Paster wa banja la sturgeon, amadziwika kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri. Mtunduwu umatha kukumana makamaka ndi asodzi apadera. Bester amatengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwamitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri yam'madzi yotchedwa sturgeon. Chosakanizidwa ichi chatchuka kwambiri, chimakhala ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yabwino yomwe idalola kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba pazogulitsa.

Mbiri yakupezeka

Nsombazo zidawonekera mu 1952, Pulofesa Nikolyukin ndi antchito ake adaphatikiza feteleza wa steruga beluga caviar ndi mkaka. Patangopita masiku ochepa, mwachangu anaonekera m'madzi. Kuyesaku kunali kopambana, pomwe zidutswa zingapo za sayansi zidatulukira. Mwachitsanzo, kupsa kwa sterlet kumatha zaka 7-8, beluga yakucha - zaka 5-6. Msodzi wosakanizidwa unayamba kukhwima pakatha zaka zitatu. Komabe, pazifukwa zina, mafunso ena adadzuka ndi akazi, nthawi zina kukula kwawo kumachedwetsedwa mu gawo lachiwiri la kusasitsa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa yolk, komwe mluza amadya, sikuwoneka.

Kuyesa kopambana mosiyanasiyana kudapitilira pafupifupi zaka khumi. Mu 1963, wowonda anangosamutsidwira kumadera akumwera, izi zidapereka zotsatira zabwino. Kwa chaka chimodzi, zazikazi zimayamba kukhwima, kwenikweni chaka chotsatira ma hybrids a m'badwo watsopano adadzuka. Pulofesa Nikolyukin adabwera ndi dzina la nsomba yatsopanoyo, ndikuwonjezera masilabo ndi kuwonjezera mawu oti "zabwino", omwe amatanthauzira kuti: zabwino koposa. Dzinali silingakhale logwirizana, koma limawonetsa mtundu wa mtunduwu.

Makhalidwe Abwino

Zomera zam'madzi zimamera msanga, ngati beluga, ndipo zimacha mwachangu ngati sterlet. Izi nsombazi zimazolowera mosavuta kuzakudya zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo sizifunira kwambiri kutentha.

Kutalika kwa bester kumafika pa 1.8 metres, ndipo unyinjiwo umatha kufika mpaka 30 kilogalamu. Kutha msinkhu mwa amuna okhathamira kumachitika zaka 3-4, ndipo mwa akazi azaka 8.

Mukamakula hybrids m'badwo woyamba, osapitilira zaka ziwiri amatha kupeza kilogalamu imodzi. Ngati bester yakula m'madziwe, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwawo kungafike mpaka 2 kilogalamu, ndipo m'madziwe - mpaka 8 kilogalamu. Mwa zazikazi zolemera makilogalamu 12-18, kulemera kwa mazira kumafika kilogalamu 2-3.

Wopanda.

Bester amadyetsedwa ndi zakudya zapadera zomwe zimapangidwira nsomba za sturgeon, zinyalala za nsomba, nsomba zatsopano kapena zachisanu. Malo abwino kwambiri amadziwe owetera ndi mahekitala 0-0-04, kachulukidwe kakudzala kwa anthu achaka chimodzi ndi pafupifupi makope 7,000 pa hekitala iliyonse.

Kodi zinatheka bwanji?

Pulofesa Nikolyukin analemba dissertation, mutu wake womwe anali "Interspecific hybridization of fish", ndiye adayamba kulimbana kwambiri ndi ma sturgeon hybridization. Adaganiza zokhazikitsa mtundu wina wa sturgeon womwe ungakhale m'malo osungira. Ndiye kuti, adafuna kuti apeze nsomba zomwe zimayenera kukhala zamtengo wapatali, koma adakhala moyo wongokhala ndipo sanapite kukayenda kwakutali.

Mu 1952, mkazi wa pulofesayo, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi mwamuna wake, adaganiza zothira feteleza wa beluga caviar ndi mkaka. Palibe amene akanaganiza kuti kuyesa kosakonzekera kumeneku ndikakhala poyambira njira ina yophera nsomba.

Bester ndiwowoneka wosakanizidwa wamitundu iwiri kuchokera ku banja la sturgeon.

Malo osodza pafupi ndi Saratov adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo oyesera. Poyeserera, asodzi amabweretsa nsomba. Pofuna kubereketsa, ndikofunikira kuti caviar ndi mkaka zizere bwino, chifukwa chake tinayenera kugwira anthu ambiri. Majakisoni a pituitary adakhala chipulumutso chenicheni - pakulowetsa zowonjezera kuchokera ku chitseko cha tchire la nsomba zina mumisempha ya msana ya nsomba, mkaka wawo ndi kukhwima kwa caviar masiku angapo.

Mwachilengedwe, ma hybrids a sterlet ndi beluga samapezeka, popeza pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nsomba izi: sterlet nthawi zambiri imalemera ma kilogalamu 1.5-2, ndipo unyinji wa beluga umatha kufikira tani. Kuphatikiza apo, kufalikira kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Komanso, obereketsa atha kuyimitsidwa poti sterlet ndi beluga ndi amtundu wina wa sturgeons. Ndipo aliyense amadziwa kuti ndi mitundu ina yobala mbewu, mitundu yowerengeka siyikulandidwa.

Bester adatulutsidwa koyamba mu 1952 kudera la USSR.

Koma, atayamba kuphunzira zamtundu wa nsomba zamtunduwu, mfundo yosayembekezereka idapezeka yomwe idakhudza oyesa - ma sturgeon onse (kupatula sturgeon palokha) ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha ma chromosomes. Sturgeon ali ndi ma chromosome ochulukirapo, kotero ma hybrids omwe amakhala ndi sturgeon amakhala osabala. Ndipo sterlet ndi beluga kuyenda ndipo ndizosiyana kwambiri, zimatha kuzungulira, ngakhale izi zikuwoneka ngati zosatheka.

Njira yochokera ku hybrid ya sturgeon ndi sterlet to bester

Kuphatikiza masheya a sturgeon, omwe ali ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri azakudya (chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi komanso caviar), hybridization ndiyofunika kwambiri. Kupeza mtundu wosakanizidwa wa beluga ndi sterlet kumatsegulira chiyembekezo chachikulu chokulimitsidwa m'madzi ambiri amkati (malo osungira, minda yamadziwe ndi ena).
Koyamba kupeza nsomba zowoneka ngati chosakanizidwa kunayambikanso mu 1869. Katswiri wazophunzirira Philip Ovsyannikov ndi Pulofesa Alexander Kovalevsky chapakati pa Volga, pomwe sterlet ndi sturgeon spawning malo anali, adayesa kuyambitsa kakhalidwe kopangira sterlet caviar. Gawo limodzi la caviar linaphatikizidwa ndi mkaka wa sturgeon, ndipo mwana woyamba wa wosakanizidwa amapezeka. Kwa zaka 80 zotsatira, kuyesa kolimba mtima kumeneku sikunapitirize.

Zoyesedwa pa sturgeon hybridization

Kuyambiranso ntchito yopeza ma sturgeon hybrids kunachitika mu 1949 ndi Nikolai Nikolayevich Nikolyukin, mlembi wa yemwe adateteza bwino matenda omwe adatchulidwa "Interspecific hybridization".

Chifukwa chazaka zambiri zogwira ntchito yoyeserera zingapo, wosakanizidwa anapezeka omwe anali ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya makolo ake - nsomba ya bester, dzina lake lomwe linapangidwa ndi Pulofesa Nikolayukin N.I. Idapangidwa ndi masilabo oyamba a mayina a mitundu-makolo (beluga ndi sterlet). Zinachitika mwangozi kuti mawu oti "bwino" amasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti "chabwino kwambiri." Ndipo zotsalira zomwe 100% zimapangitsa tanthauzo kubisika m'dzina lake.

Kukhazikitsa zolinga ndi kuyamba ntchito

Kuyamba kupanga mtundu wa ma sturgeon, Pulofesa Nikolyukin adayamba kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya nsomba izi kuti azikhazikika m'malo osungirako popanda kusunthira nthawi yayitali kuti asamalidwe. Anayesa mayesowo pamalo ena ocheperako nsomba ku Volga pafupi ndi Saratov.

Kuti muwuluke bwino, ndikofunikira kuti caviar ndi mkaka kuchokera kwa opanga azikula bwino. Izi sizinali zovuta kuthana: kunali kofunikira kusaka nsomba zatsopano nthawi zonse. Ndi pokhapokha pa kubwera kwa njira ya Professor Gerbilsky N.L. kuyambitsa kusasitsa kwa caviar ndi mkaka mwa kuyambitsa jekeseni wa pituitary, kuyesa kunayamba kuchitidwa mwachangu kwambiri. Nsomba zitalandira jakisoni, caviar ndi mkaka zimakhazikika m'masiku awiri.

Nikolyukin adayesa kudutsa ma sturgeon mosamala, kudutsa mtundu uliwonse ndi aliyense. Kupeza zakanizo zachilengedwe kuchokera kwa asodzi (hybrids zachilengedwe pakati pa sturgeon nthawi zonse zimapezeka), adawoloka ndi mitundu yoyera. Chitsanzo: wosakanizidwa wamwamuna (sterlet ndi sturateon stergeon) anawoloka ndi sterlet wamkazi.

Munthawi izi, kuyesa kumeza manyowa a Beluga caviar ndi mkaka wopezeka pachitsime kunali pafupifupi kokwanira. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuyesera uku, nsomba zodziwika bwino zapezeka.

Kupambana kwa kuyesera kosakonzekera

Pamodzi ndi Nikolai Nikolayevich, mkazi wake amagwira ntchito (Timofeeva Nina Apollonovna). Ndi iye amene anayambitsa kuyesaku, kudutsa beluga ndi sterlet. Munthawi yachilengedwe, ma hybr omwe asodzi awa sanakumanepo, mwina chifukwa opanga samakumana.

Zifukwa zake zinali zoonekeratu:

• Malo osanja ndi zitsamba za Beluga zimapezeka kutali kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yawo yopanga sipangofanana.
• Kukula kwawo ndikosiyana kwambiri: kulemera kwa beluga kumakhala tani imodzi, ndipo sterlet imakoka mpaka ma kilogalamu awiri (osowa kwambiri).

Vuto lina lofunikira nthawi zambiri limaletsa obereketsa: kubzala pakati pamafakitale kosiyana sikusiyana mu kubereka kwa ana. Chifukwa chake, pakuyesa kwake, Nikolyukin adawona mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodutsa nsomba zamtundu wa Acipenser (spike, sturgeon, sterlet ndi stellate sturgeon) zochokera ku nyanja ya Aral ndi Caspian. Beluga, Mosiyana, ndi wa mtundu wina Huso, momwemonso Kaluga, yemwe amakhala ku Far East. Ndipo zikuchitika kuti kuyesa komwe Nina Apollonova adayambitsa kuti apeze wosakanizidwa wa beluga ndi sterlet sikunayankhidwe. Koma adapereka zotsatira zabwino.

M'kati mwa kuyesako, ma hybrids am'badwo wachiwiri anapezedwa, makolo onse omwe anali anthu osakanizidwa, ndiye kuti, ana amapezeka kuchokera kwa akazi okhwima ndi amuna ogulitsa amuna. Uko kunali kumverera kwenikweni.

Biotechnology ya kukula bester

Nsomba zamtundu wa Sturgeon ndizo mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yomwe imakhala m'madzi aku Russia. Ambiri a sturgeon amakhala munyanja. Kugwidwa kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumatha kuonjezereka ngati zitagawidwa m'madziwe. Pobereketsa dziwe, nsomba za bester ndizoyenera kwambiri.

Makhalidwe amtundu wa opanga ndiofunikira pakuwoloka

Chomwe chimayesa bwino kwa bester chagona pamtundu wa sturgeons. Ma sturgeon onse (kupatula sturgeon) ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha ma chromosomes. Zinayamba kudziwika bwino chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa ma hybrids kutengera sturgeon, yomwe imakhala ndi ma chromosome 2 kuposera ena onse.

Chifukwa cha kufanana kwa ma genetic, ndiko kuti, kupezeka kwa ma chromosomes ofanana, beluga (yomwe ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya banja la sturgeon) ndipo wocheperako wa banjali (sterlet) angathe "kukwatiwa" ndikupatsa ana otheka ndi zabwino zina.

Kuphatikiza kosakaniza nsomba zamakedzana ndi herbivorous

Sturgeon ndiye amitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yam'madzi omwe amakhala m'madzi athu. Kupatula zochepa, iwo ndi okhala m'madzi amchere (Caspian, Azov, Wakuda), komabe, zopanga zawo zitha kuchulukitsidwa mwakukula mitundu ina m'madziwe a nsomba.

Chofunika kwambiri pazolinga izi ndi msewu wa beluga ndi sterlet - nsomba yamakedzana, kuphatikiza unyinji waukulu ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa wokhala m'madzi - beluga - wokhala ndi njira yatsopano yamadzi yokhala ndi mitsinje yamtsinje.

Chithunzi makulidwe a mazira kuti apeze mphutsi zapamwamba

Mawonekedwe ndi biology ya bester

Chithunzi cha nsomba yoyesererayo ndichofanana kwambiri ndi chithunzi cha nsomba ina iliyonse ya sturgeon: mizere isanu ya nsikidzi ya mafupa ikuwonekera bwino m'thupi (m'modzi kumbuyo, awiri mbali ndi awiri mbali yotsekera).

Kupenda mozama momwe amaonekera kumawonetsa chowonekera cha aliyense wa “makolo”:

• Antenna yomwe ili pansi pa snout mu kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri, monga beluga: lolowa kapena pang'ono pang'ono ndi masamba a masamba.
• Pakamwa pali mawonekedwe apakatikati: ndi semilunar mu beluga komanso transverse mu sterlet.
• Mtundu umasintha kuchokera ku sterlet kupita ku beluga: kuchokera ku imvi lowala ndi bulauni pang'ono kukhala wakuda, bulauni ndi bulauni.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pamsana wakuda ndi m'mimba yowala kumadziwika kwambiri kuposa ma sturgeon ena, omwe amawonekeranso m'zithunzi za nsomba yamakedzana.

Zambiri za Bester biology ndi kuswana

Nsomba zokhazokha zimatha kubereketsa, koma pansi pamadzi am'madzi zazomera zam'madzi izi zimapangidwira. Mbeu zamaluwa nthawi zonse zimayamba kupangidwa ndi beluga caviar ndi umuna wa sterlet wamwamuna. Pachifukwa ichi, opanga amagwidwa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ndikuwathandizira kukulitsa ndi kusasitsa zinthu zogonana (caviar ndi mkaka). Caviar ya beluga wamkazi imodzi imaphatikizidwa ndi umuna wotengedwa kuchokera ku sterlet yaimuna ingapo. Kukhazikika kwa mazira kumatenga masiku asanu mpaka khumi (izi zimatengera chizindikiro cha kutentha kwa madzi). Mphutsi zosamwa zimabzalidwa koyamba m'matayala. Pambuyo pa kusinthana kwa ana kuti adyetse okha, amasinthidwa ku maiwe ena apadera.

Kodi phindu la bester ndi chiyani?

Nsomba zakubadwa zimakhala ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri omwe amatengera kwa makolo:

• Kukula kwakukulu (monga mu beluga). Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 180 ndi kulemera mpaka kilogalamu makumi atatu.
• Kupirira kokulirapo ndi mphamvu: imapilira mchere wambiri (kuchokera) mpaka 18 ppm) ndi kutentha kukwera mpaka madigiri 30 (wokhala ndi mpweya wambiri m'madzi).
• Kucha koyambirira (ngati chitsamba): Amuna amakhala okhwima pofika zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, ndipo zazikazi wazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
• Makhalidwe abwino a nyama ndi caviar. Kuchokera kwa akazi olemera makilogalamu khumi ndi awiri mpaka khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu, makilogalamu awiri mpaka atatu a caviar wakuda amapezeka.

Makhalidwe akunja

Bester ndi wosakanizidwa kuti mawonekedwe ake samasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba za sturgeon, ndipo mizere yofotokozedwa bwino ya nsikidzi ya mafupa imayikidwa pamodzi ndi thupi lake (5 mokwanira).

Kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wowoneka ngati wosakanizidwa amatha kusiyanitsa momveka bwino mawonekedwe a aliyense wa "makolo":

• pali mitundu iwiri ya antennae yomwe ili pansi pa snout, yomwe ndi yofanana ndi beluga, imatha kusefedwa kapena kuwunikidwa pang'ono ndi masamba a masamba,
• kamwa imawonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe apakatikati, mu beluga - lunate, mu sterlet - transverse,
• Mtundu umatha kusintha kuchokera ku sterlet kupita ku beluga - kuchokera bulauni mpaka wakuda.

Pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakati pamsana wakuda ndi m'mimba owala kuposa oimira ena a sturgeons.

Nkhani yamawonekedwe

Mbiri ya kuswa kwa bester iyamba mu 1952, Pulofesa Nikolyukin, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake, ataganiza zothira feteleza wa beluga caviar ndi mkaka. "Beluga-sterlet" itawolokedwa, palibe amene akuyembekeza kuti izi zikhala njira yatsopano pakusodza, koma patatha sabata imodzi mwachangu adachokera ku caviar.

Sizikudziwika kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji nsomba isanakhwime, chifukwa sterlet imakhazikika pa zaka 6-8, ndipo beluga imacha pa zaka 5-6. Koma apa, asayansi adawonetsedwa modabwitsa, chifukwa amunawa akula msinkhu wazaka zitatu. Ndi zazimayi, komabe, zonse zinkayenda movutikira, chifukwa zimayamba kugundika patsika lachiwiri la kusasamba chifukwa chakuti kulibe dzira, komwe mluza umadyako.

Bester adawelera podutsa beluga ndi sterlet

Kuyesaku kunapitilira mu 1963, pomwe ma hybrids adawatumiza kumalo otentha. Zokwanira, nthawi yachilimwe, zazikazi zinafika pa kutha msinkhu, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi hybrids am'badwo wachiwiri adawonekera.

Nsombayo idatchedwa Pulofesa Nikolyukin, adangowonjezera zidutswa za mitundu ya nsomba, koma chifukwa chake mawu achi Chingerezi oti "abwino" adatuluka, omwe amatanthauzira kuti "abwino".

Bester ndi usodzi ku Novosibirsk

mutha kugula khalani bester

wakula mu eco-system yanu padziwe lanu pazolinga zokongoletsera kapena kusodza ndi abwenzi. Bester imagwidwa ndi ndodo zoyandama kapena pansi. Bait siyofunika. Kuzizira kumakhala pafupifupi kuzungulira koloko, koma bester imakhala yabwino kwambiri masana pa donka. Nyambo yabwino kwambiri ikakhala kanyumba; owotcha amapezekanso ndi ntchentche zamkango, mphutsi, mphutsi za kachiromboka. Komanso, wochotsedwayo amagwidwa pa spinner. Mukamagwira bwino nsomba, mudzalandira mphotho osati ndi malingaliro abwino kuchokera pakusodza, komanso mukamaphika nsomba zatsopano. Kupatula apo, palibe amene anganene kuti kukoma kwa nsomba zomwe zidakulitsidwa bwino, kungogwidwa ndi manja awo, sizibwereketsa zokha kuyerekezera ndi sitolo.

Onerani Kanemayo pa Kanema "Nsomba za ku Siberia

Bester (malinga ndi zigwirizano zoyambirira za mawu oti beluga ndi sterlet) ndi mtundu umodzi wa nsomba ziwiri zam'banja la sturgeon, wopezedwa mwadala kudutsa beluga ndi sterlet. Choyamba idapezeka mu 1952 ku USSR. Bester amaphatikiza kukula kwa beluga komanso kusasitsa koyambirira kwa sterlet. Mu ulimi wam'madzi, zankhondo za m'badwo woyamba mu zaka ziwiri za kulimidwa m'matumba ndi m'madziwe zimafika 1 kg ndi zina zambiri.Bester ndiwopangidwa wosakanizidwa wa nsomba za sturgeon.

Ndizovuta kunena tsopano chifukwa chomwe kuyesa kuthira feteleza kwa Beluga caviar ndi mkaka wa sterlet kunakhala imodzi yomaliza pamayesowa. Mwinanso gawo lina lidachitika chifukwa chakuti munyengo yachilengedwe ma beluga a hyuga samachitika ndi sterlet.

Zosiyanasiyana za Bester

Bester ndi nsomba yomwe kuswana kwayo kwapeza kale mafakitale, koma kutali ndi asodzi onse amadziwa kuti pali mitundu ingapo yamabwinja. Mwa mitundu yamatsenga omwe alipo lero, izi ndizodziwika:

1. Burtsevsky - wosakanizidwa wopangidwa chifukwa cha kudutsa mkazi wa Beluga ndi Sterlet wamwamuna, adawonetsedwa koyamba mu 1952. M'mawonekedwe ake, imawoneka ngati cholembera. Kutha msambo mwa abambo kumachitika zaka 4, ndipo mwa akazi azaka 8. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga chakudya chakuda caviar.
2. Aksaysky - wosakanizidwa wopangidwa mwa kudutsa sterlet yachikazi ndi mwamuna wamwamuna Beluga, adayamba kulengedwa mu 1958. Kunja, imafanana ndi sterlet, koma imakhala ndi miyeso yayikulu ndi kulemera kwake. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kutha msanga, zazikazi zimafika pachimake pazaka zitatu, ndipo amuna ali ndi zaka ziwiri.
3. Vnirovsky - wosakanizidwa wowoloka Bester wamwamuna ndi wamkazi Beluga, adayamba kuwoneka mu 1958. Kunja kumafanana ndi beluga, yayikulu kukula kuposa Burtsevsky ndi Aksaysky bester. Kutha msambo kumachitika pamene amuna afika zaka 8 ndi zazikazi zikafika zaka 14. Amadziwika ndi chonde kangapo kuposa mitundu ina ya abterter.

Zowonera mabanja a Sturgeon

Inalandiridwa koyamba mu 1952 ndi N.I. Nikolyukin. Bester ndiye woyimira yekha wa nsomba za sturgeon, yemwe kupezeka kwake m'madzi am'madzi kwathandizidwa kwazaka zopitilira 40, ndikupanga mibadwo itatu. Makhalidwe abwinobwino amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bester amatsimikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo a cholowa cha beluga ndi sterlet mu genotypes awo.

Nsomba zodziwikiratu ndi chifukwa chogwira ntchito molimbika ndi obereketsa amtundu wamitundu yodzigulitsa watsopano. Bester ndi wosakanizidwa wa nsomba ziwiri zamtundu wa sturgeon. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa kwambiri zimaposa zomwe zimayambira "makolo" ake. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za bester zimayimira kukula kwake kokulirapo komanso kuthekera kokulira poyeserera mosasintha nyengo.

Ofufuzawo analemba zolemera kwambiri za munthu wamkulu wa Bester, yemwe anali wofanana ndi kilogalamu makumi atatu. Nthawi zambiri, owotchera amakhala m'munda wotchedwa khola, komanso asodzi. Kupadera kwa mtundu wamtunduwu wa nsomba za sturgeon ndikuti ndi mtundu wokhawo womwe wakhala ukukulidwa bwino ndi anthu mosalekeza kwa theka la zaka.

Ndiwo mitundu itatu ya bester yomwe yadziwonetsa bwino kwambiri munthawi yonse yosankha nsomba. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nsomba zingapo zomwe zimasinthidwa zitha kusiyanitsidwa kuchokera kwina ndi katswiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa uchi ndi nsomba kumatha kuonedwa ngati thumba la chiberekero, momwe magawo a beluga kapena sterlet amatha.

Kodi nsomba zamasamba zimawononga ndalama zingati (mtengo wamba pa 1 kg.)?

Dera la Moscow ndi Moscow

Nsomba zodziwikiratu ndi chifukwa chogwira ntchito molimbika ndi obereketsa amtundu wamitundu yodzigulitsa watsopano. Bester ndi wosakanizidwa wa nsomba ziwiri zamtundu wa sturgeon. Nsomba zotsiriza zidapezeka ndikudutsa sterlet komanso beluga. Asayansi aku Soviet Union anali oyamba kuyambitsa nsomba pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa kwambiri zimaposa zomwe zimayambira "makolo" ake. Choyamba, nsomba zodziwikiratu zimadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu komanso nthawi yochepa yakucha poyerekeza ndi beluga kapena sterlet. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za bester zimayimira kukula kwake kokulirapo komanso kuthekera kokulira poyeserera mosasintha nyengo.

Monga lamulo, nsomba za bester zimafika sizikupita mamita awiri kutalika. Ofufuzawo analemba zolemera kwambiri za munthu wamkulu wa Bester, yemwe anali wofanana ndi kilogalamu makumi atatu. Amangodya nyama za nsomba zokha, komanso caviar yake. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kukomako komanso momwe ogula amaonera nsomba zodziwika bwino ndizabwino kuposa za oimira ena a nsomba za sturgeon.

Nthawi zambiri, owotchera amakhala m'munda wotchedwa khola, komanso asodzi. Kupadera kwa mtundu wamtunduwu wa nsomba za sturgeon ndikuti ndi mtundu wokhawo womwe wakhala ukukulidwa bwino ndi anthu mosalekeza kwa theka la zaka. Pakadali pano, obereketsa amadziwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya nsomba za Bester: Vnirovsky, Burtsevsky, komanso Aksaysky.

Ndiwo mitundu itatu ya bester yomwe yadziwonetsa bwino kwambiri munthawi yonse yosankha nsomba. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nsomba zingapo zomwe zimasinthidwa zitha kusiyanitsidwa kuchokera kwina ndi katswiri. Malinga ndi zakunja kwawo, komanso kukoma kwawo ndi chikhalidwe cha ogula, mitundu yonse ya nsomba zamiseche ndizofanana wina ndi mnzake "ngati madontho awiri amadzi."

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ya nsomba za uchi kumatha kuonedwa ngati thumba la chiberekero, momwe magawo a beluga kapena sterlet amatha. Makamaka chidwi chake chikuyenera kulipira kuphatikizidwa kwa mankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba za bester. Monga ma sturgeon ena, wowotchera amakhala ndi mavitamini komanso michere yambiri mwachilengedwe, komanso kalori yotsika kwambiri ya 147 Kcal pa 100 magalamu a nsomba.

Monga mitundu ina ya nsomba zamtundu wa sturgeon, bester anali wokhoza kutenga malo ake oyenera motsatira chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi. Nsomba zokhazikitsidwa zimapatsidwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yothandizira kuphika kutentha. Akatswiri azolimbitsa thupi amalangiza kuphika, komanso kusuta, nsomba za bester, zomwe zimatha kukhala chokongoletsa chenicheni cha chikondwerero chilichonse.

Mawonekedwe Abwino

Kuti mubereke haibridiyi, kumadyetsa bwino kwake kumafunika. Zizindikiro zoyenera za kutentha kwa nsomba zamtunduwu ndizizindikiro kuyambira madigiri 20 mpaka 25, motero ndikofunikira kubereka anthuwa m'madziwe akum'mwera kwa Russia.

Pankhani ya ulimi wam'madzi wamalonda, mchere wamadzi uyenera kukhala 10-12%, chifukwa m'madzi opanda mchere amalowa amatulutsa bwino kuposa watsopano.

Mukamazizira mazira komanso nthawi ya kukula kwa mphutsi, mchere wamadzi umayenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala 2-3%.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kulima wowotchera zakudya zam'madzi zambiri ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya pamasamba, mwachitsanzo, carp siliva ndi carp udzu, samapikisana naye chifukwa cha zakudya. Ndizoletsedwa kubereketsa nyama limodzi ndi carp, chifukwa nsomba zamtunduwu zimapikisana kwambiri.

Kubwezeretsanso kwa maiwe mumadziwe amangochitika mwangozi ndipo kumaphatikizanso magawo angapo:

• kugula kwa opanga ma sterlet ndi ma beluga apamwamba kwambiri,
• Kupeza zogulitsa zogonana zokhwima komanso njira yothira mazira,
• mphutsi zokulira
• kukonza madamu oti asungidwe,
• Kukula koyamba mpaka kulemera kwa magalamu atatu,
• kutulutsa nsomba m'madziwe kuti zikule kwambiri.

Kutsatira magawo onsewa kumakupatsani mwayi wokulira ambiri.

Nsomba zamtundu wa Sturgeon ndizo mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yomwe imakhala m'madzi aku Russia. Ambiri a sturgeon amakhala munyanja. Kugwidwa kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumatha kuonjezereka ngati zitagawidwa m'madziwe. Pobereketsa dziwe, nsomba za bester ndizoyenera kwambiri.

Poyamba mu malonda a nsomba

mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yayitali atalimidwa m'minda yama khoji ndi m'masamba. Chifukwa choti wobatizayo adatengera zikhalidwe zabwino kuchokera ku mitundu yoyambayo, idakhala nsomba yamtengo wapatali yosungitsa malo osungiramo nyama kuti azigwiritsa ntchito payekha, kuwedza ndikulipira ndikusamalira m'malo otetezeka. Amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu, kuchuluka kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka, zomwe zimayamba kutha msinkhu. Wopeza akulemera msanga, akufika ma 1.5-2 kilogalamu mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, ndi ma kilogalamu atatu mchaka chachitatu.

Kupanga kwa bester pakadali pano zikuchita bwino mu usodzi ku Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, mayiko a Central Asia ndi mayiko a Baltic. Wopanda

chikuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwakuthupi ndi kupulumuka, imatha kukhala m'madzi abwino komanso opanda kanthu. Bester ndi wolimba, wodwala pang'ono, komanso wopandaukali. Bester sikuchepa kutentha - kutentha kwakutalika ndi 0,5-30 degrees. Pakakulitsa wosakanizidwa, madzi abwino ndi mchere pang'ono ndi abwino.

M'masiku ozizira bwino m'madziwe oyenda ndi m'madziwe, ngakhale m'madziwe osaya, pamaso pa aeration, amamva bwino. Mwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zonse, nsomba zonyansa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'madziwe komanso m'malo osungira madzi.

Kuyesera bwino

Atadutsa beluga ndi sterlet munthawi yoyeserera, mwachangu adatuluka mazira sabata imodzi. Iwo anali akhama pantchito. Zosakanizidwa zoyambirira zimayikidwa mu dziwe la nsomba zamchigawo cha Saratov.

Yakwana nthawi yodikirira. Zinadziwika kuti ma hybrids omwe amakhala ndi sturgeon anali osabereka, ndipo ena osakanizidwa sanaberekenso ana abwino, ngakhale anali ndi luso lotha kubereka. Sizinadziwike kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti adikire, pomwe sterletyo imadzaza ndi zaka 6-8, komanso beluga pofika zaka 6. Koma asayansi adadabwitsidwa modabwitsa pomwe ma hybron awo atatha msinkhu wazaka zitatu. Zinakhudza amuna.

Wophatikiza amaphatikiza kukula kwa beluga komanso kusasitsa koyambirira kwa sterlet.

Zomwe akazi anali nazo sizinali zabwino kwenikweni. Zaka zinadutsa, ndipo caviar froze pa gawo lachiwiri la kukhwima, yolk yomwe mluza umadya sudakhazikike momwemo.

Kuyesaku kunapitilizidwa mu 1963 pomwe ma hybrids adapita nawo ku famu yansomba ya Aksaysky pafupi ndi Rostov-on-Don, komwe kumatentha. Akuluakulu anali kale ndi zaka 12. Kulemera kwawo kwakukulu kunali ma kilogalamu 1.5.

M'chilimwe, ndi chakudya chochulukirapo, nsomba zinayamba kufika pa kilogalamu 6 kulemera, ndipo akazi anali okonzekera kukhala amayi. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, hybrids a m'badwo wachiwiri adawonekera, obadwa kuchokera kwa amuna ndi akazi achinzeru - ichi chinali chochitika chenicheni.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa sturgeon ndi sterlet? Kusiyana kukula kwake ndi njira yoyamba. Sterlet amadziwika kuti ndi wocheperapo m'banjali. Mwa anthu wamba, kutalika kumakhala masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Amalemera kuchokera ku kilogalamu imodzi mpaka iwiri. Amuna abwinobwino amakula msanga. Amamera pafupifupi zaka zisanu, ndipo chachikazi patapita nthawi pang'ono: wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu. Mtengo wa nsomba zamalonda izi ndizosatheka. Itha kumizidwa m'madziwe ndi m'madziwe. Record kulemera kufika 16 kg. Ma sturgeon nthawi zambiri amasiyana chifukwa amakhala okulirapo ndipo amatha kulemera mpaka kilogalamu 100, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi mita 5.

Kuphatikiza kutalika ndi unyinji, mawonekedwe angapo a mitundu iwiriyi amaperekedwa pansipa:

1. Mutu wa sterlet uli ndi mawonekedwe ochepera komanso mphuno yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi tendril mu mawonekedwe a mphonje.
2. Chizindikiro cha ma sturgeons ndi kukhalapo kwa zishango m'malo mamba, zomwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kumbuyo kwa sterlet kuli zipsera zomwe zimatuluka m'mafupa, pali 70. Sturgeon ili ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
3. Asanatuluke, ma sturgeon amakhala munyanja, ndipo nthawi yokha ikafunika kugwira ana, nsomba zimapita m'madzi abwino - awa ndi nsomba zosamukasamuka. Koma sterlet imadziwika ndi kugona kwambiri, mosiyana ndi sturgeon.
4. Sturgeon imakhala ndi kukoma kowuma, ndipo sterlet imakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, ndi 30% poyerekeza ndi khumi ndi asanu ndi a sturgeon. Ma gourmet onse anayamikirira kukoma kosalala komanso kosalala kwa sterlet.
5. Mabuku awiriwa amasiyana ngakhale mu caviar. Chifukwa cha kakulidwe kakang'ono kwa sterlet, kaphala kameneka ndi kocheperako kuposa ka sturgeon. Kukula kwake kuli ngati mikanda ndipo mtundu wake ndiwowonjezereka.

Chifukwa chake, tikudziwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nsomba ziwirizi: mabuku onse owerengera za zoological amati pafupifupi mogwirizana kuti sturgeon ndi mtundu wa nsomba mu banja la sturgeon. Sterlet ndi membala wa gulu laling'ono ili. Makhalidwe: mutu wochepetsetsa ndi mphuno yayitali, kupezeka kwa tinyanga tating'ono ndi malovu ambiri kumbuyo - izi ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kulemera komanso miyeso ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa ma sturgeon ena. Kuphatikiza apo, sturgeon imakhala yotsogola kuposa sterlet. Ndiwokhazikika panyumba ndipo ali ndi fano lokhalamo ndipo samachoka munyanja kupita kunyanja. Sterlet ili ndi nyama yamafuta komanso kukoma kosakhazikika.

Mbale zansomba za Sturgeon zimakongoletsa tebulo lililonse. Chakudya chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi khutu lolemera komanso pric. Sturgeon kapena sterlet yomwe mumakonda kusankha nokha. Zosankha zonsezi zingakhale ngati zokongoletsera patebulo lililonse.

Zophatikiza mitundu ya sturgeon

Beluga ndi Kaluga amadziwika kuti ndi abale akuluakulu am'madzi. Nsomba zosamukira kumenezi zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri, nthawi zina zaka za zana limodzi zimafika zaka zana limodzi.

Mitundu ya ma hybrid ndi mitundu yotsatirayi:

• beluga ndi sterlet (bester),
• stellate sturgeon ndi beluga,
• beluga ndi nthongo,
• sturgeon ndi beluga.

Zophatikiza izi makamaka zimakhala mu Nyanja ya Azov, ndipo nthawi zina zimapezeka m'malo ena osungirako.

Ubweya wa Beluga ndi coarser pang'ono, koma woyenera kwambiri popanga ma balyks. Caviar wakuda wabwino kwambiri amapezeka kuchokera kwa woimira.

Wosakanizidwa wopezeka podutsa beluga ndi sterlet amatchedwa bester. Mtunduwu umafunidwa kwambiri ndi ogula chifukwa cha zakudya zake. Ndiwotinso chifukwa chimakopa anthu omwe akufuna kulawa malonda omwe ali odabwitsa kwambiri mu kukoma kwake chifukwa cha kukopa kwake kwakunja ndi zokongoletsa. Kukoma kwa caviar sikuti sikotsika poyerekeza ndi beluga caviar.

Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za kubereka kwa ma sturgeon ndi ma hybrids, chifukwa chifukwa cha zachilengedwe, mitundu yosamukasamuka imakulirakulira ikakula m'madziwe.

Chinthu chotsimikizika paulimi wamalonda chidasanduka kukhala chosakanizira pakati pa beluga ndi sterlet - Wowonongera.

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya makolo, wothandizirayo safuna zambiri pa boma lama hydrochemical, amakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, amakhala ndi nkhawa komanso amakhala ndi moyo wokulirapo. Bester ndiwachonde komanso wokhwima ali ndi zaka 3-5. Kubwezerani ma hybron omwe amapezeka podutsa m'badwo woyamba wokhala ndi beluga kumatha kukhala moyo wovuta komanso kukula msanga.

Kuti mupeze gawo loyambirira, mazira a Beluga amalowetsedwa ndi umuna kuchokera kwa akazi angapo amuna. Kwa 1 kg ya mazira, 10 ml ya umuna imatengedwa pa madzi a 1: 200. Mazira osaloledwa amadzidyetsa kwa masiku 6,5 mu zida za Yushchenko (mazira 100,000 pa chida chilichonse). Mphutsi zimamera m'mabeseni a VNIRO kapena m'makola awiri a 2 x 1.5 x 0,5, ndikuyika ma dziwe okhala ndi zooplankton biomass yayikulu, ndikubzala matani 20,000. pa 1 khola. Pambuyo masiku atatu a kulima m'ming'oma, mphutsi zimasinthidwa ku madamu achangu omwe ali ndi malo a 1-2 ha ndi kuya kwa 1.8-2 m, pomwe amasungidwa pobzala osachulukitsa ma 150,000 ma PC / ma 30 30 masiku mpaka kulemera kwa 3 g.

Tinsomba tating'ono tomwe timalemera 3 g timayikidwa mu ma dziwe omwe ali ndi malo a 1-2 ha ndi kuya kwa 1.8-2 m, osadzaza zomera zam'madzi komanso opanda madzi osaya, pamlingo wa 20-30,000 ma PC. M'malo okulira abwino, kubzala kachulukidwe kungachulukidwe.

Nthawi zina mbewu za sturgeon zimapatsa ukala wokhathamira kumafamu. Pankhaniyi, famuyo iyenera kukhala ndi malo owerengera makulidwe, mwachangu, kunja, nthawi yachisanu ndikudyetsa madamu, ndikutulutsa zaka zitatu, zopumira zachiwiri ndikukula ndikukhazikika nyengo yachisanu. Kuchokera m'madziwe omwe akukula, ana a chaka amagwidwa ndi kutentha kwa 5-6 ° C ndikuyika zipewa za nyengo yozizira pamayendedwe a ma miliyoni chikwi / ha. Kuyika kwa ana aakazi kuti azidyetsa kumachitika nthawi yomweyo madzi oundana atasokonekera. Ana azaka ziwiri, atakwanitsa kuchuluka kwa 0,7-0.8 kg, amagulitsidwa, ndipo otsala amasiyidwa kuti akule.

Zomera zachilengedwe za bester sizidutsa 200 kg / ha, chifukwa chake, kuti mupeze nsomba zochuluka, zakudya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe maziko ake ndi magwero azinyama (nsomba zazing'ono, chakudya chamagazi, nyama ndi mafupa ufa ndi soya, mulberry silkworm, etc.).

Gawo la nsomba lisinthidwe ndi nkhono, shrimp, gammarids, artemia, achule. Kuti muchepetse kudya, mutha kuwonjezera zinthu zonunkhira pazakudya: anise, peppermint, lavender, mafuta a mpendadzuwa (1-2 akutsikira pa 1 kg ya chakudya).

Kudyekako kumakhazikitsidwa katatu patsiku pamabatani azakudya kapena kukweza matebulo omwe amaikidwa pamtengo wa 12-15 ma PC. pa 1 ha.

Mukukula sturgeons a mibadwo yonse, maiwe samayenera kukhala ndi algae oyipa, ndipo akamakula ana ndi ana achichepere, achule.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mwanzeru chilengedwe cha m'madziwe, ma hyuron ophatikizidwa mumakhola osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chiwerengero cha nsomba zowonjezereka chikhoza kukhala motere (in% to sturgeon): carp - mpaka 2, tench - kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 7, carp carp - mpaka 3, pike perch - mpaka 2, carp yoyera ya siliva - mpaka 40, carley siliva carp - mpaka 30.

Chiwerengero cha sturgeon hybrids a m'badwo wina ukhoza kukhala 30%.

Kupanga ma hybron a sturgeon, dziwe lomwe lili ndi kuya pafupifupi 1.5 m ndi malo osaposa mahekitala awiri liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa nthawi ya zaka zam'mbuyomu, anthu omwe akulemera mpaka 15 g amachotsedwa ku ma hybrids, chifukwa kukula kwawo kumakhala kotsika kwambiri mtsogolo.

M'chaka chachitatu, kuchuluka kwa owonjezeranso kwambiri, motero ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zitatu.

Ndi mchere wamchere mpaka 12%, kukula kwa ma hybrids amakulitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikule mu saline zotsekedwa.

Kuphatikiza pa kugwera mumadziwe, mutha kukula ma hybrids pakati pa sterlet ndi spike, stellate sturgeon kapena sturgeon. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito hybrids wowerengeka kuti mupeze osati nyama, komanso caviar. A. A. Burtsev adapanga njira yopangira furiar kuchokera ku ma sturgeon hybrids. Kuti muchite izi, kutalika kwa masentimita 12 mpaka 15 kumapangidwa pamimba yazimayi, mazira amachotsedwa, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amawakola ndi singano yachipatala. Nsomba zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimacha kachiwiri patatha zaka 2-3 ndipo zimatha kupereka caviar.

Mwa oimira ena a sturgeon, mphuno ya paddle ndi chinthu chodalirika pakukula kwa dziwe, kudyetsa kwambiri matabwa komanso kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu, kupulumuka kwakukulu, komanso mikhalidwe yabwino yamalonda.

• Kubwerera
• Pitilizani

Nsomba yachiwiri: kufotokozera, kukonzekera, kapangidwe, phindu ndi zopweteka

Bester sizoyimira zachilengedwe zokha, koma wosakanizidwa wa mitundu iwiri yomwe imapangidwa ndi kupanga mtanda - beluga ndi sterlet. Dzinali limachokera ku zilembo zoyambirira za mayina a nsomba. Beluga ndi sterlet ndi nsomba za sturgeon. Zophatikiza izi zidapezeka mchaka cha 1952 chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za Soviet ichthyologists Nikolayukin N.I. ndi Timofeeva N.A. pamaziko a Teplovsky hatchery kudera la Saratov.

Bester nthawi yomweyo adawonetsa kukwera kwake kwapamwamba chifukwa cha kukula msanga, monga mu beluga, kukula ndi kusasitsa kwa mawonekedwe a sterlet. Pakadali pano, ndichinthu chachilengedwe cham'madzi ku Russia, Germany, Italy, Poland, USA China, South Korea, Japan ndi mayiko ena.

Kufotokozera Kwabasi

Bester imatha kufikira 1.8 kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 30 kg. Ngakhale kuti wakuphatikiza ndi wosakanizidwa, samatha kubereka komanso komanso chonde kwambiri.

Palinso mitundu iwiri yowonjezera ya bester: 1) beluga ndi 2) sterlet, omwe ali ofanana kwambiri mu morphological, anatomical ndi zokhudza thupi. Komabe, besuga bester ndi yayikulupo; imodzi mwa zitsanzo zake inkafika pa 63 kg ndipo inali yotalika 230 cm, pomwe sterlet beseryo sikukula kupitirira 10 kg mwakulemera komanso 110 cm kutalika.

Kuchokera ku beluga, Wophatikiza uja amatenganso awiriawiri aang'ono owotchera pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono kapena pang'ono pang'ono kumapeto kwa tinyanga.

Munthawi inayake, mtundu wa thupi ukhoza kutengedwa kuchokera ku kholo limodzi (beluga) ndi kuchokera ku linzake (sterlet), chifukwa chake limatha kukhala latsitsi pang'ono mpaka lakuda, ngakhale kuphatikiza kosiyanako kungatheke - bulauni ndi imvi. Nthawi zambiri mtundu wa kumbuyo ndi m'mimba umasiyanitsidwa (wamdima kwambiri kuposa pansi).

Mkhalidwe wa Bester

Bester amamva bwino m'madzi am'mabondo osiyanasiyana (kuyambira 0 mpaka 18 mg /%). Pokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira m'madzi, imalekerera kutentha mpaka 34 ° C, koma kutentha kwakukulu ndi 20-25 ° C.

Amadzigulitsa pongopanga njira zoikira, pomwe mazira amtundu umodzi amaphatikitsidwa ndi mkaka wina. Mkazi yemwe amakhala ndi beluga kwa nthawi yayitali amatha kusesa mazira 200-500,000, sterlet - 20-100 chikwi, wabwinobwino - 100,000 mpaka 300. Mwa abambo wamba wamba komanso owoneka bwino, kutha msambo kumachitika zaka 4-5, beluga - pa 8- Zaka 9 zakubadwa, mwa akazi wamba ndi owoneka bwino otsekemera - pa zaka 5-9, beluga - ali ndi zaka 9 mpaka 14.

Mphutsi zimadyetsedwa ndi zooplankton, ma chironomids ang'onoang'ono komanso zakudya zamavuto, ndipo akuluakulu omwe ali ndi ma feed azakudya ndi nsomba zazing'ono.

Muziphika

Bester ndi nsomba yokoma komanso yodula, yomwe m'njira zonse sizotsika kuposa ena a sturgeon. Caviar yake ndi yotsika mtengo kuposa poyerekeza ndi sturate sturgeon ndi sturgeon zina.

Bester ikhoza kukonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana - kuphika, mwachangu, mphodza, kuphika. Ndizoyeneranso kupanga khonde.

Ubwino wa Bester

Nsombayi imakhala ndi mtengo wofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe amapezeka m'matumbo mwake (mpaka 21%). Kuphatikiza apo, ma protein awa amatha kutengeka mosavuta ndi matupi athu, moyenera pazomwe zimapangidwa ndi amino acid. Nyama ya Bester ilinso ndi mavitamini ambiri (makamaka A ndi D) ndi zinthu zomanga thupi (calcium, magnesium, potaziyamu, phosphorous ndi iron).

Bester ndi gwero la mafuta ochulukirapo a polyunsaturated (Omega-3), omwe ndi ofunikira kuti thupi la munthu lizolowere metabolism, ndi ma antioxidants amphamvu, ali ndi zotsutsana ndi zotupa, komanso amalepheretsa kukula kwa atherosulinosis ndi matenda ena a mtima.

Chizindikiro chogwiritsira ntchito bester ndi:

• kunenepa kwambiri, kutopa ndimatenda,
• gastritis ndi matenda ena am'mimba
• atherosulinosis,
• mafupa am'mimba, nyamakazi ndi arthrosis,
• ana ndi ukalamba
• kuchepa kwa vitamini.

Kufalitsa

Ndi chinthu chofunikira kulimidwa ku Russia, Germany, Poland, Italy, USA, Japan, China, South Korea, etc. Bester saloledwa kuti atulutsidwe m'matupi amadzi okhala ndi anthu achilengedwe a sturgeon, makamaka chifukwa chakuwopsezedwa kwa majini a mitundu ya sturgeon yoyera, makamaka Beluga.

Biology

Bester imalekerera mchere wamadzi (kuyambira 0 mpaka 18 ‰). Pamadzi okwanira okhala ndi mpweya, amathandizira kutentha mpaka 34 ° C. Kutentha kwakukulu pakukula ndi 20-25 ° C.

Kuberekera ndizongopeka. Zinthu zogonana (caviar ndi mkaka) nthawi zambiri zimapezeka munyengo yozizira-nyengo yachisanu, kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Juni (kutengera kutentha kwa madzi) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi.

Chonde cha bester chachikazi chimachokera ku mazira 100 mpaka 300,000, beluga bester - kuchokera ku mazira 200 mpaka 500,000 ndi besterlet - kuchokera 20 mpaka 100 mazira. Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 4-5, zazikazi - wazaka 5-9 pa bester ndi sterlet bester. Beluga bester ipsa pang'ono: abambo azaka 8-9, zazikazi wazaka 9-14.

Kutalika kwambiri ndi 170 cm, kulemera mpaka 30 makilogalamu, beluga bester limakula mpaka 63 kg kutalika kwa 230 cm ndi besterletter - mpaka 10 makilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa 110 cm.

M'masiku atatu oyamba, mphutsi zimayamba kudyetsa mwachangu zooplankton, ma chironomids ang'onoang'ono, komanso zodyera zopangidwa mwaluso. Zakudya za anthu akuluakulu zimakhala ndi tinsomba tating'onoting'ono komanso chakudya cha granular.

Makhalidwe

Bester ndi wosakanizidwa ndipo amasiyana pang'ono ndi oyimira banja la sturgeon. Zomera zam'mafupa (zisanu kwathunthu) zimapezeka mgulu la nsomba, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri. Ngati mumayang'anitsitsa nsomba izi, ndiye kuti mutha kudziwa mitundu ya mitundu iwiri ya kholo:

1. Pali antennae (2 ma PC.), Amakhala pansi pa snout kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu beluga. Njira zoterezi zimatha kukhala lilac, kukhala ndi chisindikizo kapena kutsimikizira pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe a masamba.

1. Pakamwa pake, mawonekedwe ake, ali ofanana ndi kamwa la beluga ndi sterlet,

1. Kohler ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa, imasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuyambira mtundu wa bulauni mpaka wakuda kwathunthu.

1. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamimba ndi kumbuyo.

Caviar ndi mkaka zimakolola m'nyengo yozizira komanso koyambirira kwamasika. Akazi amatha kubereka mazira mazana atatu, ndipo beluga bester imatha kutulutsa mazira pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Bester ndi nsomba yayikulu, kutalika kwake ndi 175 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake sikupitirira kilogalamu makumi atatu. Zakudya za mphutsi zimakhala ndi chakudya chamakedzana, amayamba kudya pa iwo patatha masiku ochepa atabadwa. Nsomba zachikulire zimadya nsomba zazing'ono komanso zakudya zamagulu. Kutentha kwakukulu kwamadzi komwe nsomba imakhala momasuka kuli pafupifupi madigiri seshasi makumi awiri ndi kasanu.

Kutulutsa Zinthu

Kuti nsombazo zizikula bwino, zimafunikira kulimbikitsidwa komanso kudyetsedwa pafupipafupi. Nsomba zimakhala m'matupi amadzi okhala ndi kutentha kwa madzi pamtunda wa +20 madigiri, kotero kuswana bwino kuchitidwa bwino kumadera akumwera kwa dzikolo. Mchere suyenera kupitanso 12%, m'madzi oterowo amakhala omasuka. Mukakonza mphutsi, brackishness imachepetsedwa mpaka 3%. Bester amakula bwino "pagulu" la mitundu ina:

Bester samayenderana ndi carp; mitundu iyi imasemphana.

Wobzala amatha kukhala m'malo osungira nyama, kutulutsa kwake kumakhudza magawo angapo:

• kugula kwa opanga abwino kwambiri (sterlet ndi beluga),
• kupeza nsomba zokhwima
• umuna wa mazira
• kukula mwachangu,
• Kukonzekera posungira
• kukweza nsomba mpaka 3,2 kg,
• kubweretsa nsomba padziwe.

Mukatsatira molondola zofunikira zomwe zidatchulidwa, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe a anthu abwino sakhala patali. Mutha kugula bester yokhazikika ku Moscow ndi dera la Moscow ndikubweretsa patsamba lathu

Bester ndiye chabwino kwambiri

Nikolyukin adatcha dzinalo, koma monga momwe ananenera, lidapangidwa ndi mitundu yoyamba ya nsomba, koma zidachitika mwamwayi kuti liwu loti "bwino" limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi kukhala "labwino". Ndipo wosakanizidwayo adakwaniritsa dzina lake. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri. M'madziwe, nsomba za sturgeon zidakula ndikubala, komabe chibadwidwe chake chimatenga zaka mamiliyoni, ndipo kusintha kulikonse mdera lawo kudali kopha. Ndipo tsopano iwo, ngati mitembo wamba, amatha kukulira m'madziwe.

Amadziwika kuti mbadwo woyamba hybrids wazaka 2 zimatha kufika 1 kg ndipo ngakhale zina.

Masiku ano, bester ndi nkhani yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yoweta mafakitale. Izi hybrids amatengera zabwino kwambiri: kuthekera kokhala m'madzi abwino, kuchuluka mphamvu, kudya nyama komanso kulawa kwabwino kwambiri.

Mtundu wa bester ukhoza kukhala imvi kapena imvi yakuda ndi mithunzi ya beige. Opanga bwino amawoneka ngati sterlet, koma amakula nthawi 3-4.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya bester: Burtsevsky, Aksai ndi Vnirovsky - bester wamkulu kwambiri. Mitundu yonseyi imakhala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri pazaka zonse za kubereka.

Wokolola chokoleti kapena ayisikilimu. Kukoma kwa nyama ya bester kumapitilira kukoma wamba kwa sturgeon.

Kuswana

M'mabwinja, ochita kupanga maluwa sadzibala okha, ngakhale kuti ma hybrids samabereka.

Zabwino zimapatsidwa nsomba zamasamba kapena zinyalala za nsomba.

Opanga amagwidwa kumapeto kwa kasupe, amapatsidwa jekeseni wa pituitary, omwe amafulumizitsa kukula kwa nsomba zogulitsa. Kusasitsa mu sterlet pambuyo pa jakisoni kumachitika pambuyo pa maola 24-25, ndipo mu beluga pambuyo pa maola 48-60. Kutenga mazira kuchokera pachikazi, chachikazi chimaphedwa ndipo magazi amasulidwa, chifukwa amatha kulowa mazira.

Beluga caviar umasefedwa m'mabeseni ndipo umuna wowuma umawonjezeredwa kwa iwo. Umuna umatengedwa kwa opanga angapo achimuna. Pakupita mphindi zochepa, madzi amatsitsidwa, ndipo kaphikidwe kamatsukidwa poyimitsa dongo kapena pamtsinje kuti utha kumata. Pambuyo pake, imatumizidwa kuti ichotse. Makulitsidwe amatenga pafupifupi masiku 5 mpaka 10, kutalika kwake kumatengera kutentha kwa madzi.

Fyuni zosokedwa zimasinthidwa kukhala maiwe. Mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsa mwachangu zimatumizidwa m'madziwe. Bester amadyetsedwa namsongole nsomba kapena zinyalala za nsomba.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kalori nsomba bester 147 kcal

Kufunika kwa nsomba zamasamba (Kuwerengera kwa mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya - bju).

Wopanda (malinga ndi zigwirizano zoyambirira za mawu a Beluga ndi Sterlet), yemwe ndi nsomba ya banja la sturgeon, ndi wosakanizidwa wa beluga ndi sterlet. Zitsanzo zazikulu za anthu akuluakulu zimafika kutalika kwa 180 cm ndi 30 kilogalamu. Bester adatengera mawonekedwe kuchokera kwa "makolo", koma amawoneka okongola. Mtundu wa bester umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi imvi mpaka imvi yakuda ndi beige tint. Wophatikiza woyamba wa beluga ndi sterlet adapezeka mu 1952 ku USSR ndi N.I. Nikolyukin. Bester amaphatikiza kukula kwa beluga komanso kusasitsa koyambirira.

Zoweta Zakale

Wopanda - woyimira yekha wa nsomba za sturgeon, yemwe kupezeka kwake m'madzi am'madzi kwathandizidwa kopitilira theka la zaka, ndikupangidwanso kwa mibadwo itatu. Pankhani yakuwedza nsomba ndi machitidwe azachuma, amafanizira bwino ndi mitundu yoyambirira - beluga ndi sterlet. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akulu - wakubatizidwe, yemwe ali ndi kufanana kwa chibadwa cha mitundu yoyambirira, mitanda ya kumbuyo kwa belter (B. BS) ndi sterlet (S. BS), atakhala ndi cholowa cha beluga kapena sterlet ndipo, motero, amapezeka ndikuwonjezedwanso mwa iwo okha. yodziwika ndi kupatuka kumayendedwe awo azizindikiro ndi katundu. Mpaka pano, mafomu awa alandiridwa movomerezeka 3 Mitundu ya bester : "Burtsevskaya" (Beluga + Sterlet), "Vnirovskaya" (Beluga + BeSter) ndi "Aksai" (Sterugli + BeSter), omwe atsimikizira kukhazikika kwawo kwazaka zambiri pakulima kwamtchire.

Bester Burtsevsky - wosakanizidwa wophatikizika kuchokera kudutsa lunda wa mkazi ndi chitsekere chachimuna, chomwe chimapezeka koyamba mu 1952. Chimawoneka chofanana kwambiri ndi chosawoneka bwino. Kukula kumachitika mwa amuna ali ndi zaka 4, mwa akazi azaka 8. Chonde - mazira 3,000. Chaka chilichonse chimafika magalamu 100, azaka ziwiri - 700 magalamu, wazaka zitatu - magalamu 1500.

Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu ndi chinthu chomwe chimagulitsidwa kuti chikhale nsomba, chomaliza chomwe chimayesedwa kuti ndi nsomba cholemera kuposa 1 kg. Pamodzi ndi izi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya chakuda caviar, chomwe chikufunikira kwambiri pamsika.

Bester Aksaysky , kapena bester sterlet - intergeneric kubwerera hybrid kuchokera kudutsa sterlet yachikazi ndi bester wamwamuna. Inalandiridwa koyamba mu 1958. Mu 1969 ndi 1973 Ma Sterlet x Bester obwezeretsanso olekanitsa anapezekanso pa famu ya nsomba ya Aksai mdera la Rostov. Maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi sterlet, koma ali ndi kukula kokulirapo ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi. Zimadziwika ndi kutha msanga poyerekeza ndi mitundu yoyambayo. Amphongo amafika paunyamata ali ndi zaka zitatu, amuna azaka ziwiri. Fecundity wapakati ndi mazira 40,000. Chaka chilichonse chimafika magalamu 60, azaka ziwiri - 500 magalamu ndi ana azaka zitatu - magalamu 1000.

Bester Vnirovsky , kapena Beluga bester - msewu wobwererako wochokera kudutsa wamkazi Beluga ndi Bester wamwamuna, woyamba kupezeka mu 1958. Ulendo wachiwiri udachitika mu 1965 ku Fogo wa stogo wa Rogozh m'chigawo cha Rostov. Kuyambira 1965 ntchito pakusankhidwa kwake ikuchitika ku famu ya nsomba ya Aksai ya m'dera la Rostov.

Mwa zizindikiro zake zakunja, wogulitsa wa Vnirovsky akuyandikira beluga. Ndi yayikulu kuposa bester, ili ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi. Imafika pa msinkhu wazaka 8 (zazimuna) ndi 14 (zazikazi). Kubereka kwa akazi kumakhala kochulukirapo mpaka kawiri kuposa kokhala wa bester komanso pafupifupi 6 kutalika kuposa kofanana ndi chosokoneza, pafupifupi 300,000.mazira. Ndizofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa chakudya komanso kukula.

Njira zamakono zopangira ukalamba

Kukula bester kumafuna kudyetsa bwino. Kutentha kokwanira pakukula kwa bester kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi 20-25 ° C, kotero kuswana kwa dziwe kwa sturgeon kumalimbikitsidwa makamaka madera akumwera a dzikolo. Mchere wamchere panthawi yamalonda yamalonda ukhoza kupitilira pa 10-12%, ndipo madzi akukhwimitsa magazi amathanso kukhala abwino kuposa abwino. Mukalowetsa nkhokwe zakukula komanso mphutsi zomwe zikukula, mchere wamadziwo suyenera kupitirira 2-3%.

Zakudya Zabwino

Wopanda - nyama yolusa, zakudya zake ndizosiyanasiyana. Kwenikweni, Wogulitsayo amadya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, nyongolotsi, ma mollusks ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Amavutika mosavuta ndi ntchito yoyeretsa zimbudzi ndi maiwewe achinsinsi kuchokera ku nsomba zazing'ono, zotsika mtengo, m'malo mwa pike, pike kapena nsomba.

Wophatikiza amadya pama feed akuluakulu, owuma. Chinthu chokha chomwe amadya ndikumiza chakudya, chifukwa izi ndi nsomba za pansi ndipo zimangodya chakudya chokha kuchokera pansi. Pali nthawi zina zomwe zimadyetsa ngakhale kuchokera ku dzanja, koma kokha ndi chakudya chouma chouma.

Kusamalira nkhumba za bester pamodzi ndi nsomba zamankhwala

Mu m'madziwe muyenera kukhala oundana ndi nsomba zamtchire - udzu carp ndi siliva carp, omwe siopikisana nawo pachakudya. Kulima bester ndi carp, omwe ndi mpikisano wake wowopsa pakudya, sikuloledwa.

Kuberekanso kwa ma sturgeon m'madziwe kumatheka kokha mwa njira zochita kupanga. Biotechnology yopeza ndi kukulitsa ana a sturgeon amapangidwa bwino.

Ubwino wazakudya za Bester

Aliyense amadziwa kuti nyama ya sturgeon imakoma kwambiri, koma si aliyense amene amadziwa kuti nyama zomwe zimakonda kunenepa kuposa nyama ya sturgeon. Zogulitsa nyama zatsopano zimakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri chifukwa chogawa kwambiri mafuta mu minofu ya minofu ndi mawonekedwe a kusintha komwe kumachitika kuphika. Mafuta pa bester samangokhala gawo la msana, komanso makulidwe a nyama, mawonekedwe awa amapereka kukoma kwapadera kwa balyk ndi zinthu zophika. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mavitamini chimakhudza kugwira ntchito konse kwa thupi, komanso ntchito ya ziwalo ndi machitidwe ake: mtima, mantha, chitetezo, kuzungulira, mtima. Ma Amino acid komanso mafuta acids amasintha zochitika muubongo ndi masomphenya, ndi prophylactic pamatenda amtima komanso neoplasms yoyipa. Bester imalimbikitsidwa zakudya zamafuta ochepa komanso zamafuta ochepa. Chakudya sichimachedwa nsomba zodyedwa, komanso ndikolakwika kunena kuti zakudya zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. 100 magalamu a nsomba ili ndi 147 kcal.

Njira zopangira

Mu famu yathunthu yodyetsa zinthu zonse, njira zamatekinoloje zokulira nsomba zokhala ndi zotsalazo zimakhala ndi njira zotsatirazi: Kukolola beluga ndi sterlet kapena kusankha opanga ma hybrid omwe ali akuluakulu pafamuyo, kupeza zinthu zogonana zokhwima ndi kuphatikiza mazira, mazira othandizira, kusunga ndi kukula mphutsi, kukonza, kuthira ndi kusungidwa kwa dziwe lokwera, kukula kwa ana okulirapo mpaka magalamu atatu, kusodzi koyamba kwa ma dziwe okulira, kuwerengera ndi mayendedwe a achinyamata, kukula kuswana kwa Bester azaka zakubadwa, nyengo yachisanu, kulera ana azaka ziwiri zamalonda aku Bester, kugulitsa nsomba zamisika, kuphika chakudya, kusungirako ndi kukonzekera, kulima kukonza ndi kugulitsa ana a Bester.

Mu chithunzi cha abale a chaka cha Bester

M'mafamu amodzi, m'malo mongokula achinyamata ndi othandizira, zosunga ana zazing'ono zamitundu itatu zimachokera ku malo apadera.

Malingaliro ndi malingaliro a kukula kwa chakudya cham'mafamu asodzi

Linanena bungwe la mphutsi anasamutsa yogwira zakudya

Kutuluka kwa achinyamata atatu a gramu kuchokera kumadziwe atatuluka

Mukakulitsa malonda owerengera, nsomba zotsatirazi ndi kulemera kwake ziyenera kumwedwa:

Kupanga nsomba kwa ma dziwe okulira, kg / ha

pa atatu gramu achinyamata 1200

wazaka 800

Kupatsa nsomba kwa dziwe, kg / ha

wamba ndi herbivorous nsomba 1750

hybrids 1250

Kuchulukitsa kwakanthawi kochepa kwa nsomba zakukula m'minda yama cagement (kulimidwa pamitengo yobzala kunja)

Miyeso yoyerekeza, g

pakati hitch kubzala zinthu bester 40

avareji yazaka ziwiri zakubadwa 400

kuchuluka kwazaka zitatu zokhala ndi zaka 100

Kuchulukana kwa ma hybrids m'ma mesh ndowa ndi m'madziwe a konkriti, ma PC / m²

M'chaka choyamba cha kukula kwa bester 200-300

mchaka chachiwiri cha kukula zana

pazaka zotsatira mpaka 50

Kutulutsa kwa bester wazaka ziwiri panthawi yakula,% 70

Kutulutsa kwa bester wazaka zitatu panthawi yakula,% 80

Zomwe zimapangidwira chakudya chamtundu wa sturgeon hybrids - bester (nsomba zochepa),%

Mbiri ya Bester sturgeon wosakanizidwa

Nthawi zina nsomba za nsomba zomwe sizovuta kuzindikila zimakumana ndi ndodo kapena maukonde a asodzi amateur. Awa ndi ma hybrids omwe amawonekera chifukwa chodutsa mosakanizika ndi zina mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Koma alimi a nsomba akuwongolera nsomba kuti zikuluzane mitundu ina yopindulitsa anthu. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wosakanizidwa bwino pakati pa ma sturgeon ndi nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe zimadziwika mwachangu, kukula msanga komanso nyama yotsekemera ndi caviar.

Bester - wosakanizidwa nsomba mitundu

Bester ndiwopangidwa wosakanizidwa wa nsomba za sturgeon. Kuti mupeze uwu wosakanizidwa, ma sterlet achimuna ndi beluga yachikazi amawoloka. Dzinali lidabwera powonjezera mawu oyamba a mawu oti "beluga" ndi "sterlet".

Nsomba zosakanizidwa izi zidawelengedwa ku USSR mu 1952. Pulofesa Nikolyukin anali atagwira nawo ntchitoyi, ndipo wophunzira wake Burtsev anapitiliza. Chifukwa chake, ntchitoyi idayamba pantchito yoyamba kuphatikiza nsomba zoyamba zam'madzi padziko lapansi, zomwe zimatha kubereka.

Banja la Sturgeon ndi malongosoledwe ndi chithunzi

Banja la sturgeons limatchedwa mtundu wamtengo wapatali wamsodzi, nyama ndi caviar yomwe ikufunidwa mwapadera chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo kwabwino. Izi nsomba ndi za anthu akale okhala m'malo osungira, ku banja la fosholo.

Sturgeons adakhala m'nthawi ya Cretaceous asanafike mafoni a madzi a bony. Asayansi amati banja la sturgeon lili ndi zaka pafupifupi 75 miliyoni. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa ma sturgeon kumachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa chogwidwa, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi.

Kutsika kwa nsomba zamtengo wapatali kunakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zachuma - kukonzanso kwamtunda, kupanga malo opangira magetsi. Kuyesayesa kukuchitika kuti kubereketsa ma sturgeon m'malo opanga mafakitale a nsomba, koma palibe chifukwa cholankhulira kuchuluka kwawo.

Kufotokozera za banja la sturgeon

Sturgeons amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa chord, cartilage, yomwe imapanga mafupa a skeleton. Ngakhale pamaganizidwe akuluakulu, matupi am'magazi sangawonekere. Mkati, mafupa awo ndi chigaza chake zimakhala m'munsi mwa cartilage.

Thupi limawoneka ngati chopondera, ndi mizere isanu ya mafupa. Mutu wa nsomba umakutidwa ndi zishango zamafupa (nsikidzi), chopondapo chachitali chofanana ndi fosholo.

Palinso nsikidzi pamimba ndi mbali (ziwiri zonse), imodzi yomwe ili kumbuyo. Pakati pa nsikidzi pali mbewu ndi mafupa. Dorsal fin ili kufupi ndi mchira wa nsomba, pectoral radial fin imakhala ndi kiyuni, momwe mungadziwire zaka za chilinganizo.

Pakamwa pathupi pawo amatha kupita patsogolo, ma sturgeon alibe mano. Kunja kwa mphipi kumakhala ndi tinyanga tina. Chikhodzodzo cha kusambira chimapezeka m'munsi mwa msana, chikugwirizana ndi esophagus.

Ma sturgeons ali ndi chowaza - bowo lomwe limatsogolera kuchokera kumiyala ya gill kupita kumtunda kwa chivindikiro chake. Oimira banja lino ali ndi magalasi anayi akuluakulu, omwe zimapangidwa ndi pharynx ndikuwalumikizana pakhosi.

Pali zida ziwiri zowonjezera, palibe ma ray azovala. The anus ili pafupi ndi m'munsi mwa volral fin. Mumtima mumakhala cheni cham'mbuyo, m'matumbo mumakhala valavu yazungulira.

Maonekedwe a miyesoyo akufanana ndi mpanda, uli ndi ganoid - chinthu cha enamel. Pachifukwa ichi, ma sturgeons adakhala ndi dzina lina - ganoids a cartilaginous.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malo okhala ma sturgeon

Kukhazikika kwa ma sturgeon ndi madzi a North Hemisphere; amagawidwa mpaka ku Tropic of Cancer. Malinga ndi njira yofalikira, banjali lagawidwa m'mitundu mitundu:

podutsa, theka, madzi oyera.

Mitundu ya Sturgeon - Izi ndi nsomba zam'madzi, nthawi yozizira, zomwe zimasiyidwa m'malo obwera kunyanja kupita kumitsinje. Nthawi yowerengeka ya nsomba zam'madzi imakhala yotentha ndi yotentha, kutentha kwa madzi kuyambira 15 mpaka 20 C.

Nsomba yozizira imadza m'dzinja kupita kunyanja yatsopano, mtsinje wozizira. Ma sturgeon osamukasamuka omwe amatuluka pakamwa pa mitsinje, amadyetsa pafupi ndi gombe, chifukwa moyo wamba amafunika madzi amchere.

Madzi abwino -Akhazikika mumtsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, dzina lawo lachiwiri ndi lokhalamo.

Ma sturgeon onse ali ndi machitidwe wamba:

kukula kolimba (mwachitsanzo, beluga imatha kukula mpaka 500 kg), kukhala ndi moyo wautali (kuyambira zaka 100 mpaka 20), chonde chodabwitsa (mazira opitilira miliyoni akhoza kukhala m'modzi), maonekedwe, zakudya, moyo.

Kutha msamba mu sturgeons pambuyo pake. Akazi amatengedwa kuti ndi achikulire azaka zapakati pa khumi ndi zinayi, amphongo - wazaka 10-12. Ponena za sterlet ndi fosholo, amatha msamba kale kwambiri.

Munthu wina payekhapayekha (kupatula sterlet) samabereka chaka chilichonse, nsomba zikamaboweka, sizimangodya.

Makamaka amasungidwa pansi pa malo osungira, pomwe amakola nsomba zazing'onozing'ono, nyongolotsi, mbewa, tizilombo.

Beluga

Woimira wamkulu komanso wamkulu kwambiri pabanjapo. Nsomba zimatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 100, zimakula mpaka 10 metres, zimalemera mpaka matani atatu. Kunja, ndikufanana kwambiri ndi torpedo.

Thupi la beluga ndi loyera pansipa, laimvi lakumanzere. Pakamwa pake pamakhala mawonekedwe. Masharubu amathandiza beluga kuyenda mumlengalenga, kufunafuna chakudya.

Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amphongo, amatenga zaka pafupifupi zitatu zilizonse. Beluga ndi nyama yolusa, imakonda kugwira gobies, anchovies, herring, roach ndi nsomba zina zing'onozing'ono.

Sturgeon waku Siberia

Thupi la nsomba imeneyi limakongoletsedwa ndi mbale zingapo zam'mafupa, fulcra (zikopa zooneka ngati fupa). Sturgeon ilibe mano, pakamwa pake imatambasuka, kutsogolo kumakhala ndi tinyanga tina.

Nsomba imeneyi imakhala m'madziwe amtsinje waku Siberia ozizira. Chiyembekezo chamoyo - zaka 50, amatha kutalika kwamamita atatu, kulemera m'modzi ndi theka.

Kutulutsa kumayambira mu Julayi. Nsombazi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi pansi, zimadyera anthu okhala pansi - ma mollusks, mphutsi za chiromid, nyongolotsi za polychaete.

Kaluga

Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa sturgeon, kutalika kwa nsomba kumatha kufika pa 5.5 m, pomwe kulemera kuli 1 toni. Zaka za moyo wa Kaluga ndi zaka 55. Mtundu wa thupi ndiwosalala, wobiriwira, wobiliwira, m'mimba mwake ndi zoyera, mbali ndi kumbuyo zimada kwambiri.

Kuwala kwa kaluga kumawoneka ngati chulu, cholozera komanso kufupikitsidwa. Mawonekedwe a kamwa ndi semicircle yayikulu. Mafupa a mafupa amaphimba thupi. Kaluga amakhala ku Amur, Shilka, Argun, Sungari, pafupi ndi gombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Zakudya: chum, nsomba za pinki, mauna.

Sterlet

Nsomba ndiwung'ono kwambiri pakati pa sturgeon wamadzi oyera. Amakhala zaka 25 mpaka 30, amakula mpaka 1.2 m, akulemera 16 kg. Pali mitundu iwiri ya sterlet - yosalala, yoloza.

Mtundu wake umatengera kwathunthu malo. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba imakhala ndi mimba yopepuka yachikasu, kumbuyo kwa siliva. Zakudya za sterlet zimaphatikizapo ma bollusks, nsomba zazing'ono, mphutsi zazilombo, leeches.

Malo omwe amakhala ndi Caspian, Wakuda, ndi Nyanja ya Azov. Palinso chosangalatsa m'mitsinje - ku Volga, Don, Amur, Yenisei, Ob. Nsomba izi zitha kuzidulira mwangozi m'madzi ndi m'madziwe. Chimakula pang'onopang'ono.

Stellate sturgeon

Woimira wowoneka bwino wa banja la sturgeon amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukokomeza kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa mawonekedwe. Palibe chingwe pa tinyanga wake, mizere ya nsikidzi, mbale zam'mimba zimaphimba thupi.

Amakhala munyanja zamchere, Caspian, Azov. Imatha kutsika mpaka mamita 100. Stellate sturgeon imakula mpaka 2 m kutalika, ikukula mpaka 80 makilogalamu. Ali ndi mimba yoyera, msana wakuda bii ndi mbali.

Amadyanso nsomba zazing'ono - hering'i, gogo, nkhanu, nkhono, ndi mphutsi zimaphatikizidwanso muzakudya. Stellate sturgeon ndi kasupe ndi nthawi yozizira. Usodzi ndi woletsedwa. Pafupifupi 90% ya ma sturgeon awa ndi omwe amabwera chifukwa chopanga mafakitale.

Ma nsomba amadziwika kwambiri ndi ma sturgeon ambiri. Ali ndi phokoso lalitali, zishango zamafupa kumbuyo, m'mimba, mmbali, tinyanga ndi mphonje. Mlomo wam'munsi wa kangaude ukupitirirabe, ulibe magawano, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma sturgeon ena.

Nsombayi imadziwika ndi mtundu wowala, chifukwa chake yapeza dzina lachiwiri - sturgeon yoyera. Habitat - Caspian, Aral, Black, Azov nyanja, Danube, Ural, mitsinje ya Kura.

Kusodza ma spike koletsedwa. Izi ndi nsomba zosamukasamuka, zokhala ndi ma hibernates m'madzi oyera, zimakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Spike imatha kukula mpaka 2 metres. Izi ndi nsomba zodekha komanso zamkati zomwe zimadya nsomba zazing'ono, anyani, mphutsi, ndi crustaceans.

Russian sturgeon

M'malo mwa nsomba izi ndi Nyanja ya Azov, Yakuda, ya Caspian. Malo odutsa - Kama, Volga, Ural, Dniester. Kulemera kwa Russian sturgeon kuyambira 10 mpaka 25 kg. Anthu osawerengeka amatha kulemera mpaka 80 kg.

Russian sturgeon ndi woimira banja lake. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lake, mutu, mafupa, kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima isanu ya nsikidzi. Mtundu wa thupi umadalira kuyera kwa chosungira, m'mimba ndi wopepuka, mbali zake, ndipo kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira. Zakudya sizosiyana ndi zakudya zama sturgeon ena.

Fosholo

Dzinalo limaperekedwa kwa woimira banja la sturgeon wokhala m'mitsinje. Zambiri zake ndizochepa - kuchokera 60 mpaka 130 cm, kulemera kuchokera 2 mpaka 4.5 kg. Fosholoyi imakhala ndi nyumba yayitali yosanja yozungulira yozunguliridwa ndi mafupa.

Ali ndi ulusi wam mchira wawung'ono, kapena kulibeko konse, chikhodzodzo chachikulu chosambira, maso ang'onoang'ono omwe amapezeka. Mphepo imakhala yotambalala, yosalala; palinso ma spines kumapeto kwake. Malo okhala ndi Amu Darya, amtundu wake. Popita mtunda wautali, fosholo sizimayenda.

Bester - wosakanizidwa wa beluga ndi sturgeon

Lingaliro lopanga wosakanizidwa ndi la Profesa Nikolyukov (1952), yemwe adaphatikiza beluga caviar ndi mkaka. Mwachangu adawonekera mu sabata, amuna okhwima pambuyo pazaka 3, zachikazi mu nyengo yotentha - chaka chimodzi.

Maonekedwe a bester siosiyana ndi ma sturgeon ena, ali ndi mizere 5 ya nsikidzi. Pansi pa snout pali mizere iwiri yazovala ngati beluga, kamwa ndi ya mawonekedwe apakatikati, mtunduwo umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku beluga kupita ku sterlet (wakuda mpaka bulauni). Kusiyanitsa pakati pamsana wakuda ndi pamimba pakuwala.

Kuswana kwa Sturgeon

Ili ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri. Pamafunika malo, malo okhala ndi madzi oyenda. Kuti mukulitse sturgeon wolemera mpaka 1 kg, ndikofunikira kukhutitsa madziwo ndi mpweya.

Pofika masika, mwachangu a kasupe azofika kulemera kofunikira ngati zikhalidwe zake zakukonzanso zili bwino komanso zakudya zili zapamwamba. Kuti apange bizinesi yopanga caviar, akuluakulu amapezeka omwe zaka zawo zimaposa 14.