemera kwathunthu kwa amuna akulu akulu makumi awiri ndi asanu.

Mutu	Gulu	Gulu	Kufikira	Chigawo
Baryonyx	Zotulutsa	Dinosaurs	Lizopharyngeal	Theropods
Banja	Kutalika / Kutalika / Kunenepa	Zomwe zinali kudya	Komwe amakhala	Pomwe adakhala
Spinosaurids	2,7 m / 8-10 m / 2 t	nsomba	Europe	Nthawi yovuta (130-125 mln zaka zapitazo)

Miyendo yakumbuyo ya baryonyx inali yamphamvu kwambiri, ngakhale kutsogolo kunali pafupi kwamphamvu monga momwe inali. Ophunzira ena amakhulupirira kuti ma baryonics amatha kuyenda pamiyendo inayi, kuyendayenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje ndikuyang'ana nsomba.

Ingoganizirani chithunzithunzi chonga chomwe chili pansipa. Zinthu ngati izi zikanatha kuseweredwa zaka pafupifupi 120 miliyoni zapitazo pamtunda wa dziko lapansi, lomwe pano limatchedwa England. Panali nthawi yoyambirira ya Cretaceous, ndipo masamba obiriwira obiriwira anakula bwino m'mbali mwa mitsinje yambiri ndi nyanja.

Baryonyx wa buluzi wowoneka bwino amatha kupeza chakudya chake m'njira zamoyo zazing'ono zambiri. Komabe, pali umboni kuti adagula chakudya m'njira yachilendo kwambiri kwa a dinosaur monga asodzi, monga momwe tikuwonera pamwambowo.

Chigoba chachikulu pazosemphana zotsutsana chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri musodzi. Asayansi adaphunzira kuti baryonyx amadya nsomba ndikupeza nsomba zamitundumitundu.

Mbali inanso ya baryonyx imachulukitsa (poyerekeza ndi ma dinosaurs ena owoneka bwino) kuchuluka kwa mano m'mazaya ake atali, ofanana ndi ng'ona. Mano akuluakulu kwambiri amapezeka mkati mwa pakamwa pakanapo, ndikuchotsa kupita kumbuyo, kukula kwa mano kunachepa.

Mano ake anali opanga mawonekedwe, osanjidwa pang'ono - oyenera kuti azigwira poterera, amagwira ntchito mozungulira, monga nsomba kapena dinosaur yaying'ono monga gypsilophodon kapenanso iguanodon wachichepere.

Asayansi afika poti baryonyx ilibe mbali zazikulu ngati miyendo yake yakumbuyo ngati kutsogolo. Baryonyx inali yolemetsa kwambiri kuti ingathe kuyimirira pa mwendo umodzi kumbuyo, ndikuwombera ina kuyesera kugunda mdani, monga dinosaur yaying'ono kwambiri yopepuka ngati deinonychus ikhoza kuchita mosavuta.

Komabe kutsogolo kwa ma baryonics kunali kwamphamvu kunyamula chida choopsa chotere. Mwinanso, zinali zovuta kwa nsomba zam'nyanja, ngakhale zowopsa kwambiri, pomwe baryonyx imasaka!