Delia cilicrura, Chortophila platura, Hylemya platura, Phorbia platura, Hylemya cilicrura, Mbewu ya chimanga cha chimanga,

Tuluka - tizilombo toyambitsa mbeu zophukira ndi mbande zambewu zosiyanasiyana. Kubereka bisexual. Kukula kwatha. Puparia yozizira m'nthaka. Nyengo, imamera kuchokera kumibadwo 1-2 m'dera la Leningrad mpaka 4 m'dera la Tashkent ndi Transcaucasia.

Chonde (ma PC)60 Zofalitsa pachaka1-4 Dzira (mm)Kufikira 1 Lvava (mm)1-7 Doll (mm)4-5 Imago (mm)3-6

Morphology

Imago. Ntchentcheyo ndiyitali 3-6 mm. Colouring ndi imaso yachikaso. Mesoscutum yokhala ndi duwa lofiirira komanso mikwingwirima itatu yakuda yakuda. Mzere wapakatikati ndiwowonekeratu. Mimba ndi imvi, yokhala ndi mzere wautali wakuda. Mutu ndi imvi. Mzere wakutsogolo ndi lalanje wowala, wonyezimira.

Kugonana kwamanyazi. Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasiyana maumbidwe a ziwalo zoberekera.

Amuna. M'mphepete mwa kumbuyo kwa tibia mumaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali loonda ndikupanga chisa. Hind femora kumbali yotsika m'mphepete mwamkati ndi nsapato zazitali za 3-4.

Dzira mpaka 1 mm kutalika, loyera, lalitali. Kumalekezero kumakhala kokhazikika, kenako kumakhala kokhazikika.

Larva, yomwe yangotuluka dzira, imatha kutalika mpaka 1 mm. Ndiwowonekera, samadzi, ndikuwonekeratu. Pa tsiku lachitatu kapena lachisanu, mphutsi zimasanduka zoyera.

Pazaka zomaliza, mphutsi zimakhala zamtundu, zimakhala zoyera ndi zoyera ndipo zimafika kutalika kwa 7 mm.

Kumapeto kwakumapeto kwa thupi kumadulidwa mosadukiza, ndipo m'mphepete mwake mumakhala ma tubercles angapo, omwe anayi ndi akulu kuposa enawo ndipo amakhala mtunda wofanana.

Kumbali zagawo ndi pansi pa tubercles akulu ma tubercles angapo.

Kumapeto kwa thupi la mphutsi kumakhala kocheperako, mbedza ziwiri zakuda zopindika zimawoneka.

Pupa (puparia). Kutalika - 4-5 mm. Mtundu wake ndi wachikasu bulauni, mawonekedwe ake ndiwotambalala. Zovala zazinayi zazikulu zikuwoneka kumapeto kwenikweni.

Phenology ya chitukuko (m'masiku)

KutembenukaZokwanira Dzira (mluza)2 - 10 Larva10 - 40 PollMasiku 12-20 kapena

6-7 miyezi

Kukula

Imago. Ntchentche zimawoneka masika, nthawi yomweyo birch imayamba kutulutsa. Kudera la Leningrad ili ndi chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha Meyi.

Nthawi yakukalamba. Akazi amayikira mazira pansi paminyewa za dothi, amakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Chonde - mpaka 60 zidutswa.

Dzira. Mluza umayamba masiku awiri mpaka 10. Dothi likauma, mazira amafa.

Larvakumaswa dzira, imatha kukwawa kudutsa mtunda wautali kukafuna mbande. Pakadali pano, limadyanso zinyalala za chomera zowola. Tapeza mbewu zomera kapena mbande za chakudya cham'mera, mphutsi zimaziwononga. M'matchuthi, amawononga mbande poyendetsa bondo ndikulowetsa mu phesi, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa mbewu.

M'mbewu za nyemba, soya, ndi nyemba, mphutsi zimaluma pafupi ndi njira yotchingira mmera ndi zotchecha m'matumba. M'munda wa nyemba imodzi, mphutsi 30 zimapezeka.

Mu lupine, mphutsi zimawononga mbewu zotupa, mbande ndi mafinya pamizu.

Zowonongeka kwa kabichi ndizofanana ndi ntchentche kabichi, nthawi zambiri mitundu yonseyi imapezeka nthawi imodzi. Zoophagy wa mphutsi amadziwika. Amatha kudya mazira m'matumbo a dzombe. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga masiku 10 mpaka 40, kutengera nyengo ya malo okhala komanso nyengo.

Pupa (puparia). Pambuyo pa kutukuka, mphutsi zimasokosera m'nthaka: m'badwo woyamba ndi wachiwiri - pakuya kwa masentimita 3-7, chachitatu - 10 cm. Gawo la pupa (puparia) m'mibadwo yachilimwe limatenga masiku 12 mpaka 20. Wopitilira ana.

Imago mibadwo yamalimwe imatuluka pa mbawala, kukwatirana ndi kuyikira mazira m'nthaka. Ndege yachiwiri ku Ukraine imawonedwa mu Juni, yachitatu - kumapeto kwa Julayi.

Zinthu zachitukuko. Kudera la Leningrad, pali kakonzedwe kam'badwo ka 1-2 pakukula, pakatikati - 2-3, kumwera kwa Belarus ndi Ukraine - 3, m'dera la Tashkent - 3-4, ku Transcaucasus - 4.

Kuvulala kwa ntchentche

Mphukira yomweyi imawuluka yokha sikuvulaza mwachindunji mbewu zamunda. Zomera zimawononga mphukira zake, zimachepetsa zokolola kapena kufesa kwa tirigu, chifukwa siiwo wokhawo womwe ungakhale chandamale kuti aziwombera.

Tizilombo ta mtundu uwu titha kudziwa chifukwa cha omwe amadya mbewu ndi mbande. Ngati mphutsi za nthiwu zikuuluka kale mbewu zomwe zakhwima, cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikupita ku msuzi.

Zotsatira zake, mbewuyo imafooka, imayamba kugwera matenda osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chitetezo chake chimachepa. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zofunika za mphutsi zimathandizira kutuluka kwa matenda a fungus. Pomaliza, amafalitsa ma virus ndi mabakiteriya ovulala.

Kufotokozera kwa tizilombo

Mphukira yomwe imawulukira pamachaka sichimadziwika, imakhala ndi kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 6 mm. Mtundu wake ndi wachikasu pang'ono, utoto wowoneka bwino. Kumbuyo kuli chinsalu chakuda. Mimba yam'mimba yokhala ndi chingwe chakuda chachitali. Mutu wa imvi wokongoletsedwa pamphumi ndi mzere wowala wa lalanje.

Ngati mumayang'ana bwino zithunzi za tizilombo, ndiye kuti kusiyanitsa ukazi wawo sikovuta. Mwamuna wamwamuna wabala tsitsi miyendo yake. Zitatu zazitali kapena zinayi zazitali zimamera kumbuyo kwa ntchafu. Akazi alibe zizindikiro zotere.

Akazi amayikira mazira obiriwira mpaka 1 mm kutalika. Pamodzi dzira limalozedwa.

Mphutsi zachikulire zimawoneka ngati nyongolotsi zazing'ono. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumatha kufika 5-7 mm. Thupi la mphutsi zachinyamata ndi zoyera, zowonekera bwino, kudzera mwa iyo mumatha kuwona matumbo a tizilombo. Pambuyo pake, imayamba kukhala imvi, imakhala yofupika. Kutsogolo kwa thupi, zibowo zam'kamwa 4 zomwe kachilombo kamabowola masamba kapena zitsinde za mbewu ndizosiyanika bwino.

Pupae wa nyongolosiyi ndiwotuwa ndi utoto wachikasu. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafika 4-5 mm. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amafuta oyendetsedwa bwino. Pali mano anayi kumbuyo.

Momwe mungatetezere nkhaka ndi ukadaulo woyenera wa ulimi

Pofuna kuteteza nkhokwe kubzala ku nthenga zam'mera, njira zingapo zodzitetezera ziyenera kuchitidwa.

Gawo loyamba ndikuchita kuti ikhale lamulo kulima dothi lodzala nkhaka, kuchititsa kukumba mozama kawiri pachaka.

Kukumba kumathandiza makamaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, pomwe chisanu chikuyamba. Tadzuka, mphutsi zam'mimba zimayatsidwa ndikufa. Muyeneranso kutsata ndendende nthawi yomwe kufesa mbewu kumadela anu kutetezedwa.

Zithandizo Zachilengedwe

Ntchentche yotumphukira imakhala ndi adani owopsa omwe amawonongeratu chisoni. Izi ndi nyama zolusa komanso tiziromboti tikuthamangitsa ntchentche pamtunda uliwonse wa chitukuko. Pakati pawo, odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi kachilomboka kuchokera ku genes Aleohara ndi Ktyri wokhala ndi mapiko awiri. Ponena za majeremusi, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ntchentche kumachitika ndi oyenda okha kuchokera ku banja la Eukoilid.

Ma paratites a Nematode ochokera m'mabanja a Cephalobidae ndi Rhabditidae amakhala m'malo obisalamo nkhokwe. Njira zoyendetsera zachilengedwe zimateteza bwino nkhaka ku nthenga zokulira.

Komanso, bowa wina ndimawapha. Amphamvu kwambiri mwaiwo ndi oimira banja la Fusarium, komanso fungus Entomophtora muscae.

Zithandizo Za Chemical

Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza nkhaka ku ntchentche zophukira pokhapokha ngati zochuluka kwambiri zomwe zabzala kapena kubzala mu greenhouse. Pali zida zambiri zapadera:

Musanagwiritse ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti muphunzire malangizo mosamalitsa ndikutsatira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyenera kuvala mbewu kumaperekanso zotsatira zabwino. Pazifukwa izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo "Actellik" kapena "Spark". Ponena za momwe nthaka yoyenera imagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi mankhwala, okhala chilimwe amalangizidwa kuti awonjezeranso mankhwala okhala ndi granular m'nthaka.

Maphikidwe a anthu

Ngati tizilombo sizinakwanitse kugwira gawo lonse la mundawo, ndiye kuti mutha kuyambitsa ndewu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amapangidwa kuti aziwope ntchentche yomwe imayikira mazira. Mwachitsanzo, kuti musokoneze tizilombo, mutha kukonza malo obzala nkhaka ndi kulowetsedwa kwa tsabola wotentha kapena chowawa. Sakonda tizilombo ndi zomera, zophatikizidwa ndi msuzi, phulusa, fumbi la fodya ndi ufa wa mpiru.

Malinga ndi olima dimba, pali chinthu chinanso chothandiza polimbana ndi kutulutsa mphukira - kuletsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo. Kuti muchite izi, kuphimba mabedi ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu.

Ndikofunika kuyamba kuthana ndi tizilombo atangowoneka patsamba, osayiwala za njira zodzitetezera.

Kutanthauzira kwa tizilombo

Thupi la ntchentche lagawidwa m'magawo atatu: mutu, chifuwa ndi m'mimba. Mtundu wa kachilomboka ndi imvi zachikasu, pa mesentery pali mikwingwirima itatu yakuda. Mimba ndi imvi. Thupi lophimbidwa kwathunthu ndi tsitsi. Maso ndi akulu, akukhala pafupifupi mutu wonse. Antennae ali pamphumi, zomwe ndi ziwalo zonunkhira. Ntchentche yophukira ndi ya gulu la Diptera, nthumwi za gulu ili zimagwiritsa ntchito mapiko akutsogolo kuthawa, kumbuyo kwake kwasanduka kachilomboka pansi - chiwalo cholozera

Chidwi. Tizilombo timakonda paliponse, khalani pamalo otseguka komanso otsekeka. Ndi chotupa chachikulu cha malowa, mphukira zonse zimatha kuwonongeka.

Kubalanso nyongolotsi

Kubwezeretsanso tizilombo kumasiyanasiyana, kusiyana pakati kapangidwe kazimuna ndi koyamba sikudziwika. Zosiyanitsa ndizobisika pamiyendo, zazitali zazitali zimamera pamiyendo ndi kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo. Kukula kwa ntchentche ndi 3-6 mm. M'madera otentha, amawuluka padziko lapansi m'ma April, nyengo yotentha - chakhumi kapena chachitatu cha Meyi. Akakhwima, wamkazi amayikira mazira m'nthaka. Amakonda chonyowa, chothira manyowa, dothi. Mazira ndi oyera, owala, okhala ndi mawonekedwe. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 1 mm, chiwerengerocho ndi 50-60 zidutswa. Kukula kwa mluza kumatenga masiku atatu kapena 10.

Zambiri. M'dothi louma, mazira amafa msanga.

Mphukira zamtundu umakonda kubala nkhaka. Mphutsi zimakwera pamtengo wa mbewu, zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofooka. Pobadwa, kutalika kwawo ndi 1-2 mm, utoto umawonekera. Pakupita masiku angapo, mphutsi zimakhala zoyera. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso zakudya, kukula kwawo kumatenga masiku 10-30. Asanalowe, imakhala yolimba komanso yopanda minofu, imakula mpaka 7 mm. Mutu ulibe, kulumikizana kwakawiri pakamwa kumawoneka kutsogolo kwa thupi.

Chidwi. Choyipa kwambiri ndi ana a m'badwo woyamba, omwe amawononga mphukira. Zotsatira za mphutsi pazomera zokhwima sizipha.

Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi zimasinthira kukhala chrysalis, pomwe imakhalabe yolimba pakhungu losalala, lotchedwa puparia. Ichi ndi bulau wachikasu wonyezimira 5c kutalika. M'chilimwe, munthu wamkulu amawonekera patatha milungu iwiri. Ngati zomangira zachitika mu kugwa, zimangokhala mu coco mpaka masika. Tizilomboti timalowa mu dothi 10 cm ndipo nthawi imayamba kuzizira. Mphepo ikayamba kutentha +10 0, imago imapyoza mwana m'mphepete mwa msana ndi kutuluka kuthengo. Zaka za m'badwo wachiwiri zikugwa mu Juni, ndipo chachitatu mu Julayi.

Zambiri. Gawo lalikulu m'moyo wa ntchentche mphukira. Pakadali pano, amadya ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali. Ntchito ya akuluakulu ndikukhazikitsidwanso komanso kubereka.

Momwe mungathanirane ndi ntchentche yophuka

Kuyambira pomwe zimawonekera kuchokera dzira, mphutsi zimagwira ntchito kwambiri, zimayenda mtunda wautali posaka mbewu ndi mbande. Atawapeza, ma cotyledons adatchera. Mphutsi zopezeka 30 zimapezeka mu nyemba kapena nyemba. Zomera zowonongeka zimayambukiridwa mosavuta ndi bowa wa pathogenic ndi matenda. Tizilombo timayambitsa kuwonongeka kwathunthu kapena pang'ono. Mbewu ikafa, mbewu yofowoka yopanda zipatso imaphukira.

Chidwi. Ntchentche yophukira ndi polyphage, mukudya mphutsi zake zosiyanasiyana zamitundu: mavwende, mpendadzuwa, kabichi, mbatata, nkhaka ndi mavwende.

Njira zoyeserera kuphukira kwa ntchentche zikuphatikiza madera angapo:

Zochitika za Agrotechnical

Popewa kufalikira kwa tizirombo, malamulo angapo akuyenera kutsatidwa:

1. Chotsani munthawi yoyaka zinyalala mu kugwa, ndizokhalitsa tizirombo ta m'munda.
2. Limbani mphutsi hibernate kuzama kosazama; kulima nthaka ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti athere. M'nyengo yachilimwe komanso nthawi yachilimwe, nthawi zina 2-3 zidzafunikira kuti mulime nthaka. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mazira anuwo aziwasiya pansi.
3. Popanga manyowa feteleza dothi, sayenera kusiyidwa pamtunda. Fungo lachilendo limakopa ntchentche zamtundu wamkulu, zomwe zimayikira mazira pafupi. Feteleza zachilengedwe timagwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito pokumba mwakuzama.
4. Bzalani mbeu mpaka mbadwo woyamba udzafa ndi vuto.
5. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kubzala nkhaka osati ndi mbewu, koma ndi mbande. Chomera chomera chimatha kupulumuka ndikuwononga tizirombo. Sizimakonda kuwola komanso kuyanika.

Malangizo. Kuti kumera mwachangu mbewu ndikulimbitsa zikumera, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wa mchere.

Tizilombo

Mitundu ina ya tizilombo tomwe timatha kubereka zochulukana, imatha kuwononga kwambiri mbewu, kuchititsa masoka enieni achilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozera zochitika dzombe lomwe lawononga mbewu, likubweretsera anthu anjala.

Tsopano, anthu salinso otetezeka, koma ngakhale tsopano tizirombo touluka tomwe timalimidwa timayipa kwambiri.

Pali mitundu masauzande angapo a tizirombo touluka, vuto lalikulu lomwe limachitika chifukwa cha mphutsi zawo, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri chakudya. Nthawi zina kafadala wamkulu amathanso kuvulaza, monga cholakwika cholakwika komanso cholakwika.

Tizilombo touluka mwachangu, nthawi zambiri zazikazi zimayikira mazira opitilira zana, ndipo gulugufe amatuluka kupitirira chikwi. Chofunikira ndichakuti tizilombo timatha kubereka awiri kapena atatu, nthawi zina, mibadwo yambiri pachaka.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa michere, tizirombo touluka ta mbewu zomwe zalimidwa timagawika m'magulu otsatirawa:

• Kubalirana (tizilombo takhazikika bwino nsagwada, zimadyera mbali zosiyanasiyana za zomera: masamba, zimayambira, mizu ndi zipatso),
• Kubowola - (mkamwa mwa kachiromboka mu mawonekedwe a phenoscis, pomwe kamayambitsa kubowoleza minofu ya chomera ndikuyamwa madziwo),

Tizilombo tambiri timene timadya

Tizilombo todziwika titha kuwerengetsa ngati polyphagous: Dzombe laku Asia komanso losamukasamuka, njenjete ndi mapulani, nyengo yachisanu ndi thonje.

Mwachitsanzo, zazimuna zazikazi za chisanu zotentha zimayikira mazira oposa chikwi, pomwe mbozi zimatuluka. Nawonso, amakula, amadya mwachangu mbande za mbewu yachisanu, zikumera zachinyamata za beets, chimanga, thonje, mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu zina zambiri.

Zakudya zambiri ndizilombo zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka. Tizirombo tanthete ta mbewu zaulimi timadyera mobisa mbewuzo, kumata mbande, mizu ndi mbewu. Beetles amatengedwa kuti ndi ochulukirapo komanso owopsa - nutcrackers, cicadas, leeches, weevils, Khrushchev, kafadala wakuda, mbozi za agulugufe.

Zakudya zocheperako (kudya kamodzi)

Amadya zakudya zina, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana.

Gulu la tizilomboti limaphatikizapo mbozi za chimbalaza, zimadyera pamtundu wamtundu womwe umapezeka, ndi mphutsi za ntchentche zaku Sweden - pa njere.

Tizilombo ta mbewu, monga tirigu ndi nyemba, zimakhudza zimayambira ndi spikelets. Pali zopitilira mazana asanu za tiziromboti, todziwika kwambiri: ntchentche za chimanga, njenjete ya tirigu, udzudzu wa Hessian, sawflies.

Mphutsi za tizirombo timadyera pachimake pa tsinde ndi zoyambira za chomera cham'tsogolo. M'tsogolomu, mbewu zotere sizimafa bwino kapena kufa pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mbeu yabwino.

Tizilombo ta mkate: kachilomboka ngati mkate, chimfine cha Moorishi, kachilomboka - kukwera pama spikelets ndikudya tirigu.Thungwe limodzi limatha kudya tirigu wazitali 7-8, ndipo limavulaza kwambiri pogogoda tirigu.

Chomera chofunikira kwambiri cha shuga beets ndi beet weevil. Mphutsi za chikumbu zimadya zipatso za kachilomboka, koma kafadala wamkulu amatipweteka kwambiri, zomwe zimatha kuwononga mbande zachikazi m'malo ambiri.

Tizilombo ta mpendadzuwa ndi njenjete, zomwe mbozi zawo zimalowa m'mbewuzo ndikuziwononga. Imabereka bwino makamaka nyengo yanyontho komanso nyengo yabwino. Mbozi, ndi kudziunjikira kwawo kwakukulu, imatha kuwononga munda wonse ndi mpendadzuwa.

Agulugufe a Moths (njenjete mpendadzuwa) ndi tizirombo owopsa mpendadzuwa. Agulugufe amayamba kuwuluka osayenda maluwa ndi kuyikira mazira ake mwachindunji mu madengu a mbewu. Mphutsi zomwe zimawoneka pang'onopang'ono pa tsinde ndikudya ziwalo zake. Pambuyo pake imasunthira kumtunda, kumapita masamba, mungu ndi kupanga mbewu, kudya zonsezo m'makutu, ndikusiya "ma soost" okha.

Tizilombo ta mpendadzuwa - Shiponoski. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya pang'ono ndipo mwina sizimavulaza mbewuyo, mosiyana ndi mphutsi zake, zomwe zimalowa mumakutu a mpendadzuwa ndikudziyambitsa okha ndi zamkati. Amakhala komweko kufikira atangotsala ndi khungu louma lokha. Nthawi yomwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa kapu, mphutsi zimangoyang'ana m'njira zomwe chakudya chimaperekedwa kwa njere, ndikuzimana zinthu zofunika. Zomera zathanzi kwambiri, pamatha kukhala mphutsi pafupifupi 100. Ngati agunda mpendadzuwa nthawi yakula, mbewuyo imafa kwathunthu.

Tizilombo ta mpendadzuwa titha kubweretsa kutaya kwakukulu, mpaka kumapangitsa kuti mbewuzo zithetsedwe, chifukwa chake, kuti adziteteze ku tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpendadzuwa imadyedwa. Khungu lawo limakhwimira koyambirira, kotero, amakhala osagonjetseka ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi. Pomwe mbozi idya masamba, mpendadzuwa uli ndi nthawi yakucha. Ngakhale ali ndi mafuta ochepa, mbewuyo singakhudzidwe.

Mafunso

Tizilombo ta mbewu zaulimi - nkhupakupa (nthata zofiirira, ufa), zimakhudza mbewu zambiri ndi zomera. Ndizowopsa makamaka chifukwa chakuti nkhupakupa ndizing'onoting'ono, ndipo zimatha kuwoneka mongoyenda, ndipo zina zimangogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu.

Sipanga ya kangaude nthawi zambiri imakhudza mbewu za thonje, kuyamwa msuzi kuchokera pamenepo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapangitsa kuti masamba awume. Zotsatira zake, mbewuyo imasintha mtundu wake kukhala wachikasu kapena bulawuni ndikugwa, ndikugonjetsedwa kwambiri - mbewu zimafa.

Mealy mite - amakula mu njere, mbewu monga chimanga, ufa. M'malo abwino, amawononga chakudya nthawi yochepa, amasintha kukhala mafinya.

Nematode

Tizilombo ta mbewu zaulimi ndi nematode; mitundu yambiri ya zozungulira ndi zawo. Zambiri zomwe zimakhala pansi, zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pansi panthaka pazomera.

Tirigu nematode - parates pa tirigu ndi rye. Mphutsi zake zimafika kumizu, zimadutsa m'minda, zimalepheretsa kwambiri komanso kufooketsa. Zowonongeka zoterezi ndizowopsa chifukwa choti mphutsi zimangofika m'makutu, pomwe m'malo mwa ma giliya (ma tumor) amapangika, omwe ali ndi mphutsi masauzande angapo. Zotseka zimatha kugwa ndi tirigu m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale kapena m'matayala kapena kukola mukakolola panthaka. Maluwa otsatira, mphutsi zidzaoneka zomwe zingayambitse matenda ang'onoang'ono.

Makoko, hare

Tizirombo tambiri, mbewu, minda ndi chakudya: makoswe, ma voles, ma mbewa, ma hamsters, hares, agologolo pansi, makoswe, jerboas.

Zowopsa kwambiri ndi makoswe onga mbewa, ndi mano awo opanga bwino, amaluma mbewu, njere, mbewu za muzu, mtedza ndi khungwa la mitengo. Zimakhala pachiwopsezo chapadera, chifukwa nthawi yabwino zimabala.

Kufotokozera kwa nyongolosiyo

Ngati mupenda mosamalitsa thupi la nyongolosi ya ntchentche, mutha kuwona kuti igawidwa m magawo atatu:

Tizilomboti tapakidwa toni timaso tachikasu, thupi lake lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Kumbuyo kuli mikwingwirima itatu yakuda. Mbali yam'mimba ndi imvi. Maso ndi okulirapo ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi mutu wonse. Antennae amawoneka mbali yakutsogolo, yomwe imasewera gawo la fungo.

Ntchentche yophukira imayesedwa ngati dipteran. Kutalika kwake sikapitilira 6 mm. Mapiko ake akutsogolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthawa, ndipo mapiko a kumbuyo kwake, otchedwa hummers, amafunikira kuti asasunthike pakuuluka.

Makamaka ntchentcheyi ndikofunikira, ikhoza kupezeka m'malo otsatirawa:

Ntchentche zam'mera ndizosangalatsa, zimatha kuwononga mbewu panthaka komanso potetezedwa. Zikhalidwe zotsatirazi zimavutika ndi izi:

Mazira a tizilombo ndi oyera pamtundu ndi obota, kukula kwake sikuposa 1 mm. Mphutsi zolumikizira, kufikira kutalika kwa 7 mm, choyamba khalani ndi thupi lowonekera, kenako kusintha mtundu kukhala loyera. Pupae wa majeremusi ndi chowulungika, chofiirira cha utoto, 5mm kukula kwake.

Kodi nyongolosi ya ntchentche imakula bwanji?

Mbadwo woyamba wa tizilombo umapezeka mchaka cha kumapeto kwa Epulo ndi Meyi. Pakadali pano amatha kusuntha masiku 10 mbali imodzi, kutengera dera. Kudya ndi timadzi tokoma komanso mungu, ntchentche zimayamba kukwatirana. Posachedwa, mazira adzaikidwa. Wamkazi mmodzi amaikira mazira 50 mpaka 60 mumunyowa wonyowa nthawi.

Akazi amakonda kuikira mazira m'dothi lonyowa lamakaka a nkhaka. Kukula kwa Embryonic kumatenga masiku 4 mpaka 10, nthawiyo imatengera kutentha kwa dothi. Mphutsi zobadwira zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwakuyenda.

Amayamba kuyenda m'mabedi, akusaka mbewu zomera. Atapeza mbewu yotere, mphutsi zimatha kudyana ndi malo omwe mphukira zake zimapezeka ndikudya zomwe zili m'mbewuzo mkati. Mbande zotere zimafa.

Kuthamanga kwa chitukuko cha mphutsi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kutentha. Izi zitha kutenga masiku 10 mpaka 40. Gulu la ana lisukulu litayandikira, mphutsi zimafika kutalika kwambiri, matupi awo amakula, ndipo utoto wake umakhala woyera.

Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, nthawi yotentha masentimita 5, ndipo m'dzinja, njirayi imachitika pakuya masentimita 9. Chipolopolo cha pupa ndi cholimba, chimapakidwa chikasu. Pamapeto pa chigobachi pali mano 4 amphamvu.

Mu gawo la ana, mphukira imawuluka nthawi zosiyanasiyana. M'chilimwe, nthawi imeneyi imatenga masiku 12 mpaka 20, ndipo nyengo yotentha kwambiri imakhala yotentha masiku 180. Ntchentche imawulukira kuchokera pachimbudzi ndipo kusintha kwazomera kumatha.

Njira yachilengedwe kupha ntchentche m'munda

Mphukirayi imawuluka, monga tizirombo tina ta m'mundamo, tili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe omwe angakopeke kuti timenyane nayo. Nayi mndandanda wautali:

• Tizilombo tina ta Aleohar,
• kafadala
• okwera eukoilide
• nematode Rhabditidae,
• Ntchentche zamtundu wa Ktyr
• mitundu ingapo ya bowa.

Zina mwazinyama zomwe zimadyera zimadyera mphutsi za ntchentche zomwe zikumera, pomwe zina zimamera pesue.

Ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ntchentche pazomera zamasamba, mankhwala aziphuphu okha ndi omwe angawapulumutse.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa mankhwala kuthana ndi mphukira

Ngati pali tizirombo tambiri m'mundamo ndipo zovulaza zake zikuchulukirachulukira - yakwana nthawi yodziwitsa tizilombo. Mankhwala otsatirawa ayamba kuchita zambiri:

Ndalama zomwe zili pamwambazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu majeremusi obwera chifukwa cha mphutsi. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kumayikidwa malinga ndi malangizo omwe aphatikizidwa. Palibe chifukwa chilichonse ngati muyenera kupitirira muyeso womwe umalimbikitsa, chifukwa izi zimatha kutentha masamba.

Pali mankhwala ena angapo omwe amatola nthangala zamasamba musanafesere. Mbeu kuzifutsa, timaphukira timiyala tambiri. Pakuyika, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Imidalit, Spark ndi Actellik.

Zithandizo za anthu othana ndi ntchentche zophukira

Omwe alimi ena amati akwanitsa bwino polimbana ndi mphukira za ntchentche, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba. Njira zamtunduwu zilinso ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo, koma ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kapena kuthamangitsa tizilombo.

Maphikidwe omwe amadziwika kwambiri

1). Birch tar. Kutengera izi, njira yothetsera, imapangidwa, yomwe imalapidwa ndi mbande zamasamba a nkhaka. Ntchentche yophukira sakonda kununkhira kwa phula, ndipo zotumphukira za nkhaka sizimagwira. Yankho lakonzedwa motere:

• kutsanulira malita 10 a madzi mumtsuko,
• onjezerani kwa 1 tbsp. l birch phula,
• sakaniza kapangidwe
• ntchito kupopera.

2). Chitsamba, nyemba za pepala lotentha kapena tansy. Kutengera izi zitsamba ndi nyemba zosankhira tsabola, mutha kupanga kulowetsedwa ndikusinthitsa masamba obzala azomera zomwe zalimidwa naye.

3). Zomera zobowola zosiyanasiyana. Zosakaniza zotsatirazi ndizoyenera fumbi:

• phulusa ndi ufa wa mpiru,
• fodya fumbi ndi laimu.

Mukamaliza kuwerenga izi, muyenera kumvetsetsa nokha kuti mphukira yomwe ikuwukira nkhaka ikuwopseza ndikuwonongeka kwa gawo lalikulu la mbewu. Pofuna kuteteza tizilombo kuti tisalowe mdera lake, munthu ayenera kutsatira njira zopewera komanso kupirira ukadaulo wa mbeu zomwe zikukula. Ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tayamba kale kupanga pabedi la masamba, muyenera kuwononga mwachangu.

Mitundu yoyandikira

Malinga ndi morphology (mawonekedwe), imago ndiyomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi zolengedwa. Delia angustifrons. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mesoscutum ya mtundu wonyezimira wamtambo wokhala ndi tsitsi lambiri, m'mimba yokhala ndi cylindrical wokhala ndi gulu losaoneka bwino lakuda ndi mabatani amtundu wakuda wa brown.

Kuphatikiza pa mtunduwu, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka Delia pilifemurkomanso pafupi ndi morphology ya imago ku Rostov Fly (Delia platura).

Malware

Mphukira - polyphage. Zimavulaza njere zamera ndi mbande zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: nyemba, nandolo, nyemba, nkhaka, chivwende, dzungu, vwende, sipinachi, kabichi, chimanga, mpendadzuwa, mtedza, lupins, thonje, chimanga, mbatata. Mphutsi zovulaza. Chifukwa cha moyo wawo, kuwonda kwa mbewu ndi kufooka kwa mbande kumachitika. Tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakonda kukhala m'mbewu zowonongeka ndi mbande.

Nkhaniyi idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito izi:

Bei-Bienko G. Ya. Wodziwika bwino wa tizilombo tokhala ku Europe kwa USSR m'mavoliyumu asanu. T V. Mapiko awiri. Nthambo. Gawo lachiwiri la. Kusindikiza nyumba "Science", Leningrad, 1970. - 945 p.

Bei-Bienko G. Ya. Wodziwika bwino wa tizilombo tokhala ku Europe kwa USSR m'mavoliyumu asanu. T V. Mapiko awiri. Nthambo. Gawo loyamba. Kusindikiza Nyumba "Science", Leningrad, 1969. - 810 p.

Vasiliev V.P. Tizilombo ta mbewu ndi malo obzala m'nkhalango: Mu matani atatu - T. 2. Ma arthropods ovuta, ma vertebrates. - 2nd ed., Chiv. ndi kuwonjezera. / Pansi pa zonse. ed. V.P. Vasiliev, Akonzi a voliyumu V.G. Dolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K: Kututa, 1988 576., kudwala. Chabwino

Ndondomeko ya boma ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pagawo la Russian Federation, 2013. Ministry of Agriculture of Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia)

Ndondomeko ya boma ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu Russian Federation, 2016. Ministry of Agriculture of Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) & nbspTsitsani >>>

Tizilombo ndi nthata ndi tizirombo ta mbewu. Gawo IV Webbed komanso zopatsa chidwi. Akonzi a buku la E.N. Narchuk, V.A. Tryapitsyn. Leningrad, "Sayansi", Nthambi ya Leningrad, 1981.

Tuluka

Tuluka
wamwamuna
Gulu la asayansi

Ntchentche zophukira (lat. Delia platura) - mtundu wa ma dipterans ochokera ku banja la asungwana amaluwa. Mawonedwe ali ndi kufalikira konsekonse. Mphutsi ndi tizirombo ta mbande zamitundu yambiri yobzalira mbewu zotseguka ndi zotsekedwa. Mibadwo 2-3 imakula chaka chilichonse. Kuti muchepetse zowonongeka, tikulimbikitsidwa kuphatikiza ntchito zaulimi, kusankha kwa nthawi yoyenera yofesa mbewu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa tizirombo. Kuchokera powonera pafupi Delia florilega Ntchentche zophukira zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi njira za imago kapena maselo.

Biology

Amadyetsa mizu, mphukira mobisa komanso mizu ya mbewu zambiri zomwe zimalimidwa, kuphatikiza nkhaka, nyemba, dzungu, vwende, nyemba, nandolo, sipinachi, beets, mbatata, kabichi, anyezi, fodya, chimanga. Mphutsi za ntchentche zowuluka zimatha kulowa m'matumbo a dzombe ndikuziwononga. Mphutsi Delia platura nthawi zambiri amapezeka limodzi ndi mamembala ena amtunduwu Delia .

M'malo abwino, kum'mwera kwa mtunduwo, pakhoza kukhala mibadwo itatu, mumsewu wapakati - mibadwo iwiri. Mbadwo woyamba mu mikhalidwe ya dera la Samara ukuwonekera mu khumi zoyambirira za Meyi, wachiwiri - pakati pa Juni, ndipo ntchentche zamibadwo yachitatu zimatulukira kumapeto kwa Julayi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Kutalika kwa nthawi ya m'badwo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu ndi masiku 40-48. Kudukiza masiku ndi nthawi yotukuka zimadalira nyengo. Pakukula kwa mbadwo woyamba, kuchuluka kofunikira kwa kutentha koyenerera ndi 155 ° C, chachiwiri - 399 ° C, chachitatu - 301 ° C.

Amabisala m'nthaka mpaka pamtunda wa 20 cm. Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara. Yaikazi imayikira mazira pafupi ndi chomera pa dothi. Kutalika kwa nthawi ya embryonic ndi kuyambira 2 mpaka 7 masiku. Atatuluka dzira, mphutsi zazing'ono zimapeza njere ndi mphukira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zimatenga masiku 10-12 kuti mupange mphutsi. Chitukuko chikakwanira, mphutsi zam'mimba, ndipo pakatha masiku 10 mpaka 14, ntchentche zamtundu wachiwiri zimatulukira. Akuluakulu amakhala masiku pafupifupi 10-12. Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika ku Iowa (USA) akuwonetsa kuti mphutsi za nyongolotsi zimatha kulowa mu nyengo yotentha.

Zowonongeka ndi njira zowongolera

Owopsa kwambiri ndi mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba. Amawononga mbewu ndi mbande za mbewu zambiri. Akuluakulu amatenga nawo mbali kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda matenda osiyanasiyana azomera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayamwa pofuna kuthana ndi mphukira, zomwe zimayikidwa dothi kapena mbewu. Zovuta zakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndizophatikizira ndi kukhazikika kwa kukokana nawo mu tizilombo ndi kuwonongeka kwa kukonzekera kwa mbeu zina. Njira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa mphukirazo zimaphatikizira kulima kosamala musanabwere ndikusankha masiku abwino obzala mbewu. Pofuna kuthana ndi mphukira ndi ntchentche zowuluka, njira inayesedwa kuphatikiza kupanga kulimidwa kwa mphutsi pakudya ndi radioactive cobalt (Co 60). Zowawa zimayambitsa kuwonekera kwa ntchentche zosabala, zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'malo obiriwira.

Kufalitsa

Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia, Siberia, North America, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia ndi Argentina. Zinalembedwe kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa America, ku West Africa, India, Malaysia ndi Indonesia. Mizere iwiri yosiyanayo ya nyongolotsi idatulukira ndi DNA barcoding. Mzerewu, womwe umasankhidwa kuti AAG2511, uli ponseponse ku Europe, Asia, wopezeka ku Greenland, kum'mawa kwa Canada ndi Alaska. Mzere wa AAA3453 umapezeka ku Canada ndi USA, Costa Rica ndi South Africa.