Pamapeto pa nthawi ya Triassic, magulu a ma dinosaurs amapangidwa, otchedwa abuluzi. Ma dinosaurs achizungu agawika m'magulu awiri:
- theropods (theropoda),
- sauropodomorphs (sauropodomorpha).
Sauropodomorphs - Awa ndi oyimira gulu la ma dinosaurs a herbivorous. Anthu a gululi mwina anali nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinkakhala Padziko lapansi. Maonekedwe a ma dinosaurs amenewa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wochepa komanso khosi lalitali. Adasuntha mothandizidwa ndi miyendo inayi.
Ma Sauropodomorphs adatchulidwa:
Chith. 1 - Sauropodomorphs
Prosauropods
Gulu loyamba la sauropodomorphs limatchedwa prosavropodami. Anali ma diyala ataliitali komanso onenepa kwambiri. Kusunthidwa, makamaka pamiyendo inayi. Panali anthu ena akusunthira miyendo yakumbuyo. Ma prozavropod amakhala m'masiku a Late Triassic ndi Early Jurassic. Awa anali ma dinosaurs opatsa chidwi, omwe iwonso anali chakudya cha zilombo zomwe zidalipo kale. Panthawiyo, ma prosavropod anali padziko lonse lapansi. Oimira otchuka a gululi ndi ankhizaur, lufengosaurus, plosaurus, tecodontosaurus.
Ankhizaur anali ndi kukula pafupifupi mita 2. Kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 30. Mothandizidwa ndi nsapato zakuthwa zikukwera pamiyendo yake, amatha kuwang'amba pansi kufunafuna chakudya. Komanso anawateteza. Zimasunthidwa miyendo inayi, koma pakudya masamba mosavuta idakwera miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo. Mwina adadyanso nyama.
Lufengosaurus - sauropodomorph yokulirapo. Kufikira mita 6. Anadya zakudya zamasamba. Anali ndi mutu wochepa, thupi lalikulu komanso mchira wautali. Amadya masamba ndi masamba a mitengo.
Plateosaurus - Woimira wamkulu wa ma dinosaurs. Kufikira unyinji wa matani anayi. Inali ndimaso mbali kumbali ya chigaza, yomwe inasintha mawonekedwe. Khalidweli linapangitsa kuti azitha kuwona nkhwangwa munthawi komanso kubisala. Komabe, izi zinali zovuta chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi kuchepa.
Thecodontosaurus - amatanthauzira ngati buluzi wokhala ndi mano osonkhanitsidwa. Dzinali linali kapangidwe kapadera ka nsagwada. Mano a oimira awa a sauropodomorphs, titero kunena kwake, anali zisa zachilendo. Anaphunzira bwino mokwanira. Kunja, anali woyambayo. Munali yaying'ono kukula mkati mwa 3 mita. Kulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 50.
Sauropods
Zimphona pakati pa ma dinosaurs analipo sauropods. Zikuwoneka kuti, izi zinali nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinkakhala padziko lapansi. Pezani mafupa am'madzi am'madzi akuwonetsa kuti anali ndi mano ochepa. Izi zimapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti onse anali opusa. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti ma sauropod amadya nsomba zazing'ono. Ma dinosaurs a gululi la sauropodomorphs anali ndi miyendo yamphamvu. Anali akulu komanso odekha. Kutalika kwa nyama izi kumatha kupitirira mamitala 40. Kulemera kwake kunali matani makumi. Malo okhalamo a sauropods anali m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe kunali chakudya chochuluka. Oimira gulu lino amasambira bwino. Ma Sauropod adakhala nthawi yayitali pansi pamadzi akusaka chakudya, akusambira ndikuzama kwambiri.
Ma sauropod mpaka pakati pa Cretaceous anali ambuye a zigawo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kuzama kwa nyanja zamchere, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kunachepa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu achepetse, kenako mitunduyo itatha. Pakati pa oimira sauropod, a Alamosaurus, Argentinosaurus, Abidosaurus, ndi Ultrasaur amadziwika.
Alamosaurus - dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri. Kufikira zolemera kuposa matani makumi atatu. Makulidwe opitilira 20 metres. Anali ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri komanso mchira wautali wofanana.
Argentinosaurus ndi chimphona chachikulu cha zimphona. Miyeso ya chimphona ija inafika mpaka 40 metres. Kunenepa nthawi zambiri kunkaposa matani 100. Munakhala gawo la masiku ano ku South America.
Abidosaurus - mitundu yaying'ono yophunzira ya sauropodomorphs. Mafupa ochepa okha otetezedwa omwe amapezeka. Zotsalira zomwezo zimatiweruza kuti ndi lingaliro lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limadya zakudya zamasamba. Ndikotheka kuti amatha kudya nsomba zazing'ono.
Ultrasaur lingalirani za mtundu wokayikira wa ma dinosaurs. Ndinapeza mafupa ochepa kuchokera pachikupa, zomwe ndizovuta kutsimikiza pamawonekedwe. Ndizosatheka kunena zenizeni za kukula ndi kulemera kwa sauropodomorph iyi. Munthu akhoza kungoganiza kuti inali herbivore yomwe imagawana mawonekedwe omwe amafanana ndi ma sauropod onse.
Mbiri yophunzira
Mano a Cardiodon
Dzino loyambirira la sauropod likufanizidwa ndi a Edward Lewid mu 1699, koma panthawiyi, sanadziwebe za kukhalapo kwa ziphona zazikulu za prehistoric. Dinosaurs kwa nthawi yayitali sanadziwike za sayansi, izi zinasintha patangotha zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. Richard Owen adasindikiza koyamba kufotokozera asayansi za ma dinosaurs awa mu 1841, m'nkhani yake, pomwe adafotokoza zamitundu iwiri yatsopano Ketiosaurus (cetiosaurus - "whale dinosaur") ndi Cardiodon (Cardiodon - "dzino kukhala ngati mtima"). Cardiodon amadziwika kokha kuchokera ku mano awiri achilendo, chifukwa chomwe adatchulira dzina, ndipo cetiosaur idadziwika kuchokera kumafupa akulu akulu, omwe Owen adakhulupirira kuti anali m'mgulu la nyama zapamadzi zapamwamba kwambiri pafupi ndi ng'ona zamakono. Ngakhale chaka chimodzi chotsatira, Owen atapanga gulu la Dinosauria, sanaphatikizepo kapena cetiosaur kapena cardiodon mmenemo. Mu 1850 yekha, a Mantell, omwe amadziwa mafupa a dinosaur omwe Owen adatenga gawo la cetiosaurus, adawapatula mu mtundu watsopano Pelorosauruspoika gulu limodzi ndi ma dinosaurs. Otsatirawa a sauropods adazindikiridwanso molakwika, popeza kuti zinthu zakale zomwe zidapezeka zidangokhala mtundu wa vertebrae wofotokozedwa ndi Harry Hoover Seeley mu 1870. Seeley adapeza kuti ma vertebrae anali opepuka kwambiri ndipo anali ndi mabowo ndi ma voids, monga tikudziwira, pneumatization, kutsogolera mafupa. "Mphepo zam'mlengalenga" zotere panthawiyo zimangodziwika kwa mbalame ndi pterosaurs, ndipo Seeley adakhulupirira kuti vertebrae ndi wa pterosaur, yemwe adamupatsa dzina Ornithopsis kapena "ngati mbalame."
Kumangidwanso kwa suparus wamkulu wa Camarasaurus, (John A. Ryder, 1877)
Kapangidwe ka mafupa a sauropods adawonekeranso mu 1877, atafotokoza zamitundu yaku America, apatosaurus, Charles Marsh ndi camarasaurus, a Edward Cope. Kukonzanso koyambirira kwa mafupa a sauropod kunapangidwa ndi wojambula John Ryder, wogwira ntchito ndi paleontologist Edward Cope, kuti abwezeretse mawonekedwe Camarasaurus, ngakhale ntchito zambiri zidalibe zolondola kapena zosakwanira, ndipo nthawi zina zolakwika. Mu 1878, atafotokoza diplodocus, American paleontologist, pulofesa ku Yale University, Otniel Charles Marsh, amapanga gululi "Sauropoda ”(wokhala ndi phazi) ndipo amaphatikizira cetiosaurus ndi abale ena. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, panali mkangano wina pakati pa asayansi otchuka ndi otsogolera malo owonera zakale zakale kuti akakhale utsogoleri komanso kudziwika mu gulu la asayansi, ndipo nkhondo iyi yopambana idawoneka pakati pa American Museum of Natural History Henry Osborne ndi Andrew Carnegie Museum. Panthawiyo, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale omwe amakhala m'malo ochepa kwambiri, ndipo pobwera zaka zambiri zamiyala ya dinosaur, kufunika kofunikira kunayamba kumanganso ndikuwonjezera zakale. "Fossil Reptile Hall" yatsopano ku American Museum idayambika mu 1905 ndi chiwonetsero chake chapakati - kumangidwanso kwa Brontosaurus (Brontosaurus), mafupa oyamba okhazikitsidwa a sauropod oyendera anthu omwe adapangidwa kale. Pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi adakhala zaka zambiri pantchito yomanga ya Brontosaurus ndi gulu la Adom Germany. Andrew Carnegie, yemwe adakulitsa ndikumanganso nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuyambira mu 1904, adakwanitsa kumanganso kanthawi kena, Nyumba yake yayikulu "Dinosaur" sidzaperekedwa kwa anthu mpaka 1907, pamodzi ndi chiwonetsero chake chapakati - diplodocus (Diplodocus carnegii) Diplodocus idzadziwikanso kuti sauropod woyamba, yemwe chigamba chosungidwa chinachokera kwa iye, mosiyana ndi brontosaurus wongoganiza, pomanganso pomwe chigaza kuchokera kwa camarasaur.
Amphicoelias altus pansi pamadzi (C. Knight, 1897)
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mitu itatu yayikulu idalongosola zokambirana za sauropod: malo awo, masewera othamanga, komanso mawonekedwe a khosi. Ngakhale kuti zithunzi zoyambirira za ma sauropod zimawonetsa iwo ndi mawonekedwe osiyana a khosi, palibe amene adasamalira nkhaniyi mpaka posachedwapa, mpaka ntchito ya Martin mu 1987. M'malo mwake, zotsutsana za malo omwe amakhala komanso masewerawa adachokera pamabuku a Phillips m'buku lake la 1871. Mu 1897, a William Bellow adasindikiza buku lake, Strange viumbe a M'mbuyomu: Giant Reptile Lizards, wolemba koyamba kufotokozera za chithunzi chachikulu cha sauropod wolemba Charles Knight motsogozedwa ndi Edward Cope. Fanizoli, lomwe linasindikizidwanso ndi Osborne ndi Muck mu 1921, limafotokoza anthu anayi Amphicoelias Nyanjayo, iwiri yomwe inali pansi pamadzi, ndipo enawo awiri adapumira, atatukula makosi awo. Mu 1897, Knight adapanganso penti ina yosonyeza brontosaurus, idapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi a Charles Osborne ndipo kenako kupangidwa ndi a William Matthew mu 1905. Phata pakati pa penti ya Knight inali brontosaurus ya m'madzi, miyendo yake, mchira wake ndipo thupi lake lonse linamizidwa m'madzi, kumbuyo kwake kokha, kwinaku kukuwonekera pamwamba pa madzi ndi khosi lokhazikika, likuwoneka. Kumbuyo, pagombe la nyanjayo, diplodocus yomwe idadya masamba idawonetsedwa. Malinga ndi malingaliro a zaka ziwirizi, ma sauropod anali odzala, mahipu opepuka, osatha kulimbitsa thupi lawo ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kumadzi. Ngakhale diplodocus yothamanga kwambiri, Osborne amakhulupirira, mwina akadayenda pamtunda popanda mavuto komanso adadzuka pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti akafike pamakona a mitengo. Malingaliro ake adawonetsedwa pakukonzanso kwa Charles Knight mu 1907.
Diplodocus (Heinrich Harder, 1916)
Kukonzanso kwa mafupa a diplodocus ku Carnegie Museum kudapangitsa chidwi chambiri chokhudza moyo wake. Mwachitsanzo, a Oliver Hay ndi Gustav Tornier, mu 1908-09, mwachidziwikire, adazindikira kuti diplodocus imasunthira pafupifupi kukwawa pamimba yake, ngati ng'ona. Mtunduwu umawonetsedwa ndi chithunzi chautoto cha 1916 cho Heinrich Harder, cholemba "Zinyama za Prehistoric World". Chithunzi chosasinthika ichi chidzatsimikiziridwa mu 1910 ndi a William Holland, yemwe nkhani yake idaphatikiza kusanthula kwamphamvu kwamunthu ndi kosinjirira zowonongeka ndi
«Unali sitepe yolimba mtima, kutenga cholengedwa kuchokera ku gulu la Dinosauria ndikuwofanizira ndi chifupa cha buluzi kapena chameleon, kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito cholembera, chida champhamvu kuchokera ku nduna yachilengedwe, kukonzanso mafupa, pakuwerengera komwe mibadwo iwiri ya American paleontologists yathera nthawi yayitali ndikugwira ntchito, ndi kupotoza nyamayo mwanjira yomwe malingaliro ake owala bwino amawaganizira».
A Brontosaurs (C. Knight, 1946)
Njira yamoyo yam'madzi yamadzi am'madzi yopitilira muyeso ikadali yopitilira zaka 25 zapitazi. Izi zitha kuwonekanso m'mafanizo a Zdeněk Burian, yemwe adadziwonetsa mu 1941 brachiosaurs pansi pamadzi, achizungu a Charles Knight pofalitsa buku la Life Through the Ages of 1946, Rudolf Sallinger's paint the Age of Reptiles of 1947, also in works of 60 zaka. Zithunzi zonsezi zidadzozedwa ndi ntchito zakale za Charles Knight ndipo sizinasunthike mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa "kukonzanso kwa ma dinosaurs" mu 1970-80.
Mu 1877, Richard Lidecker asindikiza dzina latsopano Titanosaurus ("Titan lizard", dzinali limaperekedwa polemekeza miyambo yakale ya ku Greece), lodziwika kuchokera ku vertebrae angapo, ochokera kumapeto kwa Cretaceous ku India. Mpaka mu 1987, pafupifupi mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yotengera mtunduwu idzafotokozedwa, malinga ndi kukonzanso kwa sauropods a Jeffrey Wilson ndi Paul Upcher 2003, onsewa amadziwika kuti ndi osayenera, ndipo ena a iwo ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, ankakhulupirira kuti heyday kapena nthawi yama sauropods, odziwika bwino kuchokera kumafanizidwe angapo aku North America, ndi a Jurassic Mesozoic. Zikuwoneka kuti malingaliro awa adathandizidwa ndi zopezeka zambiri kuyambira nthawi yanthawi yachilengedwe yapadziko lapansi, pomwe zopezeka za Cretaceous sauropod zidasowa komanso sizochulukirapo. Komabe, izi posakhalitsa zinthu zidasintha kwambiri. Zofukula mwadongosolo ku South America zidayamba kupanga zotsatira zabwino; mu 1993, a José Boanaparte ndi Rudolfo Coria amafotokoza chimphona chachikulu - munthu waku Argentina, kupezeka kwa colossus kameneka kumapangitsa mbewu yoyamba yokayikira kuti ma Cretaceous sauropods anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa mitundu ya Jurassic adawonetsa kuchepa ndikuchepa kwa gululi. Mu 2000, Boanaparte ndi Koria adayambitsa kupanga chuma Titanosauria, yomwe ikukwanira mwachangu zambiri za taxa zatsopano kuchokera ku Argentina ndi ku Brazil, pofika zaka za 2000s, oposa genera 30 a gululi adalembetsa. Ma Titanosaurs anali gulu losiyanasiyana la ma dinosaurs - sauropod omwe amakhala ku Cretaceous, mosasamala za kukula kwa thupi, gululi limaphatikizapo zonse zazing'ono komanso zolengedwa zolemera kwambiri zomwe zidakhalako Padziko Lapansi. Mu 2006, a paleontologists aku Argentina adafotokoza colossus yatsopano ya Puertasaurus, ndipo mu 2017 - pathagotitan. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti m'dera la South America ku Cretaceous,
Diego Paul ndi Patagotitan Thigh
ma titanosaurs anapitiliza kuphatikiza apo, anabala zimphona zoterezi zomwe zinali zazikulingana ndi mtsogoleri wakale, brachiosaurus, yemwe kuyambira zaka za 1900 kale amati ndi dinosaur wamkulu koposa. Pakadali pano, gulu la titanosaurs ndilo lalikulu kwambiri pa sauropods, kuchuluka kwa majini omwe afotokozedwa kwachulukanso, kupezeka kwa titanosaurs kwapezeka pafupifupi konsekonse, izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yoti ma sauropods adasinthika ndikukula pang'ono mpaka kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, nthawi ya "dinosaur" isanathe.
Thunthu la ma sauropod
Diplodocus wokhala ndi thunthu (Robert Bakker) ndi mtundu wofananira wa giraffatitan (Bill Munns)
Zambiri zakale, malo ofufuzira zothawathawa a Mesozoic amamutsata modabwitsa ndipo nthawi zina amaganiza modabwitsa, chimodzi chomwe ndi lingaliro loti ma sauropod amakhala ndi thunthu. Mosiyana ndi ma tetrapod ambiri, mphuno zam'maso za sauropod zili pamlingo wa dorsal: mu diplodocus, zimapezeka mwachindunji pamaso pamalo omwe amatha kutchedwa pamphumi, pomwe ali mu camarasaurus ndi brachiosaurus omwe amakhala pamapangidwe oyimba a chigaza. Lingaliro ili ndilodziwika kwa asayansi ambiri komanso okonda zachilengedwe ndipo adasindikizidwa nthawi zambiri m'mabuku odziwika: Gregory Iron akuwonetsa zolemba zazifupi za Robert Long ndi Samuel Wells (Long & Welles, 1980), Robert Becker adafanizira diplodocus ndi thunthu mu "Maganizo Olakwika" (Bakker, 1986) ndi a John Sibbick a buku la When the Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (Norman, 1985).
Tithokoze chifukwa cha nkhani yake ya 1971 mu magazini ya Nature, a Robert Becker anali odziwika kwambiri poyambitsa masanjidwe apamtunda (Bakker 1971), koma nkhani yatsatanetsatane ya Coombs ndiyofunikanso kwambiri. Monga lamulo, kukambirana kwa sauropods kunayamba ndi semantic ntchito ya Walter Coombs mu 1975, "Zizolowezi ndi malo okhala sauropods." Coombs adasanthula maumboni ambiri ndipo adazindikira kuti ngakhale ma sauropod nthawi zina amatha kulowa m'madzi, sanali anthu amphibi komanso anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zapadziko lapansi, ngakhale adanenanso kuti "kuwunikiridwa kwa ma sauropods ngati gulu lopanda nzeru mwina ndikusocheretsa. popeza kusiyanasiyana kwa morphology ya sauropods mwina akuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana komwe malo okhala ndi zokonda za malo". Coombs adazindikira kuti kukula, mawonekedwe ndi malo amphuno a bony mu sauropods "zofananira ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi thunthu kapena kuti mphuno yayikulu kwambiri". Anamaliza kuti ena atha kuchitika, makamaka kwa ena mwa gululi, ngakhale adanenanso kuti "pamakhala kukayikira kovomereza ma sauropod okhala ndi thunthu, chifukwa palibe chamoyo chilichonse chokhala ndi chilichonse ngati mphuno ya njovu kapena tapir". Coombs adanenanso zakusowa kofunikira kwa minofu ya nkhope pazirala ndikuti izi zitha kukhala vuto kwa thunthu.
Chithunzi cha Dicreosaurus (Gregory Irons, 1975)
Lingaliro la a Coombs silinali lofala, koma likuwonetsedwa m'buku la Robert Long ndi la Samuel Wells mu 1980, "Dinosaurs Yatsopano ndi Anzake," yomwe inali ndi chithunzi cha dicreosaurus (Dicraeosaurus) ndi thunthu lalifupi. Komabe, adazindikira kuti "ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mwina sitidzakhala ndi umboni wotsimikizira kupezeka kwa thunthu la ma sauropod, koma izi ndi lingaliro lokondweretsa kwambiri ndipo tikufuna kutenga mwayi uwu kuti tiwone momwe sauropod yomwe ili ndi thunthu ikuwonekera!". Kufanizira bukuli ndi zojambula za Gregory Iron, kuyambira 1975.
Diplodocus Model (John Martin & Richard Neave)
Pambuyo pake, a John Martin adagwira ntchito ndi a forensic anatomist Richard Nive wa ku University of Manchester kuti apangiremo mtundu wa diplodocus wokhala ndimatumba omanganso. Mtunduwu ulibe "thunthu" konse: mmalo mwake, imakhala ndi milomo yosinthika, ndipo mphuno zimakhala kumbuyo kwa milomo, koma siziphatikizidwa ndi iwo (thunthu ndi kuphatikizika kwa minofu yammphuno ndi yamankhwala). Pambuyo pake, wosema wosema Bill Mons adafanizira chithunzi chofananira cha giraffatitan ndi thunthu.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa ndi thunthu kapena proboscis zimakhala ndi zopindika zazifupi. Mbali zawo za premaxillary komanso zakunja kwa chigaza ndizochepa, ndipo gawo lawo lakunja kwa chigaza, monga lamulo, ndilofanana kawiri konse. Popeza kuti thunthu limagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa ndipo liyenera kukhala laling'ono komanso lolimba, ndizachilengedwe kuti liyenera kukhala "kupitiliza" kwa gawo lopendekera. Komabe, mu sauropods timawona mtundu wosiyana kotheratu - kupukutira kwawo ndikotakataka. Diplodocus, yomwe inali ndi ziphuphu zopepuka komanso zopyapyala, inali ndi mawonekedwe pafupifupi amakumbiridwe, pomwe pakamwa pake panali ponseponse, kapenanso konsekonse, kuposa chigaza chonse. Ma Macronars, monga Camarosaurus, Brachiosaurus ndi Titanosaurs, nawonso anali ndi muzzles, chifukwa chakuti palibe ma sauropod omwe ali ndi nkhope zopondera amachepetsa tanthauzo la thunthu. Mtsutso wina, womwe umatchulidwa kawirikawiri, umakhudza kuchepa kwa minofu ya nkhope muma sauropods, komanso ma dinosaurs ndi repitles ambiri. Mu zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, gulu la minofu lolumikizidwa ndi mlomo wapamwamba ndi mphuno linaphatikizidwa kuti apange thunthu. Kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa minyewayi m'matumba kumatanthauza kuti zirombo zopanda njira zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira kuti thunthu lizikula. A Gregory Paul adanenapo izi nthawi ina, akunena kuti zomanga za chigaza cha camarasaurus ndi brachiosaurus zimawoneka zofooka kwambiri kuti zikhale ndi minofu ya proboscis (Paul 1987).
Lingaliro lakuti sauropods limatha kukhala ndi thunthu limawoneka lodabwitsa, chifukwa nyama izi zidapanga kale chiwalo chodziwika kwambiri komanso chodabwitsa kwambiri chotengera chakudya m'mbiri, ndicho makosi owonjezera. Ngakhale adanenanso kuti makosi awo anali ochepa okhala choncho osafunikira china chilichonse kupatula kudyetsa pansi, kwakukulu, khosi la sauropod limapatsa nyama izi mitundu yambirimbiri komanso yoperewera. Ndizachilendo kuti zolengedwa za proboscis, monga njovu, ma rhinos ndi ma tapery, m'malo mwake, zimakhala ndi khosi lalifupi.
Mazira a dinosaur
Mu 1997, a Paleontologists a ku Argentina a Luis Chiappi ndi a Rodolfo Coria adapeza mndandanda woyamba wa mazira a sauropods ochokera ku Patagonia. Malo ano m'chigawo cha Neuquen, omwe amadziwika kuti Auca Mahuevo, ndi malo angapo ma kilomita angapo, omwe anali atazunguliridwa ndi zidutswa zambirimbiri za mazira. Chibwenzi chamiyala yamiyala yomwe idawonetsa zaka za 83,5 - 79,5 miliyoni zapitazo, zomwe zikufanana ndi nthawi ya Cretaceous. Zinatenga zaka zisanu kuphunzira dera lapaderali, asayansi anazindikira kuti malowa ndi amtundu wa "chofungatira", pomwe titanosaurs amabwera chaka ndi chaka kudzaza mazira.
Ofufuza adaika zigawo zinayi za oviposition. Kusoka kokha kunali kukhumudwa m'nthaka yomwe inali ndi magulu a mazira 15 mpaka 34, masentimita 13 mpaka 15, ena omwe anali pafupifupi. Kukonzekera kwina mu labotale kunapangitsa kuti athe kupeza chapadera; kamwana kakang'ono ka dinosaur kokhala ndi chigaza chake kanatengedwa kuchokera dzira limodzi. Kafukufuku wa asayansi apereka chidziwitso chambiri pakukula kwa mazira, kapangidwe kake ndi mazira, komanso mawonekedwe oberekera a ma dinosaurs a sauropod.
Mu 2004, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya zinthu zakale idamasuliridwa ngati zisa, kuyambira kukula mpaka 85 mpaka 125 cm ndi kuya kwa 10 mpaka 18 cm, koma njira "yopanda chisa" idapangidwira malo otsalawo pomwe dzira liri pamalo otseguka. Komabe, kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa zisa zomwe zafunikirazo mchaka cha 2012 ndikuti zomerazi ndizopezeka ma titanosaurs pomwe mazira adayikidwa mwangozi kapena kutsukidwa panthawi yamadzi osefukira. Kutanthauzira kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi mbiri yonse ya chilengedwe ndipo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusalinganika kwa chisa chongoganiza ndi zomanga "zotseguka". Ma morphology a mazira amawonetsa kuti mwina adawumbidwa kumalo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Ma Titanosaurs sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyambira yolumikizirana, yomwe nthawi zambiri nyama zamakono zomwe zimawotha mazira awo ndi matupi awo, chifukwa chake zimadalira mphamvu zachilengedwe kuti zithandizire mazira awo. Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndikuti zomangamanga zidapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, komanso, mwina anali a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya titanosaurs. Zambiri zomwe zikupezeka zikuwonetsa kuti kumanga koyamba kunali kopanda dothi, kenako, nyengo itasintha kukhala malo otentha kwambiri, ndikusinthidwa ndi mtundu wina womwe umakhala wofanana kwambiri ndi utoto wooneka bwino kwambiri wa mazira wozolowera kukhala malo ovutira.
Kusintha kwanyengo ndi chilengedwe kwalongosoledwanso mmagawo a dongo ndi kuyikira kwina kwa Auk Mahuevo. Masiku ano, mazira a titanosaurus apezeka padziko lonse lapansi, koma amapezeka m'malo achitetezo achisawawa. Pankhaniyi, nthaka yokhala ndi madzi komanso ma hydrothermal mosakayikira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma sauropods kuti apeze kunja komwe kumatentha ndi chinyezi.
Kuchulukitsa
- Dongosolo:Sauropodomorpha
- Jenda: Saturnalia
- Jenda: Anchisaurus
- Jenda: Arcusaurus
- Jenda: Asylosaurus
- Jenda: Efraasia
- Jenda: Ignavusaurus
- Jenda: Nambalia
- Jenda: Panphagia
- Jenda: Pampadromaeus
- Jenda: Chikalak
- Jenda: Thecodontosaurus
- Malo: † Prosauropods (Prosauropoda)
- Banja: Massospondylidae
- Banja: Plateosauridae
- Banja: Riojasauridae
- Chuma: Anchisauria
- Jenda: Aardonyx
- Jenda: Leonerasaurus
- Malo: † Zauropods (Saauropoda)
- Banja:?Blikanasauridae
- Banja:?Tendaguridae
- Banja: Cetiosauridae
- Banja: Mamenchisauridae
- Banja: Melanorosauridae
- Banja: Omeisauridae
- Banja: Vulcanodontidae
- Gulu: Eusauropoda
- Gulu: Neosauropoda
- Chuma: Turiasauria
- Malo: † Prosauropods (Prosauropoda)
Mtengo wa phylogenetic
Cladogram wa Diego pol et al., 2011.
Sauropodomorpha |
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