Malo obiriwira kwambiri amvula otentha amapezeka ku Amazon River Basin (nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon), ku Nicaragua, kumwera kwa Yucatan Peninsula (Guatemala, Belize), ku Central America (komwe kumatchedwa "selva"), ku Africa kuchokera ku Cameroon kupita ku Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo, m'malo ambiri kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kuchokera ku Myanmar kupita ku Indonesia ndi Papua New Guinea, m'dziko la Australia ku Queensland.
Makhalidwe wamba
Chifukwa nkhalango yamvula yotentha mawonekedwe:
- masamba opitilira masamba azaka zonse,
- maluwa osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa ma dicotyledons,
- kupezeka kwa mitengo 4-5, kusapezeka kwa zitsamba, kuchuluka kwa ma epiphytes, epiphartes ndi mipesa,
- Kupitilira kwa mitengo yobiriwira yomwe imakhala ndi masamba akulu obiriwira, makungwa osakhazikika bwino, masamba osatetezedwa ndi mamba a impso, mitengo yabwino m'nkhalango zachilengedwe.
- Kupanga kwa maluwa kenako zipatso mwachindunji pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zikuluzikulu (kolififloria).
Mitengo
Mitengo yam'minda yamvula yamvula yotentha imakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe sizimawonedwa muzomera nyengo zotentha pang'ono.
Pansi pa thunthu mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mitengo yotchingidwa. M'mbuyomu, ma protrusion amayenera kuthandiza mtengo kuti ukhale wofanana, koma tsopano akukhulupirira kuti m'madzi otumphukira awa madzi okhala ndi masamba osungunuka amatuluka kumizu ya mtengowo. Masamba akulu ndiofala pakati pa mitengo, zitsamba, ndi udzu m'miyala yamtchire. Mitengo yaying'ono yayitali yomwe sinafike pamtengowo imakhalanso ndi masamba ambiri, omwe amatsika ndi kutalika. Masamba akulu amathandizira kuti mbewu zimayamwa bwino dzuwa m'mphepete mwa mitengo yamtchire, ndipo imatetezedwa ku mphepo yochokera kumwamba. Masamba amtundu wapamwamba wopangira chinsalu nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa komanso amawongolera kwambiri kuti achepetse kuthamanga kwa mphepo. Pamunsi pansipa, masamba nthawi zambiri amapendekera kumapeto kwake kotero kuti amathandizira kuthamanga kwamadzi ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi moss pa iwo, ndikuwononga masamba.
Nsonga za mitengo nthawi zambiri zimalumikizana bwino ndi wina ndi mzake mothandizidwa ndi mipesa kapena mbewu - epiphytes parasitizing pa iwo.
Zina mwa nkhalango yotentha kwambiri imatha kukhala khungidwe la mitengo yotalika (1-2 mm), yomwe nthawi zina imakutidwa ndi minga yakuthwa kapena minga, kupezeka kwamaluwa ndi zipatso zomwe zimamera mwachindunji pamitengo ya mitengo, zipatso zamitundu yambiri zomwe zimakopa mbalame, zinyama komanso ngakhale kudya nsomba. tinthu tokhala atomized.
Fauna
M'malo okhala mvula yamvula yotentha, mumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mabanja a sloths, anteaters and armadillos), anyani amphongo amphongo, mabanja angapo olimbirana, mileme, anyani am'makomo, alendo angapo, mbalame zingapo, komanso zolengedwa zina, zapamwamba, nsomba, ndi ma invertebrates. Nyama zambiri zokhala ndi mchira wokhazikika zimakhala pamitengo - anyani khumi, akuthwa komanso mautali anayi opindika, ma alamu, tizilomboti tosakhazikika tosangalatsa. Tizilombo tambiri, makamaka agulugufe, (amodzi mwa olemera kwambiri mkati dziko) ndi kafadala (mitundu yoposa 100), nsomba zochuluka (zochuluka monga mitundu 2000 ndizofanana gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyama zapadziko lapansi zapadziko lapansi).
Dothi
Ngakhale kuli mvula yamkuntho, dothi labwino m'nkhalango zotere limasilira kwambiri. Kuzungulira mwachangu chifukwa cha mabakiteriya kumasokoneza kuchuluka kwa humus. Kukumana kwa ayoni ndi zitsulo zotayidwa zotsatira zake pachuma Dothi (njira yochepetsera zinthu za silika m'nthaka ndikuwonjezereka pamodzi kwa chitsulo ndi ma aluminium oxide) imayala dothi lowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina imapanga ma deposits a mchere (mwachitsanzo bauxite). M'mapangidwe achichepere, makamaka chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri, dothi limatha kukhala lachonde.
Mulingo wapamwamba
Danga ili limakhala ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri yomwe imatalika mamita 45-55 (mitundu yocheperako imafikira 60-70 metres). Nthawi zambiri, mitengo imakhala yobiriwira, koma ena amataya masamba ake munyengo yamvula. Mitengo yotere imayenera kupirira kutentha ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Mphungu, mileme, mitundu ina ya anyani ndi agulugufe amakhala pamlingo uwu.
Mlingo wa Kanopi
Mulingo kutalika Pangani mitengo yayitali yambiri, nthawi zambiri mpaka 30 mpaka 45 kutalika. Ili ndiye gawo lowonda kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, masamba osapitilizidwa ndi mitengo yoyandikana nawo.
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, zomerazi zimapanga pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya mitundu yonse yazomera padziko lapansi - mwina theka la zomera zonse za padziko lapansi zimapezeka pano. Zinyamazo ndizofanana ndi msambo wapamwamba, koma zosiyana. Amakhulupilira kuti kotala la mitundu yonse ya tizilombo timakhala pano.
Asayansi akhala akukayikira kwanthawi yayitali momwe zinthu ziliri pamlingowu, koma apeza njira zatsopano zofufuzira. Mu 1917 yekha waku America wachilengedwe William Bead (eng. William beede ) idati "kontinenti ina ya moyo sikhala yopanda maziko, osati Padziko Lapansi, koma 200 pamtunda, ikufalikira mamailosi masauzande ambiri."
Kuwerenga kwenikweni pamadenga amenewa kudayamba mchaka cha 1980, pomwe asayansi adapanga njira zodutsa matope, monga kuwombera zingwe pamitengo yamitengo kuchokera pamphepete. Kafukufuku wa Canopy akadali koyambirira. Njira zina zofufuzira zimaphatikizapo kuyerekezera kapena kuwuluka. Sayansi yomwe imakhudzana ndikupeza nsonga za mitengo imatchedwa dendronautics. Zolemba ).
Zinyalala za m'nkhalango
Dera lino limangolandira 2 peresenti yokha ya dzuwa, kuli kucha. Chifukwa chake, ndizomera zokha zomwe zimasinthidwa mwapadera zomwe zimatha kumera pano. Kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, malo osambira ndi malo omwe zomera zobiriwira zimamera, zinyalala zamtchire ndizopanda zomera. Pa mulingo uwu, mutha kuwona mbewuzo zikuwola ndi zotsalira za nyama zomwe zimazimiririka msanga chifukwa chotentha komanso kotentha komwe kumapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke mwachangu.
Kuwonekera kwa anthu
Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, nkhalango zamvula zotentha sizogula mpweya woipa ndipo, monga nkhalango zina zokhazikitsidwa, sizimalowerera mpweya woipa. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti nkhalango zambiri zamvula, mmalo mwake, zimatulutsa mpweya wa kaboni. Komabe, nkhalango izi zimagwira gawo lalikulu pakufalikira kwa kaboni dayokisaidi, popeza ndi mitengo yokhazikika, komanso kugwetsedwa kwa mitengo m'nkhalango zotereku kukuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu mpweya wa Dziko lapansi. Mitengo yamvula yam'malo otentha imathandizanso kuti kuziziritsa mpweya kudutsa. Chifukwa chake nkhwawa zamvula - imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumayambitsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuchepa kwa mitundu ya zinyama ndi zinyama, kusamukira kwazinthu zachilengedwe m'malo akuluakulu ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhalango yamvula yotentha Nthawi zambiri amachepetsa minda ya sinamoni ndi mtengo wa khofi, mgwalangwa wa coconut, mbewu za mphira. Ku South America kwa nkhalango yamvula yotentha migodi yosavulazidwa imakhalanso pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Moyo wamnkhalango zotere
Zamoyo zokhala m'nkhalango zowerengeka ndizokwanira pazinthu zonse zamoyo. Zomera zachilengedwe zamatchire zimapangitsa madera ake kukhala ochulukirapo chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Mu gilea, monga momwe nkhalango zokhazikitsidwa zimatchulidwira, pali mitengo yamitengo isanu ndi iwiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyama "zibalalike" m'malo, mutakhala zambiri kuthengo lakuthengo komanso lam'munsi. Chifukwa chake, nyama zam'deralo ndizosiyana kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo.
Nkhalango zokomera
Ma Gileadi ndi akuda, ofunda, otambalala, mitengo yamitengo yolumikizidwa ndi mipesa, ndipo korona zimakhala zazitali kwambiri.
Nthaka nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda kanthu chifukwa mulibe udzu chifukwa chosowa kuwala, ndipo masamba agwa amasintha mofulumira.
Zinyama Zamtchire za equatorial
Palibe chodabwitsa kuti nyama ndi mbalame zimakhala padziko lapansi m'nkhalango zobvunda. Ku Africa, kuchokera ku zinyama, izi ndi nkhumba zokongola komanso zazikulu, nkhumba zazing'ono, agulu aku Africa, abwanamkubwa, ndi mitundu ingapo ya anyani amtali. A Okapi amakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, pomwe pamakhala udzu wowonda kwambiri komanso udzu komanso zitsamba zambiri. Gorillas amakonda malo amenewa. Ku South America, nkhumba zimasinthidwa ndi ophika ofanana nawo, antelopes ndi agalu ocheperako a mazama, ndipo ma tapirs amatha kudziwika ngati analogue of hippos. Omaliza amakhala ku Southeast Asia, komwe kulinso agalu ang'onoang'ono ndi nkhumba.
Pali makoswe ochepa a padziko lapansi: awa ndi nthumwi zingapo za ku Africa za amphongo (mbewa zosakanikirana, makoswe osakhazikika), ku South America ali ndi makoswe akulu kwambiri Padziko lapansi, capybaras, nyama zazing'ono - pac ndi agouti, komanso mitundu ingapo ya echimides ofanana ndi makoswe ndi mbewa.
Mwa zolengedwa zoyendetsa dziko lapansi zakale za dziko lapansi, munthu amatha kutchula nyalugwe, ku America m'malo mwake ndi mbawala. Amphaka ang'onoang'ono amapezekanso ku American guilea - ocelot, jaguarundi.
Nyani - colobus
Zinyama zokhala ndi chisoti chachifumu pamitundu ndizosiyanasiyana kwambiri m'nkhalango za equator. Nyani amalamulira apa - colobuses, anyani, chimpanzee ndi mandrill (ku Africa), marmosets, enyeids, turnips, arachnids ndi capuchin (ku South America), lory, gibbons ndi orangutans (ku Asia). Aliyense amadziwa kusintha kwa nyani ndi moyo wamitengo - apa pali mchira wolimba ndi zala zake, komanso minofu yolimba ya mikono ndi miyendo, komanso kusuta kwa zipatso, maluwa, masamba, tizilombo - kuzonse zomwe zimapezeka pamitengo yambiri. Makoswe a Gilea adazolowanso kukhala pakati pa thambo ndi dziko lapansi, ambiri aiwo amawuluka kuchokera pamtengo kupita kumtengo, akukonzekera mawonekedwe amkhungu atayidwa pakati pa zolemba ndi mchira (michira ya msana ku Africa). Makoswe omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mitundu yambiri ya agologolo. Ndipo mileme yosiyanasiyana imadziwa bwino mlengalenga.
Tizilombo ta masamba
Ku South America, kuli ma tambala-ma masamba okoma ndi ma vampires enieni. Mwa zolengedwa zomwe zimakonda zakudya za nyama, pamtunda wa mitengo ku Africa ndi Asia, kwambiri ndi ma civets - genet ndi tangalungs. Ku South America, a Tamandois anteatte komanso ena ochepa nyama kuchokera kubanja la Kunih Tayr amakhala.
Mbalame zambiri zimakonda zipatso, mbalamezo zimakonda kuoneka bwino. Ana a nkhunda aku Africa, turraco, mbalame za ma buluzi, omwe amadya nthochi, achule a ku America amadyanso zipatso, ndipo mbuzi, yemwe amakhala ku Amazon, amadya masamba. Zocheperako zazing'ono kwambirizi ndizothandiza ku New World ndi ma hum humbb ku New.
Mbalamezi ndizofanana kwambiri chifukwa zimatsogolera moyo wofananira, kuyamwa msuzi wokoma (ndipo nthawi yomweyo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono) kuchokera ku corollas ya maluwa. Komabe, palibe mbalame zosateteza.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Nyengo
Nthawi zambiri nkhalango zamtunduwu zimakhala m'malo obisika. Imakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri ndipo imakhala yotentha nthawi zonse. Mitengo iyi imatchedwa chinyontho, chifukwa mvula zoposa mamililita 2,000 zimagwera kuno pachaka, komanso mpaka mamilimita 10,000 pagombe. Kukula kumagwera chimodzimodzi chaka chonse. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhalango zowerengeka zimakhala pafupi ndi malire am'nyanja, momwe mafunde ofunda amayang'aniridwa. Chaka chonse, kutentha kwa mpweya kumasintha kuchokera ku +24 mpaka +28 digiri Celsius, motero, palibe kusintha kwa nyengo.
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Nkhalango yokhala chinyezi
Mitundu ya maluwa
Pansi pa nyengo ya lamba wa equatorial, mitundu yobiriwira nthawi zonse, yomwe imamera m'nkhalango zingapo. Mitengoyi imakhala ndi masamba komanso masamba akuluakulu, imakula mpaka kutalika kwa mita 40, yolumikizana, ndikupanga nkhalango yosatheka. Chisoti chachifumu chapamwamba cha mbewu chimateteza chotsitsa cham'maso kuchokera kumayendedwe a dzuwa ndi kutuluka kwanyontho kwambiri. Mitengo yomwe ili m'munsi mwa tiana tating'ono imakhala ndi masamba owonda. Chizindikiro cha mitengo yankhalango yoyendera ndikuti sizimataya masamba, masamba obiriwira chaka chonse.
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Mitundu yamitundu yamitunduyi ndi motere:
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- nsapato zapamwamba kwambiri - mitengo ya kanjedza, ficus, ceiba, Hevea Mbrazil,
- tiger totsika - mitengo fern, nthochi.
Munkhalangoyi muli maluwa okongola komanso zipatso zosiyanasiyana, mtengo wa quinine ndi mtengo wa chokoleti, mtedza wa ku Brazil, lichens ndi mosses. Mitengo ya bulugasi imamera ku Australia, mpaka kutalika kwa mamitala. Ku South America, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la nkhalango zowerengeka padziko lapansi, poyerekeza ndi chilengedwe ichi cha ma kontinenti ena.
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Ceiba
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Mtengo wa Hin
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Mtengo wa chokoleti
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Brazil nati
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Eucalyptus
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Dera komwe kuli nkhalango zowerengeka
Malo achilengedwe amakhala m'malo opezeka dziko lapansi kuyambira pakati pa 8 ° kumpoto mpaka 11 ° kum'mwera kwenikweni.
Imakhala m'malo otsika: chigwa cha Kongo ku Africa, chigwa cha Amazon ku South America, komanso chilumba chakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe.
Nyengo yam'madera otentha
Nyengo ku equator ndi yotentha komanso yotentha chaka chonse. Palibe kusintha kwa nyengo.Kutentha kwa mpweya 25 - 28 ° C.
Chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwamlengalenga m'mlengalenga, mpweya ndi yunifolomu chaka chonse. Mvula yamvula pachaka siyosakwana 1500 mm. Koma m'nkhalango zowonera madera osambitsidwa ndi mafunde ofunda, mvula imatha kufikira 10,000 mm / chaka.
Madera achilengedwe
Nyengo zosiyanasiyana za mlengalenga zimathandizidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa dziko lathuli. Nyengo imeneyo ndiye chinthu chachikulu pakupezeka kwachilengedwe.
Pochita mdziko lapansi, ndi chizolowezi kusiyanitsa zachilengedwe zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi:
- Zipululu za Arctic ndi Antarctic. Malo ozizira kwambiri pa Earth, omangidwa ndi chipale chofewa ndi ayezi. Malo awo amafanana ndi mitengo iwiri - Kumpoto ndi Kummwera.
- Tundra. Malo ozizira ozizira okhala ndi mbewa ndi ndere. Ili m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic.
- Taiga. Nkhalango yowirira yokhala ndi nyengo yovuta. Imazungulira madera akumpoto a Eurasia ndi North America.
- Mitengo yosakanikirana ndi yopanda chidwi. Amapangidwa motengera mitundu ya mitengo yolumikizika kapena mitengo yokhala ndi masamba ambiri. Kuli kumwera kwa taiga, nyengo yachepa ndipo maluwa ndi zinyama ndizosiyanasiyana.
- Maponda. Madambo osatha okutidwa ndi udzu wandiweyani. Pokhala pamalo otentha, komabe, kwatentha kale ku mitengo yamitengo.
- Zipululu. Chouma komanso kutentha kwambiri kwachilengedwe. Pezani kumwera kwa Eurasia, gawo lofunikira ku Africa ndi Australia.
- Nkhalango zowuma. Ili pagombe la Mediterranean ndi kumpoto kwa Africa. Amadziwika ndi nyengo yapansi pamtunda. Kunu, ma pini, mitengo ya mkuyu, maolivi, ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali kumera pano.
- Savannah. Malo otchuka a udzu ku Africa. Zamoyo zamtchire zosiyanasiyana: mikango, njovu, mbawala, mbidzi, mbawala.
- Nkhalango yamvula yotentha. Ali pamalo a equator ndipo amalandila mvula yambiri komanso kuwala. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu yazinyama ndi nyama.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zovuta zachilengedwe sizofanana kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, biome yayikulu kwambiri - taiga - imakuta 15 miliyoni km 2. Pomwe madera oteteza nkhalango zolimba amakhalapo 3% yokha m'nkhalango zonse.
Malo ogwetsa mvula ku Africa, South America, Southeast Asia
Madera akulu kwambiri amvula yopezeka ku Africa ndi South America. Nkhalango za ku Europe ndi zazing'ono, zimapezeka kwambiri kuzilumba.
- Madera otentha aku Africa.
Ku Africa, dera la kumadzulo kwa equatorial kuli nkhalango zonyowa. Atafika ku Gulf of Guinea, amatha kumapeto kwa Mtsinje wa Congo. Zina mwa izo ndi Atlantic equatorial ndi nkhalango pachilumba cha Madagascar. Gawo lonse la nkhalango zotentha ndi mahekitala 170 miliyoni.
- Malo Otentha Amereka.
Zomera zokhala mbali iyi ya dziko lapansi zimachokera ku Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) ndi kumwera kwa Florida (USA), zimamera ku Yutacan Peninsula ndi ku Central America. Izi zimaphatikizanso nkhalango ku West Indies.
Nkhalango zamvula zaku South America zili ndi dzina lapadera - gilea / selva. Amamera kugombe la Amazon, kumpoto kwa South America South America, ndipo amakhalanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Nkhalango yamvula ya America imakwirira zoposa 5 miliyoni km².
- Madera Akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.
Zomera zimadutsa dera lino kuchokera kum'mwera kwa India, Myanmar, ndi kumwera kwa China mpaka kum'mawa kwa Queensland. Zilumba za Indonesia ndi New Guinea zimayikidwa m'nkhalango zamvula.
Chifukwa chiyani nkhalango imatchedwa mapapu a dziko lapansi
Mitengo imatha kutulutsa mpweya woipa komanso kumasula mpweya wabwino. Chowonadi ndi chakuti panjira ya photosynthesis, mbewu zimafunikira kaboni kuti apange zinthu zachilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, mpweya umatulutsidwa m'mlengalenga. Zitachitika izi, mtengowo ukamwalira, matembenukiridwe ake amachitika: nkhuni zowola zimatenga mpweya kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikupatsa mpweya wambiri.
Akuyerekeza kuti mtengo umodzi umatulutsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wofunikira kupuma anthu atatu. Mahekitala amtundu umodzi patsiku limodzi (pamaso pa dzuwa) amatenga mpweya wopitilira kilogalamu mazana awiri ndikutsitsa mpweya wa 190 kg.
Chifukwa cha mitengo yabwino kwambiri, asayansi anapatsa nkhalangoyi “mapapu obiriwira padzikoli” kuti apange zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Gawo la nkhalango zonyowa
Nkhalango yotentha imeneyi sinadziwe konse chisanu ndi chisanu. Apa maluwa amatulutsa maluwa ndipo zipatso zimacha chaka chonse.
Kodi nkhalango yokhala ngati chinyezi ndi chiyani? Awa ndi amodzi mwa malo osatheka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zomera ndi nyama zimakhalapo nyengo zanyontho komanso kutentha, zomwe sizingasinthe mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Kuyambukira
Malo okhala nkhalango zokomera, molingana ndi dzinalo, ali m'khonde, mpaka kumpoto kwa iyo mpaka 25 ° C. w. ndi kumwera mpaka 30 ° kumwera. w. Zimapezeka kumakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica.
Ku Eurasia, amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia (kumayiko a India ndi kumwera kwa China), kenako kudzera ku Malaysia, Indonesia ndi Philippines kufalikira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia.
Ku Africa, madera otentha okhala kuchokera ku Gulf of Guinea kupita ku Congo Basin, komanso ku Madagascar.
Ku South America, gilea amapezeka ku Amazon komanso kumpoto kwa dziko lalikulu.
Ku North America, alanda Gulf of Mexico, kumwera kwa Florida, Yucatan Peninsula, Central America ndi zilumba za West Indies.
Mawonekedwe a nyengo yanyontho ya nkhalango zamvula
Mu nyengo yotentha ndi yanyontho (yotentha) yamalo otentha, kutentha kwapakati kumakhala kotheka 28 ° C-30 ° C, osaposa 35 ° C. Maola a mvula tsiku lililonse amakweza mpweya chinyezi mpaka 80%. Mvula yamvula pachaka imafika 7000 mm. Zinthu zachilengedwe izi zidapatsa nkhalango dzinalo dzina lina - "mvula" ("mvula").
Anthu okhala m'nkhalango zowerengeka sakhala ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhalango zowerengeka zimakhala pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja, momwe mafunde ofunda amayang'aniridwa.
Nyengo ziwiri ndi zodziwika bwino m'malo a nkhalango:
- Nyengo ya "Mvula" (October-June),
- Nyengo “Youma” (Julayi-Sepemba).
Munthawi yachilengedwe ngati malo ochepa okhala mumlengalenga, kumawomba mizimu yovuta. Chinyezi chambiri chambiri limodzi ndi nyengo yamadzuwa chimapereka chinyezi chambiri chinyezi ndi mpweya wotentha "wolemera". Nkhalango zam'malo otentha zimadziwika ndi chifunga cham'mawa, mvula yamphamvu pofika kumapeto kwa tsiku komanso namondwe.
Kapangidwe ka mvula
Nyengo m'malo oterewa zimapangitsa kuti zomera zizipsa, zomwe zimapanga maluwa. Pafupifupi, nkhalango zimakhala m'mabulu anayi.
Zovala | Mawonekedwe |
Chingwe choyamba (kumtunda) | Mitengo yayitali (mpaka 70 m) yokhala ndi korona wobiriwira ndi thunthu losalala |
Chachiwiri | Pamwamba mitengo pafupifupi (mpaka 45 m) yokhala ndi korona wobiriwira komanso thunthu losalala |
Chachitatu | Mitengo yamiyala yotsika |
Chachinayi | Zitsamba |
Chophimba cha udzu (mosses, ferns, lichens) | Zomera zazitali zazomera |
Dothi
Zosadabwitsa, koma biome iyi ndiyobadwa nayo chifukwa cha nyengo yabwino, osati potengera dothi. Dothi limakhala lodzaza ndi zitsulo ndi ma aluminium oxide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wachikasu. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kugwa kwamvula yambiri, zinthu zina zofunikira zimatsukidwa panthaka. Zonsezi zidapangitsa nthaka kuchepa, komanso kuchuluka kwa humus (chinthu chomwe chimapereka chonde m'nthaka) ndi 5% yokha.
Zinthu zamadzi
Mitsinje yayikulu ikudutsa m'nkhalango zamvula. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi ku South America ndipo chimatchedwa Amazon. M'dera lake muli nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imamera m'derali. Amazon ndi mtsinje waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudutsa bara la South America kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa.
Mtsinje wachiwiri wamadzi pambuyo pa Amazon ndi Congo, yomwe ili ku Central Africa. Ndiwo mtsinje waukulu wokhawo womwe umadutsa equator kawiri. Congo ili ndi misonkho ya Lufira, Kasai, Ubangi.
Mulingo wa Korona
Gawo la "wandiweyani" limapangidwa ndi mitengo yambiri, motero ndiye wandiweyani kuposa onse. Amakhulupilira kuti pamlingo uwu muli 40% yazomera zonse zapadziko lapansi. Ngakhale kufanana ndi mitengo ya kumtunda, apa mbewu ndizosiyanasiyana. Mitengo yambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi "caulifloria" - mapangidwe a maluwa ndi inflorescence pamiyendo ndi nthambi zopanda masamba.
Misanja ya nkhalango ya equatorial
Mitengo yonyowa yamitengo imabisala kuwala kwa dzuwa, kusiya mthunzi ndi kuwala kwa mbewu zomwe zili pansipa. Kusanthula kwathunthu kwamlingowo kukupitirirabe mpaka pano. Kafukufuku woyamba wowopsa wa mulingo uwu (canopy) adachitika koyambirira kwa 1980s.
Ofufuzawo choyamba adatenga zowombera pamtambo ndi zingwe zomwe zidamangiriridwa kumtengo wamitengo. Kuphunzira nsonga za mitengo, ma ballo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro amvula ndi gawo losiyana la sayansi ya dendronautics.
Zomera
Malo otentha omwe amakhala ndi chinyezi amakhala ndi mitengo yambiri: chimangacho chapamwamba chimapangidwa ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri, pansi pawo pali nduwira za mitengo yotsika, kenako kukugwa kwanyengo ndi nkhalango.
Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yobiriwira yosiyana mosiyanasiyana, ndi khungwa loonda, pomwe maluwa ndi zipatso zimamera. Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndi mtengo wa cocoa, mitengo ya nthochi ndi khofi, kanjedza yamafuta, Hevea waku Brazil, ceiba, mtengo wa balsa, cecropia, ndi zina zambiri.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja mumakutidwa ndi mitengo yamangati. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana iyi ya nkhalango zachilengedwe ndizakuti mizu yamitengo pano imakhala pansi pamadzi nthawi zonse.
Mulingo wapakatikati
"Denga lokwera" kapena laling'ono pakati ili pakati pa nsonga za mitengo ndi chivundikiro cha udzu. Masamba a Shrub ndi otakulira kuposa mbewu zomwe zili pamwambamwamba. Mothandizidwa ndi masamba otambalala, mbewu zimatenga bwino kuwala kwa dzuwa, komwe pamlingo wamba, pamithunzi ya mitengo yayitali, sikuli kwambiri.
Zomera zowonjezera
Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zomwe zimamera pamtengo winawake, m'nkhalango zamvula pamakhala maluwa ena owonjezera. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi mipesa ndi epiphytes.
Liana ndi imodzi mwazomera zodziwika bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yoposa zikwi ziwiri. Liana lilibe tsinde lolimba, motero, limatha kukulunga pamtengo mitengo, kufalikira pamitengo kapena kufalikira pansi.
Epiphytes ndi mbewu zomwe sizimera pamtunda, koma zimaphatikizidwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi za mitengo. Mu equatorial ecosystem, pakati pa epiphytes, orchid ndi mbewu kuchokera kubanja la bromeliad amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Epiphytes amasiyana ndi majeremusi chifukwa amalandila michere kuchokera kumalo achilengedwe, osati kuchokera ku gulu la wolandirawo.
Mulingo wanyontho
Monga tanena kale, gilea ndi mvula yamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kukhazikika kumakhala ngati mvula yamphamvu, limodzi ndi mabingu. Koma chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha, chinyezi chachikuluchi chimasuluka mofulumira. Zonsezi sizingakhudze kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'malo otentha: gawo lake m'mlengalenga liri pafupifupi 85%. Chifukwa chake, zomera ndi gileas zanyama zimakhala mtundu wamtengowu wamuyaya.
Kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira
Mitengo yokhwima ya mitengo yayitali ndimatenthedwe. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti equator ilandila dzuwa lokwanira padziko lapansi, kutera kwamuyaya kumalamulira pansi pa nkhalango. Izi zidayambitsa kufooka kofowoka kwambiri.
Amadziwika kuti zinyalala za m'nkhalango zamvula zimalandila 2% yokha ya kuwala. Chifukwa chake, ngati pazifukwa zina mawonekedwe a gleamu mu tsamba la masamba, ndiye kuti chigamba chowunikirachi chimayamba kupanga zitsamba, udzu ndi maluwa.
Africa
Gilea ya ku Africa imachokera kugombe la Gulf of Guinea kupita ku chigwa cha Congo, ndipo imakhala m'malo akulu ndi 8% m'chigawochi. Zomera zomwe zili kudera lotentha ndizosiyanasiyana: pali mitundu 3000 yamitengo pano. Zodziwika bwino kwambiri mwa izo ndi mitengo ya kanjedza, ficus, mkate, kofi, nthochi, nati, nutmeg, sandalwood, mitengo yofiira. Zomera zam'munsi zotsalira zimayimiridwa ndi selaginella, ferns ndi podunami. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja ndi yokutidwa ndi mangro.
Mwa nyama zomwe zili munkhalango ya Africa, pali okapi, bongo, boar kuthengo, nyalugwe, malo ochezeka, agogo, chimpanzi, anyani. Mbawala zamtunduwu zimakonda mbalame. Tizilombo tambiri timakhala - tsetse ntchentche, udzudzu, chiswe, agulugufe.
Amereka
Chilengedwe chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chimalira ku Amazon. Dera lake ndioposa 5 miliyoni km 2. Ku Brazil kokha, 3 3% ya nkhalango zobiriwira zachilengedwe zonse ndizolimba. Dzinalo lina lotentha ku South America ndi selva (kuchokera ku Spain selva - nkhalango). Chiwerengero cha mitundu yazomera ndi nyama ndichoposa zachilengedwe za Africa ndi Asia. Pafupifupi mitundu 40,000 ya zomera zomwe zimamera pano (zomwe 16,000 ndi mitengo), mitundu 427 ya zinyama, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo kukupitirira zana limodzi.
Nyama zanyama ndizosiyana mwanjira ndi zanyama zaku Africa. M'malo mwa nyalugwe, nyalugwe amabisalira nyama yake, pali nkhwangwa ndi agalu amtchire. Mitsinje ndi nyanja za Selva ndizowopsa ndi zoopsa: Ng'ona zazikulu zimakhala m'madzi - caimans, piranhas, chingwe chamagetsi. Njoka yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - anaconda - amakhala ku Africa.
Mtengo wachuma
Mtengo wa nkhalango zamvula sungayesedwe. Chikhalidwe cha gilea tsopano ndi nyumba zachilengedwe komanso nyama zambiri padziko lapansi. Madera otentha ndi "mapapu a dziko lapansi," ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi mpweya womwe umatulutsidwa ku kampu yakumpoto, taiga.
Kuchokera pakuwona kogwiritsa ntchito zachuma, gilea imapatsa munthu mitengo yamatabwa yofunika - yakuda, yofiira, ya sandalwood. Chifukwa cha mitengo ya khofi ndi chokoleti, anthu padziko lonse lapansi amakonda khofi komanso cocoa onunkhira. Mitengo yambiri yazipatso imamera kuno, zipatso zachilendo zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zamtengo wapatali zamankhwala zimamera m'nkhalango zotentha, zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi anti-cancer.
Nkhani zachilengedwe
Pakadali pano, vuto la kudula mitengo m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha kwambiri. Munthu wawononga malo otentha kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha nkhuni zamtengo wapatali komanso malo owerengera msipu watsopano. Poganizira kuti gilea imathandizira kukhazikika kwa nyengo pakukopa mvula mdziko lapansi, kuwonongedwa kwake kukuwopseza kuti kusanduke vuto lenileni.
Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuchuluka kwa nthumwi zapadera za nyamazo zikuchepa. Zowonadi, ngakhale pali unyinji waukulu wa mitundu yomwe ilimo m'nkhalango zamvula, kuchuluka kwa nyama kapena mbalame zomwe zili m'gulu linalake sizambiri. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yambiri imatha kutha mosagwirizana, ngakhale popanda asayansi.
Zosangalatsa
Malo okhala mvula ndi chozizwitsa chenicheni pa Dziko Lapansi. Zomera ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zikukhala pano ndizopezeka, ndiye kuti sizipezeka kwina kulikonse.
Izi ndi zochepa mwazinthu zapadera za gilea:
- nkhalango yamvula idawoneka zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 150 zapitazo ndipo yasintha pang'ono kuchokera pamenepo
- pomwe njoka yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi idakhala m'nkhalango ya Amazonia: idatchedwa titanoboa, kutalika kwake kumatha kupitilira 14 m ndipo imalemera kuposa tani,
- nyengo masana ndiyokhazikika modabwitsa: tsiku lililonse limayamba kuyambira m'mawa kutacha, mitambo ikadzaza, mvula ikagwa, kenako usiku wopanda mitambo.
- Mizu ya mitengo yotentha imafika kutalika kwa theka la mita chifukwa cha dothi loonda,
- Duwa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Rafflesia Arnoldi lomwe limakula kwambiri m'nkhalango,
- makulidwe a nkhalango amatha kufikira 6 m,
- Mtengo uliwonse wautali ungathe kutulutsa malita 750 amadzi mumlengalenga,
- Mtsinje wa Amazon muli 20% yazinthu zonse zamadzi zatsopano.
Pakadali pano, ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la nkhalango zodabwitsazi zomwe zaphunziridwa. Chinyezi chachikulu, kutentha kwambiri ndi nkhokwe zosafikirika zimapangitsa dera lathuli kukhala lachilendo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zimaganiziridwa kuti mkati mozama kwambiri, nkhalango ndi nyama zomwe sizikudziwika bwino sayansi zimamera ndikukhala ndi moyo.
Zinyama zamvula zamvula
Zinyamazo zimadziwika ndi chuma chodabwitsa. Mitundu yambiri imasinthidwa kukhala moyo wamitengo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo ndiyodabwitsa. Makasitomala otsogolera owola omwe amakhala ndi chimbudzi.
Tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono timakonzedwa ndi zophukira, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, mphutsi, ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Zinyalala za m'nkhalango - malo okhala mapete, crickets, nkhono. Mwa omwe amadya nkhuni zowola, ma bronzes, mitundu yayikulu ya kachilomboka ndi mphutsi zake ziyenera kudziwika.
Tizilombo ta Herbivorous timakhala munkhokwe: cicadas, kafadala, masamba raspberries, tinthu touluka, weevil, barbel, mbozi, ndi oimira dzombe.
Oimira nthumwi zosiyanasiyana, kudya masamba ambiri ndi zipatso zam'mera: chimpanzi, anyani, gibbons, orangutan. Pamitengo pali mitundu ya banja la Wyverrov: mongooses, genetics.
Zidyamakanda za Feline zikuyimiridwa ndi nyalugwe (lofala ndi kusuta), ku South America mlengalenga. Anthu ambiri osawerengeka amakhala kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi, m'chigwa cha ku Kongo - dera la okapi - wachibale wachimaso.
Mbalame zikuyenera kufotokozedwa mosiyana. M'mitengo yonse ya m'nkhalango ya equatorial, mitundu ya nyama yomwe imadya zipatso ndi zipatso zambiri. Guinea mbalame, zikopa zazikulu, nkhunda, ndi oimira banja la pheasant amakhala pansi.
Pali mbalame zazing'ono komanso zazing'onoting'ono: mbalame zamphaka, zikondwerero, kudya timadzi tokoma ta hummingbird, ndi passerines.
Momwe nkhalango za equatorial zilili zabwino kwa nyama zokhala ndi moyo komanso zobiririka: achule a mitengo owoneka bwino, achule a Copepod, abuluzi.
Kuphatikizanso, mpweya wokhala ndi chinyontho chamvula umalola anthu am'madzi kukhala nthawi yayitali komanso kuchulukitsa kunja kwa matupi amadzi, kumakwawa pamitengo.
Zomera zam'malo otentha
Nyengo yokhala ndi chinyezi imathandizira kuti pakhale nkhalango yowirira yambiri. Zomera zamatchi mofooka.Kapangidwe ka nkhalangoyi ndi mwachindunji: pali mitengo yayitali yocheperako, ndipo zomerazo zimakhala zotsika ndipo ndizobowoleza, zomwe zimapangitsa kwambiri malowo.
Mumitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse, mizu yokhala ngati mitengo, mitengo ikuluikulu imakhala yowongoka, chisoti chachifumu chimamwazika kumtunda kokha, komwe kumakhala kuwala kokwanira. Mitengo yayitali imakhala ndi masamba obiriwira okhala ndi khungu loyera lomwe limatetezedwa bwino ndi kuwala kowala ndi mitsinje. Zomera zokhala ndi masamba ochepa, pomwe 1% yokha ya dzuwa imalowa, masamba ndi owonda komanso ofewa.
Oyimira pachimake chapamwamba ndi manja, faci, ndi mallow. Pansi pamamera mitengo ya nthochi, koko. Mitengo yamtambo nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi mipesa, ferns ya mitengo, mbewa. Mwa majeremusi, ma orchid nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Zomera zam'munsi tambala, kolifulawa ndi mawonekedwe - mawonekedwe a inflorescences osati panthambi, koma mitengo ikuluikulu.
Nkhalango zokomera ku South America zimatchedwa selva. Amakhala olemera kuposa nkhalango yaku Africa muzomera ndi mitundu yazinyama.
Kufunika kwa nkhalango zofanana padziko lapansi
Nkhalango za equatorial ndizofunikira kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndi zachuma.
Zipangizo zopangira mafakitale ndi magawo amitundu mitundu ya mbewu:
mafuta amapangidwa kuchokera ku kanjedza amafuta,
nkhuni za mitengo ina (mwachitsanzo, ebony) yamtengo wapatali pamapangidwe okongoletsa, imapita kukapanga mipando yamtengo wapatali,
Mtengo ndi msuzi wazipatso zamitundu yambiri ndizopangira zamankhwala.
Nkhalango ya equatorial ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kwasayansi. Zachilengedwe pano ndizochulukirapo mwakuti asayansi chaka chilichonse amapeza mitundu yatsopano ya nyama ndi zomera.
Kufunika kwachilengedwe ndikwadziko lonse lapansi. Mitengo yamalo otentha ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapatsa mpweya padziko lapansi. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, madera akulu a nkhalango adulidwa.
Pali chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiwonongeko chotheratu cha nkhalango za equator, monga zinachitikira ndi nkhokwe zochulukirapo, pamalo omwe tsopano ndi malo ochitira malonda. Kuphwanya kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ndiye vuto lalikulu lamasiku ano, lomwe lingasanduke vuto lachilengedwe.
Zomera za nkhalango zoyendera limodzi
Malo okhala nkhalango zowerengeka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitengo yopanda mphamvu yokhala ndi thunthu lalitali. Makungwa a mitengo ndi ochepa. Pamitengo, nthambi komanso masamba ambiri, mitengo ina inakhazikika. Mitengo yonse yamatchire imakhala yachangu ndipo imakhala yobiriwira nthawi zonse.
Oyimira odziwika kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino pamtunda wa chomera ndi amabodza.
- "Bamboo" wopanga.
Mphukira zamtundu wamtunduwu zimafikira 20 m.
Liana ndi chomera chodalirika pakulephera kwa mtima.
Mpesa wa poizoni wokhala ndi physostigmine womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza glaucoma. Munkhalango za equatorial, mbewu zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zopambana zapezeka.
Mbeu za mbewuzo zimagwera pamsaka pa mtengo wamakinawo ndikumera. Ficus, akukula, amazungulira thunthu ndi nthambi za mtengowo. Chifukwa cha kuukiridwa kotere, mtengowo umasiya kukula ndikuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono.
- Hevea ndi wa ku Brazil ndi ficus wa rabara.
Hevea wotchuka ndi mphira wotchuka amafunidwa chifukwa chamadzimadzi "amtali", omwe amapangira mphira wachilengedwe.
- Ceiba (mtengo wa "Pamba").
Mtengowu umakula mpaka 70 m.Dongosolo sopo limapangidwa kuchokera kumbewu zamafuta za mtengowo. Zipatso za mtengowo zimatulutsa ulusi wofanana ndi kapangidwe ka thonje. Imagwira ngati filimu yapa mipando yapamwamba, mapilo ndi zoseweretsa. Komanso zamkati mwa zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutentha ndi zinthu zokuzira mawu.
- "Mafuta".
Mafuta amapezeka kuchokera ku zipatso zake. Sopo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Mafuta onunkhira ndi mafuta amakonzedwanso pamaziko ake. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito cosmetology, imagwira ntchito ngati chopangira popanga makandulo ndi margarine. Madzi a kanjedza awa aledzera watsopano ndi zamzitini. Madzi ndi oyenera pokonzekera zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
- Mtengo wa kanjedza wa Banana
- Mtengo wa "Khofi".
- Palm "Rattan".
Chitsulo chowala cha mgwalangwa chimakutira mitengo ndikuwoneka ngati chingwe chachikulu cholimbitsa thupi.
- Zestrel ndi onunkhira.
Nkhuni za chomeracho zimakhala ngati zopangira popangira milandu ya ndudu.
Dziko lapansi la nkhalango
Nkhalango za equatorial zilibe maluwa okhaokha komanso zilombo. Pali pafupifupi 2/3 amitundu yonse yazinyama padziko lapansi. Nyama zambiri zazolowera moyo "pamwamba". Mu korona zamitengo mungathe kupeza mtedza, zipatso, zipatso. Chingwe chapamwamba chimateteza ku nyama zina.
Imakhala nyumba ya nyama zazing'ono:
- nyani
- mandimu
- wobowa
- oyimira gulu la mphaka.
Nyani zikuluzikulu zimakhala kumapeto a m'munsi. Pano pali zipatso ndi mphukira zazing'ono zomwe zatsika pamitengo. Oimira banja la mphaka - amatsogolera gulu la zilombo m'malo otentha.
Nthawi zambiri anyani amtundu wina wa pakati ndi ku South America amapezeka pakati. Jaguar amafunikira gawo lalikulu pakusaka. M'masiku otukuka amakono, gawo la malo osaka likucheperachepera chaka chilichonse. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi kuchokera pamenepa chimatha kuchepetsedwa.
Madera otentha aku Africa amakhala pansi pa mikango ndi nyalugwe. M'madera otentha a South Asia, ulamuliro ndi wa akambuku ndi nyalugwe. M'malo otentha ku America, nyani wa "arachnid" ndi howler ndiofala.
Oimira nthumwi amakhala ku Africa:
M'nkhalango za ku South Asia mumakhala anthu otchedwa gibbons ndi orangutan.
Zipolopolo ndizofala ku Africa ndi Asia. Ndikosavuta kukumana ndi anaconda m'nkhalango ya Amazon. Njoka zapoizoni ndizofala kumwera komanso pakati pa Amereka: njoka za "bushmeister" ndi "coral". Wakhazikika ku nkhalango yaku Africa - cobra, imapezekanso ku Asia. Madzi a nkhalango yaku America, okhala ndi anyigators ndi caimans. A njovu amakhala ku Africa.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyama kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbalame.
Pakati pawo:
- maphunziro
- bananoe
- Turaco
- chomangamanga
- chiwombankhanga "amadya nyani".
Chiwombankhanga chomwe chimasaka anyani chimakhala m'nkhalango ya Philippines. Kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumafika pa 7 kg, mapiko ndi a mamita 2. Banja lokhala ndi mwana wankhuku limafunikira gawo losakira kuyambira 30 m² mpaka 40 m². Pakadali pano, pakuchepa kwa gawo la "kusaka", nyamazo zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kufunika kwa nkhalango zofanana padziko lapansi
Kufunika kwa nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse ndikofunika;
- Kupanga kwa oxygen.
Nkhalango za equatorial zimadziwika kuti ndi "mapapu" a dziko lapansi. Ndi mayamwidwe okangalika a kaboni dayokisaidi, amapanga pafupifupi 1/3 ya mpweya.
- Kukhazikika kwanyengo.
Malo okhala mvula ndi omwe amachititsa kuti nyengo izikhala yotentha padziko lapansi ndipo kuli mitundu yambirimbiri ya nyama zosowa. Kuphatikiza apo, zimapereka mvula yofananira.
Mtengo wapadera wa nkhalango zowerengeka za dziko lapansi zili mwa phindu lawo lasayansi.
- Chovala chodzitetezera anthu okhala m'mafuko a m'nkhalango.
Kuphatikiza pazomera zodziwika bwino komanso zopanda nyama zomwe zimaphunziridwa bwino ndi asayansi, mafuko osadziwika a anthu amakhala mdera lamapiri.
- Kuteteza dothi.
Nkhalangoyi imasunga dothi. Kufalikira kwake kumalepheretsa mwayi wokhala malo achipululu. Pambuyo pakuwotchera moto pafupipafupi, malo okhala m'nkhalango amasandukanso timiyala kapena zipatso zamphesa.
Chitukuko chikuwopseza ma guillas
Zowopseza kupitiliza kwa ma guillas sikuti zimangopezekabe, komanso zimakula. Kubisika kwa nkhalango zapadera, malinga ndi asayansi, kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zosasintha paumoyo wa "nyengo" yapadziko lapansi.
- Kuchepa kwa okosijeni.
Nkhalango za equatorial ndizomwe zimayambitsa kupezeka kwa mpweya wabwino mlengalenga chaka chonse. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kukonza nkhalango zoterezi kungachititse kuti mpweya uwonongeke kwambiri. Masiku ano, nkhalango zina zamvula zawonongedwa kale. M'malo awo, munthu adabzala minda ya khofi. Mitengo ya mgwalangwa yamafuta ndi mphira imafafanizira ambiri.
M'nkhalango zowerengeka zokha pomwe pamamera mitengo yomwe imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi opanga mipando yolimba komanso yokongola. Kufunika kwa zinthu zopangira zabwino kumapangitsa kuti nkhalango zokhala ndi chinyezi zizipezeka nthawi zonse.
Masiku ano, palibe malamulo oletsa kugwa kwamitengo yamitengo yamtengo wapatali. Dera lanyengo zaka makumi angapo zapitazi latha, magawo awo akupitirirabe, pafupifupi, ndi 1.3% pachaka.
Kuwonongekeranso kwa munthu wotukuka kwambiri m'nkhalango zachilengedwe kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa mpweya.
- Kuchulukitsa kwa kutentha kwapakati pamlengalenga.
Kuwonjezeka kokhazikika kwa mpweya wozungulira pamlengalenga chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, malinga ndi asayansi, zitatha zaka 45 zitha kuthandiza kuti kutentha kwapadziko lonse kuzikhala ndi 2 ° C.
- Kusungunula ayezi.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kudzawonjezera mwayi wa kusungunuka kwa ma polar a mitengo yonse ya Antarctica, komanso madzi oundana a Nyanja ya Arctic. Kukwera kwa madzi kukuwopseza kusefukira kwamadzi ochepa padziko lapansi.
- Kufalikira kwa malo achipululu.
Chilengedwe chobiriwira nthawi zonse chimasunga dothi lomwe limere. Kuchulukana ndikusamalidwa kwa dothi kumapangitsa kuti nthaka zisamayambike. Kuwonongeka kwa zomera zam'minda zokhazikika kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa nyengo yamvula komanso kusefukira kwa mitsinje. Kusintha kwa nthaka m'nthaka kuyayamba.
Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zachuma padziko lonse kukukula. Kupitiliza mahekitala opitilira mamiliyoni 10 amawonongedwa padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse. Dera lomwe nkhalango zawonongedweratu ndiofanana ndi magawo anayi a Belgium.
Ku Republic of Congo, malo okhala nkhalango zosungidwa ndi malo 60% okha a "nkhalango" yonse. Muzochitika zotere, boma limakakamizidwa kuti lizilamulira kukolola ndikuyambitsa zoletsa kutulutsa nkhuni. Kukonzanso mitengo kukuyang'aniridwa ndi boma. M'nkhalango zowonongedwa, mitengo ya buluzi imabzalidwa kwambiri.
Njira zotetezedwa bwino za nkhalango zikugwiridwa ku Central Africa:
Madera okhala m'nkhalango izi, popewa kuwopseza kuwononga nkhalango zowerengeka, alengeza kuti ndi mapaki.
Malo okhala mvula ya equatorial ndi chilengedwe chapadera. Gilea - wolemera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi mbewu ndi gawo lofunikira mwachilengedwe chosalimba cha dziko lapansi. Kulowerera kwa anthu mmenemo kuyenera kukhala koyenera, kochepa komanso kofunikira kuti ateteze nkhalangoyi.
Kapangidwe kake: Mila Friedan