1. Nyama ndi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimafa zaka 10,000 zapitazo. Mammoth ndi oimira banja la njovu.
2. Mitundu ya mammon inaphatikiza mitundu yambiri. Mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya mammores idakhala ku North America ndi Eurasia munthawi ya Pleistocene, kuphatikiza mammoth a steppe, mammoth a Columbus, mammourmour, ndi ena. Komabe, palibe iliyonse yamtunduwu yomwe inali yofalikira ngati mamina aubweya.
3. Liwu lachi Russia "Mammoth" limachokera ku Mansi "Mang Ont" (nyanga ya dothi) - dzinali, ndi loyenera kulingalira, la nthomba yopezeka zakale. Ndipo pamene nyamayo idagawidwa, dzinalo kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Russia lidagwera ena onse (mwachitsanzo, Latin "Mammuthus" ndi Chingerezi "Mammoth).
4. Mammoth adatha zaka 10,000 zapitazo pa Ice Age yomaliza. Akatswiri ena samatsutsa kuti nyengo yasintha anthu, kuwononga mammondi ndi zimphona zina zakumpoto.
5. Ndi kutha kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimapanga milingo yayikulu ya methane, mpweya wa mpweya wobiliwira uwu mlengalenga uyenera kuti watsika ndi mayunitsi pafupifupi 200. Izi zidayambitsa kuzizira pa 9-12 ° C pafupifupi zaka 14,000 zapitazo.
6. Mammoth anali ndi thupi lalikulupo, lalitali komanso lophimba lalitali, lothiralo limatha kukhala chopusa kuti lizipeza chakudya m'nyengo yozizira.
7. Zikulu zazikulu zazimuna zazitali zazitali mamita anayi. Zovala zazikulu zoterezi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti zimakhala zokopa zogonana: amuna amuna okhala ndi zazitali zazitali, zopindika komanso zochititsa chidwi anali ndi mwayi wokwatirana ndi akazi ambiri nthawi yakubala.
8. Komanso, timabowo titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zodzitetezera kuti titha kuthamangitsa tiana tomwe timakhala ndi thukuta, ngakhale palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti zinthu zakale zimagwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi.
9. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mamore kunamupangitsa kukhala nyama yabwino kwambiri yosaka kwa asaka akale. Zikopa zamkaka zazitali zimatha kutentha nthawi yanthawi yozizira, ndipo nyama yokoma yamafuta imakhala ngati chakudya chofunikira kwambiri.
10. Pali lingaliro kuti kudekha, kulinganiza ndi mgwirizano wofunikira kuti ugwire mammams tsopano zakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachitukuko cha anthu!
Ubweya wambiri
11. Mtundu wanyamayi wotchuka kwambiri ndi mammoreya woya. Zinaonekera ku Siberia zaka 200-300 zapitazo, kuchokera pomwe zidafalikira ku Europe ndi North America.
12. M'nthawi ya ayezi, nyama zotetemera ndi zomwe zinali nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse ku Ulaya.
13. Amakhulupirira kuti mammondi amoyo adapakidwa utoto wakuda kapena woderapo. Popeza anali ndi makutu ang'ono ndi mitengo yayikulu yaifupi (poyerekeza ndi njovu zamasiku ano), nyama zomwe zimakonda ubweya waubweya zinasinthidwa kuti zizikhala nyengo yozizira.
14. Ku Siberia ndi Alaska, milandu ya kukhalapo kwa mitembo yathunthu ya amayi, yosungidwa chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa permafrost, imadziwika.
Zotsatira zake, asayansi sakuthana ndi mafupa amtundu umodzi kapena mafupa angapo a mafupa, koma amatha kuphunzira magazi, minofu, tsitsi la nyama izi ndikuzindikiranso zomwe adadya.
Chithunzi cha mayi wozama m'phanga lakale
16. Kuyambira zaka 30,000 mpaka 12,000 zapitazo, mammoth anali amodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za akatswiri ojambula a Neolithic omwe adawonetsera zifanizo za chilombo cha shaggyyi pamakoma a matako ambiri ku Western Europe.
17. Mwina zojambula zakale zidapangidwa kuti zikhale zojambula (ndiye kuti, anthu akale adakhulupirira kuti chithunzi cha chowoneka ngati chida chojambula m'phanga ndichosavuta kujambula m'moyo weniweni).
18. Komanso, zojambulazo zimatha kukhala zinthu zopembedzedwa kapena akatswiri ojambula mwaluso omwe amangokhala otopetsa tsiku lozizira, lamvula.
19. Mchaka cha 2008, kupezeka kwachilendo kwa mafupa am'mimba ndi nyama zina, komwe sikunathe kuwonekera chifukwa cha njira zachilengedwe, monga nyama zosaka kapena kupha nyama. Awa anali mafupa am'mimba osachepera 26, ndipo mafupa adapangidwa ndi mitundu.
20. Zikuwoneka kuti anthu kwanthawi yayitali amawasungira mafupa osangalatsa kwambiri, omwe ena amakhala ndi zida. Ndipo padalibe kuchepera kwa zida zosaka anthu kumapeto kwa nyengo ya ayezi.
21. Kodi ndimotani momwe anthu akale amaperekera magawo a mitembo ya mamm m'malo opaka magalimoto? Akatswiri ofufuza za zinthu zakale ku Belgian ali ndi yankho la izi: agalu amatha kunyamula nyama ndi ma ntchofu kumalo opangira nyama yakufa.
22. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wopota wa mammoth umakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali masentimita 90.
23.Magetsi owonjezera kutchinjiriza kwa mammon anali osanjikiza mafuta pafupifupi masentimita 10.
Colombian Mammoth
24. Ponena za kapangidwe ka mafupa, mammoni akuimira kufanana kwakukulu ndi njovu yatsopano yakum India. Tizilombo tambiri ta mammoth, mpaka ma 4 metres, kutalika kwa ma kilogalamu 100, tinali m'nthawi yayitali, tinakankhira kutsogolo, tinawerama ndikukhotetsedwa mbali.
25. Pamene abrasion idachitika, mano a mammoth (monga a njovu zamakono) adasinthira kukhala zatsopano, ndipo kusintha koteroko kumatha kuchitika kasanu ndi kamodzi m'moyo wonse.
26. Amamore aubongo atha kumwalira zaka 10,000 zapitazo, komabe, anthu ku Chilumba cha Wrangel anasowa zaka 4000 zapitazo (panthawiyi nyumba yachifumu ya Knossos idamangidwa ku Krete, a Sumerian adakhala masiku awo omaliza ndipo zaka 400-500 zidadutsa kuchokera pomwe Great adamangidwa Sphinx ndi Piramidi ya Cheops).
27. Amaganiziridwa kuti zolengedwa zazinyama zaubweya zokhala ubweya zinkakhala m'magulu aanthu awiri mpaka 99 ndipo amatsogozedwa ndi akazi awo achikulire.
28. Nthawi yokhala ndi zaka zambiri zoyamwitsa inali yofanana ndi ya njovu zamakono, ndiye kuti zaka 60-65.
29. Omwe kale anali ataganizira kale ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mwayi wake. Ngakhale kunyumba adamanga nyama zazikulu kuchokera kumafupa.
30. The hump kumbuyo kwa mamm si chifukwa cha vertebral process. Mmenemo, nyama zinkapeza mphamvu zamphamvu monga ngamila zamakono.
31. Mammoth Sungari anali wamkulu koposa mitundu yonse ya mamm. Anthu ena am'madzi olemera a Sungari, omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa China, adafika matani 13 (poyerekeza ndi zimphona zoterezi, matani 5-7 a mammony ooneka ngati zazifupi).
32. Nyama zam'madzi zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe zidakhala zaka 4000 zapitazo zidalinso zazing'ono kwambiri, popeza chodabwitsa cha zomwe zimatchedwa dwarfism wachilumba, pomwe kukula kwa nyama kwakutali m'malo ochepa, ndi nthawi, kumachepa kwambiri chifukwa chosowa chakudya. Kutalika kwakufota kwa mammoths ku Wrangel Island sikunapitirire 1.8 metres.
Mamayimidwe osungirako zinthu zakale
33. Mamamu adyetsa ziweto 15 ndipo anabalalika masana, ndipo adabwerako usiku, adasonkhana ndikukonzekera gulu lonse la usiku.
34. Iwo amakhala pafupi ndi akasupe amadzi, atazunguliridwa ndi mabango, anadya nthambi, zitsamba. Makilogalamu 350 a udzu patsiku ndi pafupifupi nyama imodzi imodzi.
35. Kuchokera ku udzudzu (m'miyezi yotentha kwambiri), nyama zidabisala tundra, ndipo kugwa zidabwezera mitsinje kumadera akumwera.
36. Chipilala chopanda miyala chidamangidwa ku Salekhard.
37. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chamafupa am'madzi opezeka ku Siberia.
38. Manda a miyala yam'madzi yayikulu - Zilumba za Novosibirsk. M'zaka zapitazi, mpaka matani 20 a nkhono za njovu ankakumbidwa pamenepo.
Mafuta anyama
39. Ku Yakutia, mumakhala kugulitsa komwe mungagule zotsalira za mamm. Mtengo pafupifupi wa kilogalamu ya mammoth tusk ndi $ 200.
40. Akakola akuda osaloledwa nthawi zambiri amachita usodzi wa mafupa akuluakulu. Njira yotulutsira mafupa m'nthaka ndikutsuka dothi ndi madzi amphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito pampu yamoto. Ntchito ndizovomerezeka m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, kuchokera pakuwoneka kwa malamulo a Russian Federation, masisitini ndi michere yomwe ndi chuma cha boma, ndipo digging amagulitsa okha. Kachiwiri, pamodzi ndi dothi, mtsinje wamadzi, ziwalo za nyama zomwe zimasungidwa mu permafrost zimawonongeka, zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri sayansi.
Nyama yayikulu
41. Kumpoto chakumadzulo, kanjedza linali la chinyama champhamvu kwambiri chaimuna; amphaka amtunduwu anali ndi matani opitilira 10.
42. Pali chipilala chamwala ku Khanty-Mansiysk.
43. Zogulitsa zochokera ku mitengo yayikulu kwambiri ndi zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa zinthu zamtengo wapatali zamtundu wamakono, chifukwa cha kusaloledwa kwa zinthuzi komanso malo ochulukirapo azitsulo ku Western Siberia.
44. Tsopano, "minyanga ya njovu" imanena za fupa lalikulu (kupatula zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa pamene kusaka njovu sikunali koletsedwa).
45. Nthambi za chisinthiko cha njovu za ku India ndi mamiliyoni zidasinthidwa zaka 4 miliyoni, ndipo 6 miliyoni ndi njovu ya ku Africa, kotero kuti njovu yaku India ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nyamayi.
Steppe mamms
46. Tate wa mammorly wozimeta, wopondera pampando, anali wamkulu kwambiri kuposa mbadwa zake: anali ndi kutalika kufalikira kwa mamita 4.7, pamene kutalika kwa mammothorly wozungulira sikunapitirire 4. Mamawa opeza anali kukhala ku Southern Urals, Kazakhstan yamakono, Stavropol ndi Krasnodar Territories, ndipo anazimiririka nditayamba nyengo yachisanu.
47. Ngakhale lero, zaka 10,000 pambuyo pa madzi oundana omaliza, nyengo yozizira kwambiri imasungirako kumpoto kwa Canada, Alaska ndi Siberia, kusungitsa matupi a mammams omwe anali osanenapo kanthu.
48. Kuzindikiritsa ndikuchotsa mitembo yayikulu m'malo otentha oundana ndi ntchito yosavuta; nkovuta kwambiri kuyimitsa mtembowo.
49. Popeza nyamayi zidasowa posachedwa, ndipo njovu zamakono ndizachibale chawo chapafupi, asayansi amatha kutulutsa DNA ndi kuyambitsa njovu yaikazi (njira yomwe imadziwika kuti "kutha").
50. Ofufuza posachedwa adalengeza kuti pafupifupi asankha kwathunthu mitundu ya zitsanzo 40,000 wazaka. Tsoka ilo kapena mwamwayi, chinyengo chomwechi sichingagwire ntchito ndi ma dinosaurs, popeza DNA singasunge bwino kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Mammoth ndi nyama zachilendo kuchokera ku banja la njovu. M'malo mwake, mtundu wa mammon unaphatikizanso mitundu ingapo, gulu lomwe limatsutsanabe ndi asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anali osiyana m'magulu (panali anthu akulu kwambiri komanso ang'ono), pamaso pa ubweya, kapangidwe ka ma ski, etc.
Mammoth adatha pafupifupi zaka chikwi zapitazo, mphamvu za anthu sizimalamulidwa. Ndikosavuta kukhazikitsa pomwe nyamayi yomaliza idamwalira, popeza kutha kwa magawo amenewo sikunafanane - mitundu yazinyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kukhala pachilumba chimodzi kapena chisumbu zimapitilizabe zinzake.
Chosangalatsa: Chibale choyandikana kwambiri cha mammoth, chofanana ndi physiology, ndi njovu ya ku Africa.
Mtundu woyamba ndi mammoth aku Africa - nyama zomwe zimatsala pang'ono kusowa ubweya. Adawonekera kumayambiriro kwa Pliocene ndipo adasamukira kumpoto - zaka zoposa 3 miliyoni, adafalikira ku Europe konse, kupeza zatsopano zodzisintha - zokulitsidwa, adalandira masisitilo akuluakulu komanso tsitsi lolemera.
Kufalitsa
Mammoth m'njira zambiri amafanana ndi njovu zamakono,, mwanjira yoti, kubereka kwawo ndikosavuta. Nyamayi idabereka mwana kwa zaka ziwiri, kenako idabereka mwana mmodzi, yemwe adaleredwa ndi gulu lonse kufikira zaka khumi (mammoms, monga njovu zamakono za ku Africa ndi India, zosungidwa). Ali ndi zaka 10, mayi wachinyamata yemwe anali mayi wachinyamata anali atakula. Amatha kukhala moyo wautali - wopitilira zaka 60.
Adani
Ngakhale adakula kwambiri, mammoms anali odekha komanso nyama zopandaukali kwathunthu.
Ngozi yayikulu kwambiri ya mammes idayimilidwa ndi anthu akale omwe amawasaka nyama: adawagwira mumayenje otetezedwa ndi nthambi ndi masamba ndipo adagwidwa ndi mikondo ndi nkhwangwa. Anthu akale amagwiritsa ntchito mtembo wa nyama yomwe anagwirayi kuti ipeze zosowa zawo: ankadya nyama ndi mafuta, ndipo amapanga zovala kuchokera zikopa ndikuziphimba nyumba zawo zakale. M'dera lomwelo akambuku a sabro-ofanana ndi nyama, omwe amasaka nyama zazinkhanira, kupha nyama mwachangu ndi ma fang, omwe anali 22 cm kutalika. Matumba a Wolf anali oopsa kwa ana. Mimbulu nthawi imeneyo inali yolimba mtima kwambiri kotero kuti inaba mochenjera kuchokera pakamwa pa kambuku wamasenda wambiri. Malinga ndi ofufuza, mimbulu, pambuyo pa anthu, inali adani owopsa kwambiri a mamm.
ZOPHUNZITSIRA ZOSANGALATSA. MUKUDZIWA KUTI.
- Mammoth anali ndi makutu ocheperako kuposa njovu zamakono - izi ndichifukwa choti Padziko lapansi nthawi imeneyo nyengo yozizira idalamulira.
- Mu nthaka ya permafrost munapeza matupi a mammoth, omwe amasungidwa bwino.
- Zojambula za miyala yamwala zimatha kuwoneka m'phanga la Rufignac ku France.
- M'madera ena a Siberia, anthu nthawi zambiri amapeza zotsalira za mammony. Pa msika wakuda wakomweko mutha kugula zikhalidwe za nyama zakale izi.
- Ophunzira nawo pamsonkhano wasayansi adapatsidwa gawo laling'ono la nyama ya nyama zouma zaka masauzande zapitazo.
- Ku Siberia, zotsala zoposa 4,500 za mabotolo amapezeka. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mu nthaka muli matani 500,000 a mammony.
Wolemba Mammoth wojambulajambula ku Siberia. Pali mayi wanyamayi wokhala ku Siberia. Kanema (00:00:24)
Kanema wodabwitsa yemwe mainjiniya waku Russia akuti akuwonetsa momwe chinyama chaubweya, chofanana ndi njovu kukula, chimadutsa mumtsinje ku Siberia kutchire nthawi zambiri. Monga nyama za zaka zakalezo, chilombocho chimakhala ndi tsitsi lofiira pa kanema komanso zazikulu zazikulu zomwe zimatha kusiyanika mosavuta. Nyama ikugwedeza thunthu lake, ndipo tsitsi lake limafanana ndi zitsanzo zotsalira za tsitsi lalitali kwambiri lomwe limapezeka mu permafrost ya chisanu ku Russia. Kanema wabwino kwambiri adapangidwa chilimwe chatha ku Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ku Siberia ndi mainjiniya omwe amagwira ntchito pakampani yaboma. Atatulutsa vidiyoyi mosadziwika, a ku Russia adanena kuti akufuna kudziwikitsa kuti mammmored oubweya nawonso adakalipobe ku Siberia.
Kufotokozera
Mammoth ndi mtundu wachikale kuchokera ku gulu la proboscis lomwe limakhala ndi timatali totseka tating'onoting'ono, mitundu yakumpoto idakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Zotsalira zawo zimapezeka ku Africa, Europe, Asia ndi North America.
Kusintha kwa mammoths kumayambira ndi mitundu ya mammoths aku Africa omwe anakhalako kumayambiriro kwa Pliocene pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni 5 mpaka 3 zapitazo ku Africa. Ana obadwa kwa maamam amenewa anasamukira kumpoto ndipo zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo anali kale ku Europe. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya South mammoth yomwe idakula ku Eurasia 2.5 - 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Komabe, pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo, mammoth a Steppe ayenera kuti adagawanika kuchokera kumpoto yakum'mwera, komwe adachoka ku Pleistocene pafupifupi 750 mpaka 500,000 zapitazo ndikupita kummawa. Atawoloka Bering Strait, adasamukira ku USA ndikusintha ndikuyenda mopanda chidwi ndi Columbus. Nthambi inanso, yopatukana ndi Steppe Mammoth zaka 400,000 zapitazo ku Siberia ndipo idasinthidwa kukhala Woolly Mammoth, yomwe zaka 100,000 zapitazo idalowanso mu kontrakitala yaku America ndikukhazikika ku Canada.
Mbiri yophunzira
Zotsalira zoyambirira za mano ndi mano ochokera ku Siberia zidaphunziridwa ndi wasayansi waku Europe a Hans Sloan mu 1728. Zoyambira zotsalazo zinali nkhani yayitali ndipo kale idalongosoleredwa ngati zotsalira za zolengedwa zopeka. Sloan anali woyamba kuvomereza kuti zotsalazo ndi za njovu, koma sanathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake nyama zotentha izi zimapezeka m'malo ozizira ngati Siberia. Mu 1796, Georges Cuvier, wachilengedwe wachilengedwe ku France anali woyamba kudziwa mabwinja a chinyama chazinyama osati ngati njovu zamakono, koma ngati mtundu watsopano womwe watsala pang'ono kale. Pambuyo pake, zotsalira zambiri za nyama izi zidapezeka ndipo mitundu yambiri idafotokozedwa:
Mammuthus subplanifrons (South African Mammoth) - mitunduyi idafotokozedwa ndi a Henry Osborne mu 1928. Mitemboyo imapezeka ku South ndi East Africa ndi ku Etiyopiya, ndiye mtundu wakale kwambiri, wazaka zomwe wapezazo unachokera ku Pliocene (zaka pafupifupi 5 miliyoni zapitazo). Mitunduyo inkafikira 3.68 mita (12.1 mapazi) kufota ndikulemera masani 9.
Mammuthus africanavus (Mammoth African) - mitunduyi idafotokozeredwa ndi French Paleontologist Camille Aramburg mu 1952.Zinthu zotsalira zinapezeka ku Africa: Chad, Libya, Morocco ndi Tunisia. Habitat kumapeto kwa Pliocene mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene (kuyambira zaka 3 - 1.65 miliyoni zapitazo) Mtunduwu unali wocheperako ndipo umawerengedwa kuti ndi kholo lachindunji la m multionalis.
Mammuthus rumanus - chowoneka chofotokozedwa ndi Stefanescu mu 1924. Zotsalazo zimapezeka ku UK ndi Romania ndipo zidabadwa zaka 3.5-2,6 miliyoni zapitazo. Uwu ndiye mtundu wakale kwambiri wamamam ku Europe: anali ndi masamba 8-10 pa enamel (molars).
Mammuthus meridionalis (Nyama zam'mwera) - mtundu womwe Nesti adafotokoza mu 1825. Zinthu zakale zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia, zinali zaka 2,5 - 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Panalinso masamba 13quino pameno. Inali mitundu yayikulu, yotalika mamita 4 (13 mikono) kutalika ndi 8-10 matani kulemera.
Mammuthus trogontherii (The steppe mammoth, m'mabuku athu amatchedwa Trogonterium njovu) - amakhala kumadera a kumpoto kwa Northasia pakati pa Pleistocene zaka 600,000 - 370,000 zapitazo. Mitunduyi mwina idapezeka ku Siberia koyambirira kwa Pleistocene (1.5 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi M. meridionalis. Panali ma geno okwana 18-20 pameno. Awa anali gawo loyamba pakusintha kwa njovu za steppe ndi tundra; ndiye kholo la mamiliyoni a Late Ice Age Woolly. Zifanizo zitatu, zophatikiza mafupa pafupifupi athunthu, zidapezeka ku Russia.
Pali chisokonezo cha dzina lolondola lasayansi la Steppe Mammoth, kuphatikiza M. armeniacus (Falconer 1857) ndi M. trogontherii (Pohlig 1885). Hugh Falconer adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku Asia, pomwe Pohlich adagwira ntchito zakale zaku Europe ndipo mayina onsewa amapezeka m'mabuku asayansi, ndikuwonjezera chidwi. Kukonzanso koyamba kwa taxonomic kunapangidwa ndi Mallot mu 1973, pomwe adaganiza kuti mayina onsewa amagwirizana ndi M. armeniacus, komabe, mu 1996, Shoshoni & Tassi adaganiza kuti dzina lolondola la steppe mammoth ndi M.trogontherii. Mitundu ina yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yofanana, Mammuthus protomammonteus ndi Mammuthus sungari, adatumizidwanso ku mammoth a Steppe. Imodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imafalikira kukula kwake kuyambira 3.89-4,5 metres (12.8-14.8 mapazi) kutalika ndi kulemera matani 10-14.
Mammuthus columbi (mammoth of Columbus) - mtunduwu udafotokozedwa ndi Hugh Falconer mu 1857 ndipo adatchedwa Christopher Columbus. Mitunduyi inkakhala ku North America ku United States komanso kumwera mpaka ku Costa Rica. Nyama zazikulu zaku Colombia zidachokera ku gulu lotchedwa mammoth, lomwe limalowa ku North America kudzera mu Bering Strait kuchokera ku Asia pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Anasunganso kuchuluka komweko kwa misuzi ya molars ngati M. trogontherii. Zinyama zazimayi zochokera ku Channel Islands ku California zimachokera ku mammony a ku Colombia. Wachibale yemwe wapulumuka kwambiri wa M. Columbus ndi mammales ena ndi njovu yaku Asia. Idali chithunzi chachikulu chofika mamita 4 (13 mapazi) mapewa ndi matani 8-10. Nyama zazikulu zaku Colombian zidazimiririka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, zaka 11,000 zapitazo, mwina chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kusaka kwa anthu. Mammuthus activator (Leidy, 1858) ndi Mammuthus jeffersonii ndi mtundu wochepera wazilumba za Mammuthus exilis nawonso ali amtunduwu.
Mammutus primigenius (Woolly mammoth) - mtunduwo udafotokozedwa ndi Johann Blumenbach mu 1799. Nyama yoyamba ija idadziwika kuti ndi njovu yomwe inatha, ndi a Georges Cuvier ku France mu 1796. Nyama zazitali zaubweya zopatukana ndi steppam zaka pafupifupi 400,000 zapitazo ku East Asia, ndipo zaka 100,000 zapitazo zidalowa ku North America - Canada. Mtunduwu unali ndi mizere 26 pa molars. Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe ake ali m'gulu la zophunziridwa bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mitembo ingapo yozizira ku Siberia ndi Alaska, komanso mafupa, zigaza za munthu payekha, mankhusu ndi mano ambiri (onani apa). Zojambula zambiri za m'mapanga kuyambira pamoyo wamunthu wakale zimapezeka, ndizolemba zokongola za utoto wa paphiri la prehistoric. Mu 1993, zidapezeka kuti anthu ambiri omaliza aunyama waubweya wopezeka pachilumba cha Wrangel zaka 4,000 zapitazo, panthawi yomwe chitukuko cha ku Egypt chidalipo ku kontinenti ina.
Nyama zazitali zaubweya zoyambira mamita 2.7-3.4 (8.9-11.2 mapazi) kutalika ndi kulemera kwa matani 6. Nyamayi idasinthidwa bwino ndi malo ozizira nthawi ya Ice Age yomaliza, idakutidwa ndi ubweya ndi chivundikiro chakunja cha tsitsi lalitali (mpaka 90 cm) ndi undercoat lalifupi. Mtundu wa chovalachi umasiyana kuchokera kumdima mpaka wofiyira. Makutu ake ndi mchira wake zinali zazifupi kuti achepetse chisanu ndi kutentha. Mankhwala akuluakulu kwambiri omwe apezeka mpaka pano afika pamtunda wa mamita 4.2. Malo osungirako nyama mopitilira muyeso akufalikira ku Siberia ndi North America.
Mammuthus exilis - Mafuta anyama. Tinakhala pachilumba cha Wrangel. Msinkhu - 180cm kufota.
DNA ndi cloning
Mu 2008, ochita kafukufuku adapeza zodabwitsa za mtundu wophatikiza utoto wamkaka ndi 70%, zomwe zidawalola kuwona ubale wapakati pa nyama yodyetsa ndi njovu yaku Asia. Kafukufuku wa 2010 adatsimikiza ubale izi ndikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa njovu komanso njovu yaku Asia zaka pafupifupi 5.8-7.8 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe njovu zaku Africa zidasiyana ndi kholo 6.6-8.8 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mu 2015, ku Yakutsk, Center for Collect Use "Molecular Paleontology" idayamba kugwira ntchito, pomwe asayansi adzaphunzira za genetics ya nyama zakufa. Malowa adakhala polojekiti yophatikizira ya Northeastern Federal University ndi South Korea Foundation for Biological Research SOOAM, motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Hwang Wu Sok. Asayansi ayamba kale kuphunzira maselo am'madzi otchedwa Malolyakhovsky, omwe adapezeka mu Meyi 2013 pachilumba cha Maly Lyakhovsky pachilumba cha Novosibirsk munyanja ya Laptev. Ku Yakutia, kwa nthawi yoyamba mzaka 112, zinali zotheka kupeza mabwinja am'madzi okhala ndi magazi amadzimadzi. Thupi la mayiyu lomwe linali litawonongeka linamizidwa pang'ono kulowa munyanjamu, yomwe ikuwonekeranso mwachangu. Chifukwa cha izi, miyendo yakumunsi ndi m'mimba mwa nyamayo zidasungidwa bwino. Ofufuzawo anena kuti pambuyo pophunzira magazi a nyama yakale, ndizotheka kuyesa mamina. Chiyerekezochi chimasiyanitsidwa modabwitsa ndi minofu yake yosungidwa bwino, komabe, sizinathekebe kugwiritsa ntchito biomaterial popanga miyala.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Ndi chowoneka bwino bwanji
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya zinyama, mammoms amawoneka osiyana. Onsewo (kuphatikiza aang'ono kwambiri) anali akulu kuposa njovu: kutalika kwakukulu kunali mikono isanu ndi theka, unyinji umatha kufikira matani 14. Nthawi yomweyo, kamamwana kakang'ono kwambiri kamatha kupitirira kutalika kwamamita awiri ndipo kakulemera mpaka tani imodzi - izi kukula ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa miyeso yonse ya mamm.
Mammoth anali mu nthawi ya nyama zikuluzikulu. Anali ndi thupi lalikulu lofanana ndi mbiya, koma nthawi yomweyo anali ndi miyendo yochepa thupi. Makutu olemerawa anali ocheperako kuposa njovu zamakono, ndipo thunthu linali lolemera.
Nyama zonse zomwe zimakutidwa ndi ubweya, koma kuchuluka kwake kunali kosiyana mitundu. Nyama zazikazi zaku Africa zinali ndi tsitsi lalitali loonda lili m'timtunda tating'ono, pomwe tinyama ta ubweya waubweya timakhala ndi chovala chapamwamba komanso chamkati. Idakutidwa kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi ndi tsitsi, kuphatikiza thunthu ndi malo ozungulira maso.
Chosangalatsa: Njovu zamakono zimangophimbidwa pang'ono. Ndi mammon, amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa burashi pamchira.
Mammoth anali kudziwikanso ndi ma tambala akuluakulu (mpaka ma 4 kutalika ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu zana), omangika mkati, ngati nyanga za mwanawankhosa. Matendawa amapezeka mwa akazi komanso amuna ndipo, mwina, adakula moyo wonse. Thunthu la nyamayi inakulitsidwa kumapeto, kusandulika kukhala "fosholo" - kotero mammon amatha kuyesa chisanu ndi nthaka posaka chakudya.
Mitundu ya kugonana imawonekera mu kukula kwa mamm - zazimayi zinali zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa zazimuna. Zoterezi masiku ano zimawonedwa m'mitundu yonse ya njovu. Chinyontho pakufota kwa mammoni ndichikhalidwe. Poyamba, tinkakhulupirira kuti adapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi ma vertebrae okwera, ndiye pambuyo pake asayansi adazindikira kuti awa ndi mafuta omwe nyama zomwe zimadyazo zinkadya nthawi yamanjala, monga ngamila.
Kodi nyamayo inali kuti?
Chithunzi: Mammoth ku Russia
Kutengera ndi mtunduwu, mammon ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nyama zoyamwitsa zoyambirira zinali ndi anthu ku Africa, kenako okhala ku Europe, Siberia ndi kufalikira ku North America.
Malo akuluakulu okhala zinyama zazikuluzikulu ndi:
- Kumwera ndi Central Europe,
- Zilumba za Chukchi
- China,
- Japan, makamaka chilumba cha Hokkaido,
- Siberia ndi Yakutia.
Chochititsa chidwi: World Mammoth Museum idakhazikitsidwa ku Yakutsk. Poyamba, izi zidachitika chifukwa choti ku Far North nthawi yamammoms kutentha kwakanachepetsedwa - padali kabowo lamadzi otentha omwe silidalole kuzizira. Ngakhale chipululu cha Arctic chomwe chinali pano chinali chodzaza ndi zomera.
Kuzizira kunachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwononga mitundu yomwe inalibe nthawi yosinthira - mikango yayikulu osati njovu zaubweya. Mammoth adagonjetsa bwino kuzungulira kwa chisinthiko, otsalira kuti akhale ku Siberia mwanjira yatsopano. Mammoths anali ndi moyo wosakhazikika, nthawi zonse pofunafuna chakudya. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake zotsalira za mammoni ndizofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kwambiri, adakonda kukhazikika m'maenje pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja kuti azitha kupeza okha madzi.
Kodi nyamayo idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mammoths chilengedwe
Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zimatha kutsirizika potengera momwe mano awo alili komanso kapangidwe kake. Mammoth molars anali amodzi mu gawo lirilonse la nsagwada. Zinali zochulukirapo komanso zosalala, zozama kupitilira kwa moyo wanyamayo. Koma nthawi yomweyo anali ovuta kuposa njovu zamakono, anali ndi utoto wokulira wa enamel.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti mammoni adadya zakudya zolimba. Kusintha kwa dzino kunachitika pafupifupi kamodzi pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi - zomwe ndizofala kwambiri, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa chofunikira kutafuna chakudya nthawi zonse. Mammoth anadya kwambiri, chifukwa thupi lawo lalikulu limafunikira mphamvu zambiri. Zinali zitsamba. Mawonekedwe a thunthu la nyamayi zakum'mwera ndi locheperako, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nyamazo zimathothola udzu wosowa ndikudula nthambi zamitengo.
Nyama zam'madzi za kumpoto, makamaka - zaubweya, zinali ndi mathero ambiri thunthu ndi nyumba zawo. Ndi nsapato, amatha kufalitsa mayendedwe a chipale chofewa, ndipo ndi thunthu lalikulu amatha kubowola kutumphuka kwa ayezi kuti adye. Palinso lingaliro loti amatha kuthyola chipale chofewa ndi mapazi awo, monga agwiritse amakono - miyendo ya mammams inali yocheperako ndi thupi kuposa njovu.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mimba yopepuka yodzaza imatha kupitilira 240 kg.
M'nthawi yotentha, mammoni ankadya udzu wobiriwira komanso zakudya zofewa.
Zotsatira zotsatirazi zidaphatikizidwa muzakudya za chisanu za mammon:
- chimanga,
- udzu wouma ndi udzu wouma
- nthambi zanthete, makungwa omwe amatha kuyeretsa ndi ma ntchofu,
- zipatso
- kulakwitsa
- mphukira za mitengo - birch, msondodzi, alder.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Mammoth anali nyama zonyamula. Kupeza kwawo kwakukulu kumanena kuti anali ndi mtsogoleri, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali wachikulire. Amuna sanayang'anire gulu la ng'ombe, ndipo limawateteza. Amuna achichepere amakonda kupanga zoweta zazing'ono zawo ndikukhala m'magulu oterowo. Monga njovu, mammondi mwina anali ndi gulu lowongolera labusa. Panali wamwamuna wamkulu wopambana yemwe amatha kukwatiwa ndi akazi onse. Amuna ena amakhala mosiyana, koma amatha kutsutsana ndi ufulu wake wokhala mtsogoleri.
Akazi nawonso anali ndi utsogoleri wawo wakale: wamkazi wachikulireyo amayendetsa njira yomwe ng'ombe zimayendamo, amafunafuna malo atsopano odyetsera, ndi kuzindikira adani oyandikira. Akazi achikulire anali olemekezedwa pakati pa anyamatawa, anali odaliridwa kuti "ayamwitse" ana. Monga njovu, mammondi anali ndi maubwenzi opeza bwino, anali kudziwa za ubale pakati pa gulu la ng'ombe.
Pakusintha kwakanthawi, magulu angapo a mammon adaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi, kenako chiwerengero cha anthu chimaposa zana. Ndi tsango loterolo, mammoni anawononga zomera zonse m'njira yake, n kudya. Zoweta zazing'ono zazikazi zomwe zimadutsa mtunda wautali kukafuna chakudya. Chifukwa cha kusuntha kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi, adakhazikika madera ambiri padziko lapansi ndikupanga mitundu yomwe inali yosiyana pang'ono ndi inzake.
Monga njovu, mammmary anali ochedwa komanso nyama phlegmatic. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, sanawope chilichonse. Sanasonyeze mkwiyo wopanda pake, ndipo anyani amphongo amatha kuthawira kwangozi. Physiology ya mammoths idawalola kuti azithamanga, koma osati kuthamanga kwambiri.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mammoth Cub
Mwachidziwikire, mammon anali ndi nthawi yophunzitsira yomwe idachitika munthawi yotentha. Zikuoneka kuti nthawi yobereketsa inkayamba masika kapena chilimwe, pomwe nyamayi sizinafunefune chakudya mosalekeza. Kenako amunawo anayamba kumenyera zachikazi. Mwamuna wamphamvu kwambiri anali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi akazi, pomwe akazi amatha kusankha wamwamuna aliyense yemwe amakonda. Monga njovu, zazikazi zazikazi zomwe zimakonda kuthamangitsa amuna zomwe sizimakonda.
Zimakhala zovuta kunena kuti mimba ya mammon inatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji. Kumbali imodzi, ikadakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa njovu - zopitilira zaka ziwiri, popeza nthawi yayitali ya zolengedwa zazikazi inali yayitali panthawi ya gigantism. Kumbali inayo, akukhala nyengo yovuta, mammon amatha kukhala ndi pakati kakafupi kuposa njovu - pafupifupi chaka ndi theka. Funso la nthawi yayitali yomwe mayi amakhala ndi pakati pa mammoths idatsegulidwa. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimapeza madzi oundana zimachitira umboni zambiri za kukula kwa nyama izi. Mammoth adabadwa kumayambiriro kwa kasupe kotentha koyamba, ndipo mwa anthu akumpoto thupi lawo lonse lidakutidwa ndi ubweya, kutanthauza, mammoni adabadwa amakhungu.
Zotsatira pakati pa zoweta zazimayi zikuwonetsa kuti ana a mammoni anali ponseponse - akazi onse amasamalira mwana aliyense. Mtundu wa "khola" unapangidwa, womwe mammams amadyera ndi kutetezedwa koyamba ndi akazi, kenako amuna akulu. Kugunda mayi poyamwa kunali kovuta chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza mwamphamvu chotere. Mammoth anali ndi kupirira komanso mawonekedwe abwino. Chifukwa cha izi, iwo, pamodzi ndi achikulire, adasamukira mtunda wautali kale nthawi yophukira.
Adani achilengedwe a mammams
Chithunzi: Woolly Mammoth
Mammoth anali oyimilira akuluakulu a zilombo za nthawi yawo, motero analibe adani ambiri. Chofunika kwambiri pakusaka nyama zanyamayi chinali, munthu. Anthu amangosaka ana, okalamba, kapena odwala omwe adasochera kuchoka pagululo, omwe sakanakhoza kuyiyimba.
Kwa ma mammel ndi nyama zina zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, elas mamaium), anthu anakumba maenje odzazidwa ndi mitengo pansi. Kenako gulu la anthu linali kuyendetsa nyamayo pamalopo, ndikupanga mofuula kwambiri ndi kuponya nthungo. Nyamayi idagwera mumsampha momwe idavulazidwa kwambiri ndikuchokera komwe siyimakhoza kutuluka. Pamenepo adamaliza kuponya zida.
Munthawi ya Pleistocene, mammoth amatha kukumana ndi zimbalangondo, mikango yamphanga, cheetah wamkulu ndi ma fisi. Mammoth adadziteteza mwaluso pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe, thunthu ndi kukula kwake. Amatha kudzala zilombo mosavuta, kuziponyera pambali kapena kungopondaponda. Chifukwa chake, olusa amakonda kusankha nyama zing'onozing'ono kuposa zimphona izi.
Mu nthawi ya Holocene, mammoth adakumana ndi omwe adalondola, omwe amatha kupikisana nawo mwamphamvu komanso kukula:
- Ma smilodons ndi anthu obwera kudziko lina adauza anthu ofooka pamagulu akulu, amatha kutsata ana atasala kumbuyo kwa gulu,
- zimbalangondo zazing'onoting'ono zinali theka laling'ono kuposa mammoni akulu,
- Wotsogoza kwambiri anali mdyerekezi, wofanana ndi chimbalangondo kapena nkhandwe yayikulu. Kukula kwawo kumatha kufalikira mamita anayi pakufota, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala otsogola yokulirapo a nthawiyo.
Tsopano mukudziwa chifukwa chake mammins anatha. Tiwone komwe zotsalira za nyama yakale zidali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi mammoni akuwoneka bwanji
Palibe lingaliro losatsutsika kuti chifukwa chiyani mammins adatha.
Masiku ano, pali maumboni awiri ofanana:
- Asaka a Upol Paleolithic anawononga unyinji wa anthu ndipo sanalole ana kukula kukhala akulu. Hypothesis imathandizidwa ndi zomwe zapezeka - zotsalira zambiri za mammands momwe anthu akale,
- kutentha kwadziko, nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi, kusintha kwanyengo kwakanthawi kunawononga malo owotchera zinyama, chifukwa chomwe, chifukwa chosamukasamuka nthawi zonse, sanadye ndipo sanabala.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pakati pa malingaliro osasimbika a kuwonongeka kwa mamm, pali kugwa kwa comet ndi matenda akuluakulu, chifukwa chomwe nyama izi zidafa. Malingaliro sathandizidwa ndi akatswiri. Ochirikiza chiphunzitsochi akuwonetsa kuti kwa zaka chikwi mamiliyoni kuchuluka kwa mammores, ndiye chifukwa chake anthu sakanakhoza kuwononga ochuluka. Kutha kwa zinthu kunayamba modzidzimutsa kufalikira kwa anthu.
Dera la Khanty-Mansiysk, anapeza msana wophulika, womwe unabooleredwa ndi chida chamunthu. Izi zimathandizira kutuluka kwa malingaliro atsopano akutha kwa zinyama, komanso kukulitsa lingaliro la nyama izi ndi ubale wawo ndi anthu. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza kuti kusintha kwa anthropogenic ndi anthu sikwachidziwikire, chifukwa nyama zanyama zomwe zinali zam'madzi zinali zazikulu komanso zotetezeka. Anthu ankangosaka okha achinyamata komanso ofooka. Mammoth anali atapangidwa makamaka kuti apange zida zamphamvu kuchokera kumiyendo ndi mafupa awo, osati chifukwa cha zikopa ndi nyama.
Pachilumba cha Wrangel, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja anapeza mtundu wa mammams omwe anali osiyana ndi nyama zikuluzikulu. Awa anali anyani am'madzi omwe amakhala pachilumba chopatula kutali ndi anthu ndi nyama zazikulu. Zowonadi zakutha kwawo zidakali chinsinsi. Nyama mamiliyoni ambiri mdera la Novosibirsk adamwalira chifukwa cha njala yam'mimbayi, ngakhale anali komweko komwe anali kukasakidwa mwachangu ndi anthu. Mammoth adadwala matenda am'matumbo, omwe adayamba chifukwa chosowa zinthu zofunika mthupi. Kwakukulukulu, zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zimatsimikizira zifukwa zingapo zakutha kwawo.
Mammoth amapezeka pafupifupi osawoneka bwino ndipo azikhala osayanjana ndi madzi oundana. Inasungidwa mumadzi oundana mu mawonekedwe ake oyambirirawo, omwe amapereka mwayi wowerengera. Ma genetics akuwona kuthekera kokunganso mammonke kuchokera ku majini omwe amapezeka - kukulitsa nyama izi.