Pafupifupi mitundu 6,000 ya zolengedwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nyama izi ndizolinganizidwa kwambiri pakati pa protozoa.

Malo okhala ma ciliates ndi nyanja ndi madzi abwino, komanso dothi lonyowa. Mitundu yayitali ya ma ciliates (pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi) ndi majeremusi aanthu ndi nyama.

Tidziwa bwino maumboni komanso zachilengedwe za kapangidwe ka ma ciliates pogwiritsa ntchito woimira ena - ciliates-slipper.

Mapangidwe akunja ndi amkati a ma ciliates

Nsapato ya infusoria ili ndi kukula pafupifupi 0,1-0.3 mm. Maonekedwe a thupi amafanana ndi nsapato, chifukwa chake adalandira dzina lotere.

Nyamayi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhalanso ndi thupi, chifukwa ma ectoplasm amaphatikizika kuchokera kunja ndi mawonekedwe pellicle. Thupi la ma ciliates limakutidwa ndi cilia. Pali pafupifupi 10,000 a iwo.

Chikhalidwe cha kapangidwe ka ma ciliates ndi kukhalapo kwa ma nuclei awiri: lalikulu (macronucleus) ndi laling'ono (micronucleus). Kufalitsa kwa chidziwitso cha cholowa kumalumikizidwa ndi kakhalidwe kakang'ono, ndikuwunikira kwa zofunikira ndi yayikulu. Chovala cha infusoria chimayenda mothandizidwa ndi cilia, kutsogolo kwake (kumaso) kutsogolo ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimazungulira kumanja mbali yakumaso kwa thupi lake. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa mayendedwe a ciliates kumadalira kayendedwe kama-cilia.

M'makwerero a nsapatoyo mumapangidwa ma trichocysts. Amachita ntchito yoteteza. Ndikakwiya ndi ma ciliates, ma trichocysts "amawombera" ndikusintha zingwe zazitali kwambiri zomwe zimagunda wolusa. Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma trichocysts m'malo mwawo mu ectoplasm of the yosavuta, atsopano amapanga.

Maonekedwe, kapangidwe kake ndi malo okhala ma ciliates

Nsapato za ciliates ndi cell yosavuta kwambiri yosuntha. Moyo Padziko Lapansi umasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yazamoyo zomwe zimakhala momwemo, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri komanso magulu athupi azinthu zofunikira komanso zofunikira zomwe zimawathandiza kupulumuka mdziko lino lodzala ndi zoopsa.

Koma pakati pa zolengedwa palinso zolengedwa zachilengedwe mwapadera zotere, momwe zidapangidwira zakale kwambiri, koma zidali iwo omwe kalekale, zaka mabiliyoni zapitazo, adalimbikitsanso kukulira kwa moyo ndi zinthu zovuta kuzinthu zonse zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidachokera mwa iwo.

Mitundu yoyambirira ya zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zilipo masiku ano padziko lapansi ndi monga nsapato ya infusoriaa zolengedwa zopanda unicellle kuchokera pagululi.

Amadziwika kuti ndi dzina lake loyambirira ngati mawonekedwe a thupi lake lopindika, lofanana ndi nsapato yokhazikika komanso yolimba komanso yocheperako.

Zamoyo zazing'ono zomwezo zimawonedwa ndi asayansi kukhala protozoa wadongosolo kwambiri gulu la akatswiri, oterera ndi mitundu yake.

Dzinalo la nsapato ya ciliator ndi chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka thupi lake ngati kamapazi

Mitundu ina ya kalasi, yomwe yambiri yake ndi parasitiki, yomwe ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri komanso imakhala ndi mitundu yokwanira, ilipo m'madzi ndi nthaka, komanso mwa oyimira ovuta kwambiri a zinyama: nyama ndi anthu, matumbo awo, minofu yawo, ndi njira yoyendayenda.

Nsapato nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'madzi osaya osaphika ndi madzi opanda phokoso, pokhapokha ngati pali zofunikira zambiri zowonongeka mkati mwapakatikati: mbewu zam'madzi, zamoyo zakufa, zodulira wamba.

Ngakhale malo ogwiritsira ntchito nyumba amatha kukhala malo oyenera moyo wawo, ndizotheka kuzindikira komanso kuzindikira bwinobwino zolengedwa zamoyozo pansi pa maikulosikopu, kumatenga madzi okhala ndi silt ngati mayeso. Sitolo yabwino kwambiri yama microsedope ingakuthandizeni kusankha ma microscope kuti muone ma ciliates.

Amapanga nsapato – protozoa Zamoyo, zotchedwa mosiyana: taamu parameciums, ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo kukula kwake ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi mpaka magawo mamilimita.

M'malo mwake, ndi maselo amtundu umodzi, opanda khungu, achilengedwe, omwe ndi ma cell a ma cell awiri, omwe amatchedwa akulu ndi ang'ono.

Monga tikuwonera chithunzi ciliates nsapato, kunja kwa zinthu zazing'ono zoterezi pali, zomwe zimakhala m'mizere yautali, mawonekedwe ang'ono kwambiri, otchedwa cilia, omwe amakhala ngati ziwalo zosunthira nsapato.

Chiwerengero chaching'ono cha miyendo yaying'ono chimenecho ndi chachikulu ndipo chimayambira pa 10 mpaka 15,000, m'munsi mwa chilichonse chimakhala ndi thupi loyambira, ndipo pafupi pomwepo pali gawo lamasamba, lomwe limapangidwa ndi membrane woteteza.

Kapangidwe ka michereNgakhale kuti ndi yosavuta, imakhala ndi zovuta zokwanira. Kunja, khungu loyenda chotere limatetezedwa ndi membala wochepa thupi kwambiri womwe umathandizira kuti thupi lake lizikhalabe ndi mawonekedwe. Komanso ulusi wothandizira woteteza womwe umakhala mumtundu wambiri wandiweyani wa cytoplasm moyandikana ndi nembanemba.

Cytoskeleton yake, kuphatikiza pa zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi, imapangidwa ndi: microtubules, zitsime za alveoli, matupi apansi okhala ndi cilia ndi omwe ali pafupi, osakhala nawo, mafupa ndi mafayilo, komanso ma psychanoids ena. Tithokoze cytoskeleton, komanso mosiyana ndi woimira wina wa protozoa - amoeba, nsapato ya infusoria kusakhoza kusintha mawonekedwe a thupi.

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zodandaula

Ma organelles a zakudya mu ciliates ndi: mkamwa wamkamwa, kamwa la cell ndi pharynx. Bacteria ndi tinthu tina tomwe timayimitsidwa m'madzi, pamodzi ndi madzi, timayendetsedwa ndi cilia wapakamwa kudzera mkamwa mpaka pakhosi ndi kukapopera chakudya.

Matupi amathandizira nsapato

Wodzazidwa ndi chakudya, vacuole imachoka pammero ndipo imatengedwa ndi mphamvu ya cytoplasm. Pamene vacuole amayenda, chakudya mkati mwake chimagayidwa ndi michere yamagayidwe ndi kuyamwa mu endoplasm. Katemera wokugaya ndiye amayandikira ufa ndikuchotsa zinyalala za chakudya. Amphaka amasiya kudyetsa pokhapokha ngati nthawi yopanga.

Ma organelles a osmoregulation ndi excretion mu nsapato ndi awiri contractile, kapena pulsating, vacuoles oyendetsa tubules.

Chifukwa chake, ma ciliates, poyerekeza ndi protozoa ena, ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta:

• Mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi
• kupezeka kwa kamwa yamoyo
• kukhalapo kwa cell pharynx,
• ufa
• zida zamanyukiliya zovuta.

Kubalana kwa ciliates. Njira yolimbitsira

The ciliates kufalitsa ndi yopingasa fission, momwe kuphatikizika kwa mtima kumachitika koyamba. Ma macronucleus amagawidwa amitotically, ndipo ma micronucleus amagawidwa modabwitsa.

Nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi vuto logonana, kapena kuphatikizika. Mwa izi, ziphuphu ziwiri zimakumana ndipo zimalumikizana kwambiri ndikutseguka pakamwa. Kutentha kwanyumba motere, amayandama pafupifupi maola 12. Mitseko yayikulu imawonongeka ndikusungunuka mu cytoplasm.

Kubalana kwa ciliates

Chifukwa cha meiotic fission, nyukiliya yosunthira ndi yosasunthika imapangidwa kuchokera ku nuclei yaying'ono. Iliyonse ya nyukiliya imeneyi imakhala ndi ma chromosome osangalatsa. Phata lomwe limasuntha limayenda molumikizana ndi mlatho wa cytoplasmic kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina ndikuphatikizana ndi mawonekedwe ake, monga., Umuna umachitika. Pakadali pano, nsapato iliyonse imapanga nambala imodzi, kapena syncaryon, yomwe imakhala ndi ma chromosomes okhala ndi diploid. Kenako ma ciliates amabalalika, amakonzanso zida zama nyukiliya ndipo zimachulukana mwakugawika.

Mchitidwe wophatikizika umathandizira kuti mfundo zachikhalidwe za anthu osiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwa m'thupi limodzi. Izi zimabweretsa kukulira kwina kwa cholowa komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhazikitsa maziko apakati komanso kuwonongeka kwakale ndikofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa akatswiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti njira zazikulu za moyo ndi kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni m'thupi la ma ciliates amawongoleredwa ndi gawo lalikulu.

Ndi kubereka kwotalikirapo, ma ciliates amachepetsa kagayidwe ndi gawo logawika. Pambuyo pa conjugation, kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa magawikiridwe kumabwezeretsedwa.

Ubwino wa ciliates zachilengedwe ndi moyo wa munthu

Kukhazikitsidwa kuti ma ciliates amatenga gawo lalikulu pakufalikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zazikulu (nsomba zamkati) zimadyera ma ciliates.

Amagwira ntchito ngati oyang'anira kuchuluka kwa algae ndi mabakiteriya, potero amayeretsa matupi amadzi.

Ma ciliates atha kukhala zizindikilo zakuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi akunyanja - magwero ampunga yamadzi.

Zomera zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka zimakongoletsa chonde chake.

Mamuna amabeta ma ciliates m'madzi kuti azidyetsa nsomba ndi mwachangu.

M'mayiko ambiri, matenda a anthu ndi nyama omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ziphuphu ndi zofala. Choopsa chachikulu ndi infusoria balantidium, yomwe imakhala m'matumbo a nkhumba ndipo imafalikira kwa anthu kuchokera ku nyama.

Kapangidwe

Thupi la unicellular la ciliates (Nkhumba 20, 21) limakutidwa kunja ndi membrane wa plasma, pomwe limazunguliridwa ndi pellicle yoonda komanso yosinthika. Cilia kuphimba thupi lonse la nsapato. Amakhala m'thupi limodzi ndi mizere yopingasa, ngati ulusi. Makonzedwe awo amatengera kuzungulira kwa thupi kutalika kwake. Pamwamba pa thupi pali mabowo omwe amatsogolera mawonekedwe opindika - ma trichocysts omwe amapezeka pellicle. Pakakhala ngozi komanso kusunga nyama mwa mabowo awa ma trichocysts amatulutsidwa, zokumbutsa mivi yopendekera.

Chith. 20. Kapangidwe ka michere

Chith. 21. Kapangidwe ka danga la tep la nsapato-ndikuwonjeza kwambiri

Magalimoto

Nsapatoyo imayandama chifukwa cha mayendedwe olongosoka a cilia, wina pambuyo pa wina kupanga mikwingwirima yozungulira kuyambira kumapeto mpaka kumbuyo. Nthawi yomweyo, ili, titero kuti, idasungunuka m'madzi, ikupita patsogolo ndikumapeto kowoneka bwino ndikuzungulira mozungulira phazi lake lalitali.

Chovala cha infusoria chimayandama liwiro la 1 mm pamphindi, ndiye kuti, nthawi imeneyi chimakwirira mtunda wofanana ndi kutalika 4 kwa thupi lake. Mwanjira iyi, nsapato imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, zofanana ndi 1/1000 zamphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa pakupuma.

Kupumira komanso kutulutsa

Kutamandika ndi kuwoneka m'malo a ma ciliates ndizofanana ndi nyama zina zomwe sizimakonda.

Katemera awiri amkati mwa nsapato (kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo) amachepetsedwa, pambuyo 20-25 iliyonse. Zinthu zonyansa zamadzimadzi ndi zoyipa zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku infusoria-nsapato kuchokera ku cytoplasm m'mphepete mwa mayanjano othandizira, omwe ali oyenera kutemera kwa contractile.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a thupi

Nsapato ya infusoria - yosavuta chinyama. Momwemo, ndizosasangalatsa. Komabe, mu cage iyi mumakhala chilichonse kupuma, kuchulukitsa, kudya ndikuchotsa zinyalala kunja, kuti zisunthe. Uwu ndi mndandanda wazinthu zanyama. Chifukwa chake, nsapato nazonso ndi zawo.

Protozoa amatchedwa unicellular chida choyambirira poyerekeza ndi nyama zina. Pakati pa unicellular ngakhale pali mitundu yomwe asayansi amati yanyama ndi zomera. Chitsanzo ndi zobiriwira za euglena. Thupi lake limakhala ndi chloroplasts ndi chlorophyll - mitundu yazomera. Euglena amachita photosynthesis ndipo satha kuyenda masana. Komabe, usiku, unicellular amapita ku organics ya chakudya, tinthu zolimba.

Ciliates nsapato ndi euglena wobiriwira ali pamitengo yosiyanasiyana yaakulidwe kwa protozoa. The heroine ya nkhaniyi amadziwika pakati pawo ngati chamoyo chovuta kwambiri. Thupi, panjira, ndi nsapato, chifukwa lili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ziwalo. Izi ndi zinthu za selo zomwe zimayang'anira zochitika zina. The ciliates kulibe mu protozoa enawo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nsapatoyo ikhale mtsogoleri pakati pa nyama zokhazokha.

Ma organelles otsogola omwe amakhala ndi ma ciliates ndi:

1. Vacractile vacuoles okhala ndi ma tubules ochulukitsa. Zotsalazo zimakhala ngati zombo zoyambira. Malinga ndi iwo, zinthu zovulaza zimalowa m'malo osungira, omwe ndi katemera wokha. Amasuntha kuchokera pa protoplasm - zamkati mwa cell, kuphatikizapo cytoplasm ndi nucleus.

Zochita zolimbitsa thupi imakhala ndi ma vaccinles awiri amgwirizano. Amakhala ndi poizoni wambiri, amawataya ndi madzi owonjezera, kwinaku akukhala ndi chidwi.

1. Katemera wopukusa. Iwo, monga m'mimba, amakonza chakudya. Katemera akusuntha. Panthawi yofikira yogwirizira kumapeto kwa cell, zinthu zopindulitsa zimakhala kale.
2. Ufa Awa ndi dzenje kumapeto kwa ciliates, ofanana ndi anal. Ntchito ya ufa ndi yomweyo. Chimbudzi chimbudzi chimachotsedwa mu khungu kudzera potseguka.
3. Mkamwa. Kupuma uku mu cell ya membrane kumagwira mabakiteriya ndi chakudya china, ndikudutsa mu cytopharynx - tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalocha pharynx. Pokhala nayo komanso mkamwa, nsapatoyo imakhala ndi mtundu wina wa chakudya, ndiko kuti, kugwidwa kwa tizinthu tamoyo mkati mwa thupi.

2 cores amapanga ngakhale zazing'ono zosavuta. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi chachikulu, chotchedwa macronucleus. Phata lachiwiri ndi laling'ono - micronucleus. Zomwe zimasungidwa m'magulu onse awiriwa ndizofanana. Komabe, mu micronucleus sichikhudzidwa. Zambiri za Macronucleus zimagwira ntchito, zimasungidwa nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, deta ina imatha kuwonongeka, monga mabuku omwe ali chipinda chowerengera laibulale. Pakakhala zolephera zotere, micronucleus imakhala nkhokwe.

Infusoria nsapato pansi pa ma microscope

Pakatikati pa ma ciliates pamakhala nyemba. Wamng'ono organelle ozungulira. Organoids amathandizira nsapato kuwonekera bwino pansi pa kukula. Zonse zosavuta motalika sizidutsa mamilimita 0.5. Kwa zosavuta, izi ndizogonana. Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo sapitilira mamilimita ayi kutalika.

Malo okhala osavuta

The heroine ya nkhaniyo amakhala m'malo osungika kumene, osaya madzi okhala ndi madzi osungunuka komanso zinthu zambiri zowonongeka. Sinthani zokonda nsapato ya infusoria, amoeba. Amafuna madzi osasunthika, kuti asagonjetse zomwe zilipo, zomwe zimangowomba. Madzi osaya akuwotha pofunika kuchitira unicellular. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowola ndi chakudya.

Pakudzaza kwamadzi ndi ma ciliates, wina akhoza kuweluza kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa dziwe, mafinya, akulu. Nsapato zochulukirapo, michere yochulukirapo kwa iwo - kuwola kwa organic kanthu. Kudziwa zokonda za nsapato, zitha kudulidwira mumizinda yamadzi wamba, banki. Ndikokwanira kuyika udzu pamenepo ndikuthirira madzi amadziwe. Udzu wobedwira udzakhala chinthu chowola chambiri.

Habitat amathandizira nsapato

Kusakondera kwa ma ciliates a madzi amchere kumawonekera ndikayikidwa m'mitundu ingapo yamchere. Pang'onopang'ono pakuwonekera kumawoneka momwe unicellular imasambira kwa iyo. Ngati protozoa ikazindikira gulu la mabakiteriya, m'malo mwake, pitani kwa iwo. Izi zimatchedwa irritability. Katunduyu amathandiza nyama kupewa zinthu zovuta, kupeza chakudya ndi anthu ena amtundu.

Zakudya za infusoria

The zakudya zabwino ciliates zimatengera gulu lake. Zovala zodzikongoletsera zimagwiritsa ntchito mahema. Zachilendo, kutsatira, kudziphatika, kuyandama. Kudyetsa nsapato za ciliates ikuchitika ndikusungunula khoma la cell la wozunzidwayo. Kanemayo amawonekera pamalo omwe amakhudzana ndi mahema. Poyamba, wogwiridwayo, monga lamulo, amagwidwa ndi njira imodzi. Zolemba zina "kuyandikira patebulo lomwe laikidwa kale."

Ciliary centiates mawonekedwe nsapato Amadyetsa nyama zam'madzi, amazigwira ndi kamwa. Kuchokera pamenepo, chakudya chimalowa m'mphepete kenako ndikugaya chakudya. Imakhazikika pa "khosi" lahatchi, ndikuyichotsa mphindi zochepa zilizonse. Pambuyo pake, vacuole imadutsa mosakhalitsa kumbuyo kwa akatswiri.Paulendowu, zakudya zopindulitsa zomwe zimagwidwa ndi cytoplasm. Zinyalala zimaponyedwa mu ufa. Bowo ndi lofanana ndi anal.

Achulewo amakhalanso ndi cilia pakamwa pawo. Kuyendayenda, amapanga kutuluka. Imanyamula tinthu tating'onoting'ono mkamwa. Pamene chimbale chotsegulira chakudya chikaphika chakudya, chimapangira kapisozi watsopano. Amalowanso khosi, amalandira chakudya. Njirayi ndi yoyambira. Potentha kutentha kwa ma ciliates, ndipo izi ndi pafupifupi 15 digiri Celsius, chimbudzi chimbudzi chimapangidwa mphindi ziwiri zilizonse. Izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa nsapato.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Infusoria nsapato mu chithunzi zitha kukhala zowonjezera nthawi 2 kuposa muyezo. Uku sikuti ndikunamizira. Mfundo yake ndi mawonekedwe a unicellular kubereka. Pali mitundu iwiri ya machitidwe:

1. Zogonana. Potere, ma ciliates awiri amaphatikizika pambali yakumaso. Chipolopolo chikutha apa. Likukhalira mlatho wolumikiza. Mwa ichi, maselo amasintha minofu. Zazikulu zimasungunuka kwathunthu, pomwe zazing'ono zimagawanika kawiri. Atatu mwa zomwe zimachitika kuti asokonezeke. Zina zimagawidwanso. Timalingaliro awiriwo amaloledwa kulowa m'chipinda choyandikana nacho. Ma organelles awiri amatulukanso. Mu malo okhazikika, amodzi mwa iwo amasinthidwa kukhala pachimake chachikulu.
2. Zabwino. Mwanjira ina yotchedwa kugawanika. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimagawika pawiri. Selo limagawika. Likukhalira awiri. Iliyonse yokhala ndi nyukiliya yathunthu ndi pang'ono pokha ma organelles ena. Samagawika, amagawidwa pakati pa maselo omwe angopangika kumene. Ma organoids omwe amasowa amapangidwa maselo atasiyidwa wina ndi mnzake.

Monga mukuwonera, pakubala, kuchuluka kwa othandizira kumakhalabe chimodzimodzi. Izi zimatchedwa conjugation. Pali kusinthana kwa chidziwitso cha majini. Chiwerengero cha maselo chimakhala chofanana, koma zosavuta ndizokhazokha. Kusinthanitsa ma genetic kumapangitsa kuti cliates ikhale yopindulitsa. Chifukwa chake, nsapato zimatembenukira pakubala pakumakhala koyipa.

Mikhalidwe ikakhala yovuta, unicellular cysts mawonekedwe. Kuchokera ku Greek lachigiriki lalimasuliridwa kuti "bubble". The ciliates ndi wothinikizidwa, kukhala ozungulira ndi wokutidwa ndi wandiweyani chipolopolo. Zimateteza thupi ku zinthu zoipa zomwe zimachitika. Nthawi zambiri, nsapato zimavutika ndi kupukuta kunja kwa madzi.

Kubalana kwa ciliates

Mikhalidwe ikakhala yabwino, ma cysts amawongola. Amphaka amatenga mawonekedwe awo. Poyenda, ma ciliates amatha kufika kwa miyezi ingapo. Thupi lili ngati mtundu wa hibernation. Kupezeka kwa nsapato zotere kumatenga milungu ingapo. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu limagawana kapena kulemeretsa maziko ake.

Khalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo zimapangitsa nsapato

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timakhala tikuyenda ngati mafunde, timathamanga pafupifupi mamilimita awiri ndi theka pamphindi, zomwe zolengedwa zopanda pakezi zimatalika thupi mpaka 5-10.

Kusuntha kwa centiates Amayenda kumapeto kwake, pomwe amayang'ana kutembenukira kumbali yakumaso.

Nsapatoyo, ndikuyigwedeza miyendo ndi miyendo ya cilia ndikuyibweza m'malo mwake, imagwiranso ntchito ngati ziwombo m'boti. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa kusinthaku kumakhala ndi pafupipafupi kangapo katatu kwa sekondi imodzi.

Ponena za nsapato zamkati mwa nsapato, gawo lalikulu la ciliates limaphatikizidwa ndi metabolism, kayendedwe, kupuma ndi zakudya, ndipo wocheperako ndi amene amachititsa kuti pakhale kubereka.

Kupumira kwa zolengedwa zosavuta izi kumachitika motere: mpweya umalowa mu cytoplasm kudzera mu mawonekedwe a thupi, pomwe, mothandizidwa ndi chinthuchi, zinthu zopanda chilengedwe zimaphatikizidwa ndikupanga mpweya wambiri, madzi ndi zinthu zina.

Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, mphamvu imapangidwa, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma microorganism moyo wake wonse. Kupatula apo, mpweya woipa wa kaboni umachotsedwa mu cell kudzera pamtunda.

Ganizirani nsapato, monga selo yamoyo tating'ono kwambiri, imakhala ndi kuthekera kwa zinthu zazing'onoting'ono izi poyankha chilengedwe: mphamvu zamakina ndi zamankhwala, chinyezi, kutentha ndi kuwala.

Kumbali ina, amayamba kusunthira mabakiteriya kuti akwaniritse moyo wawo ndi thanzi, koma mbali inayo, zovuta zoyipazi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma ciliates tiziwatalikirana nawo.

Nsapato zimayankhanso ndimadzi amchere, omwe amakhala akuthamanga kupuma pantchito, koma mokondweretsa amasunthira kutentha ndi kuwala, koma mosiyana zonyansa, nsapato ya infusoria zakale kwambiri motero kuti alibe maso ochititsa chidwi.

Habitat, kapangidwe ndi kayendedwe

Nsapato za ciliates zimakhala m'malo osaya. Nyama yodziwika bwino iyi, 0,5 mm kutalika kwake imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, kamene kamakumbukira nsapato. Infusoria amakhala akuyenda mokhazikika, akusambira ndikumapeto kowoneka bwino. Kuthamanga kwa nyamayi kumafikira 2,5 mm pa sekondi. Pamwamba pa thupi ali ndi ma organelles oyenda - cilia. Pali ma nuclei awiri mu cell: nyukiliya yayikulu ndiyo imayendetsa zakudya, kupuma, kuyenda, kagayidwe kazinthu, ndipo maukono ang'onoang'ono amatenga nawo gawo pazakugonana.

Kapangidwe ka michere

Thupi la ma ciliates ndilovuta kwambiri. Mbali yochepa thupi yotsekera centiator kuchokera kunja imakhalabe ndi thupi. Ma ulusi ochirikiza bwino opangidwa, omwe amapezeka mu cytoplasm wosanjikiza moyandikana ndi membrane, amathandizira izi. Pafupifupi pafupifupi 15,000 a cilia opatsa chidwi omwe ali pamwamba pa thupi la ciliates. Pansi pa cilium iliyonse pamakhala poyambira. Kuyenda kwa cilia iliyonse kumakhala ndi kuloza kolowera mbali imodzi komanso pang'onopang'ono, yosalala kuti ibwere momwe idayambira. Cilia amasinthasintha pafupifupi nthawi 30 pamphindi imodzi, monga mafuta opangira, kukankhira ciliator kutsogolo. Kuyenda-ngati mafunde kwa cilia kumakhala kosasunthika. Ziphuphu zikayandama, zimayenda mozungulira pang'onopang'ono kuzungulira khomo lalitali la thupi.

Maonekedwe a nsapato za ciliates

Chifukwa chofanana ndi nsapato za akazi okhaokha, mtundu uwu wa ma ciliates wapeza dzina lachiwiri - "nsapato". Kapangidwe kazinthu kameneka kamakhala kosasintha ndipo sikasintha ndi kukula kapena zina. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi cilia yaying'ono, lofanana ndi euglena flagella. Modabwitsa, pali pafupifupi 10,000 a ma cilia awa pa aliyense! Ndi chithandizo chawo, khungu limayenda m'madzi ndikugwira chakudya.

Nsapato ya infusoria, kapangidwe kake komwe kamadziwika kwambiri kuchokera pamabuku a biology, sikuwoneka ndi maso amaliseche. Ma ciliates ndizinthu zazing'ono kwambiri zopanda unicellular, koma mwakuchulukitsa kwakukulu zimatha kuwoneka popanda zida zokulitsa. M'madzi amatope, amaoneka ngati madontho oyera oyera osasunthika.

Kusankha

Mthupi la ma ciliates, nsapatozo ndi ziwiri zopangira contractile, zomwe zimakhala kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa thupi. Amatunga madzi ndi zinthu zosungunuka zomwe zimapangidwa nthawi ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni a michere yovuta. Popeza ndafika pamlingo wofunikira, vaccinles contractile amayandikira pamwamba pa thupi, ndipo zomwe zili mkati zimatsanulira. M'madzi oyera nyama zatsopano kudzera mu vaccintile vaccinles, madzi ochulukirapo amachotsedwa, ndikulowa mthupi lawo kuchokera kwachilengedwe.

Kusakwiya

Nsapato za infusoria zimasonkhana kuti zisonkhanitse mabakiteriya chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi iwo, koma amayandama kutali ndi zinthu zopanda pake monga mchere wa patebulo.

Zosakhumudwitsa ndi chuma cha zinthu zonse zofunika kuzichita pazomwe zimayambitsa - kupepuka, kutentha, chinyezi, mankhwala, kupanikizika kwa zinthu. Chifukwa cha kusakwiya, nyama zamtundu umodzi zimapewa zovuta, kupeza chakudya, anthu azaka zawo.

Kubalana kwa ciliates

Nsapato za ciliates zimachulukana pogawa. Pafupifupi kamodzi patsiku, ma nuclei, akulu ndi ang'ono, omwe amasiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, amatambasulidwa ndikugawika pawiri. Mwa aliyense watsopano, pachimake pabwino ndi katemera imodzi yotsalira. Lachiwiri limapangidwa maola ochepa. Kamangidwe kalikonse ka nsapato ndizofanana ndi kholo.

M'magawo omwe adagawika kambiri, zochitika monga kubereka zimawonedwa. Anthu awiri amalumikizana. Mkati mwa cell yayikulu yomwe ikubwera, kuphulika kwa nyukiliya ndi kusinthana kwa chromosome kumachitika. Akamaliza kupanga njira yovuta ngati imeneyi, ma ciliates amatha. Chiwerengero cha anthu ochokera pamenepa sichikuwonjezeka, koma amakhala othandizika pakusintha zakunja.

Kapangidwe kake ndi nsapato za nsapato sizodalira zinthu zakunja. Nsapato zonse zimawoneka chimodzimodzi, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana komanso kukula kwake, mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu ziliri. Zochita zofunikira zimachitikanso monga momwe zinachitikira. Kutentha ndi kuwala kokha ndizofunikira. Othandizira amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwa kuwala. Mutha kuyesa pang'ono: chititsani khungu chotengera momwe akhalamo, kusiya zenera lowala pang'ono. Mu maola angapo, anthu onse amakokedwa kudzenje ili. Komanso ciliates amazindikira kusintha ndi kutentha. Akatsika mpaka 15 ° C, nsapato zimasiya kudyetsa ndikuchulukitsa, ndikugwera ngati mtundu wa makanema oimitsidwa.

Zabwino

Infusoria nthawi zambiri amaberekanso mosiyanasiyana - kugawa pawiri. Ma nuclei agawidwa m'magawo awiri, ndipo mu ciliator iliyonse yatsopano mumakhala gawo lalikulu ndi limodzi laling'ono. Iliyonse mwa mabungwe awiriwo amalandira gawo la ma organelles, pomwe enawo amapangidwanso mwatsopano.

Zogonana

Ndikusowa kwa chakudya kapena kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ma ciliates amasunthira ku kubereka, kenako amatha kusintha ngati cyst.

Panthawi yogonana, kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ena sikuchitika. Ziphuphu ziwiri zimalumikizana kwakanthawi. Pa nthawi yolumikizirana, chigombachi chimasungunuka ndikumalumikiza mlatho pakati pa nyama. Pakatikati pa ciliator iliyonse chimazimiririka. Pakatikati yaying'ono imagawidwa kawiri. Pa ciliator iliyonse, anai aakazi aane amapangidwa. Atatu aiwo awonongedwa, ndipo wachinayi wagawidwanso. Zotsatira zake, masamba awiri amakhalapobe. Kusinthana kwa ma nuclei kumachitika motsatira mlatho wa cytoplasmic, ndipo pomwepo zimaphatikizana ndi ma nucleus otsala. Nsiyi yomwe yangopangika kumeneyo imapanga nambala yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, ndipo ma ciliates amasiyanasiyana. Kugonana kumeneku kumatchedwa conjugation. Zimatha pafupifupi maola 12. Kugonana kumayambitsa kukonzanso, kusinthana pakati pa anthu ndi kugawaniza zachilengedwe (majini), zomwe zimakulitsa mphamvu ya zinthu.