Alendo obwera kukaona zilumba zotentha komanso zam'malo otetezeka ndi Pacific, Atlantic, nyanja zam'madzi za India zimawombedwa modabwitsa ndi mitengo yomwe korona zake, monga zilumba zobiriwira, zimakwera pamwamba pamadzi. Zikuwoneka kuti mitengoyo idaganiza zochoka pamtunda, kuthawa kuchokera pakanyumba, kutentha, kuterera, kulowa m'madzi akuya. Mitengo iyi imatchedwa mangroves kapena amang mangro.

Kufotokozera Kwambiri

Zoterezi zitha kuonekanso mdziko lathu. M'malo otsika monga mitsinje ya Kuban, Dniester, Volga, Dnieper, nkhalango zoterera zimamera. M'madzi osefukira, madzi amasefukira ndi madzi kotero kuti nsonga zokhazokha ndizomwe zimakwera pamwamba.

Mitengo ya Mangro ndi mitengo yabwino kwambiri, koma imangokhala mitengo yobiriwira. Ino si mtundu umodzi, asayansi ali ndi mitundu 20 ya mbewu zotere. Amatha kuzolowera moyo wamadzi, mikhalidwe yoyenda mosalekeza. Pa kukula ndi chitukuko, nthawi zambiri amasankha ma bati otetezedwa ndi mafunde amphamvu am'nyanja. Kutalika kwa mitengo imeneyi kumafika mamita 15 Pakutali, ma nsonga okha ndi omwe amawoneka. Koma mafunde akadzafika, mutha kuwaganizira mosamala. Mbali yayikulu ya mitengo yamangati ndi mizu yamitundu iwiri iyi:

• ma pneumatophores ndi mizu yopumira yomwe, ngati maudzu, imakwera pamwamba pamadzi ndikupatsa mbewu ndi mpweya,
• osasunthika - pansi "m'nthaka", kumamatira pansi mwamphamvu, amakweza chomera pamwamba pamadzi.

Mizu yolimba imamera osati kuchokera kumtengo. Panthambi zambiri zambiri pamakhalanso njira, nthambi, chifukwa mtengo umakhala wolimba.

Chinthu china chodziwika ndi mitengo yonse yamangati: moyo wawo umadutsa m'madzi am'nyanja, odzaza ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana. Zikuwoneka kuti "kukhala" m'malo oterewa ndizosatheka. Koma chifukwa chokhala moyo wankhanza anakakamiza mitengo yamangati kuti ipange njira yapadera yopangira chinyezi chonyengacho. 0.1% yokha yamchere imalowa m'maselo a chomeracho, koma imatulutsidwanso kudzera m'matumbo omwe amapezeka pamasamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale miyala yamkati yoyera pamwamba pa tsamba.

Dothi lomwe mitengo ya mitengo yamangande imakuliramo imadzaza ndi chinyezi, koma mulibe mpweya pang'ono. Izi zimabweretsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya a anaerobic, omwe mkati mwa moyo wawo amatulutsa sulfide, methane, nayitrogeni, phosphates ndi zina. Izi zimabweretsa kuti mitengoyo komanso mitengo yake imakhala ndi fungo linalake, nthawi zina losasangalatsa.

Mitengo ya Mangro ndi mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse. Masamba awo amakhala oyera. Popeza kuti ndizovuta kutulutsa chinyontho, amayesa kusunga momwe angathere, choncho mawonekedwe a mapalawo ndi olimba, achikopa. Kuphatikiza apo, "adaphunzira" kuyang'anira chithaphwi chawo mwa kuwongolera kutseguka kwawo panthawi ya kusinthana kwa gasi ndi photosynthesis. Ngati ndi kotheka, masamba amatha kuzungulira kuti achepetse malo okhala ndi kuwala kowala.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu

Sizowona konse kunena kuti mitengo yamangati imamera munyanja. Gawo la malo awo ndi malire pakati pa nyanja ndi dziko. Monga tanena kale, pali mitundu yoposa 20 ya mbewu zoterezi, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zikule munthawi zina, mosiyanasiyana kutalika, kusefukira kwamadzi, kupangika kwa nthaka (kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa silt, mchenga), ndi mulingo wamchere. Zina mwa mitengo yamangati zimamera m'madzi am'madzi (Amazon, Ganges), omwe amayenda munyanja. Kuchulukitsa kwa mbewuzo ndi kwa ma nthangala, omwe nkhuni zake zimaphimba ndi tannin, zomwe zimayambitsa tintin yachilendo magazi. Amakhala ali pansi pa madzi kwa theka chabe la nthawi yonse. Amatsatiridwa ndi:

• Ndege
• lagularia
• kupikisana,
• Sonnetariaceae,
• makalasi,
• myrisin
• verbena ndi ena.

Mitengo yayitali ya nkhalango za mangrove imatha kupezeka munyanja zodekha, pakamwa pa mitsinje kulowa m'nyanjamo, pamafunde ofatsa, osefukira, ku Southeast Asia, Africa, America, Australia, m'mphepete mwa zilumba za Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines, Cuba.

Mitundu ya Mangrove

Palibe chodabwitsa ndi njira yofalitsira mitengo yamangati. Makutu awo ndi mbewu yokhayo yomwe imakutidwa ndi minofu ya mpweya. "Chipatso" chotere chimatha kuyandama kwakanthawi pamadzi, ndikusintha kachulukidwe ngati kuli koyenera. Mitengo ina ya mitengoyi imakhala ndi njira zambiri zoberekera, "ndiyopanga". Mbewu zake sizimasiyana ndi chomera, koma zimayamba kukula mkati mwa mwana wosabadwayo, kusuntha limodzi ndi iye, kapena kukula kudzera mu msuzi wake.

Titafika pamlingo wina pomwe chomera chitha kukhala chodziyimira pawokha photosynthesis, icho, posankha nthawi ya ebb pomwe dothi lawululidwa pansi pamitengo, imasiyanitsidwa ndi chomera chachikulu, imagwa pansi ndikugwiritsitsa dothi. Nthambi zina sizinakhazikitsidwe, koma ndi kutuluka kwa madzi "fulumira posaka gawo labwino." Nthawi zina amayenda pamtunda wawutali kwambiri ndipo, nthawi zina chaka chonse, amadikirira nthawi yabwino kuti mizu itukuke.

Nkhondo yoteteza nkhalango

Mitengo yambiri yamangati imakhala ndi matabwa apadera: mtundu wosazolowereka, kuuma kolimba, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake, okhala m'deralo, makampani aku Europe, amawadula pansi. Wood imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando, zaluso zosiyanasiyana, matabwa a parquet, zida zoyang'ana. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa m'dera la nkhalango zamatanthi. Koma ndi mtundu wa chishango chomwe chimaphimba gombe kuchokera ku tsunami. Pakufufuza kuwonongeka komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha tsunami, yomwe mu 2004 idawononga pachilumba cha Sri Lanka, ndikupangitsa kuti anthu asafe, zinavumbulutsidwa kuti mayesero ovuta kwambiri adagwera pamidzi yomwe inali pafupi ndi mitengo yamangati yomwe idawonongedwa.

Posachedwa, mabungwe omenyera malamulo mmayiko ambiri akhala akuchita zinthu zambiri pothana ndi kudula mbewu zochuluka, kutolera njere ndikuzibyala zokha m'malo zatsopano kuti zikule bwino.

Mitengo yamangati siiliyokha payokha. Kukula mwachangu, amateteza gombe kuti lisawonongedwe. Yokhazikika pamizu yolimba ya mbewuzo, zomwe zimathandizira kuti dothi likhale lolimba, nyanja ikuchepa, malo atsopano omwe anthu m'derali amabzala mbewu za zipatso, ndi kanjedza.

Kuphatikiza apo, biome yachilendo imapangidwa m'mitengo ya mangroves. Arthropods, akamba, ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zotentha imakhala m'madzi pamizu yamitengo. Kufikira kumizu ndi nthambi zotsikira zomwe zimamizidwa m'madzi zimaphatikizidwa ndi bryozoans, oyster, masiponji, omwe amafunikira thandizo kuti azisefa bwino. Zina mwazina zokhala ndi korona zomwe zimatuluka pamwamba pa madzi, achule, akhungu, paroti, ndi zovala za hummingbows zimamanga zisa zawo.

Ntchito inanso yofunika kwambiri pa mitengoyi ndi kudzipatula kwa madzi amchere amchere amadzimadzi ochita kusungunuka.

Mtengo wa mitengo yamangati

Mangroves ndi chilengedwe chapadera, zomwe zimapangitsa malo abwino kukhalamo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama. Mizu, yomwe imamera pansi pamadzi, imachepetsa kuyenda, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa oyisitara kumawonedwa m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira za ntchito za mitengo yamangati ndikupanga zitsulo zolemera kuchokera kumadzi am'nyanja, kotero kudera lomwe mitengo yamangati imakula, madziwo ndi oyera.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma invertebrates, kuphatikiza ma coral am'deralo, ma polyps ndi siponji, imaphimba mbali zam'madzi za mizu yofiirira. Malo amenewa ndi gawo lofunika kukula komanso malo okhala mitundu yambiri ya nsomba.

Udindo waukulu wamangati ndi kupangira dothi. Amatha kuletsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndikuwonongeka kwa m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyenda. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wowonongera pachilumba cha Sri Lanka chifukwa cha tsunami wa 2004. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, zingwe za m'mphepete mwa mitengo yomwe mitengo yake yamangomera imangokulira sizikhudzidwa. Izi zikusonyeza kuwononga kwamitengo yamatanthwe pakagwa masoka achilengedwe, zomwe, mwachisoni, dera la Asia limakumana ndi zambiri.

Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango za mitengo ya mangrove popangira nkhuni nyumba, kupanga mabwato ndi zida zoimbira, komanso mafuta otenthetsera. Masamba a mangrove ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha ziweto, ziwiya zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo zimapangidwa ndi nthambi, ndipo khungwa limakhala ndi ma tannins ambiri.

Nkhalango ya Mangrove

Phindu losasinthika la mitengo yamangati sizitanthauza kuti palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kukhalapo. Zaka makumi zapitazi zakhala zodziwika bwino ngati mitengo yamangati chifukwa chofuna kupulumuka komanso ufulu wopezekapo. Masiku ano, pafupifupi 35% ya mitengo yamangati yamwalira ndipo chiwerengerochi chikukulirakulirabe. Kukula mwachangu kwa minda ya shrimp, komwe kunachitika mu 70s ya zaka zapitazi, kunathandizira kwambiri pakuwonongeka kwawo. Chifukwa chaulimi wopanga ndi kubzala, nthambo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zinachotsedwapo mitengo yamitengo, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa mitengo sikunali m'manja mwa maboma.

Posachedwa, kuyesedwa kuchitidwa kuti pasachitike ngozi zachilengedwe komanso kuteteza kachulukidwe kake ka mitengo yaminga. Mwakuyesetsa kwa odzipereka, mitengo yaying'ono imabzalidwe m'malo odulidwa. Kuyesera kupulumutsa nkhalango zapadera ndi akuluakulu aboma. Makamaka, ku Bahamas, Trinidad ndi Tobago, kusungidwa kwa mangro kunali kofunika kwambiri ndi boma kuderalo ndikupanga madoko am'nyanja aku malonda. Tikukhulupirira kuti chozizwitsa chachilengedwe ichi chidzakondweretsa anthu osati mbadwo wamakono, komanso mbadwa zathu.

Pazolinga zambiri zamaphunziro, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwonerere zolemba za "CordV" mu mitengo ya Blue Blue mu "Blue Blue", komanso makanema pa mangrove otuluka kunyumba.

Pazaka 30 za Russian-Vietnamese Tr tropical Center

Vladimir Bobrov,
woimira sayansi yachilengedwe,
Institute of Ecology ndi Evolution A. N. Severtsova RAS (Moscow)
"Zachilengedwe" №12, 2017

Chigwirizano pakati pa boma pa bungwe la Soviet (tsopano Russia) Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center (Chitrophile Center) chidasainidwa pa Marichi 7, 1987. Sanapangidwe kuti azigwira ntchito zokhazokha (kuyesa kutsutsa kwa zotentha ndi zida ndi zida, kapangidwe ka zida zotetezera kutu) , ukalamba ndi kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, ukadaulo wazomwe zachitika posachedwa komanso chilengedwe pazovuta za US Army yogwiritsa ntchito herbicides ndi defoliants pankhondo s ndi Vietnam, kuphunzira kwa matenda owopsa opatsirana, ndi zina), komanso kafukufuku wazachilengedwe komanso chilengedwe. Zoposa zaka 30 zapitazo, akatswiri opanga zinyama azisamba komanso malo ogulitsa zakudya kwa nthawi yoyamba adakhala ndi mwayi wophunzira chaka chonse zolemera kwambiri zamalo otentha padziko lapansi. Zipatala zazikulu ndi malo owerengeka ovuta kuwononga zachilengedwe ndi zamankhwala anali mu zonal monsoon nyengo zodziwikiratu zachilengedwe (ntchito munjira zachilengedwe inafotokozedwa mu buku lakale lomwe linaphunziridwa za mabuluzi aku Vietnam). Koma pali chilengedwe china chosangalatsa kwambiri, kuphunzirako komwe sikunaperekedwe chisamaliro chambiri pantchito ya sayansi ya Tropical Center chifukwa chakuti zachilengedwe zake sizachuma kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha za zonal. Ndi za mitengo yamangati.

M'malo otentha gombe la nyanja limatetezedwa ku mafunde akuluakulu a mafunde pafupi ndi zilumba zapafupi kapena miyala yamiyala yam'madzi, kapena m'mene mitsinje yayikulu imagwirira kunyanja ndi nyanja, imodzi mwazomera zopanga ma mangroves, omwe amatchedwa mangroves kapena mangroves okha. Zomwe zimagawidwa sizimangokhala kumadera omwe amalamulidwa ndi nyengo yotentha, pomwe mafunde ofunda a nyanja amakonda izi, mitengo yamangayi imakula kumpoto kwa North kapena kumwera kwa South Tropic. Mu Northern Hemisphere, amagawidwa mpaka ku Bermuda komanso ku Japan mpaka 32 ° C. N, komanso Kumwera - m'mphepete mwa South Australia ndi New Zealand mpaka 38 ° S. w. Komabe, ali kumtunda, kutsukidwa ndi mafunde ozizira, sakupanga. Chifukwa chake, kugombe lakumadzulo kwa South America, komwe nyengo yake imapangidwa chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa Peru, mitengo yamangati imangowoneka pafupi ndi equator.

Kuti mudziwe nkhalango yamangawa, ulendo wathu unakonzedwa ku Can Zyo Biosphere Reserve, yomwe ili mkati mwa malire a Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), malo okhala ku Vietnam, ndikuyenda makilomita 60 kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera ndi 30 km kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Mu Ho Chi Minh City, ofesi yayikulu ya South Branch of the Trrop Center ili, kuchokera kuno timayenda maulendo opita ku malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe otetezedwa komwe maphunziro amachitika nthawi zonse. Nthawi iyi tinaloza kumwera, kugombe la South China Sea (ku Vietnam kotchedwa East).

Zimatenga pafupifupi maola awiri kuchokera ku ofesi yayikulu kupita kumalo osungira. Munjira, muyenera kuthana ndi milatho ingapo komanso kuwoloka mabwato kudzera m'mitsinje yathunthu ya Vam Ko ndi Saigon, yonyamula madzi kupita kunyanja. Pamalo osungira, tinakhazikika m'nyumba yomangidwa. Nyumba zonse zogona ndi zoyang'anira ndizolumikizidwa ndi nsanja zamatabwa, zimayimilanso pazitali, popeza dothi m'malo awa silinasunthike komanso ndi viscous, siloyenera kuyenda pachilumbacho, chifukwa gombe lonse lomwe limakutidwa ndi nkhalango zamangati limadzaza madzi nthawi zonse. Ndipo apa pazimasulira pang'ono pobowoka. Kan Zyo Nature Reserve yatchuka chifukwa chokhala woyamba ku Vietnam kulandira chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya asayansi aku Vietnamese idadziwika, yomwe idabwezeretsa zachilengedwe zomwe zidawonongedwa kwathunthu panthawi ya nkhondo ndi United States.

Nyumba Yabwino Kwambiri ku Canada Zyo

Mitundu ya Mangrove ndiyosaoneka bwino: mitengo yomwe imayipanga ndi yamtundu wina - Rhizophora, Brugiera, Avicennia, Sonneratia. Izi zimasiyana bwanji ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zam'malo otentha (zopanda mitengo yamatalala), pomwe mitundu yamitundu yambiri imawerengedwa! Mitengo yonse yamangawa ndi ya ma halophytes (ochokera ku Greek yakale. Αλζ - 'salt' ndi plantτον - 'chomera'), ndiye kuti, ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amathandizira kukhala pamtunda womwe umakhala ndi mchere wambiri. Amadziwika ndi masamba achikopa, olimba; m'mitundu ina, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mchere timapezeka pa iwo, zomwe zimapangitsa mbewu kuti ichotse mchere wambiri.

Ma mangro ataliatali (m'mwamba) ndi mafunde ochepa. Apa ndi pansipa chithunzi cha wolemba

Mitengo pano imayang'aniridwa ndi kuzungulira kwa kayendedwe ka madzi, motero idasinthasintha kusintha kwazinthuzi mwa "kuyika" mizu yolimba mbali za mitengoyo. Panthawi yayitali kwambiri, nkhalangoyi siinadziwikenso m'njira zina. Madziwo akamachepa, mitengo ya mgwalangwa imayamba kusekeka - mitengo yonse imayima "matailosi" awa. Udzu wa mizu yolimba imeneyi kupezeka kwa mitengo ya mitengo yamangati unalongosoledwa ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri pazomera zam'malo otentha G. Walter:

"Mizu yokhala ndi mizu yolimba iyi, kapena ma pneumatophores, imalasa ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono kotero kuti amangolola mpweya wokha, koma osati madzi. Madzi osefukira, madzi akaphimbidwa ndi madzi, mpweya wabwino womwe umakhalapo m'malo ophatikizika umatulutsidwa kuti upume, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu, chifukwa mpweya woipa, womwe umasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, umapulumuka. Momwe mizu yotsika ikakhazikika pamwamba pa madzi, kupanikizika kumakhala kofanana, ndipo mizu imayamba kuyamwa m'mlengalenga. Chifukwa chake, mu ma pneumophores pamakhala kusintha kosintha kwazinthu zokhala ndi okosijeni, kumalumikizana kumayendedwe a ebbs ndikutuluka »[3, p. 176-178].

Mizu yolimba yamitengo yamitengo yamitengo yam'madzi yomwe imayatsidwa pansi

Chinanso chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mitengo ya mitengo ya mangong ikhalepo ndi chodabwitsa chakubadwa kwamoyo. Mbewu zawo zimamera mwachomera pa chomera cha mayi (mbande ndizitali ndi 1.5-1 m) kenako pokhapokha zimasiyanitsidwa. Zikagwera pansi, zimangogwera mchilalacho ndi matope olemetsa, osanjika, kapena, amatengedwa ndi madzi, amawasamutsira kumalo ena a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe amazikhira m'nthaka yomwe imasefukira. Popeza kakulidwe ka mitengo ya mangang kumachitika nthawi yamadzi osefukira (chifukwa chosinthana ndi ma ebbs ndikuyenda), ndizotheka kuzindikira kusintha kwa mitundu yayikulu, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a malo, makamaka - kuchuluka kwa mchere. Mwachitsanzo, oimira mtundu Avicenna mchere wololera kwambiri pakati pa mitengo yonse yamangati. Mosiyana ndi izi, mbewu zamtunduwu Sonneratia osalekerera mchere wambiri kuposa womwe uli ndi madzi am'nyanja.

Nipa kanjedza - woimira mbewu wamba wa mitengo yamingati

Kuphatikiza pa mitengo wamba yamatanthwe, zachilengedwe izi zimadziwika ndi mbewu yosangalatsa monga kanjedza ya nipa mangrove (Nypa okonda zandewu) ochokera ku banja la mitengo ya kanjedza (Arecaceae), yomwe imapangidwa ndi malo owoneka bwino okwanira makilomita mazana ambiri kumphepete mwa nyanja ndi kumphepete mwa mitsinje yopanda kanthu kuchokera ku Sri Lanka kupita ku Australia. Maonekedwe a nipa ndi apadera: amasiyanitsidwa ndi masamba owala obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi petioles zamphamvu zokhala ndi cylindrical. Nipa amatenga gawo lalikulu m'miyoyo ya nzika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira vinyo, shuga, mowa, mchere, fiber. Masamba a Nipa ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zoumba, masamba achichepere amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuluka, ndipo petioles zowuma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta ndi poyandama maukonde asodzi.

Mitengo ya mangro ndi mtundu wapadziko lapansi wokhala ndi mitundu yazomera ndi nyama zomwe ndizopadera kwa izo. Mu mangroves "misewu yopingasa" ya anthu okhala pansi ndi nyanja. Pamakona amitengo, anthu okhala m'nkhalango amalowera kunyanja, m'matope obwerera kumtunda komwe amasuntha, momwe madzi amchere amalolera, nyama zam'madzi.

Nyama yodziwika bwino kwambiri m'nkhalangoyi imatha kupezeka mafunde atapendekeka, pomwe mizu yambiri yolimba imawululidwa. Pa mizu iyi nsomba zoseketsa zimakonda kutaya nthawi (kutalika kwa matupi awo sizifikira 25cm) ndi mutu wopunthwa, wokhala ndimaso osasunthika, achule ngati chule, otumphuka matope (Periophthalmus schlosseri), oimira banja la dzina lomweli (Periophthalmidae) la dongosolo la perciformes (Perciformes). Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti nsomba izi zimakhala nthawi yambiri pamtunda. Amatha kudziwa mpweya wabwino osati m'madzi, mothandizidwa ndi ma gill, komanso mwachindunji kuchokera mumlengalenga wamlengalenga - kudzera pakhungu ndikuthokoza gawo lapadera la kupuma kwa suprajugal.

Pamafunde otsika, matumphuka amatope amawonekera paliponse mumango. Kudalira zipsepse zamtchire, ngati ndodo, nsombazo zimadumphira pamsewu kapena kukwera mitengo yazithunzithunzi, motero zimatha kukula mpaka kutalika kwa anthu. Onyamula matope amakhala amanyazi kwambiri ndipo munthu akaonekera, nthawi yomweyo amazimiririka. Kupaka utoto (utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi mawanga amdima) kumawathandiza kudziteteza ku mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa. Kukhazikika pachigoba, kudumpha kwamatope kumakhala kovuta kuzindikira, kotero kumalumikizana ndi maziko onse. Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha otumphuka amatope chimayimiriridwa ndi heron, omwe amayendayenda ndi silika ndikusodza nsomba zomwe zikuyenda padzuwa ndi mlomo wautali.

Ng'ombe zazing'onoting'ono zambiri ku Kan Zyo ndizofanana ndi matope odumphira kunja komanso mwamakhalidwe.Boleophthalmus boddarti) ochokera ku banja la goby (Gobiidae), omwe amakhala ndi moyo wofananawo.

Mzere wam'madzi otentha (kuphatikiza mitengo yamangati) umakhala nyama zachilendo, zomwe zimatchedwa nkhanu zazikulu (genus) Uca), yomwe ili m'gulu la madongosolo a decapods (Decapoda) a gulu la crustaceans (Crustacea). Awa ndi ang'onoang'ono (m'lifupi mwake m'lifupi mwake masentimita 1-3) okhala pamtunda wamtali m'magulu akulu: pa sikweya mita imodzi nthawi zambiri pamakhala mabowo awo 50, ndipo nkhanu imodzi imakhala m'modzi. Nyamazi ndi zodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti anyaniwa, ndi bulani wawo wamkulu, amapanga mayendedwe osangalatsa, amaukweza mosangalatsa. Amuna, mtundu wa nsapato zazikulu umasiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa carapace, komanso nthaka, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe akuwongo aziwoneka kwambiri. Poyamba, motere amuna amamuwopseza amuna enawo, kuwadziwitsa kuti gawo ili ndi gawo, ngati amuna ena samvera chenjezo ndikulowa m'gawo la wina, mkangano ungabuke pakati pa mwini wake ndi mlendo. Kachiwiri, pakukhwima, kusuntha kwa abambo kumakopa akazi.

Akalulu ambiri amadyera, amapeza nyama zosiyanasiyana (ma bumbu, ma echinoderms), ndikung'amba kapena kuphwanya nyama yawo ndi zibwano, kenako nkukupera ndi grunts ndikudya. Pakakhala zoopsa, nkhanu zonse mwamtendere komanso nthawi yomweyo zimabisala m'mabisala, ndipo zimazindikira munthu ali patali pafupifupi mamita 10 ndikuwuza anansi awo za ngoziyo, ndikugunda mapepala pansi. Chizindikiro chimalandilidwa ngakhale nkhanu sizionana.

Khwangwala ayenera kusamala - pali asodzi ambiri apa. Choyamba, awa ndi ma crabeater macaques (Macaca fascicularis) - m'malo mwake nyani wamkulu, wamtali masentimita 65, wokhala ndi ndevu zoyera ndi ndevu zazitali komanso mchira wautali, mpaka theka la mita. Mukangodutsa mpanda wozungulira malo osungiramo, mudzapeza kuti mwazunguliridwa ndi ma macaques osalaza. Koma musachite mantha, akuwoneka kuti ndiowoneka bwino, azolowera kudya pano, kotero amayenda ndi alendo, ndipo ena amayesera kulumphira m'mapewa awo. Koma osagwa, osasiya kamera kapena magalasi pa benchi - adzabera izi mwadzidzidzi, ndipo oyang'anira sangabweze zolakwika. Anyaniwa amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu, moyo wamtundu komanso wamtunda. Zochita ku macaques ndizatsiku ndi tsiku. Amadyetsa zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Nyaniwa ali ndi dzina chifukwa: nkhanu ndizomwe amakonda kwambiri. Anyani akuthambo akuwomba m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo amakautsidwa atakhala pamtengo, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje kapena nyanja. Kenako amatsikira pansi ndikugwera kunkhandwe ndi mwala m'manja, kuwombera kuthyola chipolopolo cha womenyedwayo ndikudya.

Kudya-nkhanu. M'malo osungira, nyamazo sizichita mantha konse ndi alendo.

Zachidziwikire, monga herpetologist, ndimakondwera kwambiri ndizobwerezabwereza. Kulemera kwa herpetofauna "Kan Zyo" silingafanane ndi malo omwe amapezeka kumalo az chilengedwe. Mu "Kukfyong" (wolemera kwambiri malinga ndi mitundu ya zolengedwa zachilengedwe za North Vietnam), pali mitundu 24, "Kat Tien" ndi "Fukuok" (malo osungirako zachilengedwe a South Vietnam) - mitundu yopitilira 20 [6, 7]. Ku Kan Zyo, komabe, mitundu ya buluzi yokha yomwe imasinthidwa bwino kukhala ndi moyo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza yokhala ndi anthropogenic, imatha kupezeka mdziko lonse lokha (ndipo nthawi zambiri pafupifupi ku Southeast Asia). Nyumba geckos kuchokera kumtundu Hemidactylus Amakhala m'nyumba zambiri komanso mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yaminga. Masewera a Gecko (Gekko checko) pafupifupi kulikonse (kupatula malo okwezeka) aku Vietnam amapereka kupezeka kwawo ndi kulira kwachikhalidwe cha "ta-ke, ta-ke." Magazi a Magazi (Amawerengetsa multicolor- - okhala wamba akumidzi aku Vietnam - okhala ndi malingaliro ofunikira, khalani khoma pamatondo amisewu yolumikiza nyumba. Mwa mitundu yosiyana kwambiri yazinyumba zam'dzikoli, banja la abuluzi - scincidae (Scincidae) - ku Kan Zyo mutha kuwona masiketi amlengalenga okha omwe adasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi anthu kuchokera kumtundu. Eutropis, ngati kuti akungoyang'ana pamtunda uliwonse wolimba. Ndinalankhula za abuluzi amtunduwu, moyo wawo ndi machitidwe awo patsamba lina lakale la Vietnam.

Mwazi wamagazilamanzere) ndi utali wautali woyatsidwa ndi dzuwa

Mamba a mitundu iwiri amakhala ku Vietnam: comeda (Crocodilus porosus) ndi Siamese (C. siamensis) Wophatikizika ndiye woyimira wamkulu kwambiri (mpaka 7 m kutalika) kwa chinsalu ndi imodzi mwa ming'alu yocheperako yomwe imasinthidwa bwino ndi moyo wamadzi amchere. Zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa osasamala: panali zochitika pamene ming'alu iyi idapezeka munyanja, makilomita mazana angapo kuchokera pagombe lapafupi. Ng'ona ya Siamese ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zake zonse, kutalika kwake kupitirira mamita 3. Sizimasambira munyanja, koma mumatha kuiwona nthawi zonse m'mphepete mwa msewu wa Can Zyo.

Ng'ona za ku Siamese. Mu Can Zyo Natural Reserve, amatha kuonedwa momwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe.

Mitundu yonse yamakhwala a nyama padziko lapansi ili pangozi, ndipo m'maiko onse omwe akukhala, nyama zotetezedwa ndi malamulo. Palibe kupatula komanso Vietnam. Kuthengo, kulibe pafupifupi ng'ona pano, amakhala makamaka pamafamu, pomwe amapangidwira zokondweretsa alendo, ndikupeza zikopa zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso (ma wallet, mphete zazikulu, ndi zina). Koma malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Kan Zyo ndi amodzi mwa malo ochepa kwambiri ku Vietnam komwe mamba amatha kuwawona osati chifukwa cha zopinga za mabwalo omwe ali pamwamba pamitu ya alendo ambiri, koma m'malo awo achilengedwe. Zikuwonekeratu kuti komwe adakafika mozungulira mphepete mwa ngalande, sangakugwereni bwato losalimba. Komabe, m'malo ambiri osungirako, mitengo yamatabwa (yofanana ndi yolumikiza nyumba zogona) imayikidwa pazitali zazitali, zomwe mungayende nazo, mukuyang'ana mamba kuchokera patali kwambiri osawopa moyo wanu.

Zachidziwikire, nkhalango yamatanthwe singayerekezedwe ndi nkhalango yamvula yotentha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo ndi maluwa. Koma dziko lake ndilopadera kotero kuti popanda kuyendera zachilengedwe izi, simunganene motsimikiza kuti: "Inde, ndawerenga" Jungle Book "".

Kafukufuku wamunda ku Kan Zyo Nature Reserve adathandizidwa ndi Russian-Vietnamese Tr tropical Research and Technology Center.

Zolemba
1. Bocharov B.V. Mbiri yoyambira Tropcenter. M., 2002.
2. Bobrov V.V. Mu Kingdom of Flying Dragons // chilengedwe. 2016, 8: 60-68.
3. Walter G. Malo otentha komanso otentha // Zomera za padziko lapansi: Makhalidwe azachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. M., 1968, 1.
4. Shubnikov D.A. Banja la silky jumpers (Periophthalmidae) // Nyama Yanyama. Mu 6 t. T. S. Russian. M., 1971, 4 (1): 528-529.
5. Bobrov V.V. Ziphuphu za Kukfyong National Park (North Vietnam) // Sovr. herpetology. 2003, 2: 12–23.
6. Bobrov V.V. Kuphatikizika kwa ziphuphu za abuluzi (Reptilia, Sauria) zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zakumwera kwa Vietnam // Maphunziro a chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi a Vietnam / Ed. L.P. Korzun, V.V. Rozhnov, M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2003: 149-166.
7. Bobrov V.V. Ziphuphu za Phu Quoc National Park // Zipangizo zakufufuzira kwachilengedwe ndi zamankhwala pachilumba cha Phu Quoc, South Vietnam. Mkonzi. M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2011, 68-79.
8. Dao Van Tien. Pa chizindikiritso cha akamba amtchire aku Vietnamese ... Dinani Chi Sinh Vat Hoc. 1978, 16 (1): 1-6. (mu Vietnamese).

Mozama kwambiri

Zomera za Mangrove ndi lingaliro lokhazikika: pali mitundu ya mitengo makumi asanu ndi awiri kuchokera m'mabanja khumi ndi awiri, momwe muli mitundu ya kanjedza, hibiscus, holly, plumbago, acanthus, myrtle ndi oyimira nyemba. Kutalika kwawo ndikosiyana: mutha kupeza chitsamba chokwawa, komanso mitengo yobowola, mpaka kutalika kwamamakumi asanu ndi limodzi.

Kwa nzika za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamayiko otentha, mitengo yamangati ndi masitolo akuluakulu, malo ogulitsa mankhwala, komanso malo ogulitsa matabwa.

Pa dziko lathuli, nkhalango za mitengo ya mgwalangwa zimagawidwa makamaka ku Southeast Asia - dera lino limadziwika kuti kwawo ndi kwawo. Komabe, tsopano mitengo yamangati ili m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri simapezeka kupitirira madigiri sate kuchokera ku equator, koma pali mitundu yokhazikika makamaka yomwe imatha kuzolowera nyengo yotentha. Imodzi mwa mitundu ya mitengo ya mangro imakula ndipo imakhala kutali ndi dzuwa lotentha - ku New Zealand.

Mangroves ali ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri: kulikonse komwe angakulire, amasinthasintha zikhalidwe zawo. Mtundu uliwonse wa mitengo yaminga imakhala ndi mizu yolimba kwambiri komanso luso lotha kusefa, kuilola kuti ipezeke ndi dothi lambiri. Popanda njira imeneyi, zingakhale zovuta kuti mitengo ya mangware ipite kumalo ocheperako. Zomera zambiri zimakhala ndi mizu yopumira yomwe mpweya umalowa. Mizu ina imatchedwa "stilted" ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithandiziro pakutsala pang'onopang'ono. Mizu yamphamvu imasunga phokoso lomwe mitsinje imanyamula, ndipo mitengo ikuluikulu ya nthambi ndi nthambi sizimalola kuti mafunde aku nyanja awononge gombe.

Ma mangro amachita ntchito yapadera - kupanga dothi. Anthu a kumpoto kwa Australia amatchulanso mitundu ina ya mitengo ya mangamba ndi kholo lawo lakale lotchedwa Giyapara. Nthano yakale imati adayendayenda mozungulira mozungulira ndikuyambitsa dziko lapansi ndi nyimbo.

Nyani wamtundu wa Nosy wadutsa pakati pamizu ya mitengo yamangati yomwe ili m'malo osungirako nyama a ku Malaysia ku Bako

Zoyambirira zachilengedwe osowa chonchi zachilengedwe ndi anthu pafupifupi 8,000, ndipo zimangokhala pachilumba cha Kalimantan. Nkhalango yamangati tsopano yakhala mitundu yambiri ya zinyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupezeka - kuyambira akambuku owopsa ndi ng'ona zokhala ndi mimbulu yodumphira mpaka malamba osalimba.

Inshuwaransi kuchokera ku COVID-19

Funso loteteza nkhalango za mitengo yamangati linayamba kuyambika mu 2004, pambuyo pa tsunami wowononga mu Indian Ocean. Anatinso kuti mitengo ya mitengo ya mkungudza imagwira ntchito ngati malo obisalamo achilengedwe omwe amateteza gombe kuchokera pamafunde amphamvu, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka mwina ndikupulumutsa miyoyo. Zikuwoneka kuti kukangana kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuteteza mitengo yamangati, yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali idakhala zikopa za anthu.

Nkhalango ya Sundarban m'mphepete mwa Bay of Bengal imathandiziranso kupanga zoumba. Ichi ndi nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (pafupifupi ma kilomita 10,000) yomwe ili ku Bangladesh ndi India. Mitengo ya Mangro imalepheretsanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndikuletsa madzi oyera pansi pamadzi.

Bangladesh nthawi zonse imatsatira njira zoyenera zopangira mangande. Dziko losaukali lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa Bay of Bengal lomwe lili ndi anthu 875 pa kilomita lalikulu ndilosatetezeka konse kutsogolo kwa nyanja ndipo chifukwa chake lili ndi mangawa, mwina kuposa maiko ena. Mwa kubzala mitengo yamangati ku Ganges, Brahmaputra ndi Meghna deltas, ochokera ku Himalayas, Bangladesh adalandila mahekitala opitilira 125,000 a malo atsopano m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'mbuyomu, sizinachitike kuti aliyense azidzala mitengo yamangati - iwo anali atakula kale mpaka kalekale. Nthambi zowirira ku Ganges delta zimatchedwa Sundarban, zomwe zikutanthauza "nkhalango yokongola." Masiku ano ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri a nkhalangoyi padziko lonse lapansi.

M'makona otambalala a nkhalangoyi, mitengo imamera moyandikana, ndikupanga labrinth yovuta. Zina mwa izo zimafikira mita khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo "pansi" mwa kapangidwe kameneka ndi dambo lodzaza ndi mizu yopumira. Ming'onoting'ono ngati nyanga zazingwe, mizu imamera kuchokera pamtunda wa masentimita makumi atatu. Amalumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri mwakuti nthawi zina ndizosatheka kuyika phazi pakati pawo. M'malo ouma kwambiri, mitundu yamitundu iwiri yamangumi imapezeka - masamba ake amasintha utoto nyengo yamvula isanachitike. Nguluwe imayendayenda pamithunzi ya zisoti. Mwadzidzidzi, akuyamba mantha, akumva kulira kwa macaques - ichi ndi chizindikiro chowopsa. Woodpeckers amabisalira m'nthambi zapamwamba. Khanu ladzala ndi masamba agwa. Apa gulugufe amakhala pa nthambi, yomwe amatchedwa khwangwala wa ku Sundarban. Imvi ya malasha, yomwe imawala masamba oyera, imangotseguka ndikupinda mapiko ake.

Madzulo kukagwa, nkhalangoyi imadzaza ndi mawu, koma kumayamba kwamdima chilichonse chimatsika. Mdima uli ndi mbuye. Usiku, nyalugwe amalamulira pamwamba apa. Nkhalango zoterezi ndiye malo othawirako omaliza, malo osaka nyama ndi nyumba yambalambande. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chakumaloko, dzina lake lenileni - bagh - silingatchulidwe: nyalugwe imabwera nthawi zonse pama foni awa. Nyama pano zimatchedwa liwu lachikondi mayi - lomwe limatanthawuza "amalume." Uncle tiger, mbuye wa Sundarbana.

Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi hafu miliyoni a Bangladeshis, pachiwopsezo chokwiyitsa "amalume a akambuku," amabwera ku Sodarban wokongola kuti apatsidwe mphatso zomwe zimapezeka pano. Asodzi ndi osema matabwa akuwonekera, madenga amatuluka masamba a kanjedza kuti azitenga padenga, osonkhanitsa uchi uchi amangoyendayenda. Kwa milungu ingapo, ogwira ntchito molimbika awa amakhala m'nkhalango kuti atole chuma chochepa kwambiri m'nkhalangomo ndikuthandizira pa ntchito yawo pamsika.

Chuma cha Sundarbana chadzaza ndi chuma chosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa zakudya zam'madzi zambiri ndi zipatso, zopangira zamankhwala, zotupa zingapo, shuga zimachotsedwa pano, ndipo nkhuni imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Apa mungapeze chilichonse, ngakhale zida zopangira mowa ndi ndudu.