Tsamba la aphunzitsi a biology MBOU Lyceum № 2, Voronezh, Russian Federation
Aphunzitsi a biology apositi lyceum No. 2 Voronezh mzinda, Russian Federation
Magulu achilengedwe amtundu wakukhazikika
- Mbalame zamtchireAmasiyana ndi magulu ena chifukwa ali ndi miyendo yaying'ono, komanso mutu waung'ono. Khosi lawo silikuwoneka, maso ali kumbali.
- Mbalame za m'mphepete mwa dziwe ndi swamp ali ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri komanso miyendo yayitali. Amazifuna kuti azitha kupeza chakudya m'madambo.
- Mbalame zamalo otseguka wololedwa kusamuka kotero ali ndi mapiko olimba kwambiri. Mafupa awo samalemera pang'ono kuposa mafupa amitundu ina.
- Gulu lotsiriza ndilo madzimadziomwe amakhala pafupi, kapena m'matupi amadzi. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wamphamvu kwambiri, womwe umawathandiza kudya nsomba.
Mbalame zamtchire. Mbalame zamakono zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhalango. Aliyense amadziwa mbalame zathu zamatondo: ma tini, mitengo yamatabwa, malamba akuda, hazel grouse, grouse wakuda, capercailliewogwirizana ndi moyo wamnkhalango. Afupikitsa mapiko ozungulira, michira yayitali. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbalame zizichoka mwachangu pakati pa mitengo.
Pakati pa mbalame zamtchire pali mitundu yobiriwira (yokongoletsa), yosasokoneza, yopatsa chidwi komanso yopatsa chidwi. Kutengera ndi mtundu wa chakudya, mbalame zimapanga milomo ndi miyendo mosiyanasiyana.
Mbalame zazikulu zamtchire - gule, wokalamba wakuda, woweta - khalani nthawi yayitali padziko lapansi. Ndi miyendo yolimba, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, imataya zinyalala, imasankha mbewu za mbewu, tizilombo, ndi nyongolotsi. Machesi amaluma ndi milomo yolimba, mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ndi zitsamba, amadya zipatso zam'madzi, ma blueberries, lingonberry.
Mtundu wa mbalame zamnkhalango magpie ndi goshawk : okhala ndi mapiko ofupikirapo ozungulira ndi mchira wautali. Mbalamezi zimayenda bwino pakati pa mitengo yamitengo, zimawuluka mosawerengeka. Komabe, pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zosiyanasiyana, miyendo ndi milomo yake imapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Hawk - mdani: mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ngati chakudya chake. Ndi miyendo yolimba, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, kabowo imagwira nyama, ndipo mlomo wake wokhotakhota suyiwala. Ma Magpie ali ndi mlomo wocheperapo womwe umamuthandiza kudya zakudya zosiyanasiyana (kukhala zopatsa chidwi): sonkhanitsani zipatso ndi njere za pansi, gwiritsani tizilombo, nyongolotsi, kachilomboka kakang'ono, ndipo muzigwera mbewa yaying'ono.
Mbalame zamalo otseguka khalani m'madambo, mapiri, m'zipululu. Amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi, akufunafuna chakudya pakati pa mbewu. Ali ndi miyendo yolimba komanso khosi lalitali, kuti athe kuzindikira mdaniyo kutali kwambiri. M'modzi mwa oimira zigawo za dziko lathu ndi wopusa . Iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu yolemera makilogalamu 15-16, imadyetsa makamaka pazakudya zam'mera. Pokhala ndi mtundu woteteza, nthawi zambiri imabisala pakati pamasamba, kuti isawonekere kwathunthu. Nest imakonzekera pansi, m'malo a namwali wopeza. Minkhusu ndi mtundu wa ana. Chifukwa cholima ma steppes a namwali, kuchuluka kwa mabatani adatsika kwambiri, ndipo akuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia.
Mtundu wotseguka mbalame ndi nthiwatiwa .
Mbalame zamadzi kusambira bwino, ambiri kuyenda pansi. Amakhala ndi thupi lofanana ndi boti lonyamulidwa, miyendo yawo kumapazi kwake, ndipo miyendo yawo imayendetsedwa kumbuyo. Zimayendayenda padziko lapansi, zikuyenda mosasangalatsa, ndi phokoso. Madzimadzimadzimu ndi wokutidwa ndimalo omwe samabweza madzi: kunyowa kwa nthenga kumalepheretseka kutulutsa kwachimbudzi, komwe mbalame zimasambitsa mafuta. Oimira nthumwi zamadzi - abakhaatsekweswans .
Woimira wamba wamadzi wamadzi - bakha wamalonda kudya m'madzi osaya. M'mphepete mwa mulomo wake wokwera kwambiri ndi nyanga mabatani. Pakatha kutsekeka kwatsala nsagwada kudzera pachiwaya chopangidwa ndi ma clove, abakha amataya madzi, ndikusiya chakudya m'milomo yawo: crustaceans, mphutsi zam'mimba, nsomba zazing'ono, ndi mbali zam'mera zam'mera. Mallard amadya mozama. Nthawi zina, akutsitsa mutu wake m'madzi, ndikutembenuzira ndikuwonetsa kumbuyo kwa thupi kuchokera m'madzi, amasonkhanitsa kuchokera pansi ndikusefa chakudya. Malata amapanga zisa pansi pakati pa mbewu. Zingwe za chisa ndi nthenga zake zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchokera pachifuwa ndi m'mimba. Mu clutch mazira 8-14. Minkhusu ndi mtundu wa ana.
Mbalame za m'mphepete mwa dziwe ndi swamp khalani m'mphepete mwa maiwe ndi marishi, okhala ndi zinthu zambiri papangidwe. Ali ndi miyendo yayitali yopyapyala komanso khosi, mulomo wawukulu. M'malo otsetsereka, thupi lawo, lalitali kumtunda, silinyowa. Amadyetsa achule, nsomba, tizilombo, mphutsi, mapira. Kuyenda m'madambo ndi osaya kugombe, amagwira nyama ndi mulomo, ngati ma buluwe. Izi ndi Anapiye, mbalame zazikazi, mbalame za m'madzi . Ambiri a iwo amakhala pa gombe, pafupi ndi madzi, ena amakonza zisa pamitengo. Ana agalu akhala akakhala pafupi ndi anthu. Anthu amawasamalira pokonza nsanja za zisa.
Mbidzi Zanyanja - guellemots, akufa malekezero, seagull - mawonekedwe misika ya mbalame Pamiyala. Amatha kuzungulira pamwamba pa nyanja.
Magulu a zachilengedwe am'malo mwa mbalame
Pali magulu asanu a mbalame zonse. malo okhala. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumakhala mu mawonekedwe a chisa momwe mbalamezi zimakhala:
- Korona zodyera mbalame mangani zisa zawo, monga dzina limanenera, korona wa mitengo ( Orioles, glare ).
- Mbalame za Shrub Ikani zisa zawo pafupi ndi tchire kapena. Wren, Robin ).
- Ground nesting asankhe kuyika chisa chawo pansi ( malupu, skates, mabampu, oyenda pamadzi ).
- Mbalame zopanda kanthu khalani pansi m'maenje ( mitengo, mitengo, ma pikas, ntchentche ).
- Ndi gulu lomaliza la mbalame,burrows (m'meza mafunde, odya njuchi, asodzi), khalani m'makola, mobisika.
Magulu a mbalame zachilengedwendi mtundu wa chakudya
Pamaziko awa, magulu anayi ndi omwe amadziwika. Oyimira aliyense waiwo amadya mtundu wina wa chakudya:
- Mbalame zosaunjikana (i.e. ma tini kapena pikas Khalani ndi milomo yopyapyala chifukwa imatha kukoka nyama yawo masamba kapena kuwachotsa.
- Mbalame zodzikongoletsakuphatikiza zamwano (i.e. greenfinch ) khalani ndi mulomo wamphamvu wamphamvu womwe umatha kuthyola chipolopolo cha zipatso. Ndipo nsonga zakuthwa kwa mulomo zimandithandiza kutulutsa nthangala za mitengo yambiri.
- Mbalame zodya nyama (i.e. chiwombankhanga ) kudyetsa, kudyetsa mbalame zingapo zazing'ono. Ali ndi miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu, chifukwa cha izo amagwira nyama.
- Mbalame zopatsa chidwi (i.e. magpie ) khalani ndi mtanda wolumikizana ndi mawonekedwe omwe amawathandiza kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya.
Zothandizirama tini, pika, mafumu, ndodo ali ndi milomo yopingasa yolimba yomwe imawalola kuti atulutsire kachilomboka chifukwa cha khungwa, kuwachotsa pamasamba, ndikuwachotsa m'miyeso ya ma cones. Zovala zakuthwa komanso zala zazitali zimalola mbalamezi kuti zizikhala panthambi.
Gulu lachilendo la mbalame zomwe zimadya mlengalenga - kumeza ndi kusenda . Amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse mlengalenga, kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo, kusonkhanitsa tizilombo. Amakhala ndi mapiko ataliitali owoneka ngati chikwakwa. Mlomo wake ndi wocheperako, ndipo gawo la pakamwa ndilokulirapo, ngodya za pakamwa zimadutsa maso. Ndi pakamwa lotseguka, agwira tizilombo touluka, pomwe milingo ya pakamwa yolimba imakulitsa mabango omwe ali pakona pakamwa. Nyengo yabwino youma, tizilombo timakwera pamwamba pamtunda, ndipo chinyezi chikakwera, mapiko a tizilombo timanyowa, timawuluka pansi. Zingwe zam'madzi zimasinthana, motero kuwuluka kwa mafunde ndi kosambira kumayerekezera mvula.
Mbalame zampira – greenfinch, pike, mtengo wa thundu . Ali ndi mlomo wamphamvu, womwe umagawanitsa zipolopolo zazipatsozo. Chifukwa chake mtengo wa thundu zimaswa bwino zipatso zamtundu wa chitumbuwa ndi chitumbuwa. Malekezero akuthwa a mulomo wopingasa zopingasa Aloleni kuti azitulutsa mbewu pine ndi ma spruce.
Khalani ndi zizindikiro wamba olusa. Ali ndi miyendo yayikulu yolimba, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, mulomo wowoneka ngati mbedza. Zizindikiro izi olondolera masana mbalame kadzidzi ndipo ngakhale achika zokhudzana ndi zovala zamanyimbo. Nyama za adani ambiri ndi nyama zazing'ono, zomwe amayang'ana kumtunda waukulu, zikuwuluka paminda. Zidani zina zimagwira mbalame zazing'ono, zimadya nsomba, tizilombo tambiri. Mbalame zodya nyama zimawuluka mokongola, pakati pawo pamakhala kuwuluka mwachitsanzo nsikidzichiwombankhanga ndi mikwingwirima . Ma Falcons amathamangitsa mlengalenga, kenako, nkugwedwera, amatha kuthamanga mpaka 300 km / h. Amakhala ndi mapiko owongoka, okhala ndi chikwakwa, otuluka mofulumira.
Mapangidwe achimbudzi
Nyanja, ngakhale mtunda, sitimayi siziyenda, ndipo simungayende - umu ndi momwe dambo amapangidwira buku lakale.
Msombowu ndi wachilengedwe m'dziko lathu. Onani mapu aku Russia: malo omwe madambwe amakhala. Kaloti, hummocks, bogs, mabango, zitsamba zosowa.
Kodi dambo lidapangidwa bwanji? Panthawi ina panali nyanja yaying'ono pamalopo yomwe yopanda madzi; magombe ake anali wokulirapo ndi mabango, malo ogulitsa. Maluwa amadzi ndi maluwa anakuka pansi. Chaka chilichonse, mabango ndi mabango zimamera, zimachulukana kuyambira kumphepete mwa madzi, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi timitengo, kutseka madzi, mabango okhazikika pamitengo, zimayamwa chinyontho ndi madzi osasunthika. Zaka makumi angapo zidadutsa, ndipo mbewuzo zidalandiratu nyanjayo ndikutseka madzi. Chaka chilichonse, nkhalangozi zimayamba kukula. Ndipo kenako wosanjikiza amapangidwa pafupifupi pansi. Ndiye chifukwa chake, mukamayenda m'dambo, lomwe limatumphuka, miyendo imangokhala, ndikuyang'ana, mudzalephera. Mwinanso kutalika kwa nkhalango kudayenda pang'onopang'ono ndikukula pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndi udzu m'malo otsika kapena kumenya kiyi kuchokera pansi ndikunyowa chilichonse mozungulira madzi. Umu ndi momwe mabanki amadzi - madambo - amawonekera pamalo awa.
Zomera zotuwa
Madzi ambiri - zimatanthawuza kuti udzu ndi zitsamba zomwe zimakonda chinyontho zidayamba kukula, ndipo nyama zokhala ndi mbalame zimakhazikika monga momwe mumangowona paphokoso. Pamwamba pa dambo linalake lomwe limakutidwa ndi mosses. Makamaka madzi ambiri amatha kuyamwa sphagnum moss, pomwe m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "siponji".
Sphagnum amatha kupha majeremusi. Chifukwa chake, zotsalira za zinthu zakufa sizikonzedwa kwathunthu, kudziunjikira pansi pa moss, mowuma, ndipo chifukwa cha izi peat imapangika - mchere wothandizika. Makulidwe amtundu wa peat amatha kufika mita 3-4 kapena kupitilira. Ndiye pachilumbachi chomwe ndimakhala komwe anthu ena okhala chimbudzi amakhala. Peat imakhala ndi madzi ambiri, ndipo ilibe mpweya wofunikira kupumira. Chifukwa chake, ndizomera zochepa zokha zomwe zimatha kumera m'madambo. Nthawi zambiri, rosemary, sedge, ndi cranberries zimakhazikika pa carpet wakuda wa moss (mkuyu. 3-5).
Mkuyu. 3. Ledum marsh (Source)
Pakati pa mbewu za marsh, cranberries amayamikiridwa kwambiri. Kuyambira kale anthu akhala akutola mabulosi ochiritsa. Kuphatikiza pa cranberries, zipatso zina zokoma zimamera m'madambo: mabulosi abwinobwino, masamba a mtambo.
M'madambo, udzu wokhala ngati udzu wa thonje, bango, tsoka, mabango ndi malo ogulitsa (mkuyu. 7, 8).
Rogoz ili ndi mitu yayikulu yakuda yofiirira yomwe imakulungidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera ku ubweya waiwisi. Mbewu zimacha pansi pa tsitsi, m'dzinja, pamene mbewu zipsa, tsitsi limaphwa ndipo mutuwo umakhala wowala kwambiri. Mukumupweteketsa ndi kuwuluka ntchentche akuzungulira inu. Pa ubweya wa parachute, njere zamphaka zimabalalika mbali zosiyanasiyana. M'zaka zapitazi, ma jekete amoyo adapangidwa kuchokera ku fluff iyi. Chovala chomata ndi chozungulira chinapangidwa kuchokera ku tsinde la shopu.
Zomera zachilendo zimapezekanso m'madambo. Sabata ndi pemphigus ndi nyama zodya nyama.
Mame amagwira ndikudya tizilombo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timathamanga komanso mafoni, kodi mbewuyi ingawaopseze bwanji? Masamba ang'onoang'ono a sundew amaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono ndi m'malovu a madzi otumphuka ofanana ndi mame, ndichifukwa chake mbewuyo idatchedwa - sundew. Kupaka utoto wa masamba ndi m'malovu kumakopa tizilombo, koma udzudzu kapena ntchentche zikangokhala pachomera, imadzipendekera nthawi yomweyo. Tsamba limapanikizika, ndipo tsitsi lake lomata limayamwa timadziti tonse tomwe timachokera kunkhandwe. Kodi nchifukwa ninji sundew inasandulika kukhala chomera cholusa? Chifukwa dothi louma silikhala ndi michere. Sundw amatha kumeza ndikugaya mpaka udzudzu 25 patsiku.
Momwemonso amagwira nyama ndi venus flytrap.
Mkuyu. 10. Venus Flytrap (Source)
Ali ndi timapepala totseka ngati nsagwada pomwe wina akakhudza masamba pamasamba. Popeza mbewuzi ndizosowa, ziyenera kutetezedwa.
Pemphigus adabweranso ndi msampha wina, adatcha chomera ichi ngati masamba obiriwira, omwe adakutidwa ndi masamba ake ochepa (mkuyu. 11, 12).
Mkuyu. 11. Bubble wa Pemphigus (Source)
Mkuyu. 12. Pemphigus (Source)
Masamba onse chomera ali m'madzi, alibe mizu, ndipo phesi lochepa thupi lokhala ndi maluwa achikasu limatuluka pamwamba. Chomera chimafuna thovu kuti chizisaka, ndipo udzuwu umagwiritsa ntchito anthu okhala m'madzi: crustaceans yaying'ono, utitiri wamadzi, ciliates. Bubble aliyense ndi msampha wopangidwa mwaluso ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimangiriza kugaya. Khomo lapadera limatseka kuwira mpaka cholengedwa chikagwira tsitsi la dzenje ili. Kenako valavu imatseguka ndipo thovu limayamwa ntchitoyo. Sikuthekanso kuti tituluke mu ulalo; valovu, monga khomo lachipinda, limatsegukira mbali imodzi yokha. Mkati mwa bulble pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tokoma. Mu msuzi uwu, nyama yamphongo imasungunuka kenako imalowetsedwa ndi mbewu. Pemphigus ndi wosusuka kwambiri. Pakatha mphindi pafupifupi 20, kuwira kukukonzekera kugwirira munthu watsopano.
Nyama zoweta
Kodi nyama za dambo zidasinthiranji kukhala malo okhala chinyezi? Mwa anthu okhala m'madambo, chule amadziwika. Kunyowa kumathandiza achule kusunga khungu lawo nthawi yonyowa, ndipo udzudzu wambiri umawapatsa chakudya. Njerwa, makoswe amadzi amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje; munthu amatha kuwona njoka ndi mphiri.
Kodi mudamvapo mawu akuti: "Msoko aliyense amayamika chithaphwi chake?" Sandpiper ndi mbalame yocheperako, yofanana ndi seagull. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi nthenga zambiri zoteteza, ndipo imakhala ndi mulomo wake wautali, mumapezeka mphutsi za mchenga zomwe zimabisala pamenepo.
Nthawi zambiri mumadambo mumatha kupeza ma heron ndi cranes, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yopyapyala, izi zimawalola kuyenda pamatope ozizira osagwa.
Herons ndi cranes amadya achule, mollusks, mphutsi, zomwe zimakhala zambiri mchithaphwi. Dera loyera limakonda kusangalala ndi zipatso zotsekemera pachithaphwi, ndipo ndimadumphadumpha ndipo zimakonda kusaka ngati masamba am'madzi.
Madzulo ndi usiku, kubangula kwa munthu kuli ngati kubangula kwa ng'ombe. Anthu omwe sanangowauza izi! Zili ngati wonenepa kapena wokonda kukangana naye. Ndani akubangula ndi kuseka pachithaphwi? Mbalame yaing'ono yaying'ono imagunda kwambiri ndikubangula.
Wamng'onoyo amalira mokweza kwambiri, akufalikira ma kilomita 2-3 m'derali. Bittern amakhala pamabedi amango, mabango. Imasaka ma boti kwa oyenda panyanja, ma poti, ma piki, achule ndi nthenga. Kwa maola ambiri sichimatha kumwa madziwo pansi pa madzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo imaponyera mkamwa mwake ngati mbawala - ndipo nsomba singachokere. Mumayamba kufunafuna zosowa m'dambo - ndikudutsa. Amakweza mlomo wake molunjika, atambasule khosi lake, ndipo simungathe kusiyanitsa ndi udzu kapena mabango owuma.
Koma osati kumangolira usiku mu chithaphwi. Pano pali mbalame ya kadzidzi wokhala ndi chiwombankhanga atakhala panthambi. Pafupifupi masentimita 80.
Uwu ndi wolanda usiku ndipo palibe chipulumutso kwa iye cha mbalame kapena makoswe. Kuti amaseka kwambiri m'dambo pakakhala mdima.
Anthu okhala m'malo otentha nthawi zina usiku amatha kuwonerera modabwitsa, momwe nyali zambiri zowala zimavalira padambo. Izi ndi chiyani? Ofufuzawo sanapeze mgwirizano pa nkhaniyi. Mwina izi zimayatsidwa ndi mpweya wambiri. Mitambo yake idzafika pamwamba ndikuwala mlengalenga.
Chinsinsi cha magetsi owala
Kuyambira kale anthu akhala akuopa zisakasa.Adayesera kuthira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo ngati msipu ndi minda, chifukwa chake adaganiza kuti amathandizira chilengedwe. Kodi zili choncho? Msomba ndiwopindulitsa kwambiri. Choyamba, ndi malo achilengedwe osungira madzi abwino. Mitsinje yotuluka m'madziwe mumadambo mitsinje ikuluikulu. Mvula, madambo osambira amatulutsa chinyezi chambiri ngati siponji. Ndipo muzaka zouma amapulumutsa madzi pakuuma. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri madziwo akatha, mitsinje ndi nyanja zimakhala zosaya. Dambo la Vasyugan - imodzi mwa madambo akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, dera lake ndilokulirapo kuposa dera la Switzerland.
Mkuyu. 19. Msambo wa Vasyugan (Source)
Ili pakati pa mitsinje ya Ob ndi Irtysh. Mtsinje wa Vasyugan umachokera kuchithaphwi. Mitsinje monga Volga, Dnieper, ndi Mtsinje wa Moskva imachokera m'madambo. Kachiwiri, ma swamp ndi zojambula zodabwitsa zachilengedwe. Madzi mwa iwo amadutsa m'nkhalangozi za mbewu, wosanjikiza ndi peat ndipo amasulidwa ku fumbi, zinthu zovulaza, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Madzi oyera amathira m'mitsinje kuchokera m'madambo. Chachitatu, mbewu zamabulosi zamtengo wapatali zimamera m'madambo: cranberries, Cloudberry, blueberries. Muli shuga, mavitamini, mchere. Zomera zamankhwala zimakulanso m'madambo. Mwachitsanzo, pa Great Patriotic War, sphagnum moss adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chovala pakuchiritsa mabala mwachangu. Dewdrop amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira chimfine ndi chifuwa. Kuphatikiza apo, dambo ndi fakitale yachilengedwe ya peat yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta komanso feteleza.
Tanthauzo la dambo
Kumbukirani: simungathe kuyandikira madambo ndi migodi ya peat mchithaphwi! Izi ndizowopsa.
Zimbalangondo, agwape, nkhumba zakutchire, mphalapala, agwape amafika kumadambo, omwe amapezanso chakudya chawo kuno.
Msambo ndi gawo lofanananso ndi chilengedwe monga nkhalango ndi madambo, amafunikiranso kutetezedwa. Kuwonongeka kwa madambo kudzapangitsa kusintha kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, madamu 150 aku Russia akutetezedwa.
Chidule
Lero mu phunziroli mudalandira chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza dziwe monga gulu lachilengedwe ndipo mudakumana ndi okhalamo.
Malingaliro
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. Padziko lonse lapansi 3. - M .: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. Padziko lonse lapansi 3. - M: Kufalitsa Nyumba "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. Dziko kuzungulira 3. - M: Maphunziro.
Maulalo owonjezeredwa pazinthu zapaintaneti
Ntchito yakunyumba
- Kodi chithaphwi ndi chiyani?
- Chifukwa chiyani madambo sangawume?
- Ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimapezeka mu dambo?
Ngati mukupeza cholakwika kapena cholumikizana, chonde dziwitsani - pangani zomwe mukuthandizira kuti ntchitoyo ipitirire.