Izi zimakhala pamalo pomwe palibe mpweya wabwino. Osati magazi ofiira ofunda amayenda mthupi lake, koma lamtambo. Mwina ndichifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, akatswiri azachipatala adaganiza kuti akuwoneka ngati woipa, natcha wosakhazikika - hellish vampire.
Zowona, mu 1903, Card Hun wodziwika kuti ndi wochita kusamalira nyama anati cholembedwerako osati "chimphona" chokha, koma kwa banja la octopus. Chifukwa chiyani helter vampire adatchedwa dzinaSikovuta kulingalira. Zomangira zake ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chovala, invertebrate imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, ndipo imakhala m'malo akuda.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala infernal vampire
Kungoyambira pomwe zidapezeka kuti wowonetsa zachipatala anali akulakwitsa, ndipo ngakhale kuti mollusk ili ndi zochitika wamba ndi octopus, si wachibale wake mwachindunji. "Chamoyo" chamadzi chomwe chili pansi pamadzi sichingatchulidwe.
Zotsatira zake, vampire ya hellish idapangidwa gawo lina, lomwe limatchedwa Latin - "Vampyromorphida". Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pamunthu wokhala pansi pamadzi kuchokera ku squid ndi octopus ndiko kukhalapo kwa thupi la mafilimu apadera a bifid, ndiko kuti, ulusi wa mapuloteni omwe vampire sangathe kufupikitsa.
Monga tikuonera chithunzi, hellish vampire thupi limakhala ndi maonekedwe a gelatinous. Ali ndi mahema 8, omwe aliwonse omwe "amavala" chikho chomwera kumapeto, amaphimbidwa ndi singano zofewa ndi tinyanga. Kukula kwa mollusk ndichabwino kwambiri, kuyambira pakati pa 15 ndi 30 sentimita.
"Chamoyo" chaching'ono pamadzi chimatha kukhala chofiira, chofiirira, chofiirira komanso chakuda. Mtundu umatengera kuwunikira komwe kuli. Kuphatikiza apo, ma mollusk amatha kusintha mtundu wa maso ake kukhala amtambo kapena ofiira. Maso a nyamayo payokha amawonekera ndipo ndi okulirapo matupi awo. Amafika m'milimita 25 m'milimita.
"Vampires" zachikulire zimadzitamandira zipsepse zamakutu zomwe zimakula kuchokera ku "chofunda". Pochotsa zipsepse zake, mollusk ikuwoneka ngati ikuuluka kwambiri mu nyanja. Ponseponse thupi la nyamayo lakutidwa ndi ma poto, kutanthauza ziwalo zowunikira. Ndi thandizo lawo, maubulamu amatha kuyatsa kuwala, kupangitsa kukhala koopsa pamadzi "cohabitants".
Ku World Ocean, pakuya mamita 600 mpaka 1000 (asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mpaka 3000 metres), komwe hellish vampire amakhalapafupifupi palibe mpweya. Pali ena otchedwa "zone of oxygen ochepera".
Kuphatikiza pa vampire, palibe cephalopod yemwe amadziwika ndi sayansi yemwe amakhala motere. Ofukula za chilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi malo omwe anapatsa infernal invertebrate chinthu china, ma vampirewo amasiyana ndi anthu ena okhala pansi pamadzi omwe amakhala ochepa kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi moyo wa hellish vampire
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi chilombo chodabwitsachi zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto am'nyanja mwakuya. Ali ku ukapolo, ndizovuta kumvetsetsa zenizeni zomwe zimachitika mollusk, chifukwa chimakhala chikupanikizika kwambiri ndipo chikuyesetsa kudzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi asayansi. Makamera apansi pamadzi analemba kuti "ma vampires" amayenda limodzi ndi kuya kwamadzi. Nthawi yomweyo, amasula velar flagella.
Kukhudza kulikonse kwa flagellum yokhala ndi chinthu chakunja kukuwopseza okhala pansi pamadzi; chikhomo chimayamba kuyandama mosazindikira kuti chitha kuwopsa. Kuthamanga kwamagetsi kumafikira mbali ziwiri zamtundu uliwonse.
Zachidziwikire kuti "zazing'ono zazing'ono" sizikudziwa momwe angadzitetezere. Chifukwa cha minofu yofooka, nthawi zonse musankhe njira yopulumutsira mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, amatulutsa kuwala kwawo kwamtambo komanso koyera, kumapangitsa kuti nyama zisamveke bwino, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa komwe zimakhalako.
Mosiyana octopus, hellish vampire ilibe thumba la inki. Mochulukitsa, mollusk amatulutsa ma bioluminescent mucus, ndiye kuti, mipira yowunikira, ndipo ngakhale mdaniyo atachititsidwa khungu, amayesa kusambira kumdima. Iyi ndi njira yodzitetezera, chifukwa kuchira pamafunika mphamvu zambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, wokhala m'madzi amadzipulumutsa yekha ndi "dzungu". Mmenemo, mollusk amatembenuzira ma tent tent mkati ndikuwaphimba ndi thupi. Chifukwa chake chimakhala ngati mpira wokhala ndi singano. Idyedwa ndi chihema ikagonjetsedwa ndi chilombo, nyamayo imadzilanso yokha.
Mbiri yamtundu
Vampire woyambitsa adayamba kufotokozeredwa ndikupanga cholakwika mu 1903 ndi Karl Hun, katswiri wazowona za nyama ku Germany yemwe adaphunzira cephalopods. Popita nthawi, zinaonekeratu kuti cholengedwachi chimayenera kupatsidwa gawo lina. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma vampires ndi ma octopus ndi ma squid ndi kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni ena, omwe sangathe kudula - ma spelidi mafilimu.
Vampire ya hellish ili ndi dzina lake, mwina, chifukwa cha zimagwirizanitsa zomwe zimalumikiza ma tententi. Amapanga chovala chamkati chomwe chimangochikulunga, kudziteteza. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa vampire ndi wofiirira wofiirira, ngakhale umatha kutembenukira utoto ndi wakuda, kutengera ndikuunikira. Alinso ndi magazi amtambo. Koma muziyamba kuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa squamp ya vampire ndi kocheperako, mpaka 30 cm. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 15. Kumbuyo kwa thupi la vampire kuli ziphuphu zazing'ono, zomwe zimayenda. Zipsepa zopota zimawoneka ngati "kuthawa" kudutsa mzere wamadzi. Mahema onse asanu ndi atatu a infernal vampire amalumikizana ndi nembanemba. Iliyonse ya mahema pamapeto pake imakhala ndi kapu yotsekemera, ndipo imakutidwa ndi tinyanga tofewa, kokumbukira singano.
Thupi lonse la mollusk limakutidwa ndi maopoto - ziwalo zapadera za luminescence zomwe vampire amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka poteteza. Maso a nthumwi ya ma vampireomorphs ndi ma convex, pafupifupi kukula kwa 2,5 cm, ndipo amatha kusintha mtundu wawo kutengera kuyatsa kuchokera ku buluu kupita pabiri. Poyerekeza kutalika kwa thupi lonse, vampire imakhala ndi maso akulu kwambiri pazamoyo zonse padziko lapansi.
Moyo
Dziwani kuti mtunduwu sunaphunziridwe bwino, chifukwa umakhala pakuzama kwa mamita 500. Ndipo zonse zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa cha machitidwe awo zidapezeka kuchokera mwangozi mwangozi ndi magalimoto ofufuza pansi pamadzi. Ali mu ukapolo, ma vampires samakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo amatsatira njira yotetezera.
Habitat
Vampire ya hellish imakonda kukhala m'malo otentha komanso am'madzi otentha, pakuya kwa 500-1000 m. Pali malo omwe amadziwika kuti "zone of oxygen ochepera", zomwe zili mu oxygen m'madzi ndizosakwana 3%. Kuchulukitsa kwa okosijeni kumeneku kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuti kuchirikiza kagayidwe kazachilengedwe mu zolengedwa zambiri padziko lapansi. Vampire ya infernal ndiyo cephalopod yokha yomwe imatha kukhala m'malo ano. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mollusk ali ndi kagayidwe kochepa kwambiri. Mwazi wake umakhala ndi mkuwa wambiri, ndichifukwa chake uli ndi mtundu wa buluu, ndipo umagwira bwino ndikusamutsa okosijeni.
Minofu ya mollusk sinayambike bwino, koma makulidwe a thupi lake amagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, komwe kumawalola kuyenda mwamphamvu munyanja.
Zakudya Zabwino ndi Chitetezo
Ma octopuse amagwiritsa ntchito inki kuti ateteze ku ngozi. Vampire yathu ilibe inki yotere, koma pali matumba omwe amadzaza ndi madzi a bioluminescent, akungotulutsa komwe mollusk amachititsa khungu mdaniyo, ndikumusokoneza, zomwe zimamupatsa nthawi yoyenda mumithunzi. Chingwe chopepuka chimakhala ndi ntchofu ndi mipira yaying'ono yowunikira, koma imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo omaliza, popeza kusinthika kwa ntchofu kumafuna ndalama zambiri zamagetsi. Komanso, pofuna kuteteza, vampire amagwiritsa ntchito kuwunikira - mawonekedwe ake mthupi lonse amabalalitsa kuwunikira mozungulira iye, akumaphwanya matupi a thupi ndikuphimba kumawonekera kuchokera pansi.
Makina achitetezo a mollusk posintha mawonekedwe ndiosangalatsa kwambiri. Makatani a vampire alibe zithunzi mkati, chifukwa chake, ngati ali pachiwopsezo, amatembenukira, kwenikweni, mkati mwake akumalumikiza mutu ndi thupi ndi nembanemba yake, kotero kuti maupangiri okhawo opangira ma tententi akhale kunja. Amasokoneza osaka iwowo, ndipo zikadzatayika azimanso. Izi zimatchedwa dzungu dzungu.
Kufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Kodi mukuganiza kuti uwu ndi mtundu wina wa chilombo kuchokera ku kanema wowopsa? Ndipo ichi ndi nyama chapadziko lapansi. Tsopano ndikuuzaninso zambiri.
Dzina lodabwitsa kwambiri, la hellish vampire, adalandira kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri ka cephalopod komwe kamakhala mozama kwambiri mozama momwe kumakhala malo otentha komanso otentha.Popanda kufanana kwake ndi ma octopus ndi squid, asayansi azindikira chidziwitso ichi mgululi ina Vampyromorphida (lat.), Chifukwa posachedwa imadziwika ndi zolaula zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino, za bichoid. Komanso hellish vampire ndi mtundu wokhawo komanso mtundu wokhawo wa dongosolo ili: Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun ndi Vampyroteuthis Chun, motsatana. Kapangidwe kake kameneka ndi komwe kali chifukwa chakuti ndi cephalopod yekhayo, pomwe malo ake ndi akuya pafupifupi 400 - 1000 metres ndipo mpweya ndi madzi pang'ono.
Kutalika kotalika kwa vampire ya hellish ndi 15 cm, ndipo kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 30. Mollusk ali ndi thupi la gelatinous lokhala ndi mahema asanu ndi atatu olumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Iliyonse mwa mahema awa imakhala ndi kapu yotsekera ndi masharubu kumapeto. Udindo wa ma tententi owona mu infernal vampire umaseweredwa ndi velar flagella yomwe ili mu minofu yolumikizira ndikukula motalika kwambiri kuposa mahema.
Mtundu wa infernal vampire umasiyanasiyana kutengera kuunikira kuchokera kwa wakuda mpaka wofiyira komanso wofiirira, maso - kuchokera pabiri mpaka buluu. Mlomo wa mbewa ndi yoyera. Chofunikira china cha ma mollusk ndi kukula kwa maso: molingana ndi kukula kwa thupi, maso ake amatha kutchedwa lalikulupo pakati pa oimira nyama - 2,5 cm. Maso ake amatha kusiyanitsa ngakhale pang'ono, ndipo ma photoreceptors omwe ali pamutu pake amathandizira kuti amugwire.
Akuluakulu, pali zipsepse zamakutu zomwe zimamera kuchokera kumbali zamkati mwa chovalacho, chomwe chimagwira ngati njira yayikulu yoyendera: mafunde okhala ndi zipsepse amawoneka ngati "kuthawa" kudutsa pakati pamadzi. Mlomo wa vampire wolimba ndi yoyera. Mu minti yolumikizirana pali matumba awiri omwe amabisa velor flagella yovutirapo, yomwe imatha kupitilira zambiri kuposa ma tententi ndipo imakhala ngati "helters vampire" tentpent.
Pafupifupi nkhope yonse ya thupi la mollusk imakutidwa ndi ziwalo za luminescence - Photophores. Amawoneka ngati ma disc oyera ang'onoang'ono omwe amakula kumapeto kwa hema ndi m'munsi mwa zipsepse. Zovala zotentha sizikupezeka kokha mkati lamatende omwe ali ndi nembanemba. Vampire ya infernal imayendetsa ziwalozi bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kupanga kuwala kowunikira kochokera kumazana a sekondi imodzi mpaka mphindi zingapo. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kuwongolera kuwala ndi kukula kwa malo owala.
Ma chromatophores (ma cell a pigment) omwe amapezeka m'ma cephalopod ambiri samapangidwa mu vampire oyaka, popeza kuthekera kosintha kwambiri khungu la thupi, kufunikira kwa cephalopods omwe amakhala pakashelefu, mwakuya kwambiri komanso mumdima wathunthu, sikugwira ntchito yapadera.
Vampire ya infernal ndi chitsanzo chosowa cha cephalopods yakuzama panyanja, yokhala, malinga ndi zidziwitso zamakono, kunja kwa gawo la kulowa kwa kuwala pamtunda wa mamita 600- 900 ndi zina. M'derali lam'nyanja muli malo ena apadera, omwe amadziwika kuti zone oxygen. Apa, mpweya wa okosijeni ndi wochepa kwambiri kuti uthandizire kagayidwe ka aerobic kazamoyo kwambiri. Komabe, vampire woyambayo amatha kukhala ndi kupuma movutikira m'malo ano ndi mpweya wambiri wa 3%. Palibe cephalopod wina, yemwe amadziwika ndi sayansi, ndipo, kupatula zina, nyama zamitundu ina ndizotheka izi.
Kwa moyo wakuya kwambiri muzochitika zopsinjika kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa mpweya, hellish vampire inapanga zida zingapo zofunika. Vampire infernal imakhala ndi metabolic yotsika kwambiri pakati pa ma cephalopod onse am'nyanja. Hemocyanin, utoto wamagazi wokhala ndi mkuwa, womwe umapatsa magazi a nyamayo mtundu wamtambo, umamangirira ndi kusuntha okosijeni. Malo akuluakulu a gill amathandizanso izi. The hellish vampire ilibe bwino minofu, koma njira yabwino yolinganiza, yoyimiriridwa ndi ma statocysts, ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka thupi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ammonia mu minofu, pafupifupi ikufanana ndi kusowa kwa madzi am'nyanja. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzitha kusamalira nyama mosavuta komanso kuti muziyendetsa bwino nyama.
Kumpoto kwa malo okhala vampire am'madzi, madzi omwe amakhala pamwamba pamutu amawoneka ngati thambo pakuwala kwa anthu akuzama panyanja: maso awo owala amatha kusiyanitsa ma silcette a nyama zina zomwe zikusambira kuchokera pamwamba. Kuti muteteze kuti isapezeke, vampire woyipa amatulutsa kuwala kwake. Kuwala kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo igwere, ndikuyivindikira kuchokera pansi. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuwunikira. Maso akulu akulu a helter vampire amawona ngakhale kufinya kwamkati kwambiri. Ma photoreceptors omwe ali pamutu pake amatha kuchenjeza anthu oyipa kuti asasunthike pamwamba.
Monga ma cephalopods ena akuya panyanja, vampire wowuma alibe chikwama cha inki. Pakakhala chiwopsezo, m'malo mwa inki, amamasula kuchokera ku nsonga za tententi mtambo womata wa bioluminescent mucus wokhala ndi mipira yambirimbiri yowunikira. Chingwe chopepuka, chomwe chimakhala mpaka mphindi 10, chikuyenera kunena kuti chimakwiyitsa zilombozo ndi kupatsa mwayi mwayi wobisala mumdima, osayandama. Njira yodzitetezayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali ngozi yayikulu, popeza kusinthika kwa ntchofu kumafuna ndalama zambiri.
Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino za magenegenisi a vampire oyamba. Popanga chitukuko, amadutsa mitundu itatu yaumboni: achichepere kwambiri ali ndi zipsepse, mkati momwe nyamazo zimakulanso awiri ndipo, pamapeto pake, mwa akulu, awiri oyamba a zipsepse ndipo kenako awiriwo atsala. Nyama ikamakula, kuchuluka kwa malo pang'onopang'ono mpaka kuchepa kwa thupi, ndipo zipsepse zimasintha kukula kwake ndi malo kuti zitheke njira yosunthira. Achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito chingwe cholowera kuyenda, pomwe anthu akuluakulu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zipsepse. Kuphatikizika kwapadera kotereku kwapangitsa kuti m'mbuyomu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama idatengedwa kuti ikhale ya mabanja osiyanasiyana.
Ngati nkotheka kujambulitsa kufanana ndi ma cephalopod ena am'nyanja, infernal vampire nthawi zambiri simakhala Mitundu, ikayika mazira ochepa. Kukula kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa michere mozama momwe nyama imakhalira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu, msonkhano wa anthu awiri chifukwa cha kuswana umakhala wachangozi. Wamkazi amatha kusunga ma spermatophores opakidwa madzi ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali asanakonzekere kuthira mazira. Pambuyo umuna, amatha kumatha kuwapatsa mpaka masiku 400, mpaka mbendera yaying'ono. Pafupifupi maonekedwe ake, wamkazi amasiya kudya ndikumwalira pambuyo pake.
Ana aang'ono, omwe kukula kwake ndi kutalika pafupifupi 8 mm, ali pafupi kutalika pang'ono ndi anthu akuluakulu. Ndiwowonekera, alibe ulusi pakati pa mahema, maso ndi ochepa, ndipo flagella sinapangidwe bwino. Ena, osakonzedweratu nthawi, ana, asanayambe kudya, amakhala pamasungidwe achuma ambiri okhala ndi michere. Achichepere nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo ozama kwambiri, pomwe, mwina, amadya zopanda pake zomwe zimagwa kuchokera kumtunda kwa nyanja.
Zonse zomwe zimadziwika mpaka pano pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a hellish vampire zimapezeka kuchokera mwangozi kugundana ndimayendedwe apanyanja.Akamagwidwa, nyama nthawi zambiri zimavulala ndipo zimatha kukhala m'madzi osaposa miyezi iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pazinthu zosafunikira ndizovuta kupeza chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza chitetezo chamtunduwu.
Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka, ma vampires oyipa amayenda limodzi ndi mitsinje yakuzama, natulutsa flavella yayitali. Ngati flagella ikumana ndi chilichonse kapena kumva kugwedezeka kwakunja, nyamazo zimakondwera, ndikupangitsa mayendedwe achangu mwachangu. Amatha kusambira mothamanga kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwamthupi awiri pa sekondi, kuthamanga kwa masekondi asanu. Minofu yawo yofooka, komabe, imachepetsa kupirira.
Ma Cephalopods, okhala m'malo ochereza, amatha kulipira ndalama zambiri zamagetsi okhalitsa. Mosiyana ndi iwowo, vampire oyipa amafunika kupanga njira zina, zopulumutsira mphamvu zothamangitsira zilombo. Kuti achepetse kusaka, amagwiritsa ntchito "zozimitsa moto" zomwe zidatchulidwazo ndikuphatikiza ndi ma tententi oyatsa komanso zosasokoneza mwadzidzidzi zoyenda.
Pamalo oteteza, otchedwa "dzungu lamkati," chimbudzi cham'madzi chimatembenuza ma tententi mkati mwake, ndikuphimba thupi, ndikupanga mawonekedwe okulirapo owoneka ndi singano zowopsa. MALO mkati mwa ma tententi okhala ndi utoto umakhala ndi utoto ndipo pafupifupi timabisala tawo. Malangizo owunikira a mahema amachokera palapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mutu, ndikupatutsa kuukira kwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri za thupi. Ngati mdaniyo aluma kumapeto kwa chihemacho, nyamayo imakulanso.
Amadziwika kuti ma hellish vampires amadya ochepa crustaceans (kuphatikizapo shrimp), cnidaria. Mwambiri, zazing'ono zimadziwika pazakudya zawo, koma, potengera kuchepa kwa malo okhala, zitha kulingaliridwa kuti ndizosangalatsa. Mothandizidwa ndi mafilimu amkati mwake, infernal vampire imayimitsa wovulalayo ndikuyamwa magazi, bwino kuposa nyama, imathandizira kukonzanso kwa bioluminescent ntch. Ma waya oyatsira nawonso adapezeka m'mimba mwa nsomba zazikulu zamkati, zinsomba ndi zikhadabo, mwachitsanzo, mikango yam'nyanja.
Ngati tizingolankhula za anthu okhala m'madzi oyipa, ndiye kuti ndikukumbutsani za nsomba zonga HAULIOD kapena za Longhorn Saber
Chakudya Cha infernal Vampire
Kwa nthawi yayitali, akatswiri a zochizira nyama anali otsimikiza kuti ma vampires owopsa ndi omwe amadyera nyama zazing'ono. Monga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mafiyilo ake oyaka, "mizimu yoyipa" yamadzi pansi pa madzi imafoola shrimp. Ndipo, ndi thandizo lawo, amayamwa magazi kwa womenyedwayo. Amaganiziridwa kuti ndi magazi omwe amathandizira kubwezeretsa bioluminescent mucus ogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa olusa.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti mollusk siokhetsa magazi konse. M'malo mwake, mosiyana ndi zomwezi squid, hellish vampire kumakhala ndimtendere. Popita nthawi, zinyalala za pansi pa madzi zimamatirira kutsitsi la chinyontho, nyama mothandizidwa ndi mahema ikusonkhanitsa "zinthu" izi, kuzisakaniza ndi ntchofu, ndikuzidya.
Kubalanso komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa vampire wa hellish
Wokhala pansi pamadzi amakhala yekhayekha, amaberekanso nthawi zambiri. Misonkhano ya anthu osiyana akazi nthawi zambiri imachitika mwangozi. Popeza wamkazi samakonzekera msonkhano wotere, amatha kubereka ma spermatophores kwa nthawi yayitali, yomwe amachilowetsa. Ngati ndi kotheka, amawatenga umuna, ndipo amanyamula anawo mpaka masiku 400.
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, anthu amaganiza kuti kachilomboka kamtundu wa mkazi, kamakhala ngati masamba ena amphaka, kamwalira kamatulutsa koyamba. Wasayansi waku Netherlands Henk-Jan Hwing amakhulupirira kuti izi sizowona. Pofufuza kapangidwe ka m'mimba mwa munthu wokhala pansi pamadzi, wasayansi anapeza kuti wamkazi wamkulu kwambiri amatenga nthawi 38.
Nthawi yomweyo, panali dzira lokwanira "kulowa" dzira kuti limalowe ndi 65. Pakadali pano, izi zimafunikira zowerengera zowonjezera, koma zikadzakhala zowona, izi zitanthauza kuti ma cephalopod akuya panyanja amatha kubereka mpaka nthawi mazana ambiri moyo. Matumba infernal vampire nkhono obadwa athupi athunthu. Koma zazing'ono, pafupi mamilimita 8 kutalika.
Poyamba zimakhala zowonekera, sizikhala ndi nembanemba pakati pa mahema, ndipo flagella yawo sinapangidwebe bwino. Ana amadya zinyalala zachilengedwe zochokera kunyanja zapamwamba. Kutalika kwa moyo mwina kumakhala kovuta kuwerengetsa. Ali mu ukapolo, olemba moyo sakhala miyezi iwiri.
Koma malinga ndi maphunziro a Hazing, zazikazi zimakhala ndi moyo zaka zingapo, ndipo zimakhala zazitali pakati pa cephalopods. Komabe, ngakhale vampire woyambayo sanaphunziridwe kwathunthu, mwina mtsogolo adzaulula zinsinsi zake ndikuwonetsa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe atsopano.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Chithunzi: Helo Vampire
The infernal vampire (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) ndi yekhayo woyimilira wa dongosolo Vampyromorphida, lamulo la chisanu ndi chiwiri mollusk kalasi Cephalopoda. Amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a onse octopus (Octopoda) ndi squid, cuttlefish, ndi zina. Amaganizira kuti izi zitha kuyimira mzere wobadwa pakati pamagulu awiriwa. Ma vampire amtundu waukadaulo sakhala ma squid enieni, amatchedwa mayina chifukwa cha maso awo amtambo, khungu loyera komanso kufalikira pakati pa mikono yawo.
Kanema: Helo Vampire
Chochititsa chidwi: Vampire ya infernal idapezedwa ndiulendo woyamba wakuzama waku Germany mu 1898-1899 ndipo ndiye yekhayo woyimira dongosolo la Vampyromorpha, mawonekedwe a phylogenetic kusintha kwa cephalopods.
M'maphunziro ambiri a phylogenetic, vampire infernal amaonedwa ngati nthambi yoyambilira ya octopus. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi zambiri, zomwe mwina zimatha kuzolowera nyengo yakuya yam'nyanja. Zina mwazinthu izi ndi kutaya kwa chikwama cha inki ndi ziwalo zambiri za ma chromatophores, kupanga kwa zithunzi ndi kapangidwe kazinthu kena ka minatin. Mitunduyi imakhala m'madzi akuya konse kumadera otentha komanso kotentha.
Monga phylogenetic, uyu ndi yekhayo amene ali nawo m'gulu lake. Zoyambira zoyambilira adazisonkhanitsa paulendo wa Valdivia, ndipo poyambilira adafotokozedwa molakwika kuti ndi octopuse mu 1903 ndi wofufuza wofufuza wa ku Germany Karl Hun. Pambuyo pake, vampire wa hellish adayitanitsa dongosolo latsopano pamodzi ndi zingapo zatha.
Kodi vampire wachiberekedwe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Momwe mawonekedwe a hellish vampire amawonekera
Squid vampire amakhala m'malo ozama kwambiri am'madzi otentha onse am'nyanja. Ichi ndiye chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha madzi owoneka bwino (cephalopod mollusk), omwe amakhulupirira kuti amatha kulowa pansi mpaka mamita 300-000, malo ambiri okhala ndi nyanja yakuya ndi 1,500-2500. M'chigawo chino cha nyanja zamchere, pamakhala malo okhala ochepa okosijeni.
Kukwezedwa kwa okosijeni kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuti kungathandizire kagayidwe ka aerobic mu zinthu zovuta kuzimvetsa. Komabe, vampire infernal imatha kukhala ndi kupuma movomerezeka ndi 3% yokha, kuthekera kwakeko sikunaberekedwe mwa nyama zochepa.
Chochititsa chidwi: Zowunikira ku Monterey Bay Oceanarium Research Institute zawonetsa kuti ma vampires am'mphepete mwa nyanjayi amatha malire ndi mpweya wocheperako mu dawuniyi pamtunda wa 690 m ndi mpweya wa 0.22 ml / l.
Nyama za m'madzi za Vampire zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja momwe mumapezeka mpweya, momwe kuwala sikulowa. Magawidwe a squamp ya vampire kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera amapezeka pakati pa madigiri 40 a kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa mtunda, kumene madzi amachokera 2 mpaka 6 ° C. M'moyo wake wonse, ali m'malo okhala ndi mpweya wochepa. Vampyroteuthis amatha kukhala pano chifukwa magazi ake ali ndi magazi amtundu wina (hemocyanin), omwe amamangiriza mpweya kuchokera kumadzi moyenera, pambali pa magalasi anyamawa ndi akulu kwambiri.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe squid infernal vampire amapezeka. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi vampire wa infernal amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: squid Hell Vampire
Amphaka ndi azisamba. Vampire squid imagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zake zomata kufunafuna chakudya munyanja yakuya, komanso ili ndi nambala yolimba kwambiri, yosonyeza kuti imatsika pang'onopang'ono ndi miyeso m'madzi pafupifupi. Ngakhale dzina lake ndi mbiri yake, Vampyroteuthis infernalis siwotsutsa wankhanza. Pakuwongolera, nyamayi imapatula ulusi umodzi nthawi imodzi kufikira imodzi ikhudza nyama yomwe imadyera nyama. Kenako nyamayi imasambira mozungulira moyembekeza kuti igwira nyama.
Chochititsa chidwi: Vampire squid ili ndi gawo lotsika kwambiri la metabolic pakati pa cephalopods chifukwa chakuchepetsa kudalira kwa nyama zolusa mu nyanja yakuya, yocheperako. Nthawi zambiri amapita ndi kutuluka ndipo sakhala wolimbikira. Zipsepse zazikulu ndi nembanemba pakati pa manja zimapangitsa kusunthika kukhala ngati jellyfish.
Mosiyana ndi cephalopods ena onse, the vampire yomwe imatsogolera sikugwira nyama yamoyo. Imadyanso tinthu tokhala ngati organic yomwe imamira pansi munyanja yakuya, yomwe amati chipale chofewa.
- ma diatomu
- zooplankton,
- mchere ndi mazira
- mphutsi
- tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'mimba mwa nsomba ndi ma crustaceans.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi timanja tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapukutidwa ndi makapu oyamwa a manja ena asanu ndi atatu, wokutidwa ndi nembanemba ya manja asanu ndi atatu ndikuwamwetsa ngati mucous misa kuchokera mkamwa. Amakhala ndi manja asanu ndi atatu, koma alibe chakudya, ndipo m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe ziwiri zomwe angathe kuzimeza kuti amange chakudya. Amaphatikiza zinyalala ndi ntchofu zochotsa m'mbale zokomera kuti apange mipira yazakudya.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Octopus hellish vampire
Malingaliro nthawi zonse amawonedwa ngati osambira pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha thupi losafunikira la gelatinous. Komabe, imatha kusambira modabwitsa, pogwiritsa ntchito zipsepse kuyenda m'madzi. Mapulogalamu awo opanga kwambiri, omwe ali ndi gawo loyendetsa bwino, amathandizanso kuti akhale onenepa. Akuyerekeza kuti vampire ya infernal infernal lifika kuthamanga kwamatupi awiri a thupi pamphindi, ndipo imafulumira kuthamanga izi m'masekondi asanu.
Vampire ya hellish imatha kuwalitsa kutalika kuposa mphindi ziwiri, chifukwa cha zithunzi zomwe zimawoneka nthawi imodzi, kapena kuwunika kuchokera kamodzi mpaka katatu pamphindi, nthawi zina zimasuntha. Ziwalo za manja ndi manja zimatha kunyezimira kapena kuwongoka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayendera limodzi ndi kuyankha. Mtundu wachitatu komanso womaliza wa luminescence ndi mitambo ya luminescent, yomwe imawoneka ngati matumba a mucous okhala ndi tinthu tomwe timayalamo. Amakhulupilira kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasungidwa ndi ziwalo za nsonga za manja kapena posatsegula ziwalo zowoneka bwino ndipo zimatha kuwala mpaka mphindi 9.5.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ma njanji amagetsi nthawi zambiri amavulala pakagwidwa ndikumakhala m'madzi kwa miyezi iwiri. Mu Meyi 2014, Monterey Bay Aquarium (USA) anali woyamba kuwonetsa izi.
Kuyankha kwakukulu pakupulumutsa squid ya vampire kumaphatikizapo kunyezimira mapapo kumapeto kwa manja ndi kumapeto kwa zipsepse. Kuwala kumeneku kumayendetsedwa ndi funde la manja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa komwe squid ili m'madzi. Kenako, nyamayo imayang'ana mitambo. Pamene chiwonetsero chakuwala chatha, ndizosatheka kudziwa ngati nyamayo inali kuyenda kapena kusakanikirana ndi mtambo m'madzi opanda madzi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Helo Vampire
Popeza maenje aku infa amakhala ndimadzi akuya kwambiri kuposa ma squid akulu, kutuluka kwake kumachitika m'madzi akuya kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amuna amakhala ndi mwayi wopita kukachikazi. Akazi achampire ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Amaponyera mazira am'madzi m'madzi. Mazira okhwima ndi okulirapo, ndipo amapezeka osayandama pamadzi akuya.
Chochititsa chidwi: Zochepa zomwe zimadziwika paziwanda za infernal vampire. Kukula kwawo kumadutsa mitundu ya III ndi morphological: nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi zipsepse, mawonekedwe apakati ali ndi awiriawiri, wokhwima kachiwiri. M'masiku awo oyambira komanso opitilira muyeso, mapiko awiri amapezeka pafupi ndi maso, nyama ikamakula, izi zimasowa pang'onopang'ono.
Mukukula, kuchuluka kwa malo mpaka kuchuluka kwa zipsepa kumachepa, amasintha kukula ndikuwongolera kuti awonjezere kuyendetsa bwino kwa nyama. Kusenda zipsepse za anthu okhwima ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri. Kuphatikizana kwapadera kumeneku kwadzetsa chisokonezo m'mbuyomu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotchulidwa ngati mitundu ingapo m'mabanja osiyanasiyana.
Vampire ya hellish imabala pang'onopang'ono ndi mazira ochepa. Kukula pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumachitika chifukwa michere imagawidwa pakuya. Kuchuluka kwa malo awo okhala ndi anthu obalalikawo kumapangitsa ubale wamba kukhala wopanda pake. Wamkazi amatha kusungitsa chimbale chokhala ndi umuna kwa nthawi yayitali asanagwire mazira. Pambuyo pake, amayenera kudikirira mpaka masiku 400 asanalire.
Anawo ndi a kutalika pafupifupi 8 mm ndipo amakupatsani timabuku tating'ono tating'ono tokhala ndi akulu, ndimasiyana wina. Manja awo sasowa zingwe, maso awo ndi ochepa, ndipo ulusiwo sunapangidwe bwino. Achichepere amakhala owonekera ndipo amapulumuka pa yolk yamkati yamkati kwa nthawi yosadziwika asanayambe kudya. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'madzi akuya pakudya pa detritus.
Adani achilengedwe a infernal vampire
Chithunzi: Momwe mawonekedwe a hellish vampire amawonekera
Vampire ya hellish imatha kuyenda mtunda wautali, koma siyotheka kusuntha kapena kuwuluka. Ikawopsezedwa, nyamayo imatha kuthawa mwachangu, kusunthira mwachangu ziphuphuzo pachitseko, pambuyo pake ndege ikatuluka mu chovala, chomwe chimapinda m'madzi. Kuthamanga kwa squid kumachitika pamene manja ndi mawondo amatambasulidwa pamutu ndi chovala pamalo otchedwa "mawonekedwe a chinanazi".
Malo awa m'manja ndi ma tchubu amapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa squid kukhala kovuta chifukwa choteteza mutu ndi chovala, komanso chifukwa malo awa akuwunikira madera akuda kwambiri amtunduwo pazinyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa kuzama kwam'nyanja. Zala zowala zimakhala m'magulu kumtunda kwa mutu wa nyama, ndikupatutsira kutali ndi malo ovuta. Ngati nyama yolusa ikuluma pachikhatho cha dzanja lake, ndi vampire wokhoza, imatha kuikonzanso.
Mampanda wamavuto omwe amapezeka m'mimba mwake adapezeka m'mimba mwa nsomba zam'nyanja, kuphatikiza:
Mosiyana ndi achibale awo omwe amakhala m'malo ochereza alendo, ma cephalopod aku nyanja yakuya satha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popita ndege yayitali. Popeza otsika kwambiri achilengedwe komanso osabisala ochulukirapo pamakamu otere, ma squamp a vampire amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera zomwe zimayang'anira kuti asunge mphamvu. Ma "fireworks" omwe tawatchulawa amaphatikizidwa ndi manja opepuka, osasunthika komanso njira zopulumukira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zovuta kuti mdaniyo azitha kudziwa chimodzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: squid Hell Vampire
Vampire ya hellish ndiye mwiniwake woyang'anira nyanja, kuya, komwe iye ndi malo ake samuopsezedwa ndi zoopsa zilizonse. Palibe chovuta kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa nyama kumakhala magawano ndipo sikochulukana. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa zomwe zingapulumuke. Kafukufuku wachikondi wasonyeza kuti nyamayi imakhala ngati nsomba pogonana, kusinthana nthawi yobereketsa mosalekeza.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pokomera izi zachidziwikire kuti mkati mwa akazi omwe amasungidwa m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale, pamangokhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira mazira amtsogolo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa zokhwima kumalo osungirako zinthu zakalezi zinali ndi mazira pafupifupi 6.5, ndipo kwina pafupifupi 3.8,000 omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kubereka. Malinga ndi asayansi, kukhwima kudachitika maulendo 38, ndipo atatha 100 maganizidwe adaponyedwa.
Kuchokera pamenepa titha kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa ma vampires a hellish sikuli pachiwopsezo, koma kuchuluka kwawo kumayendetsedwa pakubala kwamtunduwu.
Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, malire ake amachitika pazifukwa zingapo.:
- kusowa kwa chakudya cha makolo ndi ana,
- kufa kwa ana onse kumachepetsedwa,
- amachepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi kuti apange mazira ndikukonzekera ntchito yobereka.
Gahena vampire, monga zolengedwa zambiri zakuya panyanja, ndizovuta kwambiri kuyang'ana chilengedwe, kotero ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama izi. Tikukhulupirira, popitiliza kupenyetsetsa zamadzi akuya, asayansi aphunzira zochulukirapo za mitundu yapadera komanso yosangalatsa iyi ya zinyama.
Kukula
Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino za magenegenisi a vampire oyamba. Popanga chitukuko, amadutsa mitundu itatu yaumboni: achichepere kwambiri ali ndi zipsepse, mkati momwe nyamazo zimakulanso awiri ndipo, pamapeto pake, mwa akulu, awiri oyamba a zipsepse ndipo kenako awiriwo atsala. Nyama ikamakula, kuchuluka kwa malo pang'onopang'ono mpaka kuchepa kwa thupi, ndipo zipsepse zimasintha kukula kwake ndi malo kuti zitheke njira yosunthira. Achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito chingwe cholowera kuyenda, pomwe anthu akuluakulu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zipsepse. Kuphatikizika kwapadera kotereku kwapangitsa kuti m'mbuyomu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama idatengedwa kuti ikhale ya mabanja osiyanasiyana.
Ngati nkotheka kujambula kufanana ndi ma cephalopod ena am'nyanja, infernal vampire nthawi zambiri siyimaswana, ikayika mazira ochepa. Kukula kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa michere mozama momwe nyama imakhalira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu, msonkhano wa anthu awiri chifukwa cha kuswana umakhala wachangozi. Wamkazi amatha kusunga ma spermatophores opakidwa madzi ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali asanakonzekere kuthira mazira. Pambuyo umuna, amatha kumatha kuwapatsa mpaka masiku 400, mpaka mbendera yaying'ono. Pafupifupi maonekedwe ake, wamkazi amasiya kudya ndikumwalira pambuyo pake.
Ana aang'ono, omwe kukula kwake ndi kutalika pafupifupi 8 mm, ali pafupi kutalika pang'ono ndi anthu akuluakulu. Ndiwowonekera, alibe ulusi pakati pa mahema, maso ndi ochepa, ndipo flagella sinapangidwe bwino. Ena, osakonzedweratu nthawi, ana, asanayambe kudya, amakhala pamasungidwe achuma ambiri okhala ndi michere. Achichepere nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo ozama kwambiri, pomwe, mwina, amadya zopanda pake zomwe zimagwa kuchokera kumtunda kwa nyanja.
Khalidwe
Zonse zomwe zimadziwika mpaka pano pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a hellish vampire zimapezeka kuchokera mwangozi kugundana ndimayendedwe apanyanja. Akamagwidwa, nyama nthawi zambiri zimavulala ndipo zimatha kukhala m'madzi osaposa miyezi iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pazinthu zosafunikira ndizovuta kupeza chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza chitetezo chamtunduwu.
Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka, ma vampires oyipa amayenda limodzi ndi mitsinje yakuzama, natulutsa flavella yayitali. Ngati flagella ikumana ndi chilichonse kapena kumva kugwedezeka kwakunja, nyamazo zimakondwera, ndikupangitsa mayendedwe achangu mwachangu. Amatha kusambira mothamanga kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwamthupi awiri pa sekondi, kuthamanga kwa masekondi asanu. Minofu yawo yofooka, komabe, imachepetsa kupirira.
Ma Cephalopods, okhala m'malo ochereza, amatha kulipira ndalama zambiri zamagetsi okhalitsa. Mosiyana ndi iwowo, vampire oyipa amafunika kupanga njira zina, zopulumutsira mphamvu zothamangitsira zilombo. Kuti achepetse kusaka, amagwiritsa ntchito "zozimitsa moto" zomwe zidatchulidwazo ndikuphatikiza ndi ma tententi oyatsa komanso zosasokoneza mwadzidzidzi zoyenda.
Pamalo oteteza, otchedwa "dzungu," chimbudzi cham'madzi chimatembenuza ma tententi mkati mwake, ndikuphimba thupi, ndikutenga mawonekedwe okulirapo ndi singano zowonekera. MALO mkati mwa ma tententi okhala ndi utoto umakhala ndi utoto ndipo pafupifupi timabisala tawo. Malangizo owunikira a mahema amachokera palapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mutu, ndikupatutsa kuukira kwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri za thupi. Ngati mdaniyo aluma kumapeto kwa chihemacho, nyamayo imakulanso.
Ma vampo amagetsi amadwala detritus. Kafukufuku wambiri watsatanetsatane wautali wazovala zazitali za mafilimu anachititsa kuti amvetsetse momwe hellish vampire imadyera. Zofunda izi zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lomata, ndipo pomwe mollusk akazisunga, zinthu zazing'ono zilizonse zimadziphatika. Kenako amachotsa zomwe zaphatikizidwa mothandizidwa ndi mahema apamwamba, omwe amapanga chovalacho, ndikunyamula zinyalala zija. Ndiye zimangokhala kumeza chifukwa chaminyewa.