Beaked - Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823
Gulu Lama Rarity: 3 - mitundu yosowa yokhala ndi zochuluka. Mu Russia, izo akuchita gawo zotumphukira wa osiyanasiyana.
Kufalitsa: Mlomo opezeka mu ofunda onse, kotentha ndi madzi ozizira amtengo wa Ocean World, kupatulapo M'madera a zitunda mkulu, koma zimasowa kulikonse. Mitundu ya ku Russia ndi gawo laling'ono la mitundu yonseyo. M'madzi aku Europe aku Russia, msonkhano wake ndiwotheka ku Baltic okha (milandu iwiri yakuuma idadziwika) komanso ku Far East - ku Japan, Okhotsk ndi Bering Seas [1,2]. Apa mlomo wa nthawi zambiri imachitikira ku kum'mawa. m'malire a Kamchatka (kuyanika Kronotsky Bay amadziwika., m'dera la Kuril lokwera makamaka Commander Islands, komwe kumachitika yekha ndi awiriawiri kuchokera April kwa October. m'zigawo zina, mulomo amadziwika makamaka kwa kuyanika pa m'mphepete: kuchokera ku Tierra del Fuego, malo opangira metro a Good Hope, Tasmania ndi New Zealand kupita ku Bering Sea (Pribylova Island), North, Mediterranean ndi Baltic Seas [1,2,4] Kumpoto kwa Atlantic, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi a Great Britain Ku North Pacific kumpoto, chimalowa ku Pribylov Islands, Alaska Peninsula, ndi Amchitki Island [1,10], kum'mwera, atayanika kunja pafupi San Diego Islands Hawaii.
Habitat: Amawerengedwa bwino. Ambiri amakhala mdera la pelagic. Chakudya makamaka tichipeza cephalopods ndi nsomba pansi pa nyanja, ndipo ndiyo yeniyeni malo mitundu. Msinkhu kumachitika pa kutalika thupi la 5.2-5.5 mamita; ng'ombe akhanda ukufika 2.6-2.7 mamita [10, 11]. Mating ndi nthawi yobala mwana imakulitsidwa. Samalekerera ukapolo: pali nkhani yodziwika ya chinsomba chaching'ono chomwe chimaperekedwa ku California Aquarium, komwe adakhalako osaposa tsiku limodzi, atagundana ndi makoma a dziwe.
mphamvu: Chiwerengero cha milomoyo silikudziwika, kokha mudziwe otalikirana lilipo. Mu 1952-1962 M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Commander Islands yotalika makilomita 300, milomo 16 idatulutsidwa, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chambiri m'chigawo chino sichinakwaniritse zolinga makumi atatu [2,3]. The milomoyo kwambiri ambiri kummawa. madzi a Japan, komwe 3-10 nyama adzauma pachaka, makamaka pa gombe la nyumbayo. Sagami ndi Izu Peninsula - malo akuluakulu ophera nsomba. Zovuta zake sizimveka bwino. Usodzi, kuyanika ndi kuipitsa nyanja ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha milomoyo. Mu pano kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera. Zomwe zimapangidwa pachaka ku Japan mpaka posachedwa zakwaniritsa zolinga 20 mpaka 40. Mu zaka 1965-1970. Japanese muli zolinga 189 (132 amuna ndi akazi 57), makamaka madzi a nyumbayo. Sagami ndi Sendai. Miyezi ikuluikulu ya usodzi (February-Marichi ndi Ogasiti-Sepemba) akuwonetsa kusuntha kwamilomo yamtunda. Ambiri a iwo anali ncho m'madera a mulingo woyenera zakudya kunja chinthu chokhala ndi mzere kulumikiza yakuya 1000 m. Mu Russia, mulomo sizinachitikepo ankasakidwa. Ziwerengero zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kufa kwamlomo kuchokera pakuuma: pagombe la Great Britain mu 1913-1978. panali milandu 37, France (kokha mu 1971) - 7, USA m'zaka zaposachedwa - milandu 15 [9,10]. Matenda sanapite. Wa endoparasites ndi, roundworms (2 mitundu mu impso, 1 mu matumbo) ndi tapeworms (1 mitundu mu mafuta subcutaneous) anali kudziŵika.
Chitetezo: Zalembedwa m'ndandanda wofiira wa IUCN-96, Zowonjezera 2 za CITES, Zowonjezera 2 za Msonkhano wa Berne.
Kufotokozera
Chimakula mpaka mamita 7 ndipo amatha kulemera matani 2-3. Mtundu ku mdima imvi kuti bulauni kwambiri. Phokoso ndilopusa. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 40.
maphunziro American aona kuti mlomo ndi chofukizira umboni kwa kuya ndi nthawi ya pamadzi mwa nyama zam'madzi. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankakhulupirira kuti onse a zochitika za zisindikizo kum'mwera njovu: milandu pamadzi awo mamita 2.388 ndi mphindi 120 ankadziwika. Asayansi ochokera ku bungwe lofufuzira ku America "Cascadia" adatha kuphatikiza ma satelayidi m'mipini ya milomo isanu ndi itatu, yomwe inalemba mbiri ziwiri zatsopano. Nyama imodzi inafika pakuya mamita 2,992, yachiwiri inkakhala mphindi 137,5 pansi pamadzi.
Kodi zinsomba beaked ukuwoneka bwanji?
Bill-billed - sing'anga-kakulidwe m'madzi zimakhala: kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera mamita 4 (Peru mphako) kuti mamita oposa 12 (kumpoto kusambira). Thupi lamphamvu, lamphepo, lakukulidwa pakati. Zipsepse zamtchire ndizochepa; mu notch, zimabwezeranso kumbali za thupi (ngati sizigwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa).
The chipsyepsye dorsal ndi yaing'ono, yomwe ili pa mtunda wa 2/3 kutalika thupi mutu. Mchira lobes akudikira poyerekeza ndi m'madzi zimakhala ena; palibe recess pakati pa masamba. Pakati pa nsagwada pali mafupa atatu ammero - ichi ndi chizindikiro cha milomo yonse, kutsogolo amabwera pafupi, koma osalumikizana. Amakhulupilira kuti makatani awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamwa nyama.
Palibe mitundu ali ndi khola umene umawalekanitsa ikhale pamphuno ku mphumi, lomwe likupezeka mu m'madzi zimakhala zina zambiri ndi ikhale pamphuno, mwachitsanzo, ena anamgumiwa. Mu mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, mu Atlantic mphako, ikhale pamphuno ndi yaitali ndi yopapatiza, ena Mwachitsanzo, mu Kuyvierov mulomo, ndi lalifupi ndi ofooka chionetsedwe.
Chofunikira kwambiri pabanjali ndipamene mano. Anangumiwo amakhala ndi mano awiri kapena awiri, omwe akuluakulu amawonekera ngakhale pakamwa atatsekedwa - otchedwa "mankhusu". Kuwonjezera pa mtundu Plavunov (Berardius), khalidwe limeneli akufotokozera okha amuna. Mlomo Tasmanian ndi mitundu yekha kuti ali mano ena kuposa tusks. Zachikazi ndi zazing'ono zazinyama zamitundu yambiri zimakhala zam'maso kwambiri. Amakhulupilira kuti kusowa kwa mano kumalumikizidwa ndi specialization mu zakudya zamagulugufe, zomwe amazigwira ndikumpatsa.
Tusks Zikuonetsa ntchito ngati zida, ndipo amuna pafupifupi mitundu yonse okutidwa ndi zipsera tusks izi. Tsambali ndi mawonekedwe a tusks ali osiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana (Mbali imeneyi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa kudziwa mitundu).
Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka ndi komwe mano ake ali, mawonekedwe a pamphumi ndi kutalika kwake, kusiyana kwakunja pakati pa oimira banjawa ndikosafunikira.
Mitundu ya milomo ndi malo awo
Mu banja la milomoyo, pali mitundu osachepera 20 6 genera. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha mitundu, iwo amakhala lachiwiri mu dongosolo la m'madzi zimakhala pambuyo anamgumiwa. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chazovuta zakakhalidwe ndi kakhalidwe, ambiri a banjali saphunzitsidwa bwino (zambiri za iwo zinasonkhanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono makamaka kudzera nyama zakufa zitakhomereredwa pagombe).
Osambira
Floaters (mtundu Berardius) ndi nthumwi yaikulu ya banja. Mosiyana milomoyo ena, ali 4 mano kupanga tusks. Chingwe chakunja chakumapeto kwa nsagwada ya m'munsi ndi chokulirapo ndipo chimapangidwa mawonekedwe, awiriwo, olekanitsidwa ndi gawo laling'ono ndi ochepa, ali yaying'ono komanso mawonekedwe.
Northern Swan (Berardius bairdii)
Opezeka North Pacific, ku 24 N gombe la California mpaka 63 N Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika mamita 12.8, kulemera - mpaka matani 15. Ndizachilendo kuti pamtunduwu, zazikazi ndizazikulu kuposa zazimuna.
mtundu bluish-imvi, nthawi zina ndi zofiirira kulocha, zipsepse pectoral, mchira ndi mmbuyo lobes ndi mdima, pansi ndi opepuka. amuna Old pa mutu dorsal chipsyepsye ali kutali-woyera.
Woimira wina pamtunduwu ndi Swimmer Wakumwera, yemwe amakhala m'madzi ozizira am'madzi a Pacific Hemisphere. Kunja, akuwoneka ngati mnzake wakumpoto, koma pang'ono pang'ono.
Mlomo malo
Osiyanasiyana nyama izi m'madzi ndi lonse: amakhala ndi kotentha, ofunda ndi ozizira madzi a m'nyanja. Milomo imatha kukhala munyanja zilizonse, kupatula ku Arctic. Mitunduyi imawonedwa kuchokera ku Tierra del Fuego kupita ku zilumba za Shetland.
Iwo amakonda malo pansi pa nyanja, akhoza kuyenda pansi pa madzi kwa akuya makilomita 3, pamene otsala popanda mpweya kuti munthu pazipita maola 2.
Mu Russia, milomoyo n'zochepa, makamaka zimapezeka Far East, Nyanja Bering, nyanja ya Okhotsk, nyanja ya Japan ndi ku gombe la Kamchatka. Anthu akutali amapezeka munyanja ya Baltic. Sizotheka kukhazikitsa malo enieni a milomo, ndizotheka kokha ngati milomo itaponyedwa kumtunda.
Dzina zina chinsomba ndi mlomo Cuvier, loperekedwa polemekeza anatulukira Georges Cuvier.
Botolo
Chizindikiro cha botolo la mtundu wa botolo (genus Nutperon) ndi chifupi, chofotokozedwa bwino ndi mphumi. Amuna achikulire amakhala ndi mafupa akulu akulu pamafupa, omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati zida kapena kuti adziteteze. A awiri limodzi mano peyala woboola pakati ili pa nsonga ya nsagwada m'munsi.
Wamtali-billed botolo (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Mitunduyi imakhala ku North Atlantic, kuyambira 77 N kupita ku zilumba za Cape Verde kum'mawa komanso kuchokera ku Strait of Davis kupita ku Cape Cod kumadzulo. Zikuonekanso ndinawona mu Mediterranean kumadzulo ndi ku Nyanja North.
Chiwerengero chokha anaphunzira amakhala chaka chonse gombe kum'mawa kwa Canada, pafupi ngalande kwambiri m'nyanjayo. Oyimira amuna ndi akazi komanso mibadwo yonse adalembedwa m'derali, ndipo anthu ena adalembedwa zaka zambiri. Kukula kwakukulu kunali anthu anayi, koma magulu kuphatikiza nyama 20 adapezekanso.
The kutalika kwa thupi amuna angafikire ku mamita 9,8, kulemera - matani 7.5.
anthu Young akuda pamwamba ndi kuwala pansipa, akamakula, nyama aunikire, ndi woyera malo limapezeka pa mphumi ya amuna, omwe ukuwonjezeka ndi zaka. Pa thupi la amuna pali zokumbira zochepa kwambiri kuposa milomo ina.
Kwa botolo lam'mbali kwambiri, nthawi yokhala pansi pamadzi yoposa mphindi 80 inalemba.
Mitundu ankaona wakhala kuphunzira kuposa nthumwi ina ya mtundu wa, botolo Lathyathyathya-billed, koma amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo za mitundu onse ali ofanana.
Mlomo moyo
Nthawi zambiri, milomo imasambira yokha, nthawi zambiri imakumana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu angapo. Nyalayi imagwera pansi pa madzi pafupifupi theka la ola, kenako imatuluka ndikupumula kwa mphindi 10, ikangokhala pamwamba.
The zakudya milomoyo imakhala nsomba pansi pa nyanja ndi mollusks zosiyanasiyana. Migrations a mitundu zimadalira kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Pofufuza chakudya, milomo imatha kuyenda mtunda wautali, kutsika pansi kwambiri. Asayansi apeza kuti milomo imachita phokoso mwakuya pakati pa zinyama zina zapamadzi.
Milomoyo chiyani sadzalekerera ukapolo. Only yekha mlandu wa yobereka wa mulomo kwa Aquarium ndi chinalembedwa, imene nyama osauka sanakhale moyo ngakhale tsiku. Klyuvoryl anayesera kuti atuluke mu aquarium ndikugunda khoma lake.
Milomo imasambira mpaka ma kilomita atatu, ndipo imatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa maola opitilira 2.
Mlomo kuswana
Nyengo kuswana ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwakukulu, ndipo nyengo kuswana kumatenga pafupifupi chaka chonse. Kutha msempha kumakhala pamalo a 5-5,5 metres.
Popeza matupi a anyani am'madzi am'madzi awa amakhala ndi zovulala zosiyanasiyana, akukhulupirira kuti nthawi yakukhwima, anyani aamuna amamenyera nkhondo akazi, ndichifukwa chake amapeza mabala.
Nthawi zambiri, Bakuman munthu sabadwa mwa mkazi. Pobadwa, kutalika kwa mwanayo ukufika mamita 2.5-3. Milomo imakhala pafupifupi zaka 40.
Zochepa ndizodziwika zokha pamakhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi milomo ya milomo, popeza mtunduwu suwamveka bwino.
Noth Australia
Australia Lancet (Indopacetus pacificus) ndi mitundu chokha cha mtundu wa. Pafupifupi osaphunzitsidwa komanso odziwika kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za 90s za XX pazigawo ziwiri (imodzi kuchokera ku Queensland, yachiwiri kuchokera ku Somalia). Ananena kuti zomwe zasinthidwa posachedwa pazakukumana kwa ma cetace osadziwika, ofanana ndi botolo, mdera lotentha la India-Pacific zitha kukhala zogwirizana ndi nyamayi.
Imodzi
Kapangidwe thupi la mphako amasiyana pang'ono mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mawonekedwe ndi malo a mano awiri okha omwe anapatsa dzina lake "Mesoplodon" (wokhala ndi mano pakati pa nsagwada), kuyambira mano ang'onoang'ono kumapeto kwa nsagwada mpaka kumapeto kwa 30 cm kutalika pakati pa nsagwada. Kuphatikiza apo, kutalika kwa mpweya wabwino kumasiyanasiyana mwanjira zosiyanasiyana.
mano zonse Lancet ndi nthumwi ochepa wa banja (kutalika kwa thupi 4-6.8 m).
The yosamveka-imodzi Lancet (Mesoplodon densirostris) ndi mitundu yambiri ambiri mtundu uwu, komanso kwambiri kuphunzira (zambiri za izo anali pamodzi ndi Bahamas).
Imapezeka m'madzi okhala malo otentha komanso otentha, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 200-1000 metres, makamaka pafupi ndi mitsinje yamadzi akuya.
Kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 4.5 mamilimita, kulemera - 1 toni. anthu Young akuda pamwamba ndi kuwala pansipa, akulu kwathunthu mdima, kuchokera bulauni ku mdima imvi. amuna achikulire kawirikawiri yokutidwa ndi zopezera zovuta za zipsera zimakhalapo kuchokera pamwamba pa mutu pa chipsyepsye dorsal. Chizindikiro cha nyamayo ndi nsagwada ya m'munsi; mwa amuna akuluakulu, mano akuluakulu awiri okhala pamwamba amatuluka pamwamba pamutu wa nyama kuchokera kumtunda.
Mano akhungu lokhala ndi lancet nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 7, omwe amakhala ndi akazi achikulire omwe ali ndi ana amuna, kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa munthu wamkulu wamwamuna aliyense amakhala nawo. mtundu mwina mitala, pamene amuna kusuntha pakati pa magulu a akazi achikulire.
Kuwonjezera mitundu anafotokoza, anthu a mtundu wa alinso Lancet Grey, Atlantic, Japanese, ndi Peru Lancet, ndi ena.
Milomo ya Tasmanian
Mitundu yokhayo ya mtundu wa Tasmanian beak (Tasmacetus shepherdi) imapezeka kumpoto chakumwera. Iwo ali yaitali yopapatiza ikhale pamphuno ndi mano awiri lalikulu pa mapeto a nsagwada m'munsi mwa amuna. Onse amuna ndi akazi ndi 26-27 yaing'ono mano conical mu nsagwada m'munsi ndi 19-21 la mano chomwecho mu chapamwamba. Uwu ndiye mtundu wokha wokhala ndi mano m'chiwuno chapamwamba.
Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama izi ndi pafupifupi 7 metres, kulemera - 2-3 matani. Kumbuyo ndi mbali ya mlomo Tasmanian ndi woderapo, pansi ndi poterera.
Kusamalira zachilengedwe
Monga tanenera kale, moyo wa milomoyo ndi bwino anamvetsa. Zochepa ndizodziwika kuti ali bwanji ndi zomwe amawopseza.
M'mbuyomu, kukhala m'madzi akuya kunawateteza ku mavuto omwe mitundu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja idawonekera, koma posachedwa zinthu zayamba kusintha. Phokoso kuipitsa anachititsa angapo mpweya misa ya nyama m'ma 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, ndipo zili kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa organic chinalembedwa mu mafuta awo. Nthawi zina mapepala apulasitiki kapena filimu nthawi zina zopezeka mu mimba ya zinsomba ejected - izi ndi zambiri chifukwa imfa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi kukula kwa asodzi akuzama kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi, zinsomba zokhala ndi mphaka ndizambiri zomwe zimagwidwa mu maukonde asodzi, ndipo m'tsogolo zitha kuopsezedwa ndi kuchepa kwa mitundu ya nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa.
Pazakudya za mitundu yambiri yazamoyo, sayansi ilibe mawu. Mumadziwika toyesa wa botolo mkulu-Ndalankhula za zaka 37.
Chiwerengero cha milomoyo
Zambiri zodalirika paz kuchuluka kwa milomo sizikupezeka. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mitundu kumayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwamadzi, phokoso, masewera a sonar ndi ankhondo. Komanso, atamwalira maukonde. Milomoyo kufa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha tizilombo, tizilombo roundworms.
Ku Japan, kusodza kwa milomo kwachitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Mu 70s mdziko muno chaka chilichonse zimatulutsa zolinga 50. Today nsomba iwo ndikoletsedwa. Nthawi zambiri milomoyo anaponyedwa kumtunda zifukwa khalidwe si bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States milandu yonse 19 yakugwetsa pansi molakwika inalembedwa, milandu 17 pa Commander Islands, ndi milandu 25 ku UK. Kuchokera pamitundu yocheperako, titha kunena kuti mitunduyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri.
Ndi mwa anthu ejected kuti mukhoza kudziwa pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mitundu.
The milomoyo ali Red Book, koma sizikumveka ngati mtundu amafunika kuteteza, popeza palibe mudziwe kuchuluka kwake. Milomo imamveka bwino, chifukwa imakhala m'malo osafikirika ndi anthu. Pakufunika kuti pakhale pulogalamu yapadera yapadziko lonse lapansi yophunzirira moyo wa milomo ndi kuchuluka kwawo.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufalitsa ndi kuchuluka
Milomo ya Cuvier ili ponseponse m'madzi amchere amchere am'madzi onse, kuyambira malo otentha mpaka kumapiri kumapiri onse. Madera ake amakhala amadzi ambiri am'madzi padziko lapansi, kupatula malo osaya ndi madera ozungulira.
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Iwo akhoza kupezeka mu nyanja ambiri unazunguliridwa, monga Caribbean, Japanese ndi Okhotsk. Gawo la California ndi Gulf of Mexico. Chosiyana ndi madzi a Baltic ndi Black Seas, komabe, uyu ndiye yekhayo woimira wa cetaceans yemwe amakhala kuzama kwa Mediterranean.
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Chiwerengero chokwanira cha zolengedwa izi sizinakhazikitsidwe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera kumadera angapo ofufuza, kuyambira mu 1993, anthu pafupifupi 20,000 adalembedwa kum'mawa ndi kotentha kwa Nyanja ya Pacific. Mobwerezabwereza kusanthula zipangizo yemweyo, kusintha kwa anthu otayika, anasonyeza 80,000. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, za 16-17 zikwi milomoyo akupezeka mu dera Hawaii.
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Milomo ya Cuvier mosakayikira ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku kuyambirira, chiwerengero afike 100,000. Koma mudziwe zambiri pa chiwerengero ndi zochita za anthu palibe.
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Zizolowezi ndi Thanzi
Ngakhale milomo ya Cuvier imatha kupezeka pamalo osachepera 200 metres, imakonda madzi am'mbali omwe ali ndi phompho. Data ku whaling mabungwe ku Japan zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri subspecies ndi pa kuya kwambiri. Amadziwika pachilumba chachikulu cham'nyanja ndi nyanja zina zotsekedwa. Komabe, sizimakhala pafupi ndi gombe lambiri. Kupatulapo ali m'madzi maphompho kapena malo ndi yopapatiza chokhala plume ndi madzi akuya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mwachidziwikire, uwu ndi mtundu wa pelagic woperekedwa ndi 100C isotherm ndi bafaymetric contour ya 1000m.
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Monga m'madzi zimakhala onse, milomoyo amakonda kusaka mwakuya, woyamwa nyama m'kamwa mwawo pa osiyanasiyana pafupi. Kuyendetsa mpaka mphindi 40 zolembedwa.
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Maphunziro a nkhani za m'mimba n'zotheka kuti mumakumbukira nthawi za zakudya, chomwe makamaka a squids pansi pa nyanja, nsomba ndi nkhanu. Amadyetsa pansi komanso m'madzi.
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Ubale
Kusintha kwa biocenosis m'malo okhala milomo kumabweretsa kusintha kwa malo awo okhala. Komabe, sizinali zotheka kutsata kulumikizana kwenikweni pakati pa kutha kwa mitundu ya nsomba ndi kusuntha kwa ma cetaceans. Akukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa topezeka kudera zidzapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa anthu. Ngakhale izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa milomo yokha.
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Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zikuluzikulu za kuya nyanja, kusaka lotseguka si imachitika kwa milomoyo. Nthawi zina amathera pa intaneti, koma izi ndizosankha osati lamulo.
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Zotsatira ntchito kusintha kwa nyengo pa chilengedwe m'madzi zingakhudze mitundu ya nsomba, koma chikhalidwe cha zotsatira sanayambebe kuchotsa.