Dzina lachi Latin: | Haliaeetus |
Chizungu: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Lembani: | Chordate |
Gulu: | Mbalame |
Kufikira: | Zosakhala ngati zakuba |
Banja: | Hawk |
Chifundo: | Mphungu |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 70-110 cm |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | 38.6-43.4 cm |
Wingspan: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Misa: | 3000-7000 g |
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Orlan ndi mbalame yayikulu komanso yabwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira 70 mpaka 110 cm, mapiko ndi 2-2,5 m, kulemera kwake kuli pamlingo kuchokera 3 mpaka 7 kg. Mlomo ndi wokulirapo, wolumikizidwa, mchira ndi mapiko ndiwambiri, miyendo ndiyolimba, yopanda maula, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali zopindika. Ma phukusi ali pachiwopsezo amakhala akhakula, motero ndikofunikira kuti mbalameyo izigwira nyama zosadyera (makamaka nsomba). Zowonjezera zake zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo ziwalo zina za thupi zimayera. M'mitundu ina, pamakhala mitundu yoyera ya mutu, mapewa, mchira, thunthu. Mlomo ndi wachikasu.
Zojambula za chiwombankhanga chodyetsa
Maziko a chakudya cha chiwombankhanga ndi nsomba ndi ma tayipi amadzi. Nyama ya chiwombankhanga imakonda kukhala nsomba yayikulu yolemera 2 mpaka 3 makilogalamu (salmon, pike, carp), kuchokera ku mbalame zam'madzi zapamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mbalame zazikazi zamphongo, mbalame zazikazi, atsekwe, abulu, abakha, malawi. Chiwombankhanga chimayang'anira anthu omwe akuwavutitsa chifukwa cha mitengo yayitali kapena kuwuluka mozungulira posungira.
Atazindikira nyama, nyama yomwe imadya imayandikira mwachangu: imalowetsa mbalamezo mumlengalenga, ndipo imakankhira mochenjera nsomba pamadzi, koma osagwera pansi pake. Ngati pali nsomba zambiri m dziwe, ndiye mphungu zina mpaka khumi zimatha kusaka malo amodzi. Ndi kusaka kolumikizana koteroko, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimaba kapena kudyerana.
Komanso, chiwombankhanga chimadyera zovunda, kudya nsomba zopezeka pagombe, mitembo ya agwape, mahatchi, ma beaver, muskrats, akalulu, anamgumi.
Kufalikira kwa mbalame
Mphungu ndizofalikira kwambiri ndipo sizimapezeka ku Antarctica komanso ku South America kokha. Mbalame zamtunduwu nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi: sizimawulukira pafupi ndi mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja, ndi mtunda. Izi ndichifukwa choti chiwombankhanga chimachotsa chakudya chawo chachikulu m'madzi kapena pafupi nacho. Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zangokhala, koma nyengo yozizira, madziwe akamazizira, amasamukira kumwera.
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
Kutalika kwa akazi amtunduwu kumayambira 80 mpaka 85 masentimita, amuna kuyambira 75 mpaka 77. Mapikowo ndi masentimita 180-218. Unyinji wa akulu umachokera ku 4 mpaka 5 kg. Zochititsa chidwi ndi chiwombankhanga choyera ndi mutu, chifuwa, nthenga zokutira pansi pa mapiko ndi mchira woyera. Kumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi kuchokera kumwamba. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wopindika. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, mtundu wa maula ndi wonyezimira, umakhala woyera pang'onopang'ono, mwa zaka 5-6.
Nyamazo zimakhala m'mphepete mwa madera otentha a Asia, New Guinea, Australia ndi Tasmania, ndizosatetezeka.
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo kumayambira 70 mpaka 120 cm, mapiko ake ndi 180-230 cm, kulemera kwake kuli osiyanasiyana kuyambira 3 mpaka 6.3 kg. Zazikazi ndizazikulu kuposa zazimuna kukula, zomwezo mumitundu yambiri. Mapikowo ndi otambalala, ozungulira, mchira wamtali, malekezero. Mlomo ndi waukulu, wokoloweka, wachikaso wagolide. Pali zophukika pamakulu apamwamba a chigaza. Matumba alibe utoto, wachikasu. Iris ndi chikaso.
Mutu ndi mchira wake zoyera, maula ena onse a mbalameyo ndi yakuda, pafupifupi yakuda. Ma ntchentche amabadwa ndi nthenga zoyera. Mtundu woyamba wa achichepere ndi bulauni wa chokoleti wokhala ndi masamba oyera mkati mwa mapiko ndi mapewa. Mfundoyi imayamba kupangika pang'ono, ndipo pofika zaka 4 imayamba kukhala ndi mawonekedwe achikulire.
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi dazi chimapezeka ku Canada ndi USA, kawirikawiri ku Mexico. Komanso, zisa za mbalamezi zimapezeka pachilumba cha Saint-Pierre ndi Miquelon. Kwa moyo wonse, amakonda magombe am'nyanja, nyanja, nyanja zazikulu kapena mitsinje. Kusunthika kwakanthawi kumadalira kuti nkhokwe zomwe zimakhala m'dera lomwe aliyense amakhala.
Chiwombankhanga cha nyanja cha Steller (Haliaeetus pelagicus)
Kutalika kwa thupi la mitunduyo ndi 105-112 cm, kutalika kwa mapikowo kuchokera pa 57 mpaka 68 masentimita, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 7.5 mpaka 9 kg. Zambiri mwa mbalame zachikulire zimaphatikiza khungu la bulauni ndi loyera. Mphumi, miyendo yakutsikira, kuphimba kwakang'ono ndi kwapakati, komanso mapiko amchira ndi zoyera, thupi lonse limakhala lofiirira. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, timitsinje totsika timafotokozedwa, zomwe zimasowa asanafike zaka zitatu. Mtsinjewo ndi wofiirira, mlomo wake ndi wachikasu, lalikulu, miyendo yake ndi wachikasu wokhala ndi zipere zakuda.
Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Kamchatka, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, pamapiri a Koryak Plateau, m'mphepete mwa Amur, pa zilumba za Sakhalin, Shantar ndi Kuril, ku Korea.
Chiwombankhanga choyera (Haliaeetus albicilla)
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa wachinayi ndi mbalame yayinayi yolima ku Europe. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira 70 mpaka 90 cm, mapiko ndi pafupifupi 2 m, kulemera kwake ndi 4-7 kg. Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wopindika. Akuluakulu amakhala otuwa ndi mutu wachikaso ndi khosi, komanso mchira woyera. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wachikaso chopepuka. Utawaleza ndi wachikasu. Zilonda zopanda. Mbalame zazing'ono ndi zofiirira zakomwe zimakhala ndi mbewa wakuda.
Chiwombankhanga Chachitali (Haliaeetus leucoryphus)
Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo kumachokera pa masentimita 72 mpaka 84, mapiko ake ndi masentimita 180 mpaka 205. Kulemera kwake mwa akazi kumayambira ku 2.1 mpaka 3.7 makilogalamu, mwa amuna ndi a 2-3.3 kg. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira wowoneka bwino, nkhope yoyera, mapiko ake ndi otuwa, kumbuyo kumakhala kofiira. Mchirawo ndi wakuda ndi chingwe choyera pakati. Kukula kwachichepere ndi monophonic, kwamdima, popanda zingwe mchira.
Malo okhala mitunduyi amaphatikizapo Central Asia, kuyambira ku Caspian ndi Yellow Sea, Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia kupita kumapiri a Himalayan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. Mtunduwu umanena za kusuntha pang'ono.
Orlan Screamer (Haliaeetus vocifer)
Mbalame yotalika pakatikati ndipo yotalika masentimita 63 mpaka 57, mapiko ake mpaka masentimita 210. Akazi ndi akulu kuposa zazimuna ndipo amalemera kuchokera ku 3.2 mpaka 3.6 kg, pomwe yotsirizayi imachokera ku 2 mpaka 2,5 kg. Zowonjezera m'mutu, khosi, mchira, chifuwa chakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo ndizoyera, mbali zina zonse za thupi ndi zifuwa kapena imvi. Nthenga zake ndi zakuda pamiyala yamapiko. Mlomo ndi wachikasu, wakuda kumapeto, miyendo yake ndi wachikaso.
Mitunduyi imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa pamalo okwera mpaka 1000 m pamwamba pamadzi, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Kuswana kwa Mphungu
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zoopsa, zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi kwa zaka zambiri, pomwe mbalame zimamanga chisa chawo pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri.
Zisa za chiwombankhanga zimapezeka pamitengo yakufa kapena m'miyala yake youma, popeza nthambi zocheperako sizimalimbana ndi chisa chachikulu. Danga lake ndi lochokera pa 1.5 mpaka 3 m, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi mita 1, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kutalika kwa 1. Chisa chodziwika kwambiri cha chiwombankhanga cholemera 2.7. Chachikazi chimamanga chisa, ndipo champhongo chimabweretsa chovala chake. Chaka chilichonse, chiwombankhanga chimasinthanso ndikumaliza chisa chawo.
Nyengo yamatchire ya chiwombankhanga imachitika mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Pakadali pano, zilombo zolusa zikuuluka mouluka, pomwe anzawo mlengalenga amagwirana ndikuwomba pansi, ndikutembenuzira mbali yake.
Mwanjira imodzi, chiwombankhanga chachikazi chimakhala ndi mazira 1 mpaka 3, omwe amaswa kwa masiku 34 mpaka 38. Nthochi zimabadwa, zophimbidwa ndi zoyera, zosafunikira konse. Yaikazi imawateteza, pomwe yamphongo imapeza chakudya - nsomba ndi nyama. Kuchokera kwa ana, monga lamulo, mwana wankhuku imodzi imapulumuka, yayikulu komanso yamphamvu kwambiri. Akakwanitsa miyezi itatu, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mapiko, koma kwa miyezi ingapo zimakhalabe pafupi ndi makolo awo.
Mphungu zimafika pa kutha msinkhu pazaka 4. Nthawi yawo yokhala zaka 20 ndiyothengo, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 50.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame
- White-belided Eagle ndiye chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha dziko la Malaysia la Selangor ndi Buderi National Park (Jervis Bay). Chithunzi cha mbalameyi chimayikidwa pamphumi yaku Singapore (madola 10,000 aku Singapore).
- Kuyambira 1782, chiwombankhanga chinakhala mbalame yovomerezeka ku United States, zithunzi zake zimayikidwa pamalaya, mikono yayitali, mapepala osunga ndalama, ma logo a mabungwe azikunja.
- Orlan-krikun - chizindikiro cha dziko la Zambia, chithunzi chake chimayikidwa mbendera, chovala mikono ndi zolemba zakunja. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi ikuwonetsedwa pazovala zamikono za Namibia ndi South Sudan.
- Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, zisa za chiwombankhanga zalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Record.
- Kwa zaka mazana awiri zapitazi, pakhala kuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga chifukwa cha kuphulika kwawo kambiri komanso ntchito zachuma cha anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito DDT pochotsa tizirombo tambiri kunaphetsa kwambiri mbalame. Ku United States, kwakhazikitsidwa malamulo oletsa kupha ndi kukhala ndi chiwombankhanga. Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zoteteza kumabweretsa kubwezeretsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwa mbalame.
Chiwombankhanga choyera
Mbalame zodya zilombo, imodzi imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo, kuthamanga kwa mphezi komanso chidwi kwambiri. Kuwuluka midair chiwombankhanga choyera chimakopa chidwi chake, mawonekedwe ake abwino. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja a mbalame zotere, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa pazokhudza ntchito zake zofunika. Tiyeni tiyesetsane mwatsatanetsatane moyo wa chiwombankhanga choyera, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti aristocrats akumwamba.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa ndi chilombo cholusa cha banja lankhondo, dongosolo la kambudzi ndi mtundu wa chiwombankhanga. Mwambiri, ziwombankhanga zonse ndi zilombo zazikulu. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu kwa chiwombankhanga ndiko kupezeka kwa tarsus (wopanda nthenga). Kunja kwa zala za mbalameyo kumakhala ndi timisinga ting'onoting'ono kuti tithandizire kulumphira nyama (makamaka nsomba).
Akatswiri a Ornithologists amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya chiwombankhanga, chomwe chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chomwe tidatchulako chidanenedwa. Ndizosavuta kulingalira kuti mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa imakhala nthenga zoyera mchira. Komwe kuli mitunduyi ya chiwombankhanga nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi malo otseguka amadzi, motero nyama zamtunduwu zokhala ndi mapiko zimatha kupezeka pafupi ndi nyanja, mitsinje yayikulu, nyanja zazikulu. Osati pachabe kuti pomasulira kuchokera ku Greek etymology yakale ya mawu oti "chiwombankhanga" imayimira "chiwombankhanja".
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Mphungu Zoyera-Zoyala
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yayikulu kwambiri, chili ndi thupi lamphamvu, mlomo wamtali, mapiko aatali komanso lalitali komanso mchira wowoneka pang'ono. Mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana, koma oyamba ndi ochepa pang'ono kuposa akazi. Unyinji wa amuna umachokera 3 mpaka 5.5 kg, zazikazi kuyambira 4 mpaka 7 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi la chiwombankhanga kumasintha kuchoka pa 60 mpaka 98 cm, ndipo mapiko ake amatha kutalika (kuyambira 190 mpaka 250 cm). Mbalizi zili ndi thalauza labwino kwambiri la nthenga lomwe limakwirira tibiae; Ma paws awo ndi amphamvu kwambiri, m'magulu awo okhala zida zowoneka bwino, zazikulu, zokumbira zomwe sizingaphonye nyama.
Maonekedwe a mbalame zokhwima mumtundu wa makulidwe okhala ndi mawonekedwe osintha omwe amatha kusintha kuchokera ku bulauni kupita ku fawn, kusiyana uku kumaonekera chifukwa chakuti nthenga pansi pake ndi zakuda ndipo nsonga zake zimawoneka zowala (kutenthedwa). Kuyenda pafupi ndi dera la mutu, mtundu wa chiwombankhanga umakhala wopepuka, pafupifupi umayera pamutu pawokha. Mitundu ya nthenga, pamimba ndi pachimake imakhala yakuda kwambiri poyerekeza ndi maziko oyambira mbalame. Mchira wokongola woyera ndi wosiyana ndi naduhvil, underwear ndi mapiko.
Maso a chiwombankhanga si akulu kwambiri, ndipo malingaliro awo amatha kukhala:
- bulauni
- zofiirira
- amber
- chikasu.
Pachifukwa ichi, chiwombankhanga chimatchedwa kuti ey-golide. Mtundu wa miyendo ya mbalame komanso mulomo wawukulu wokhathamira ulinso wachikaso chopepuka.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono umakhala wakuda kwambiri kuposa wa achikulire. Maso awo, mchira ndi mulomo wake ndi imvi zakuda. Malo angapo akutali amatha kuwoneka pamimba, ndipo mawonekedwe a nsangalabwi amawonekera pamwamba pa mchira. Mtundu uliwonse wamtambo utaphulika, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimayamba kukhala zofanana ndi mbalame zazikulu. Mbalame zikafika zokhwima zokha pomwe zimayamba kuwoneka zofanana ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulire. Izi sizichitika asanafike zaka zisanu komanso ngakhale pambuyo pake.
Chifukwa chake, chiwombankhanga chokhwima chimasiyanitsidwa ndi zilombo zina zofananira ndi kupezeka mchira oyera ndi mutu wowala, khosi komanso mulomo. Chiwombankhanga chomwe chimakhala chimawoneka chachifupi, chachikulu komanso chosasinthika pang'ono kuyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga. Poyerekeza ndi nzimbe, mutu wothira choyera ndi wokulirapo. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide wokhala ndi mchira wofupikana wopindika ndi mulomo wokulirapo komanso lalitali.
Kodi chiwombankhanga-choyera chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Red Book White-Tailed Eagle
Ku Eurasia, gawo logawidwa ndi chiwombankhanga choyera kwambiri ndilokulira, limakwirira Scandinavia, Denmark, Chigwa cha Elbe, kufikira Czech Republic, Hungary, ndi Slovakia. Mbalame zimakhala ku Balkan, chigwa cha Anadyr, Kamchatka, okhala pagombe la Pacific kum'mawa kwa Asia. Kumpoto, malo omwe chiwombankhanga chimalandidwa ndi Norway, Kola Peninsula (kumpoto chakumadzulo), Timan Tundra, Yamal (dera lakumwera), kupitilizabe mzerewo kufikira ku Gydan Peninsula, kufikira pakamwa pa Pesina ndi Yenisei, ziwombankhanga za Lena ndi Khatanga Valley. Kutsiliza gawo lawo lakumpoto ndi Chukchi Ridge, kapena, malo ake akumwera.
M'madera akumwera kwambiri, chiwombankhanga choyera chasankha:
- Greece ndi Asia Minor,
- kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Iraq
- madera otsika a Amu Darya,
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China,
- kumpoto kwa dziko la Mongolia,
- Peninsula waku Korea.
Mbidzi za ku Greenland zimakonda Greenland (gawo lakumadzulo), mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhalanso m'madera a zilumba zina:
Chosangalatsa: Kumpoto, chiwombankhanga chimawerengedwa ngati chosamuka, kum'mwera ndi mkatikati mwa njira - kukhazikika kapena kuyendayenda. Zinyama zazing'onoting'ono zochokera kumsewu wapakati nthawi yozizira zimapita kumwera, pomwe mphungu zokhwima komanso zokhwima zimakhalabe yozizira, osawopa kuti matupi amadzi azizirira.
Ponena za dziko lathu, kukhazikitsanso ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mbewa zoyera pafupi ndi gawo lake kungatchulidwe kuti ndizosangalatsa. Mbalame zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusala kachulukidwe zimawonedwa m'malo otseguka a Nyanja ya Baikal, Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja ya Caspian. Nthawi zambiri anyaniwa amapangira zisa zawo pafupi ndi madzi akuluakulu kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe amakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi bala choyera chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Chiwombankhanga cha Prey White-tailed
Zakudya za chiwombankhanga choyera, monga chimayenerera mbalame yayikuluyi. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mbale zam'madzi, sizachabe kuti mbalameyi imatchedwa chiwombankhanga. Pankhani ya chakudya, nsomba imakhala pamalo oyamba olemekezeka, nthawi zambiri, ziwombankhanga zimagwira anthu osaposa ma kilogalamu atatu. Zokonda za mbalame sizimangokhala pamtunda wokha wa nsomba, masewera a m'nkhalango (pamtunda ndi mbalame) zimakhudzidwanso ndi kukoma kwa chiwombankhanga, ndipo m'nthawi yozizira kwambiri sizinyansidwa ndi zovunda.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, chiwombankhanga ndichosangalala kukhala ndi kuluma:
Njira zosakira mbalame zimatha kukhala zosiyana, zonse zimatengera mtundu winawake wa nyama komanso kukula kwake. Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuukira mwachindunji panthawi yothawa, chimatha kudumphira kumbuyo kwa wozunzayo kuchokera pamwamba, ikaiyang'ana kutalika. Ndizachilendo kuti mbalame ziziyang'anira nyama zomwe zitha kubisalirako, zimathanso kuthamangitsa nyama ina, yomwe ili yofooka kwambiri. Matayala oyera okhala kumapiri otseguka otetezeka, ma marmot ndi mbewa zazitali pafupi ndi ma mink. Chiwombankhanga chikugwera mwachangu kuthawa miziuluyi pa ntchentche. Waterfowl imasangalatsa chiwombankhanga cha nyanja ndikuyipangitsa kuti igwere.
Chosangalatsa: Chiwombankhanga nthawi zambiri chimadyetsa anthu odwala, ofooka komanso okalamba. Kudya nsomba zakunyanja ndi zosefera, mbalame zimayeretsa matayala. Musaiwale kuti amadya zodzola, kuti azitha kudalilika pokhapokha ngati ali ndi magulu abwinobwino achilengedwe. Asayansi a ornithologists akutsimikizira kuti michira yoyera imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosamalitsa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhalamo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga choyera mu Flight
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chimadya nyama zinayi zokhala ndi mapiko pankhaniyi kukula kwa zigawo za ku Europe. Pamaso pake pali: mwala wopanda mutu, munthu wometa ndevu ndi zansanza zakuda.Matayala oyera amakhala olekera, awiriawiri amakhala zaka zambiri m'gawo lomwelo, lomwe limatha kutalika mtunda wa 25 mpaka 80 km. Banja la chiwombankhanga limateteza mosamala katundu wawo kwa ena omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano. Ponseponse, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi woopsa, ngakhale ndi ana awo samavutikira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuwaperekeza kuti athe kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira atangoyamba kupita kuphiko.
Ziwombankhanga zikasaka nsomba, zimayang'ana mwamphamvu nyamayo ndipo imaloŵerera pansi kuti izigwire ndi miyendo yakuthwa. Wotsogola amatha kubisanso mphindi imodzi m'madzi kuti nsomba zisadutse, ndimatha kuyendetsa bwino izi. Kuuluka, ziwombankhanga sizowoneka modabwitsa komanso zachangu ngati ziwombankhanga ndi ziwombankhanga. Poyerekeza ndi iwo, amawoneka olemera kwambiri, akuwuluka kwambiri nthawi zambiri. Mapiko awo ndi osalongosoka ndipo pafupifupi alibe kuwongoka kwa chiwombankhanga.
Chiwombankhanga chikakhala pa nthambi ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi nsomba, chimatsitsanso mutu wake ndikuwuluka. Liwu la chiwombankhanga limasiyanitsidwa ndi kufuula kwakukuru, pang'ono pang'ono. China chake chikasokoneza mbalamezi, kulira kwawo kumayamba kusokonekera chifukwa cha chinthu china chachitsulo. Nthawi zina chiwombankhanga chimapanga mgulu wofuula. Mbalame nthawi yomweyo zimatulutsa mawu, ndikuponyera mitu yawo kumbuyo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga choyera ku Russia
Monga taonera kale, ziwombankhangazi zimathandizira kulimba maukwati olimba, kupanga banja moyo wonse. Mbalame zokhala ndi banja nthawi zonse zimanyamuka nthawi yachisanu kukazizira kwambiri ndikubwerera kunyumba zakwawo limodzi, izi zimachitika mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Chisa cha chiwombankhanga ndi banja lenileni la mbalame, komwe amakhala moyo wawo wonse, kumanga ndi kukonza malo okhala, ngati pakufunika. Chiwombankhanga chimasankha malo okhala pamitengo yomwe imamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, kapena m'miyala ndi m'miyala, yomwe ili pafupi ndi madzi.
Kuti apange chisa, nyama zokhala ndi mbewa zam'mimbazo zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi zakuda, ndipo pansi pake pali mabatani, timitengo tating'onoting'ono, tinthu taudzu, nthenga. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka nthawi zonse kamakhala pachitunda chachikulu komanso cholimba kapena m'malo a nthambi yanthambi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu ndi kutalika kwa masentimita, komwe kungakhale kosiyana ndi 15 mpaka 25 m, izi zimateteza anapiye kwa osokoneza pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Pomwe malo odyera amangomangika, sapitilira mita imodzi, koma m'kupita kwa zaka zimakhala zowonjezereka, pang'onopang'ono zimawonjezeka kangapo. Zoterezi zimatha kugwa mosavuta mu mphamvu yake yokoka, motero michira yoyera nthawi zambiri imayenera kuyamba kumanga nyumba yatsopano.
Yaikazi imatha kugona kuchokera ku mazira 1 mpaka 3, nthawi zambiri pamakhala 2. Mtundu wa chipolopolo ndi choyera, pamakhala malo owoneka bwino. Mazira ndi okulirapo kuti angafanane ndi mbalamezo. Amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 7 - 8. Kutalika kwa kuwaswa kumakhala pafupifupi masabata asanu. Nthochi zimabadwa mu Meyi. Kwa pafupifupi miyezi itatu, makolo amasamalira ana, omwe amafunikira kuwasamalira. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi watha wa chilimwe, mphungu zazing'ono zimayamba kupita kuphiko, ndipo kumapeto kwa Seputembala zimachoka m'chipinda cha makolo, kukayamba moyo wachikulire, wodziyimira pawokha, womwe mwachilengedwe ungakhale wazaka 25 mpaka 27.
Chosangalatsa: Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chiwombankhanga choyera-chokhala m'ndende chikakhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 40.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe a Mphungu Zoyera-Zozungulira
Chifukwa chakuti chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chimakhala chachikulu komanso chamtundu wolimba komanso chokhala ndi milomo yochititsa chidwi komanso milomo yolimba, sichimakhala ndi nzeru kuthengo. Koma izi zitha kunenedwa zokhazokha za mbalame zokhwima, koma anapiye ongobadwa kumene, nyama zazing'ono zopanda nzeru ndi mazira a chiwombankhanga ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chambiri ndipo amatha kuvutika ndi nyama zina zomwe sizikudya.
Akatswiri a maphunziro a Sakhalin adapeza kuti zisa zambiri za mbalame zimadwala chifukwa cha zimbalangondo zofiirira, zomwe zimasonyezedwa ndi kupezeka kwa khungidwe pa khungwa la mitengo yomwe chiwombankhanga chimakhala. Pali umboni kuti mchaka cha 2005 mwana wa ng'ombe adawonongeka pafupifupi theka la mbalamezo, ndikuwononga ana awo. Oimira banja lofera, omwe amasunthanso mopanda chisoti mumtengo, amathanso kuchita ziwopsezo za akuba zisa zawo. Mbalame za Crane zitha kuvulaza zomangamanga.
Zachisoni, m'modzi mwa adani kwambiri a chiwombankhanga mpaka pano anali munthu yemwe, mkati mwa zaka zapitazi, adayamba kutulutsa mbalame zodziwikiratu, powaganizira kuti ndi omwe amapikisana kwambiri ndi kukhala ndi nsomba ndi muskrats. Munkhondo iyi yopanda malire, chiwombankhanga chachikulu sichimafa, koma zomangira zawo ndi anapiye adawonongedwa. Tsopano zinthu zasintha, anthu amaika White Mchira ngati anzawo.
Momwemonso, mbalamezo zimapitilirabe kuvutika ndi zochita za anthu, kugwera mumsampha womwe umasakidwa ndi osaka nyama zina (mpaka mbalame 35 zimafa pachaka chifukwa cha izi). Nthawi zambiri, magulu akulu akulu azokopa amakakamiza mbalamezi kuti zizisamukira ku madera ena, zomwe zimawononga moyo wawo. Zimachitikanso kuti chidwi chosavuta cha anthu chimabweretsa tsoka, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo mbalameyo imadziponya pansi ngati munthu aigwira, koma siziwombera yokha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Mphungu Zoyera-Zoyala
Ndi mawonekedwe a kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi zoyera, zinthu ndizoperewera, kwinakwake zimadziwika kuti ndizofala, m'malo ena - osatetezeka. Ku Europe, kufalikira kwa chiwombankhanga kumawerengedwa kuti ndiwopanda, i.e. osagwirizana. Pali umboni kuti pafupifupi mbalame 7,000 mbalame zimakhoma kumadera a Russia ndi Norway, omwe ndi 55 peresenti ya mbalame zonse zaku Europe.
Zambiri zaku Europe zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha awiriawiri omwe amachulukirachulukira chimasiyana kuchokera pa 9 mpaka 12, 3,000, omwe amagwirizana ndi anthu 18 - 24,5,000 okhwima. Asayansi a ma ornithologists amati kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa zocheperako pang'onopang'ono, komabe, kukukulira. Ngakhale izi, pali zinthu zambiri zoyipa za mapulani a anthropogenic zomwe zimasokoneza kukhalapo kwa mbalame zamphamvu izi.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- kuwonongeka ndi kutulutsa kwamadzi madambo,
- kupezeka kwamavuto osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe,
- Kudula mitengo ikuluikulu yomwe ziwombankhanga zimakonda kukhala chisa,
- kulowererapo kwa munthu mwachilengedwe
- chakudya chosakwanira chomwe chimakhudzana ndikuti munthu amapha nsomba zochuluka.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti m'malo ena ndi m'maiko ena, ziwombankhanga zimakhala mbalame zosatetezeka, motero, zimafunikira njira zoteteza zomwe munthu amayesera kuti aziwapatsa.
White Tailed Eagle Guard
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga cha Red-Tailing kuchokera ku Buku Lofiira
Monga tawonera kale, kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga choyera m'magawo osiyanasiyana sikofanana, m'malo ena ndi kowopsa mwatsoka, ena, mmalo mwake, kudziunjikira kwakukulu kwakawonedwa. Ngati titembenukira kuzaka zaposachedwa, ndiye kuti mu 80s ya zaka zapitazi kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi m'maiko aku Europe kudatsika kwambiri, koma m'kupita kwanthawi njira zotetezera zidasinthiratu, ndipo tsopano ziwombankhanga sizimaganiziridwa kuti zatha.
Mphungu yokhala ndi mbewa yoyera yalembedwa mu IUCN Red Book, pomwe imakhala "yosasamala kwenikweni" chifukwa cha malo ake ambiri. Pa gawo la dziko lathu, chiwombankhanga choyera-chadongosolo chimalembedwanso mu Red Book of Russia, pomwe chimakhala ndi mtundu wachilengedwe. Zofunikira zoletsa ndizophatikizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa malo abwino okhala chisa, kuchotsedwa kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamadzi, kuthamangitsa mbalame m'malo omwe mungakhale. Chifukwa chakupha nsomba, mbalame sizikhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, zimagwera mumsampha, zimafa chifukwa choti ochita malonda amisonkho amapanga nyama zawo zomwe zidakhazikika. Chiwombankhanga chimafa chifukwa chodya makoswe oikidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Njira zazikuluzikulu zotetezera zomwe zikukhudzanso kubwezeretsa kwa mbalamezi ziyeneranso:
- kusasokoneza kwa anthu mwachilengedwe
- chizindikiritso cha malo okhala chiwombankhanga ndi kuphatikizidwa kwawo m'ndandanda ya malo otetezedwa,
- chitetezo cha mbalame ndi nyama zamtchire pamalo otseguka,
- kuchuluka kwa zolipira poaching,
- kuwerengetsa kwa mbalame za nthawi yozizira,
- Gulu la zokambirana zofotokozera pakati pa anthu kuti munthu samayandikira chisa cha mbalameyo, ngakhale cholinga chofuna chidwi.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera chimenecho chiwombankhanga choyera ndipo wamphamvu, wamkulu ndi wamphamvu, amafunikirabe kuyanjana kwamunthu, chisamaliro ndi chitetezo. Ukulu wa mbalame zodziwika bwino komanso zamtunduwu zimakondwera, ndipo mphamvu zawo, zamphamvu komanso zodikira zimapereka mphamvu. Chiwombankhanga chimabweretsa zabwino zambiri ku chilengedwe, chogwira ntchito ngati magulu apamapiko. Munthu akhoza kungodalira kuti anthu azithandizira izi zomwe zili ndi utoto kapena, sizingavulaze.