Dokowe woyera ndi mnansi wamba wa anthu. Zisa zake zazikulu zimatha kuwoneka m'midzi ndi m'midzi osati pamtunda wa mitengo yayikulu, komanso pamadenga a nyumba. Koma wachibale wake wosowa kwambiri - “mbulu wakuda” si munthu, sizovuta kupeza zisa zake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira.
Komwe kumakhala
Mtunduwu umapezeka ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita Kumwera Primorye komanso pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Amur, kumamatira kumpoto mpaka gawo la 61, kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa China. Amakhazikika ku South Africa. Kuphika nyengo yachisanu kwa agulu akuda omwe amakhala ku Eurasia amapezeka ku Africa, China ndi India. Ku Russia, chisa chokha
2300-2500 awiriawiri a mbulu wakuda. Kuyambira nthawi yozizira, aguluguwe akuda amayenda kupita ku sitamu ya magetsi mu Epulo - Meyi woyamba.
Dokowe wakuda amakonda kuuluka
Nthawi zambiri, mbawala yakuda imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri komanso zamapiri zomwe zimamera m'zigwa za mitsinje yambiri, komwe kuli madambo, madambo komanso madzi osaya. Pafupipafupi, imapezeka m'malo otseguka ndi magulu amtundu wa mitengo kapena miyala. Mbalame zimapewa malo okhala anthu; pokhapokha ngati zimadyedwa zimatha kupezeka malo anthropogenic.
Zikuwoneka bwanji
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri (mapiko ofika mpaka 2 m) yokhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi khosi lalitali. Zambiri mwa zofunikira za mbalamezi zimakhala zakuda ndi utoto wofiirira kapena wamtambo wamtundu wakuda, mbali yotsika yokha ya thupi ndi yoyera. Mlomo, khungu lamaliseche mozungulira maso ndi miyendo ndi ofiira. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo, mu unyinji wazinthu zimakhala zofiirira, wopanda chitsulo chosiririka.
Mlomo ndi khungu kuzungulira maso a dokowe wakuda ndi wofiyira
Dokowe wakuda amangokhala chete, nthawi yakukhwima yokha imatha kumva mawu ake: "chifuwa" chofuula, kufuula kopweteka, phokoso lomveka ngati "chelin", komanso kuwomba mkamwa.
Moyo Wathupi Wathupi
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame yobisalira komanso yochenjera. Komabe, kupezeka kwake kulibe zovuta kudziwa, chifukwa mbalameyi imakonda kuwuluka m'malo a chisa, nthawi zina imakwera pamalo okwera kwambiri.
Kunyamuka kumka kumadera a nyengo yachisanu kumayambira mu Ogasiti ndipo kumatha mpaka nthawi yophukira. Paulendo wa pandege, abuluu akuda amasungidwa ochepa kapena mabanja, nthawi zina amapanga timagulu tambiri mbalame 50. Nyengo ku Africa. Atafika, cha kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, agulugufe amayamba kupanga chisa. Amapanga chisa osati kumtunda, koma pambali za mtengo, pafupifupi 2 mita kuchokera pachimtengo. Chosayandikira 6 km kuchokera wina ndi mnzake.
Mlomo ndi khungu kuzungulira maso a dokowe wakuda
Malo odyetserako kachilombo akuda ndi osiyanasiyana: minda ya mpunga, malo onyowa, malo osambira, m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chakudya chomwe Stork amakonda kwambiri ndi nsomba, njoka, abuluzi ndi achule, koma sangakane tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso ma arthropod ena. Pali nkhani yodziwika ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha pamene m'modzi mwa makolo adabweretsa achule 48 kwa anapiye awo nthawi imodzi.
Njoka zodziwika bwino komanso zamiyala, njoka zingapo zimatha kulimbana ndi anapiye.
Kuswana
Monga nthumwi zina zochokera kuchotsekerachi, mbalame yakuda ndi mbalame yodontha. Mbalame zimabwereranso chisa chawo chaka ndi chaka. Mbidzi zakuda nthawi zambiri zimamanga zisa zazikulu (mpaka 1.5 mamilimita) pamitengo yayikulu kapena pachitetezo chachikulu pamitengo yayitali. Pamalo opondera, mbalame zakuluzikulu zakuda zimayala pathanthwe. Amamanga zisa kuchokera m'nthambi komanso nthambi zazitali, zomwe ndizazikulu kwambiri mpaka mbalamezi sizitha kuthana nazo. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mazira 3-5. Amuna ndi akazi, m'malo mwa wina ndi mnzake, incubate clutch kwa masabata 4.5-6. Pomwe anapandawo ali ang'ono, m'modzi mwa makolowo amakhala chisa nthawi zonse, pomwe winayo akutanganidwa kusaka chakudya.
Nkhuku zimabadwa zofooka, zimakutidwa ndi khungu laimvi
Masiku 10 oyamba, makanda amatha kunama. Pakangopita miyezi iwiri kuchokera pamene mazira agwera, anapiyewo amadzuka. Amatha kuyamba kubereka pawokha wazaka 3.
Wolemba Red Book of Russia
Mu Red Book of Russia, mbulu wakuda amapatsidwa gawo lachitatu losungira monga mitundu yosowa, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumayamba kuchepa. Mu 1960s, adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kunachepetsedwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa organochlorine paulimi pafupi ndi malo omwe pali chithaphwi. Komabe, zifukwa zenizeni zakuchepera kwa chiwerengerozi sizinakhazikitsidwebe.
Chifukwa chiyani kalekale amalemekeza maudzu?
Osati mu zakale zokha, komabe anthu amalemekeza mbalame zokongola - agwada, kuwapatsa mitundu yambiri, nthawi zina yaumunthu. Amakhulupirira kuti dokowe, akudya mikanda, achule ndi njoka, amatha kuyeretsa dziko lapansi ndi mizimu yoyipa nawo. Mwakutero, anthu omwe padenga lawo dokowe amapanga chisa nthawi zonse amasamalira mosamala ndipo sawononga konse. M'mayiko ena, dokowe amatengedwa kuti ndi woyera wabanja chifukwa mbalamezi nthawi zonse zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri ndipo ndi odekha kwambiri, kuyesa kupewa nsanje ndi kuperekana. Ana agalu amasamala ana awo, komanso makolo awo, sasangalala, chifukwa ku Greece wakale mbalamezi zinali zisonyezo za chikondi chaubale.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a chinzonono
Kuchokera kwa abale ena onse, izi zimasiyana m'mitundu yoyambirira ya nthenga. Mbali yakumwambayo ya thupi lake yokutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda zomwe zimakhala zobiriwira komanso zofiyira. Gawo lotsika ndi loyera. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yoposa kukula.
Kutalika kwake kumafika mpaka 110 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 3 makilogalamu. Mapiko a mbalame yokhala ndi utoto wokhala ndi pafupifupi masentimita 150 mpaka 155. Mbalame yofowoka imakhala ndi miyendo yayitali, khosi komanso mulomo. Miyendo ndi mlomo ndizofiyira. Chipewa chovekedwa ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino komanso zamkati, zomwe zimakhala ngati kolala ya ubweya.
Maso amakongoletsa zolemba zofiira. Palibe njira yosiyanitsira mkazi ndi wamwamuna; palibe zizindikiro zakusiyana kwawo. Amuna okha ndiakulu. Koma achichepere dokowe wakuda kuchokera okhwima amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira maso.
Kwa achinyamata ndi imvi. Chidacho chikakula, mbalamezi zimayamba kukula kwambiri. Zomwezi zimachitikanso ndi maula. Mwa anthu achinyamata zimatha. Ndi m'badwo, maula amapeza gloss yambiri ndi tasgation.
Pakadali pano pali agulu ochepa. Gawo lonse lalikulu laomwe amasamukira sakwanitsa kupitirira 5000 a mbalamezi. Imodzi mwa ziphezi kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka kuti ndi zakuda.
Zomwe izi zimachitikira sizikudziwikabe, chifukwa mbalameyi m'chilengedwe ilibe adani. Kukula kwake kodabwitsa kumawopa adani ang'onoang'ono, ndipo imatha kuthawa akuluakulu.
Kuwonetsera kosangalatsa kwa kusamalira ana awo, mbalamezi zimawonetsa panthawi yanthawi yotentha kwambiri. Pakakhala kotentha mosakhazikika mumsewu, ndipo, motero, mu chisa cha mbalame, amawaza mbalame zangobadwa kumene ndi chisa chonse ndi madzi. Chifukwa chake, amatha kutsika kutentha.
Wolemba Kufotokozera kwa dokowe wakuda mutha kudziwa kukongola ndi kukongola konse kwa mbalameyi. Iwo omwe anali ndi mwayi m'moyo weniweni kuti awone chozizwitsa ichi mwachilengedwe adakumbukira kale mphindi iyi ndi zotengeka. Chisomo komanso kuphweka nthawi yomweyo muzinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri zitha kuwoneka komanso chojambulidwa chakuda.
Kuchokera kuzowonera zidadziwika kuti azitsamba oyera ndi akuda ziyankhulo zosiyanasiyana, motero samamvetsana. Mu malo amodzi, adayesetsa kuphatikiza dokowe wamwamuna wakuda ndi mzungu wamkazi. Palibe chomwe chidabwera pa izi. Chifukwa chake, monga mitunduyi ili ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri ya chibwenzi munyengo yamatumba, ndipo ziyankhulo zosiyanasiyana zakhala cholepheretsa ichi.
Habitat ndi moyo wa dokowe wakuda
Dera lonse la Europe ndi malo okhala mbalamezi. Mbalame yakuda imakhala m'malo ena, kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Zidadziwika kuti nthawi yakuswana, mbalamezi zimawonedwa pafupi ndi zitunda zakumpoto. M'nyengo yozizira, amawulukira kumayiko a Asia ndi Central Africa.
Russia imakopanso chidwi ndi mbalame zabwinozi. Amatha kuwoneka onse m'gawo loyandikana ndi Nyanja ya Baltic, komanso gawo la Far East. Primorye imadziwika kuti ndi malo awo omwe amawakonda kwambiri.
Ambiri mwa agulu akuda ali ku Belarus. Mbalamezi ndizokonda kwambiri nkhalango yam'madzi, mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje, kutali ndi malo okhala anthu. Malo oterowo ku Belarus.
Mbidzi zakuda zamanyazi sizabwino kungokhala kumeneko, komanso kubereka ana awo. Kuti nthawi yozizira ikhale bwino, ayenera kupita kumayiko ofunda. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera kwa Africa sikufunika ndege. Kuzindikira komanso kusamala mu maudzu akuda omwe adayikidwa pachiyambi.
Sakonda kusokonezedwa. Mwamwayi, masiku ano pali zida zambiri zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chomwe mungayang'anire mbalame ndi nyama popanda kuziwopseza kutali popanda kukopa chidwi chawo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Estonia, kuti aphunzire bwino za moyo wa aguluguwe akuda, masamba ama intaneti adayikidwa m'malo ena.
Ndizosangalatsa kuwona mbalameyo ikuuluka. Khosi lake limakoka kutsogolo, pomwe miyendo yake yayitali imakhomekeka kumbuyo. Monga mbawala zoyera, zakuda nthawi zambiri zimangoyenda mkati mwa mapiko ndi mapiko otambalala komanso mawonekedwe omasuka. Kuuluka kwawo kumayendera limodzi ndi kukuwa koyambirira kutifikira ngati tsabola.
Mverani mawu a dokowe wakuda
Pakusamukira, mbalame zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali, mpaka 500 km. Kuti awoloke nyanja, amasankha madera awo ochepera. Sakonda kuuluka pamwamba pa nyanja nthawi yayitali.
Pachifukwa ichi, oyendetsa sitimayi samatha kuwona akhungu akuda akuyenda pamwamba pa nyanja. Kuti awoloke chipululu cha Sahara, amakhala pafupi ndi gombe.
Zaka khumi zomaliza za Ogasiti zimadziwika ndi kuyamba kwa kusuntha kwa agulu akuda kulowera kumwera. Pakati pa Marichi, mbalame zimabwerera kwawo. Poona chinsinsi cha mbalamezi, sizidziwika kwenikweni momwe zimakhalira.
Mbawala zakuda zimakonda kudya zopangidwa kale. Nsomba yaying'ono, achule, tizilombo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zina ngakhale zokwawa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina, amatha kudya zakudya zam'madzi. Kuti adzipetse chakudya, mbalamezi nthawi zina zimapambana mpaka 10 km. Kenako abwerera kuchisa.
Mitundu ya Storks
Mwachilengedwe, muli mitundu 18 ya agalu. Amatha kupezeka paliponse. Oimira otsatirawa amatengedwa ngati odziwika kwambiri komanso otchuka:
- White Stork Imatha kutalika mpaka 1m. Mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga zoyera-zakuda. Poyerekeza ndi maziko awa, miyendo ndi mulomo wofiirira wokhala ndi utoto wokhala ndi kusiyanasiyana. Zala za miyendo zimalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna alibe kusiyana kwakukulu. Akazi okhaokha ndiocheperako pang'ono. Mbalame zilibe zingwe zolankhula. Palibe mawu omwe amveka kuchokera kwa iwo konse.
M'chithunzichi pali chinzungu choyera
- Far East Stork sizimasiyananso ndi zoyera, Kumpoto Kakutali kokha ndi kokulirapo ndipo mulomo wake ndi wakuda. Mbalame izi zachilengedwe zikucheperachepera, palibenso anthu opitilira 1000.
Far East Stork
- Dokowe wakuda monga tanena kale, ili ndi maula akuda pamtunda wakumbuyo komanso loyera pansi. Miyendo ndi mlomo wake ndi wofiyira. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zingwe zake zomveka, dokowe amapanga mawu osangalatsa.
M'chithunzichi pali chinzake chakuda
- Mlomo wankhandwe amatenga imodzi ya mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zamtunduwu. Malo ozungulira maso a mbalame yopanda fluff ndi ofiira. Mlomo wake umawerama, umakhala ndi lalanje. M'mapulogalamu akuda ndi oyera, mafunde apinki amawonekera bwino pa thupi la mulomo.
Pa chithunzichi, dokowe mkamwa
- Marabu mwamtheradi palibe zofunikira kumutu. Kuphatikiza apo, chinkhanira cha marabou chimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo waukulu.
Marabou Stork
- Chumba chotseguka. Nthenga zake zakuda ndi zoyera zimayera ndi zobiriwira. Mlomo wake ndi waukulu, wobiriwira.
Chumba
Mawonekedwe
Makhalidwe akunja ali pafupifupi ofanana kwathunthu ndi mawonekedwe a abulu wamba. Kupatula maula akuda. Mthunzi wakuda umakhala kumbuyo, mapiko, mchira, mutu, chifuwa. Mu mithunzi yoyera amapentedwa pamimba ndi mkati mwa mkanjo. Nthawi yomweyo, mwa akulu, maula amapeza utoto wonyezimira, wofiyira komanso wachitsulo.
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Malo amapangika mozungulira maso popanda zofunikira za utoto wowala bwino. Mlomo ndi miyendo imakhalanso ndi tint yofiyira. Mutu, khosi ndi chifuwa cha achinyamata zimavala zofiirira zokhala ndi nsonga zofiirira za nthenga. Monga lamulo, anthu akuluakulu amafika masentimita 80-110. Akazi amalemera kuchokera ku 2.7 mpaka 3 makilogalamu, pomwe amuna amalemera kuchokera ku 2.8 mpaka 3.2 kg. Kutalika kwa mapiko kungafike mita 1.85 - 2.1.
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Kusonyeza mawu okwera. Zimamveka zofanana ndi tsabola. Sitha kusweka ndi mulomo wake, ngati mzungu. Komabe, aguluguwe akuda amakhala ndi phokoso phokoso pang'ono. Pothawa mumalira mofuula. Chisa sichikhala chete. Pa nthawi yakukhwima, imapanga mawu ofanana ndi mawu okweza. Anapiye amakhala ndi mawu amwano komanso osasangalatsa.
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Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Dokowe wakuda amakonda kudya anthu okhala m'madzi: tating'ono tating'ono, nyama zopanda nyama ndi nsomba. Kuzama sikusaka. Imadyera pamadzi ndi m'madziwe. M'nyengo yozizira, imatha kudya makoswe, tizilombo. Nthawi zina, amalanda njoka, abuluzi ndi anyani.
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Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Black Stork
Banja la dokowe limakhala ndi genera zingapo m'magulu atatu: ma storks amtundu (Mycteria ndi Anastomus), aguluguwa akuluakulu (Ephippiorhynchus, Jabiru ndi Leptoptilos) ndi "agulu wamba", Ciconia. Tizilombo tambiri timaphatikizidwe ndi tinsomba toyera ndi mitundu 6 yomwe ilipo. Pakati pa mtundu wa Ciconia, abale apafupi kwambiri a dokowe wakuda ndi mitundu ina ya ku Europe + dokowe woyera ndi mabungwe ake akale, dokowe yoyera yakum'mawa ku Asia ndi mlomo wakuda.
Kanema: Tsamba Yakhungu
Wachilengedwe waku England, a Francis Willoughby, anali woyamba kufotokoza kagwada wakuda m'zaka za zana la 17 pomwe adamuwona ku Frankfurt. Adatcha mbalameyo Ciconia nigra, kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti "dokowe" ndi "wakuda", motsatana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu yambiri yomwe anafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazowona za nyama ku Sweden a Carl Linnaeus ku Systema Naturae, komwe mbalameyi idapatsidwa dzina la Aromea nigra. Patatha zaka ziwiri, katswiri wazowona za nyama ku France, dzina lake Jacques Brisson, adasamutsa chitsa chakuda ku genic Ciconia yatsopano.
Dokowe wakuda ndi membala wamtundu wa Ciconia, kapena mtundu wa agulu wamba. Ili ndi gulu la mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yowonjezera yomwe ili ndi milomo yolunjika komanso makamaka yakuda ndi yoyera. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti chithaphwi chakuda chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chinzomba choyera (C. ciconia). Komabe, kuwunika kwachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kwa DNA ndi mitochondrial DNA ya cytochrome b, kochitidwa ndi Beth Slikas, kunawonetsa kuti dokowe wakuda anali woyamba kuphukira mu mtundu wa Ciconia. Mabwinja adazipezanso kuchokera ku Miocene wosanjikiza kuzilumba za Roussing ndi Maboko ku Kenya, zomwe sizosiyana ndi zifaniziro zoyera ndi zakuda.
Kodi mbulu wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Black Stork kuchokera ku Red Book
Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapeza chakudya zikaimirira m'madzi mapiko akufalikira. Amayenda mwakachetechete mitu yawo itawerama kuti awone nyama. Dokowe wakuda akaona chakudya, amaponyera mutu wake patsogolo, ndikugwira ndi mlomo wautali. Ngati pali nyama yoti ilibe, agulu akuda amakonda kusaka okha. Magulu amakhazikitsidwa kuti atengerepo mwayi pazakudya zambiri.
Zakudya za adokowe wakuda zimaphatikizapo:
Nthawi yakuswana, nsomba zimapanga gawo lalikulu la zakudya. Zimathanso kudyetsa anyani, nkhanu, nthawi zina nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, komanso ma invertebrates monga nkhono, nyongolotsi, ma mollusks ndi tizilombo monga kafadala wamadzi ndi mphutsi zake.
Chakudya chimapezeka m'madzi oyera, pomwe nthawi zina mbalame yakuda imasakabe chakudya pamtunda. Mbalameyo imayenda modutsa m'madzi osaya, kuyesa kubisala ndi mapiko ake.Ku India, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa zowerengeka zamtundu wosakanizidwa ndi dimba loyera (C. ciconia), stork-wamakhosi oyera (C. episcopus), Demoiselle crane (G. virgo) ndi goose Mountain (A. chizindikiro). Dokowe wakuda amatsatiranso nyama zazikulu monga agwape ndi ziweto, zomwe zimafunikira kudya ma invertebrates ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Black Stork
Wodziwika chifukwa chokhala modekha komanso mobisa, C. nigra ndi mbalame yowonetsetsa kwambiri, kuyesetsa kuti asakhale kutali ndi malo okhala ndi anthu kapena zochitika zina zilizonse. Anapiye akuda ali okha kunja kwa nyengo yakubzala. Ndi mbalame yosamukira komwe imagwira ntchito masana.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mbawala zakuda zimayenda pansi mothamanga kwambiri. Amakhala nthawi zonse ndikuimirira, nthawi zambiri pamwendo umodzi. Mbalamezi ndi “oyendetsa ndege” abwino kwambiri akuwuluka m'malere pamafunde ofunda. Mlengalenga, amagwira mitu yawo pansi pamzere wa thupi, natambasulira makosi awo kutsogolo. Kuphatikiza pa kusamukira, C. nigra siziwuluka gulu.
Monga lamulo, zimachitika zokhazokha kapena ziwiriawiri kapena mbalame za mbalame zana pakasamukira kapena nthawi yozizira. Dokowe wakuda amakhala ndi zizindikilo zambiri pamitundu ikuluikulu kuposa chinzonthi choyera. Phokoso lake lalikulu lomwe amapanga lili ngati mpweya. Ndikumveketsa mawu ngati chenjezo kapena kuwopseza. Amuna akuwonetsa mokweza mawu osiyanasiyana omwe amachititsa kuti mawu azikhala ocheperako, kenako mawu ocheperako amachepetsa. Akuluakulu amatha kugunda milomo yawo ngati ndi mwambo wamphwayi kapena wokwiya.
Poyendetsa thupi la mbalameyo, amayesa kulumikizana ndi ziwalo zina zamtunduwu. Dokowe limayika thupi lake mozungulira ndipo limakhazikika m'mutu mpaka m'munsi, mpaka 30 °, ndikubwerera, ndikuwunikira magawo ake oyera, ndipo izi zimabwerezedwa kangapo. Kusunthaku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati moni pakati pa mbalame ndi - mwamphamvu - ngati chowopseza. Komabe, kupezeka kwazokha kwamtunduwu kumatanthauza kuti kuwopseza sikochepa.
Kufotokozera kwa dokowe wakuda
Thupi lakumwamba limadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi maonekedwe obiriwira komanso odekha. M'munsi mwa thupi, nthenga za nthenga zimakhala zoyera. Mbalame yachikulire ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yopatsa chidwi kukula. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa dokowe wakuda ndi 1.0-1.1 m ndi kulemera kwa thupi kwa 2.8-3.0 kg. Mapiko a mbalame amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa 1.50-1.55 m.
Mbalame yocheperako komanso yokongola imasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yofewa, khosi lokongola komanso mulomo wautali. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi zofiira. Pachifuwa pali nthenga zazingwe ndi zodukiza, zokumbutsa ndale za ubweya. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi "kuyamwa" kwa nkhumba zakuda, chifukwa chosowa syrinx, ndilopanda maziko, koma mtunduwu umakhala chete kwambiri kuposa mbawala zoyera.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Agulugufe akuda adadziwika ndi dzina chifukwa cha maonekedwe anyani, ngakhale kuti nthenga za nthenga za mbalameyi zimakhala ndi mitundu yoyera kwambiri kuposa kuwala.
Zodzikongoletsera m'maso ndi mawonekedwe ofiira. Zachikazi kwa abambo zimasiyana mosiyana mawonekedwe. Chodabwitsa cha mbalame yaying'onoyo ndi chithunzi, malo obiriwira obiriwira oyandikira kuzungulira maso, komanso tsambalo pang'ono lomwe linazimiririka. Ana agulu akuda ali ndi nthenga zambiri zokhala ndi kunyezimira. Kukhetsa kumachitika chaka chilichonse, kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi-June.
Komabe, ndi mbalame yobisa komanso yosamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake, mbalame yamakedzana siyimvetsetseka bwino pakadali pano. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, malinga ndi data yolumikiza, mbulu wakuda amatha kupulumuka zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. M'ndende, zolembedwa mwalamulo, komanso zaka 31 zaka.
Habitat, malo okhala
Mbidzi zakuda zimakhala kuthengo kwamayiko a ku Europe. M'dziko lathu, mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka m'derali kuchokera ku Far East kupita ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Anthu ena ambiri a dokowe wakuda amakhala kumwera kwa Russia, madera okhala nkhalango ku Dagestan komanso Stavropol Territory.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri chimawonedwa mu Primorsky Territory. Nyengo yachisanu, mbalame zimakhala kumwera kwa Asia. Anthu ambiri amakhala ku South Africa. Malinga ndikuwona, pakadali pano chiwerengero chachikulu cha adokowe amakhala ku Belarus, koma nyengo yozizira ikayamba, umapita ku Africa.
Mukamasankha malo okhalamo, makondedwewo amaperekedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osayandikira, oimiridwa ndi nkhalango zosamva ndi zakale zomwe zili ndi madambo komanso zipululu, mapiri pansi pafupi ndi dziwe, nyanja zamatchi, mitsinje kapena madambo. Mosiyana ndi nthumwi zina zambiri za ma Ciconiiformes, mbalame zakuda sizimakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Zakudya zonona za wakhungu
Khwangwala wamkulu wakudya amadya, monga lamulo, nsomba, ndipo amagwiritsanso ntchito nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi ndi nyama zopanda nyama kukhala chakudya. Mbalameyi imadyera m'madzi osaya ndi maudzu amadzi, komanso m'malo omwe ali pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nyengo yachisanu, kuphatikiza pazakudya zomwe zili pamwambapa, mbalameyi imadyetsa timiyala tating'ono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pali nthawi zina pamene mbalame zazikulu zimadya njoka, abuluzi ndi anyani.
Adani achilengedwe
Dokowe wakuda alibe adani oopsa omwe amawopseza nyamazo, koma khwangwala imvi ndi mbalame zina zodya zimatha kubera mazira pachisa. Nthabwala zomwe zimasiya mochedwa kwambiri nthawi zina zimaphedwa ndi adani amiyendo yamiyendo inayi, kuphatikiza nkhandwe ndi mmbulu, chimbudzi ndi galu wanyani, komanso marten. Kuwonongedwa kokwanira kwa mbalame zosaka ndi zosaka izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pakadali pano, agulu akuda amalembedwa mu Red Book m'malo monga Russia ndi Belarus, Bulgaria, Tajikistan ndi Uzbekistan, Ukraine ndi Kazakhstan. Mbalameyi imatha kuwoneka pamasamba a Red Book of Mordovia, komanso kumadera a Volgograd, Saratov ndi Ivanovo.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kukhala bwino kwamtunduwu kumadalira zinthu monga chitetezo ndi malo okhala nestotopu. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakuda kumathandizira kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa chakudya, komanso kudula mitengo kwa nkhalango komwe kuli koyenera mbalame zotere. Mwa zina, mdera la Kaliningrad ndi mayiko a Baltic, pofuna kuteteza malo a dokowe wakuda, njira zoyeserera kwambiri zachitika.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tsitsi Lakuda
Ciconia nigra imaswana chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi. Akazi amaikira mazira oyera mpaka atatu mpaka asanu kuti aikemo zisa zazikulu ndi zadothi. Zisawuzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa nyengo zambiri. Nthawi zina makolo amasamalira mbalame kuchokera ku zisa zina, kuphatikiza mazira aang'ono (Ictinaetus malayensis) ndi ena .. Zimakhala zokhazokha, awiriawiri amwazika malo osayang'ana mtunda wa 1 km. Mtunduwu umatha kukhala ndi zisa zamtundu wina wa mbalame, monga chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir kapena nyundo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsanso ntchito zisa m'tsogolo.
Akakhala pachikondwerero, agulu akuda amawonetsa ndege zomwe zimawoneka zapadera pakati pa agulugufe. Mbalame zazikazi zam'madzi zimayendera limodzi, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa chisa m'mawa kapena madzulo. Imodzi mwa mbalamezo imafalitsa michira yake yoyera, ndipo banjali limatchulirana. Ndege zosamalirazi ndizovuta kuziwona chifukwa cha nkhalango zowirira zomwe zimakhala. Chidacho chimamangidwa pamtunda wa mamita 4-25. Nthanthi yakuda imakonda kumanga chisa pamitengo yamitengo yokhala ndi akorona akuluakulu, kuyiyika kutali ndi thunthu.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Dokowe wakuda amafunikira masiku 32 mpaka 38 ndipo mpaka masiku 71 asanaonekere kwachiberekero chaching'ono kuti atambalitse mazira. Akathawa, anapiyewa amadalira makolo awo kwa milungu ingapo. Mbalame zimafika pa kutha msambo zikafika zaka zitatu kapena zisanu.
Amuna ndi akazi amagawana chisamaliro cha m'badwo wachinyamata pamodzi ndikupanga zisa limodzi. Amuna amayang'anitsitsa kumene chisa chizikhala, ndipo amatola timitengo, dothi, ndi udzu. Akazi akumanga chisa. Udindo wa makulitsidwe agona ndi amuna ndi akazi, ngakhale akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala oyambitsa. Kutentha mu chisa kukakhala kwambiri, nthawi zina makolo amabweretsa madzi m'milomo yawo ndikuwawaza mazira kapena anapiye kuti awaziziritse. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa ana. Chakudya chimaphulika pansi chisa, ndipo ana amtendere akuda amadya pansi pa chisa.
Msonda wakhungu
Chithunzi: Black Stork kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuyambira mu 1998, dokowe wakuda wakhala adavotera kuti sikhala pachiwopsezo ndi Red Book Registering Endangered Species (IUCN). Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalamezi zimakhala ndi ma radius ambiri ogawa - oposa 20,000 km² - ndipo chifukwa kuchuluka kwake, malinga ndi asayansi, sikunatsike ndi 30% pazaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu ya mbalame. Chifukwa chake, uku sikukuthanso kokwanira kuti mukhale pachiwopsezo.
Komabe, boma komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu sikumveka bwino, ndipo ngakhale kuti mitunduyo ndi yofala, kuchuluka kwake m'malo ena kuli ndi malire. Ku Russia, chiwerengero cha anthu atsika kwambiri, motero zili mu Red Book mdziko muno. Yalembedzedwanso ku Red Book of Volgograd, Saratov, Ivanovo, Khabarovsk ndi Sakhalin. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi imatetezedwa: Tajikistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Njira zonse zotetezera zachilengedwe zomwe zikufuna kuwonjezera kuchulukana kwa mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ziyenera kuphimba nkhalango zazikulu ndikuyenera kuyang'anira kusamalira bwino mitsinje, kuteteza ndi kusamalira malo odyetserako chakudya, komanso kukonza malo opangira chakudya popanga madamu ang'onoang'ono owumbiramo mitengo yaying'ono. mitsinje
Chochititsa chidwi: Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika ku Estonia adawonetsa kuti kusungidwa kwa mitengo yayitali panthawi yolamulira nkhalango ndikofunikira kuti pakhale malo othandiza pazomera zamtunduwu.
Dokowe wakuda lotetezedwa ndi Pangano Lakusungidwa Kwakagululo la Europeanasi (AEWA) ndi Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES).
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachi Latin - ciconia nigra
Chizungu - mbulu wakuda
Gulu - mbalame (Aves)
Kufikira - ciconiiformes (Ciconiiformes)
Banja - Stork (Ciconiidae)
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame yosowa, yochenjera kwambiri komanso yobisalira. Mosiyana ndi wachibale wake wapamtima - dokowe woyera - nthawi zonse amakhala kutali ndi munthuyo, amakhala m'malo akutali, osafikirika.
Malo osungira
Ngakhale pali mtundu waukulu, dokowe wakuda ndi wa mitundu yosowa kwambiri. Ku Russia, chiwerengero chake chikucheperachepera, malo omwe ali ndi malo abwino okhala zocheperako akucheperachepera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse m'dziko lathu sikupitilira 500 magulu awiri oswana. Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo - Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. Pali mapangano angapo apadziko lonse lapansi oteteza nkhumba zakuda (ndi Japan, Korea, India, China).
Kugawa ndi malo
Mtundu wa dokowe wakuda ndi wamkulu kwambiri. Amagawidwa kuchokera Kum'mawa kwa Yuropu kupita Kum'mawa Kwa Asia, Korea ndi China. Malo osungirako malo osungirako anthu ochepa amakhala ku Peninsula ya Iberia, ku Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, mapiri a Central Asia, ndi Southeast Africa.
Ku Russia, dombo lakuda limagawidwa kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Baltic ndi kudutsa ma Urals kudutsa 60-61 kufanana ndi gawo lonse lakumwera kwa Siberia kupita ku Far East. Pali anthu ena odzipatula ku Chechnya, Dagestan, ndi Stavropol Territory. Chiwerewere chachikulu kwambiri ku Russia chisa ku Primorsky Territory, ndipo unyinji waukulu padziko lapansi umakhala m'malo opezeka nyama zakuthengo ku Zvanets ku Belarus.
Dokowe wakuda amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira zakale kumapiri ndi kumapeto kwa mapiri pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - nyanja zamchere, mitsinje, madambo. Imakwera kumapiri mpaka 2000m.
Maumoyo & Bungwe Lachitukuko
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame yosamukasamuka. Malo ake akuluakulu nthawi yachisanu amakhala m'malo otentha ku Asia ndi Africa. Ku South Africa kokha ndi komwe kuli nkhumba zokhazokha. Amawulukira kumadera akumapeto kwa March-Epulo, kuwuluka mu Seputembala, osakhala magulu akuluakulu osamukira.
Pothawa, dokowe wakuda amatambasulira khosi lake kutsogolo, ndi miyendo - kumbuyo. Ndipo iye, monga mitundu ina ya agulu, nthawi zambiri amawuluka mlengalenga, natambasuka mapiko ake. Mwina mwayi wokha wowona chithaphwi chakuda mwachilengedwe ndi choti chikuuluka pamwamba pa chisa.
Dokowe wakuda, ngati yoyera, samakonda kupereka mawu, koma zithunzi zake "zosinthika" ndizochulukirapo. Pouluka, amalira mokweza, m'malo mokhala khutu, akufuula, ndipo nthawi yakukhwima amamveka mokweza. Komabe, dokowe wakuda yemwe amabadwa akutsokomola amveka ndi kukuwa. Koma imadzala ndi mlomo wake, monga maudzu oyera, ndizosowa kwambiri.
Ana agulu akhungu amangogwira masana.
Moyo ku zoo
Pali agulu awiri akuda omwe amakhala kumalo athu osungira nyama. M'nyengo yotentha, amatha kuwoneka pafupipafupi pafupi ndi nyumba ya mbalame, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala nthawi yambiri m'nyumba. Mu chaka cha 2014 ndi chaka cha 2015, adokowe adabzala bwino, chaka chilichonse amadyetsa anapiye atatu. Ana a mbuna akuluakulu adakhazikika m'makutu awo ndikudyetsa anapiyewo.
Zakudya zanthete zakuda kumalo osungira nyama zimaphatikizapo 350 g nsomba, 350 g ya nyama, mbewa ziwiri ndi achule asanu.
