Mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi - awa ndi mavuto okhudzana (kumlingo umodzi kapena wina) mayiko onse ndi anthu, yankho lake lomwe limatheka pokhapokha pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kupezeka komwe kwa chitukuko chapadziko lapansi, kapena kupitilirapo kwake, kumalumikizidwa ndi yankho la mavuto awa.
Mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi ndiovuta, amaphatikizana. Ndi gawo linalake lokonzekera msonkhano, zingakhale zazikulu ziwiri:
- mavuto omwe amayenderana ndi kutsutsana pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe (kachitidwe "gulu - chilengedwe"),
- mavuto azachikhalidwe omwe amatsutsana ndi zotsutsana mkati mwa anthu (kachitidwe "munthu - gulu").
Kubadwa kwa mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi kumawerengedwa ngati pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Ndi panthawiyi pomwe njira ziwiri sizikuchitika, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zamakono padziko lapansi. Njira yoyamba ndiyo kufalikira kwachuma komanso zandale, kutengera kukhazikika kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Chachiwiri ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo (NTR), komwe kwachulukitsa nthawi zambiri kuthekera konse kwa munthu, kuphatikizapo kudziwononga. Ziri ndendende momwe njirazi zimagwirira ntchito kuti mavuto omwe kale anali akumaloko amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kuopsa kwa kuchulukana kudakhudza mayiko onse pomwe mafunde ochokera kumayiko otukuka asamukira kumayiko otukuka, ndipo maboma a mayiko amenewa adayamba kufuna "dongosolo latsopano lapadziko lonse" - thandizo laulere monga malipiro a "machimo" akale amakoloni.
Pa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse lapansi, zotsatirazi ndi izi:
- popewa nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya zida za nyukiliya ndi kuthetsa nkhondo,
- kuthana ndi kusabwezeka kwachuma ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene,
- zida zopangira mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa anthu, mavuto azakudya,
- kuteteza zachilengedwe
- kuyang'ana kwa nyanja zam'madzi ndi kufufuzidwa kwamtendere kwa malo akunja,
- kuchotsedwa kwa matenda owopsa.
Zochitika zilizonse zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwonekera kwa munthu pa chilengedwe, zoyipa zachilengedwe pamunthu ndi zachuma chake, ndi moyo komanso machitidwe azachuma, kusamukira kwanyama kosadziwika kotchedwa zachilengedwe. Masiku ano palibe chifukwa chotsimikizira kukhazikika komanso kuchuluka, ndipo, motero, kuopsa kwa zochitika zachilengedwe mdziko lapansi.
Vuto la chitetezo cha chilengedwe masiku ano lafika ponseponse, kuphatikizapo kufunika kwa ndale, kukhala pamtanda ndi vuto la chitetezo cha zida za nyukiliya. Komabe, lingaliro lomwe lipezeka kuti mavuto azachilengedwe amachepetsedwa pokhapokha polimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe limalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti mutuluke m'mavuto azachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kudziwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyendetsera, mapangidwe ndi njira zogwiririra ntchito zachilengedwe.
Zina mwamavuto azachilengedwe ndizosiyanitsidwa: mavuto azachilengedwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha njira zachilengedwe komanso mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka anthropogenic komanso kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe kosadalirika.
Kuyambika kwa madzi oundana, kuphulika kwa mapiri, mapiri, zivomerezi ndi ma tsunami, mphepo zamkuntho, mvula zamkuntho, kusefukira kwa madzi - zonsezi ndi zinthu za padziko lapansi. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizomveka padziko lapansi lathuli. Pafupipafupi, chivomerezi chimodzi champhamvu chimachitika chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi, 18 zamphamvu, zowononga 120 komanso zowongolera, komanso kugunda kwa pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni.
Koma mavuto enanso azachilengedwe adabuka. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, munthu mosasamala adatenga chilichonse chomwe chilengedwe chimamupatsa. Ndipo chilengedwe, titero, "chimabwezera" pamunthu pa cholakwika chilichonse, chosaganizira. Ndikokwanira kukumbukira zitsanzo za moyo wa Russia ndi oyandikana nawo pafupi: Nyanja ya Baikal, Nyanja ya Aral, Nyanja ya Ladoga, Chernobyl, BAM, kukonzanso malo ndi ena. Zomwe munthu wachita ndi chilengedwe kale zimakhala zowopsa. Zotsatira zake, madzi adakali odetsedwa mlengalenga, mlengalenga pawokha udadetsedwa, mahekitala mamiliyoni a nthaka yachonde awonongedwa, dziko lapansili lagwidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zowononga panjira, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kwakhala kwakukulu, ndi zochuluka, zochulukirapo.
Mavuto akulu ndi kuthekera kwa pulaneti kuthana ndi kutaya kwa ntchito za anthu, ndi ntchito yodziyeretsa ndi kukonza. Zamoyo zikuwonongeka. Chiwopsezo chodziwononga chokha chifukwa cha ntchito yake yofunika ndichofunika kwambiri.
Zachilengedwe zimatengera magulu am'madera awa:
- kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe ngati maziko opangira,
- kuchuluka kwa ntchito zopanga anthu pazachilengedwe (kuwonongeka kwake),
- mavuto azachilengedwe pazachilengedwe (Ntchito zaulimi, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa mizinda yayikulu).
Mavuto ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi aanthu aphatikizidwa pano: gwero, chakudya, kuchuluka kwa anthu - onsewo, pamlingo wina kapena wina, mwayi wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Koma amathandizanso kwambiri pamavuto awa ndi ena aanthu.
Zotsatira zoyipa za zochita za anthu zimafalikira ku chilengedwe, mlengalenga, ma hydrosphere, lithosphere. Mikangano iyi pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe imabweretsa chiwopsezo cha kusintha kosasinthika kwachilengedwe, kusokoneza chilengedwe ndi zochitika zam'badwo zamasiku ano zamtsogolo za okhala padziko lapansi. Kukula kwa mphamvu za anthu, kukula msanga kwa anthu padziko lapansi, kupita kumizinda, kupita patsogolo kwamakono kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo ndi mtundu wina wa zothandizira pamachitidwe awa.
Ngakhale chizolowezi chomva kutentha kwadziko lapansi sichinthu chachilengedwe, koma chimalumikizidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa m'mlengalenga ndi mpweya komanso zotulutsa zamafakitale (zotsatira zake zobiriwira). Malinga ndi asayansi, mu 2050 kutentha kudzakwera ndi 3-4 °. Kuwona "kubiriwira" kudzasokoneza nyengo padziko lapansi posintha kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kuwongolera mphepo, mitambo, mafunde am'madzi ndi kukula kwa ayezi. Madzi am'madzi azikwera, mavuto adzabukanso kumadera azilumba komanso kumayiko omwe ali mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi anthu ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Bangladesh ndi Netherlands.
"Bowo" mu ozone wosanjikiza, lomwe limakhala m'malo olingana ndi United States, limakhalanso ndi nkhawa. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yama radiation ya ultraviolet, asayansi amagwirizanitsa kuwonjezeka kwa matenda amaso ndi matenda a oncological, kupezeka kwa masinthidwe (kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumawononga ma molekyulu a DNA), kumakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mitundu yazomera zina, ndikuchepetsa kupezeka kwa phytoplankton - chakudya chachikulu cha nsomba ndi zam'madzi.
Polankhula za kuchuluka kwa momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe, munthu sangangotchulapo vuto lakufalikira kwanyukiliya chilengedwe chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya komanso kuyesa zida za nyukiliya.
Ngakhale mayiko otukuka mavuto azachilengedwe ali “akuchulukirachulukira,” mayiko otukuka, zinthu zopanda chilengedwe zimayenderana ndi "kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa zinthu zachilengedwe" (nkhalango, dothi, zinthu zachilengedwe), ngakhale kuwononga chilengedwe kwachulukanso m'zaka zaposachedwa. madera mafakitale awa.
Kwaambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwatsala pang'ono kutha. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukuwonjezeka ndi anthu 250,000 tsiku lililonse, 1 miliyoni 750,000 mlungu uliwonse, 7.5 miliyoni pamwezi, 90 miliyoni pachaka. Malinga ndi UN, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mapulaneti athu kumagwera mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, komwe kumakulitsa kwambiri zovuta zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zikuyembekezeka kuti podzafika 2050 anthu padziko lonse lapansi azidzawonjezeka ndi 73% kuchokera pa 5.7 biliyoni mpaka anthu 9.8 biliyoni. Pochulukirachulukira, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthambo ndi zoperewera, chakudya, mphamvu. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zachilengedwe kumadzetsa osati kungoyambitsa madzi, mpweya, dothi komanso vuto lachilengedwe.
Club of Rome idagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa mavuto apadziko lonse komanso kupeza njira zowathetsera. Club idayamba zochitika zake mu 1968 ndi msonkhano ku Dei Linche Academy ku Rome, komwe dzina la bungwe lopanda phindu limachokera. Likulu lake lili ku Paris.
Club of Rome ilibe antchito ndipo ilibe bajeti. Zochita zake zimayang'aniridwa ndi komiti yayikulu ya anthu 12. Purezidenti wa gululi adachitika motsatizana ndi A. Peccei, L. King (1984-1991) ndi R. Dies-Hochleitner (kuyambira 1991).
Malinga ndi malamulowa, palibe anthu opitilira 100 ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi omwe angakhale mamembala onse a Club. Mwa mamembala a Club, asayansi ndi andale ochokera kumayiko otukuka ndi omwe amalamulira. Kuphatikiza pazovomerezeka, pali mamembala olemekezeka komanso ogwirizana nawo.
"Zopanga" zazikulu zomwe zimachitika mu Club ndi malipoti ake pazovuta zapadziko lonse ndi njira zothanirana. Mothandizidwa ndi Club of Rome, asayansi otchuka amakonzekera malipoti oposa 30.
Chiwonetsero chachikulu cha chikoka cha Club of Rome pamalingaliro adziko lonse lapansi chinabwera m'ma 1970 mpaka 1980. Ntchito yoyambirira pa lingaliro la Club idachitidwa ndi katswiri wazakuyerekezera wama makompyuta waku America a J. Forrester, woyambitsa komanso bambo wazoganiza za kulosera padziko lonse kutengera kusanthula kwamachitidwe. Zotsatira zakusaka kwake, zolembedwa mu bukhu la "World Dynamics" (1971), zikuwonetsa kuti kupitiliza kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zachilengedwe kudzadzetsa tsoka lachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020s.
Adapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi katswiri waku America mu kachitidwe kofufuzira D. Meadows, lipoti ku Club of Limits of Kukula (1972) ku Rome Club lidapitiliza ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya J. Forrester. Olemba lipotili, odziwika kwambiri mwa omwe adasindikizidwa ndi Club of Rome, apanga mitundu ingapo yochokera pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe zodziwika bwino zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi mtundu wofananira, ngati palibe kusintha komwe kumachitika, ndiye kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi kwa mafakitale opanga mafakitale kumayambira, kenako anthu adziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwazinthu zachuma kuchulukirachulukira, mavuto azachuma adzangobwerera chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000 zino. Njira yokhayo yangozi yomwe idakumana ndi ngoziyi idasinthidwa kupita ku chitukuko chomwe chikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi molingana ndi dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi (kunena kuti, "zero kukula"), ndiye kuti, kusamalira bwino ntchito yopanga mafakitale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Omwe amapanga lipotilo ku Club of Humanity ku Turning Point Club ya Rome M. Mesarovich ndi E. Pestel (1974) adatsitsa makompyuta poyerekeza ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko lapansi, poganizira za kukula kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za dziko lapansi. Iwo adatsimikiza kuti, ngakhale zomwe zilipo, zikupitilira, masoka angapo am'madera azitika ngakhale m'mbuyomu kuposa momwe Forrester ndi Meadows adanenera. Komabe, "njira yopulumukira", malinga ndi olemba lipoti latsopanoli, silikukwaniritsa dziko la "kufanana kwa dziko lonse lapansi", monga momwe akufotokozera mu "Limit of Kukula", koma pakusintha "kukula kwachilengedwe" - chitukuko chadongosolo chamadongosolo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, chifukwa Kukula koyenera kwa anthu onse kuthekera. Izi zikuwonekeranso mu lipoti linanso ku gulu lakale la Chiroma "Beyond Kukula" lolemba E. Pestel (1988). Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti mitundu yonse iwiriyi - ya "kufanana kwa dziko lonse lapansi" ndi "kukula kwachilengedwe" - - ikuwonetsa kukanidwa kwa kudzidalira kopanga kokha m'malo mokomera malamulo ena.
Malipoti oyambilira a Club of Rome adadzetsa mpungwepungwe pakati pa asayansi yokhudza zandale komanso andale chimodzimodzi. Akatswiri azachuma adatinso kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kwathandizira osati kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda magetsi komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kupanga zatsopano, kukhazikitsa njira zopulumutsira chuma komanso chilengedwe.
Mothandizidwa ndi kutsutsa zonenedweratu za ngozi zapadziko lonse lapansi, opanga malipoti omwe adatsatila ku Club of Rome adayamba kuyika chidwi osati kufotokozera zomwe zingawopseze mtsogolo, koma kupenda njira zowalepheretsa. Chifukwa chake, olemba lipotilo "Factor Wachinayi: Kusokoka Chuma, Kawiri Kosunga Zosungika" (1997) E. Weizzecker, E. Lovins ndi L. Lovins, atasanthula momwe matekinoloje amapulumutsira zinthu, adazindikira kuti m'malo mochitika mwadzidzidzi padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa 2050, titha kuyembekezera nthawi imodzi. kukhazikika kwa anthu ndi kupanga mafakitale pomwe kumachepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.
Mu 1990-2000s, ntchito zake zidachepa kwambiri. Atakwaniritsa ntchito yake pakuphunzira zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi zamasiku ano, Club of Rome yakhala imodzi yamabungwe ambiri padziko lonse omwe amagwirizanitsa kusinthana kwa malingaliro pazovuta zakanthawi yathu.
Zachilengedwe
Chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chimodzi mwa sayansi zakale kwambiri. Oganiza motere monga wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek, katswiri wa masamu komanso wopenda zakuthambo Anaxagoras (500-428 BC), wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek komanso sing'anga Empedocles (487-424 BC), wafilosofi wamkulu komanso katswiri wolemba mabuku adawonetsa chidwi. Aristotle (384-322 BC). Vuto lalikulu lomwe limawadetsa nkhawa linali vuto la ubale pakati pa chilengedwe ndi munthu.
Komanso wolemba mbiri yakale wachi Greek a Herototus (484-425 BC), dokotala wakale wachi Greek Hippocrates (460-377 BC), wasayansi wotchuka pankhani yokhudza malo a Eratosthenes (276- 194C.) ndi nthanthi yolondola Plato (428-348C.). Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ntchito ndi malingaliro a omwe amaganiza zakale izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chidziwitso chamakono chachilengedwe.
Maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi njira yovuta yasayansi yomwe imaganizira kuyanjana mu kachitidwe ka "chikhalidwe cha anthu". Kuphatikiza apo, mutu wovuta wophunzirira za chilengedwe ndi ubale wa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo
Pokhala sayansi ya zofuna za magulu osiyanasiyana azachuma pazomayang'anira chilengedwe, chilengedwe chimakhazikitsidwa m'magulu akulu akulu:
- Chuma chachilengedwe - chimasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chilengedwe ndi anthu mogwirizana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chuma pazopezeka,
- Demographic social ecology - imafufuza magawo osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi malo omwe nthawi yomweyo amakhala padziko lonse lapansi,
- Echilengedwe cha futurological zachilengedwe - imayang'ana kuneneratu zachilengedwe mderalo monga magawo azokondweretsa.
Ntchito ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe
Monga malangizo asayansi, zachilengedwe zimagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika.
Choyamba, ndi ntchito yowonera. Cholinga chathu ndikupanga njira zophatikizira komanso zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimafotokozera chitukuko cha anthu mokhudzana ndi njira zachilengedwe ndi zochitika zake.
Kachiwiri, ntchito yododometsa yomwe chilengedwe chimazindikira kufalitsa kabwino ka chilengedwe, komanso chidziwitso cha zochitika zachilengedwe ndi boma. Momwe ntchito iyi ikuyendera, nkhawa zinafotokozedwa za dziko lapansi, mavuto ake akulu akuwunikidwa.
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Chachitatu, ntchito yamtsogolo - zikutanthauza kuti mkati mwachilengedwe komanso m'tsogolo momwe chitukuko cha anthu chikuyendera, chilengedwe chimatsimikizika, komanso zikuwoneka kuti ndizotheka kuwongolera kusintha kwachilengedwe.
Chachinayi, ntchito zachilengedwe. Zimaphatikizapo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa chilengedwe kuzungulira chilengedwe ndi zinthu zake.
Zinthu zachilengedwe zitha kukhala zamitundu ingapo:
- Zinthu zachilengedwe za abiconic - zokhudzana ndi zovuta kuchokera ku chilengedwe chosabadwa,
- Zochitika zachilengedwe - kutengera kwa mitundu imodzi ya zinthu zamoyo pazamoyo zina. Zoterezi zimatha kuchitika mkati mwa mtundu umodzi kapena pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
- Zinthu za anthropogenic zachilengedwe - zomwe zimapezeka zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika za anthu pazachilengedwe. Kusintha koteroko kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Ntchito yayikulu yazachilengedwe ndikuphunzira njira zomwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe. Ndikofunikanso kwambiri kulingalira kusinthaku komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthaku komanso, kwakukulu, kwa zochitika zaanthu m'chilengedwe.
Mavuto azachilengedwe komanso chitetezo
Mavuto azachilengedwe ndi ochulukirapo. Masiku ano, mavuto amabwera m'magulu atatu ofunika.
Choyamba, awa ndi mavuto azachilengedwe azachilengedwe. Tanthauzo lake lili pakufunika kwa chiwonetsero cha dziko lonse lapansi pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zofunikira pazinthu zomwe zikukula mofulumira. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa malo achilengedwe, komwe kukayikira kukwera kwachitukuko.
Kachiwiri, mavuto azachilengedwe am'deralo. Amaphunziranso zamadera ena azachilengedwe kumaderalo ndi m'chigawo. Apa omwe amatchedwa "chilengedwe cha chilengedwe" amatenga gawo lofunikira. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza zidziwitso zakachilengedwe ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, nkotheka kupanga lingaliro lazomwe zigawo zamakono zili zachilengedwe.
Chachitatu, mavuto azachilengedwe ndi achilengedwe ndi ochepa. Apa, kufunikira kumaperekedwa pakuphunzira zamakhalidwe oyambira ndi magawo osiyanasiyana am'mizinda yam'moyo wamunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ichi ndi chilengedwe cha mzinda kapena chikhalidwe cha mzindawo. Chifukwa chake, mkhalidwe wa munthu mu mzinda womwe ukukula mwachangu umafufuzidwa, ndikuwonetsa kwake mwachindunji kutukukaku.
Monga momwe tikuonera, vuto lofunikira kwambiri ndikutukuka kwachangu kwa ntchito za mafakitale ndi zochitika zantchito za anthu. Izi zidapangitsa kuti chiwonjezero chake chilowerere m'malo achilengedwe, komanso chiwonjezeko chakuwongolera kwake. Izi zidapangitsa kukula kwa mizinda ndi mabizinesi akampani. Koma mbali yosiyana ndi izi ndizotsatira zake pakuwonongeka kwa dothi, madzi ndi mpweya. Zonsezi zimakhudza mwachindunji momwe munthu alili, thanzi lake. Kukhala ndi moyo m'mayiko ambiri kwatsikanso, komwe kuli vuto lalikulu pamavuto.
Kupewera kwa mavutowa kungachitike pokhapokha poletsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Kapenanso, munthu ayenera kusiya ntchito zina zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mosalamulirika komanso mopweteketsa chuma (kudula mitengo mwachisakasa, kukhetsa nyanja). Zisankho zotere ziyenera kutengedwa pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa ndi zoyeserera zokha zomwe ndizotheka kuti zithetse zotsatirapo zoyipa.
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ZOTSIMBITSA MALO A CRISIS LANDULO: MOKHALA
Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwachilengedwe, nyengo, komanso kwachilengedwe, gawo loonda kwambiri la lithosphere lasintha kukhala malo apadera - dothi, pomwe gawo lalikulu la zochita za metabolic pakati pazachilengedwe ndi zopanda moyo zimachitika. Chuma chofunikira kwambiri m'nthaka ndi chonde - kuonetsetsa kuti mbewu zikukula ndi kukula.
Udindo wamdothi m'moyo wa anthu ndiwambiri kwambiri. Munthu amalandila dothi pafupifupi chilichonse chofunikira kuti akhalebe ndi moyo. Dothi ndiye gwero lofunika kwambiri komanso lopatsa chakudya, chuma chochuluka chomwe miyoyo ya anthu imadalira. Ndiye njira yayikulu yakupanga ulimi ndi nkhalango. Dothi limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chomanga m'malo osiyanasiyana apadziko lapansi.
Dothi limakuta gawo loyambirira la nthaka, kupatula madera omwe amakhala ndi chisanu basi, mapiri, miyala, poyimitsa miyala, etc.
Monga A.V. Mikheev, momwe dothi limakhudzira nthaka limatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi zochita za anthu. Izi zikuwoneka pamwamba lero pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimasintha nthaka padziko lapansi. Ngakhale mphamvu zachilengedwe sizileka kugwira ntchito panthaka, chikhalidwe chawo chimasintha kwambiri. Njira ndi njira zothandizira anthu pa dothi ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatengera mtundu wa chitukuko cha mphamvu za anthu.
Madothi olimidwa sakhala chifukwa cha njira zachilengedwe zovuta zokha, komanso, kwakukulu, pazaka zambiri za moyo wa munthu. Amakula mbewu zobzalidwa, amachotsa zochuluka m'nthaka ndi michere m'nthaka, ndikuzizipitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, pakulima dothi, ndikulowetsa feteleza mkati mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wa mbewu, munthu amawongolera chonde chake ndikukhala ndi zotuta zambiri. A.V. Mikheev, pozindikira kufunika kwa kutengera kwa anthu m'nthaka, akuwonetsa kuti dothi lamakono lomwe limalimidwa ndilibe zofananira m'mbiri yakale ya dziko lapansi.
Zotsatira zachitukuko cha ntchito zachuma cha anthu, kuwonongeka kwa dothi kumachitika, kuipitsa kwake komanso kusintha kwa kapangidwe kazinthu.
Kuwonongeka kwanyumba kwakukulu kumayenderana ndi ntchito zaulimi. L.S. Ernestova akuti kulimanso kosinthika kumapangitsa dothi kutetezedwa ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe (mphepo, kusefukira kwamadzi), kuchititsa kuti nthaka idutse komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kukokoloka kwake. Chifukwa cha zifukwa izi, mahekitala 5-7 miliyoni a malo olimapo amawonongeka pachaka. Pokhapokha chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwadothi kwazaka zambiri zapitazo pa pulanetiyi adataya mahekitala 2 biliyoni a nthaka yachonde.
Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi chiphe zochulukirachulukira pakuwononga tizirombo ndi namsongole kumadzetsa kuchulukana kwa zinthu zachilendo m'nthaka.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachilengedwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kudalirana. Kutunga kwa madambo, kusintha kwamphamvu ya mitsinje, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwanyumba, kumanga mafakitale, kumachotsa madera akuluakulu achonde kufalitsa. Nyumba zatsopano zomwe zakonzedwera mazana masauzande, nthawi zambiri kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, mafakitale akuluakulu ndi mafakitole ena amakhala ndi ma mahekitala zikwizikwi.
Chimodzi mwazotsatira za kuchuluka kwachulukidwe ka anthropogenic ndiko kuipitsa kwachikuto chadothi. Yosimbidwa ndi L.S. Ernestov, zinyalala zikuluzikulu zamtunduwu ndi zitsulo ndi mankhwala ake, zinthu zama radio, komanso feteleza ndi mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala. Zoyipitsa za nthaka zamanyazi zowopsa kwambiri zimaphatikizapo lead, mercury ndi mankhwala awo.
Mphamvu yayikulu pamapangidwe azakudya zachilengedwe, makamaka dothi, imapangidwa ndi ulimi wamakono, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito feteleza komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuthana ndi tizirombo, namsongole ndi matenda azomera. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ntchito yaulimi kumayesedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi zomwe zimapangidwa popanga mafakitale.
Zinthu zama radio zingagwere mu dothi ndikudziunjikira momwemo chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mpweya kuchokera pakuphulika kwa atomiki kapena panthawi yomwe mwakonza kapena kutaya mwadzidzidzi zinyalala zamadzi ndi zolimba zochokera kumabizinesi akampani kapena mabungwe ofufuza zokhudzana ndi kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya atomiki. Ma radioat isotopu ochokera ku dothi amalowa mu zomera ndi nyama za nyama ndi anthu, akudziunjikira zosiyanasiyana ziwalo zamunthu.
Mwa zina mwazinthu zofunikira pakusamalira chilengedwe, chofunikira kwambiri ndikulimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Mwa zina mwazomwe zimapangidwa pofuna kupewa kukokoloka, A.V. Mikheev akugogomezera chitetezo chokwanira cha kukokololoka kwa nthaka, kupereka kasinthidwe koyenera ka mbewu, kubzala malo oteteza nkhalango, nyumba za hydraulic ndi njira zina zotsutsana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Chofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi nkhokwe zam'madzi, mchenga komanso malo otsetsereka kwambiri, kulengedwa kwa nkhalango ndi nkhalango zofunika kwambiri. Ku gawo lomwelo la zochitika A.V. Mikheev amalongosola za kayendetsedwe ka msipu wa ziweto m'maenje, m'malo otsetsereka, pamchenga wamchenga komanso wamchenga omwe amawonongeka mosavuta pansi pa ziboda za nyama.
Chofunika kwambiri ku vuto loteteza chonde m'nthaka posachedwapa chikuteteza ku mankhwala achilendo. Kukula mwachangu kwa kusakanikirana kwa magawo onse azachuma komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kwachulukitsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa dothi ndi mankhwala.
Kulephera kusankha feteleza wamchere kumatha kuyambitsa acidization kapena kufala kwa nthaka. Ndibwino, mwachitsanzo, m'malo a dothi (louma), omwe nthawi zambiri mumakonda kulumikizana, kusankha feteleza zomwe zimapangisa pakati (ammonium sulfate, superphosphate). Pazakudya za dothi la asidi, m'malo mwake, feteleza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti alkalize sing'anga (sodium, calcium nitrate, ndi zina).
Zinyalala zina zamafakitale zimakhudzanso dothi - magetsi azitsulo, kutuluka kwamagalimoto, madzi amtchire, zinyalala zamafuta, fumbi lochokera kumadzi a simenti ndi miyala yanthaka yoponyedwa pansi pamalo a migodi yamalasha ndi ma ore amana. Kuipitsa nthaka kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pafupi ndi mabizinesi azitsulo ndi mankhwala. Arsenic, mercury, fluorine, lead ndi zinthu zina zimasonkhana m'nthaka. Kuipitsa kwa dothi ndi fumbi lachitsulo, fumbi la arsenic osakanikirana ndi superphosphate kapena asidi wa sulfureic limakhala ndi poizoni pazinthu zamizere, kuchedwa kukula kwawo ndikupangitsa kufa. Mosakayikira, ukadaulo wa njira zopangira ziyenera kumangidwanso kuti pasakhale zinyalala zowononga ndi uve zomwe zingalowe mu dothi.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndikuyamba kwa kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya m'mlengalenga, chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi munthu wokhala ndi isotopes radio radio adatulukira. Ma radioisotopes, akugwera panthaka ndi mpweya komanso fumbi, amalowa choyamba m'mazirazo, kenako kudzera m'matumba a chakudya. Kupyola mu chakudya, ma isotopes amatha kulowa mthupi la munthu ndikusintha zomwe zimasokoneza. Chifukwa chake, Pangano la International Convention on the Prohibition of Testing Nuclear Weapons in Atmosphere, mu Outer Space ndi pansi pa Madzi, lomalizidwa ku Moscow mu 1963, lidathandizira kwambiri popewa kuwopsa kwa kuyipitsidwa ndi chivundikiro cha nthaka.
MALO OYAMBIRIRA: ZOFUNIKIRA ZA RERE
Zipangizo zopangira mchere zimagwira gawo lalikulu pazachuma chamayiko, makamaka m'mafakitale. Maminolo amapereka pafupifupi 75% ya zinthu zopangira makampani opanga mankhwala; pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mayendedwe ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale opanga zinthu zapamwamba.
Kufuna kwachuma kwamigodi kudafika pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri panthawi yasayansi komansoukadaulo. Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta azimbudzi ikupitilirabe. Chifukwa chake, pazaka 20 zapitazi, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kwachulukitsa kanayi, mafuta achilengedwe - 5, bauxite - 9, malasha - 2 nthawi. Zomwezi zimachitikanso ndi ma ayoni achitsulo, phosphates ndi mchere wina. Chifukwa chake, pakuwonjezeka kwa ntchito, chuma chonse padziko lapansi chichepa.
Njira yochepetsera kusungidwa kwazachuma padziko lathuli ipitilira patsogolo limodzi ndikupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo. Ndipo izi zikuchitika ngakhale kuti chifukwa cha kufufuzidwa kwachilengedwe kwa madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, malo atsopano azinthu zopangira mchere apezeka ndipo apezeka. Tikumbukire kuti mafuta, malasha, zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zamafuta sizingasinthike (m'tsogolo). Izi zimapangitsa kutetezedwa kwa zochuluka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, kophatikiza chuma.
Vuto lopatsa mafakitale ndi zinthu zopangira mchere wa mchere layamba kale kwambiri masiku ano. Chomwe chimayambitsa kusowa kwa michere ndiyoti umunthu umatenga nthawi zambiri kuchokera m'matumbo a Dziko lapansi momwe umagwiritsira ntchito. Kutayika kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri za mchere zimapezeka nthawi yomwe imachotsa, kukonza ndi kuyendetsa.
Kuchuluka kwa zotayika pakuchotsa zinthu zosaphika kumatha kuweruzidwa ndi izi. Chifukwa chake, mu migodi, malasha 20 mpaka 40% amoto amata, theka mpaka magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu amafuta omwe amachotsedwamo, komanso zochulukirapo zamiyala yomanga, zimatayika. Ndi migodi yotseguka, zotayika zimatsitsidwa mpaka 10%.
Kutengera zokonda zapabizinesi, mabizinesi nthawi zina amatulutsa zitsulo zomwe "zimapangidwira" kwa malonda awo, ndikuponya zina zonse muzotayira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa madipoziti, komanso kuwonongeka kosasowa ndalama kosatsimikiziridwa. Zotsatira zake, pakufunika kupanga madongosolo atsopano, chifukwa chake, ndalama zina zowonjezera. Pazonsezi, izi zimabweretsa kufooka kwa maziko a zinthu zachilengedwe. M'migodi ndi m'makoma pali zida zambiri zokhala ndi zopangira zamtengo wapatali, zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wake. Zinthuzi ndizowonongeka kwa anthu.
Zowonongeka zochulukirapo pakupanga zida zopangira. Mukamavala ovala, mchere wambiri womwe umakhala ndi zitsulo umaponyedwa mumataya limodzi ndi mchere wopanda zitsulo musanayambe kusungunula chitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali zomwe sizimaganiziridwa kuti ndizopindulitsa nthawi zonse zimagwera potayira. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zopanda mafuta, kutayika kwa siliva kumatha kufika 80%, zinc - 40 - 70%.
Zotayika sizimatha kulandira zinthu zomwe zatsirizidwa, monga chitsulo. M'mafakitale, mamiliyoni a zitsulo zamatumbo amatumizidwa chaka chilichonse. Zotayika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kukonza zinthu zopanda mchere, nthawi zina zimachitika chifukwa chaukadaulo kwambiri pakampani. Komabe, pamakhala zochitika zambiri zosokoneza molakwika pakuwonongeka kwa chuma chamchere.
Zowonongeka zambiri zimawonedwanso paulendo wa zinthu zotulutsidwa kapena zopangidwa kale. Zotayika zodziwika bwino pakusunthira kwa mafuta ndi mafuta opangira mafuta (kutayikira, ngozi, kugwiritsa ntchito akasinja osakanikirana ndi zinthu zina), malasha, simenti, feteleza wa mineral (kudzuka m'ming'alu yamagalimoto, akuwombedwa ndi mphepo pamapulogalamu otseguka, amataika pakutsitsa).
Njira zoyenera zotetezera ndikofunikira kuti athetse vuto popereka zinthu zopanda mchere. Kutetezedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizinasinthidwe kuyenera kutsata njira yanzeru, yogwiritsira ntchito zachuma, kotero kuti zosungidwa zake m'chilengedwe sizinatheretu kwa nthawi yayitali. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira poyamba kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa zopangira pazakumwa zake, kukonza ndi kuyendetsa.
Kuchepetsa kutayika panthawi ya mayendedwe, kusintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ndi zotengera kuli kothandiza kwambiri. Mapaipi amafuta ndi mafuta ayenera kusiya njira zina zoperekera gasi ndi mafuta pamtunda.Mapaipi ambiri a makilomita ambiri ndi mapaipi amafuta omwe alumikizidwa kale ku Western Siberia, Center of the European part of Russia and Western Europe.
Chofunika kwambiri pakusunga ma mineral amana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachiwiri, makamaka zitsulo zakunyumba. Chifukwa chake, matani 100 miliyoni achitsulo chopulumutsa amatha kupulumutsa matani 200 miliyoni a ore, matani miliyoni miliyoni a malasha, matani 40 miliyoni a mafuta. Mwa njira zoteteza mchere, kutchula kuyenera kupangidwa m'malo mwake ndi zinthu zopangidwa. Zitsulo zimasinthidwa bwino ndi mapulasitiki, ndipo kuwongolera kwazinthu izi popitiliza ntchito kumapitilirabe.
Zotsatira zabwino poteteza zachilengedwe zingachitike pakuwonjezera makina ndi zida zamagetsi pakuchepetsa kukula kwake, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mtengo wotsika pachinthu chilichonse chofunikira chomaliza. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi kuwononga mphamvu ndi nthawi yomweyo kulimbana kuteteza moyo wapansi.
ENERGETIC RESOURCES
Kufunika kwa mphamvu ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira zofunika za munthu. Mphamvu sizofunikira kungokhala zochitika wamba zamasiku ano, komanso kuti thupi la munthu. Malinga ndi deta yomwe yaperekedwa ndi N.S. Ogwira ntchito, kuti akhale ndi moyo, munthu amafunikira pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 3,000 patsiku. Pafupifupi gawo khumi la mphamvu zofunika kwa munthu zimaperekedwa ndi chakudya, zotsalazo ndi mphamvu yamafuta. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa kuthamanga kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso chitukuko cha kupanga zinthu zimalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, kukulitsa mphamvu ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachuma kwamakono.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, mafuta osungira zinthu zakale anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magetsi, omwe malo ake anali kuchepa. Chifukwa chake, posachedwa, ntchito yopeza mphamvu zatsopano? Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri masiku athu ano.
Kukula mosalekeza kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumabweretsa vuto lopeza magwero atsopano a mphamvu kwa anthu. Izi zikuphatikiza mphamvu zam'madzi, dzuwa, mphepo ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, hydropower.
Ntchito zamagetsi zamagetsi. Gwero lalikulu lamphamvu ku Russia ndi mayiko omwe kale anali USSR ndi mphamvu yamafuta yomwe imapezeka kuchokera pakuphatikizana kwa mafuta oyambira malasha - malasha, mafuta, gasi, mafuta a shale peat.
Mafuta, komanso zidutswa zake zolemera (mafuta amafuta) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Komabe, chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amtunduwu chimawoneka ngati chobisika pazifukwa ziwiri. Poyamba, sizingatheke kuti mafuta angagawikidwe ngati mphamvu zachilengedwe "zopanda chilengedwe". Kachiwiri, malo ake (kuphatikiza omwe alibe) amakhala ochepa.
Mafuta monga mafuta amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. Masheya ake, ngakhale ndiakulu, nawonso alibe malire. Masiku ano, njira zimadziwika ndikutulutsa mankhwala ena ku mpweya, kuphatikiza hydrogen, yomwe mtsogolo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta “oyera” omwe sapereka kuipitsa.
Malasha Sizofunikanso kwambiri mu mphamvu yamafuta kuposa mafuta ndi mpweya. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanananso ndi mafuta omwe ali ngati mawonekedwe a coke omwe amapezeka ndikuwotcha malasha osagwiritsa ntchito mpweya kutentha kwa 950 - 1050 ° С. Pakadali pano, m'dziko lathu njira yakhazikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito malasha pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta.
Pikachuma Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi opanga magetsi ndizachilengedwe. Komabe, ntchito yomanga zinyalala kumapeto ndi yovuta, chofunikira kwambiri chomwe ndi kusefukira kwa nthaka yambiri yothandiza (yaulimi ndi ina).
Makamaka pachimake ndi funso la malo osaya kwambiri osungirako madzi, omwe, pomwe madzi amasintha, amathiridwa kapena kusefukira madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kukhala kovuta. M'malo ena osungira, madera otere amakhala 40% ya malo awo onse. Posachedwa, ntchito za malo osungirako zinyalala zatsopano zikuphatikiza kudula madzi osaya kwambiri kuchokera pabedi lamadzi losungiramo madamu, lomwe lithandizire kuti madera achilengedwe asasefukira.
Atomiki ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, yankho lavuto lazovuta zamagetsi limalumikizidwa ndi chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya, ndipo mtsogolomo, mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimatha, kuchokera pakuwoneka kwamakono, sizimagwira mafuta. Zimakhulupirira kuti imodzi mwamaubwino ofunika kwambiri a mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi "kuyeretsa chilengedwe". Zowonadi, m'malo abwino, malo opangira magetsi a zida za nyukiliya amatulutsa mpweya woipa kwambiri kuposa mafuta okumba mphamvu.
Komabe, makumi angapo aposachedwa, malingaliro pa mtundu uwu wa mphamvu asintha kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa m'mabuku a akatswiri azachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, V.A. Krasilov m'buku lake "Natural Protection: Mfundo, Mavuto, Zinthu Zofunikira Kwambiri", polankhula za mphamvu zapamwamba, amatenga mitundu yake ya atomiki mpaka 0% yonse yopanga mphamvu. Mabungwe ambiri aboma masiku ano ndi magulu othandizira masiku ano amatsutsa kumanga kwa zida zatsopano za nyukiliya komanso kuthandizira kutsekedwa komwe kulipo. Kuunika koyipa kotere kwa mphamvu ya zida za nyukiliya kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha nkhawa za zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ngozi zaku malo opangira zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimayambitsa kudontha kwakukulu kwa zida zama radio ndi zinyalala zopanga. Udindo wa mphamvu ya zida za nyukiliya udasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika ku Chernobyl mphamvu yamagetsi (1986) ndi chomera cholemeretsa ku Japan (1999), zotulukapo zake zomwe zidatsogolera kukula kwa chipwirikiti ndi mantha pagulu la zovuta zazikulu zamtsogolo. Tiyenera kudziwa, komabe, kuti m'zochitika zonsezi, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zinali zolakwika za anthu: ogwira ntchito pamaofesi ndi ogwira ntchito pafakitore. Nthawi yomweyo, zitsanzo zambiri zakugwiritsa ntchito kwaukadaulo ndizodziwika pomwe njira zamagetsi zothandizira kuteteza mphamvu za nyukiliya zimapangitsa kuzimitsa kwadzidzidzi popanda zovuta zilizonse kwa anthu komanso chilengedwe chonse.
Ngati tsogolo la mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi ya nyukiliya ikuwoneka yosawoneka bwino, ndiye kuti chiyembekezo cha malo ake ndiowonekeratu. M'tsogolomu, pakukula kwa mapulaneti a Solar, ma satelites awo, komanso asteroids, padzikoli pakufunika zinthu zambiri zodalirika zomwe zingagwire ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Popeza kuchepa kwa ma radiation a dzuwa, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zina zopanda mphamvu zamagetsi, mafuta a nyukiliya atha kukhala, ngati osagwiritsa ntchito, ndiye gwero lamphamvu kwambiri.
Mphamvu zamagetsi. Kutentha komwe kumakhala mkati mozama kwambiri padziko lapansi sikungatheke, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwake poteteza chilengedwe ndikulonjeza. Kutentha kwa miyala ndi akuya kwa 1 km kumakwera ndi 13.8 ° C ndipo pakuya kwa 10 km ukufika 140 - 150 ° C. Amadziwika kuti m'malo ambiri kale pakuya kwa 3 km kutentha kwa matanthwe kumafika 100 ° C ndi zina.
Pakadali pano, m'maiko ena a dziko lapansi - Russia, USA, Japan, Italy, Iceland, ndi ena - amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa akasupe otentha kuti apange magetsi, nyumba zotenthetsera moto, ndi malo okuwotcha kutentha ndi nyumba zobiriwira.
Zomera zamphamvu zimamangidwa m'malo ophulika. Magetsi omwe amalandila kwa iwo ndiotsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mbewu zina zamagetsi. Komabe, mphamvu zamagetsi amphamvu zamagetsi ndizochepa chifukwa kutentha kwapansi pamadzi kumachokera m'matumbo mpaka kumtunda.
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi akhathamira kumafunika kuthetsa vuto la kutaya ndi kuyikidwa m'madzi a mchere oyipitsidwa, chifukwa amatha kukhala ndi vuto pa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ya dzuwa. Mphamvu yamtunduwu imadziwika ngati imodzi mwachilengedwe komanso yosangalatsa.
Ubwino wa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi kupezeka kwake, kusakhazikika, kusapezeka kwa zinthu zoyipitsa chilengedwe. Zoyipa zake zimaphatikizira kuchepa kocheperako komanso kupendekera kwapakati padziko lapansi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusinthana kwa usana ndi usiku, nthawi yozizira ndi chilimwe, kusintha kwa nyengo.
Pakadali pano, mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dzuwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono m'malo okhala komanso nyumba zina. Zoyenera kwambiri ndi mapanelo a dzuwa omwe adayikidwa padenga, kupereka madzi otentha otchipa pa zosowa zapakhomo. Zida zoposa 1 miliyoni za zotentha zoterezi zimayikidwa ku Russia, Japan, Australia ndi maiko ena.
Pakadali pano, asayansi akupanga njira ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa pazosowa zama mafakitale, mpaka pakupanga malo osungirako malo. Funso ili ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo yankho lake limatheka pokhapokha mtsogolo.
Mphamvu yamphepo, mafunde am'nyanja ndi mafunde. Mphamvu zonsezi ndi “zoyera”, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikuipitsa chilengedwe. Zomwezi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kalekale, ntchito yawo ikukula ndipo ikukula mtsogolo. Komabe, pakadali pano gawo lazinthu izi pakupezeka mphamvu ndizochepa.
Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu, yomwe imaphatikizapo kukonza matekinoloje atsopano omwe saipitsa chilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, madera akuluakulu komanso odalirika mu gawo la mphamvu ndi dzuwa, nyukiliya, komanso nthawi yayitali mphamvu zamagetsi.
KUKULA KWAULERE KWAULERE
Mwa zina zofunika kwambiri pakuwonjezera kukwiya kwachilengedwe mokhudzana ndi anthu, ziyenera kudziwika kaye kuwonongeka kwa mlengalenga wamlengalenga ndi madzi, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mphamvu ya zinthu izi pa thanzi la munthu imasunthidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi V.A. Bukhvalov ndi L.V. Bogdanova m'buku "Kuyambitsa Anthropoecology."
Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kufalikira kwa madera azigawo, ndi luso lotsogola ndi magalimoto a miyoyo yathu. Zovuta zoyipa zomwe zimalowa mlengalenga zimatha kukulitsidwa chifukwa cha momwe zimakhalira ndi mnzake, mwa nyengo yapadera. M'madera omwe anthu amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo kudzikundikira kwa mbewu ndi mafakitale, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kukukulira mwachangu kwambiri. Patsiku lomwe kufalitsidwa kwampweya kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha nyengo. Smog - kuipitsa kwa mlengalenga m'malo okhala kapena mafakitale, kuwonekera ndi diso losavuta. Amapangidwa chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa utsi kuchokera mnyumba zama boiler am'nyumba, mabizinesi ama mafakitale komanso mipweya yamagalimoto ndi injini zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Choopsa chachikulu kwa anthu ndi utsi wakutha wamagalimoto omwe amakhala ndi ma lead oxide. Ngakhale chitsogozo chochepa kwambiri chamtovu chomwe chimatulutsira mpweya m'magazi chitha kukhala chowononga thanzi, popeza chitsulo chochokera mumlengalenga kudzera m'mapapu ndi m'mimba chimalowa m'thupi mwachangu kuposa momwe chingachotsere. Zotsatira zake - kuphwanya kapangidwe ka hemoglobin, kufooka kwa minofu mpaka kufooka, kuphwanya kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito ya chiwindi ndi ubongo.
Acid-forming sediments, iwonso, imakulitsa kukwiya kwamadzi apanja (malinga ndi Marine Laborator ku Woods Hole, mpaka matani 18 miliyoni a nayitrogeni pachaka kumapeto kwapakati pa Northern Hemisphere), momwe zinthu za fluorine ndi zitsulo, kuphatikiza strontium, zimakulira. Kutulutsa, zonyansa ndi zotayidwa zolimba zochokera kumizinda yamafakitale kumakhala ndi matani masauzande angapo a lead, zinc, mkuwa, chromium, nickel, cadmium, molybdenum, vanadium ndi zina. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la kuipitsa limakhazikika munthaka ndikulowera m'madzi apansi panthaka, pomwe limalowetsa zitsime ndi madzi. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya mwa kupangira mpweya kumayambitsa matenda opuma, mphumu, kumawononga minofu yam'mapapu.
Kuipitsa kwamadzi. Madzi - chinthu chofunikira kwa munthu, chimatha kukhala chowopsa kwa iye. M'malo okhala momwe mulibe madzi, madzi nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'matanki akulu ndi m'madziwe. Mabakiteriya, onyamula matenda owopsa, nthawi zambiri amabzalidwa m'malo awa; mankhwala, monga feteleza, amalowa mwangozi. Koma ngakhale komwe kulibe madzi apakati, kumakhala kopanda mavuto. Nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwamadzi kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kotero kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumatha kuyambitsa matenda angapo.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa madzi akumwa ndi:
- kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa zamafuta,
- poyizoni wa madzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimayipitsa mpweya ndikutsuka m'madzi ndi madzi amvula, omwe pambuyo pake amathira matupi amadzi.
- sews m'matumba amadzi a zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi,
- kusakwanira kwa sewer network.
Madzi, popanda amoyo omwe ndi osatheka, nawonso, amafunika moyo. Madzi opanda moyo ndi imfa ya tonsefe. M'malo osungirako zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimafunikira kutentha pang'ono ndi madzi ena. Madzi oyenda m'matope amadzimadzi amabweretsa kuchuluka kwa eutrophication (kudzikundikira kwa michere), komwe kumathetseratu mpweya wa madzi. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zamoyo zimafa, madzi amawonongeka kwambiri.
Zinyalala zanyumba ndi malo ogulitsa zakudya ndizowopsa makamaka chifukwa chakuti makupidwe amtundu wa zinthu izi mu dziwe amatenga mpweya wambiri. Makampani am'mafakitala amapha matupi amadzi amadzimadzi, omwe amakhala ndi ziphe, kuphatikizapo zitsulo zolemera, cyanides. Kufikira gawo lina, dziwe lolandira madziwo litha kumadziyeretsa lokha. Zamoyo zojambulidwa zimagwidwa ndi mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono. Zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi amchere ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe uli.
Pafupifupi, theka la madzi omwe timafunikira amachotsedwa pazitsime zakuya padziko lapansi. Komabe, madzi awa sakhala pazofunikira zabwino, chifukwa amakhala ndi zochulukirapo zamchere, zomwe sizothandiza thupi nthawi zonse. Madzi ochokera m'mitsinje, nyanja ndi malo osungira amafunika chithandizo chambiri komanso chodula pakuyika kwapadera. Moyenerera, madziwo ayenera kukhala abwino, oyera, opanda khungu, osanunkhira komanso osasangalatsa.
Kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopitilira muyeso komanso zamphamvu pothana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa chitukuko chakumapeto kwa nthawi yotsutsa (kukana) kwa mankhwala omwe amagwirizana. Mwa kukhala osagonjetseka, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kuyambitsa zovuta zazikulu zaumoyo wa anthu. Zotsatira za "kuzolowera" kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala kungayambitse kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda enaake, motero, kukulira miliri. Pofuna kupewa zovuta zoyipa zomwe tafotokozazi, akatswiri azamankhwala amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse popanga mankhwala ogwira ntchito omwe sangangowononga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono toopsa kwa anthu, komanso kupondereza kuthekera kwawo kosinthasintha.
Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chinthu chinanso pakuchepa kwa vuto lachiwopsezo chitha kukhala chiwonjezeko cha kuchuluka kwaonyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zitha kukhala nyama zina (agalu, makoswe, agologolo, ndi zina), komanso tizilombo (udzudzu, nsabwe, ndi zina). Kuti muthane nawo, mankhwala apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zomwe, komabe, sizimabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa.Chitsanzo cha DDT (dichlorodiphenylethane) chotchedwa "chida chozizwitsa," chotchedwa kupulumutsa anthu osati kokha kuchokera kunyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oyopsa, komanso kuchokera kuzirombo zambiri za mbewu, zikuwoneka m'lingaliro ili. Munthawi ya 60s ya DDT m'maiko osiyanasiyana, madera akulu a malo olimapo adalimidwa, komanso malo omwe amapezeka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Poyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa mankhwalawa sikunakweze kukayikira pang'ono, komabe, patatha zaka zochepa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito, deta idayamba kuwonekera pa "zovuta" zake zamtundu wina wa tizirombo ndi onyamula. Nyama zosinthidwa ndi tizilombo tinayamba kugonjetsedwa ndi zotsatira za poizoni kotero zinali zovuta kwambiri kupeza mankhwala atsopano omwe amawalola kumenya nkhondo moyenera. Muzochitika izi, milandu ya miliri yamatenda oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayendetsedwa ndi ve veji amoyo - nyama kapena tizilombo - yawonjezeka kwambiri.
Kusintha Kwa GENOFUND
Kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu, komwe kumakhala koyipa kwambiri, komwe kumapangitsa kukula kwa kuchepa kwa thupi komanso kuchepa kwa nthawi yomwe akukhala ndi moyo. Komabe, m'maiko otukuka, nthawi ya moyo imakhala yolimba - pafupifupi zaka 2.5 pazaka khumi - ikuyandikira malire ake obadwa nawo (zaka 95), mkati mwake momwe chifukwa chomwe amafa sichili chofunikira kwambiri. Zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ngati sizinachititse kuti munthu afe msanga, komabe, nthawi zambiri zimachepetsa moyo, koma vuto lalikulu ndi kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa dziwe, komwe kukukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi.
Dziwe lamtundu wamtunduwu limafotokozedwa kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa majini omwe amapezeka mwa anthu, gulu la anthu kapena mitundu yomwe imadziwika ndi pafupipafupi.
Zovuta zaku dziwe la gene zimakambidwa nthawi zambiri pokhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa radiation, ngakhale izi siziri zokhazo zomwe zikukhudza dziwe la gene. Malinga ndi V.A. Krasilova, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro amasiku onse ndi asayansi zokhudzana ndi mphamvu yama radiation padziwe la jini. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amakambirana za kutayika kwa dziwe la gene, ngakhale zikuwonekeratu kuti dziwe la mtundu wa anthu litha kutaya pokhapokha ngati anthu awonongedwe kotheratu. Kuwonongeka kwa majini kapena mitundu yawo munthawi yowonekerayi kumatheka pokhapokha pokhudzana ndizosowa kwambiri. Mulimonsemo, kuwoneka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya jini, kusintha kwa ma gene ndipo, motero, ma frequency a heterozygous ndi homozygous genotypes siosavuta. Zochitika zonsezi zimayenerana ndi lingaliro la kusintha kwa dziwe.
V.A. Krasilov akuti si aliyense amene amayamikira kusintha kwa dziwe ngati mtundu wopanda vuto. Othandizira mapulogalamu a eugenic amawona kuti ndizotheka kuthana ndi majini osafunikira mwa kuwononga mwakuthupi kapena kupatula omwe akunyamula kuti atengere ntchito. Komabe, machitidwe a jini amatengera chilengedwe, mgwirizano ndi majini ena. Pa mulingo wa umunthu, zolakwika zimakonda kulipidwa ndi kukula kwa luso lapadera (Homer anali wakhungu, Aesop anali woipa, Byron ndi Pasternak anali olumala). Ndipo njira zamtundu wa jini zomwe zilipo masiku ano zimatsegulira mwayi wowongolera zoperewera popanda kusokoneza dziwe.
Chikhumbo cha anthu ambiri kuti asunge dziwe monga mtundu wachilengedwe ndichilengedwe chimakhala ndi maziko achilengedwe. Pakalembwe, dziwe la gene lidapangidwa chifukwa cha kusinthika kwakutali ndikuwonetsetsa kuti anthu azisinthika mwanjira zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Kusiyana kwa majini kwa anthu pamlingo komanso anthu ena nthawi zina kumakhala kosinthika (mwachitsanzo, khungu lakuda pamtunda wotsika wolumikizidwa ndi kukana kwa radiation ya ultraviolet), nthawi zina sizitenga nawo mbali pazachilengedwe. Mosasamala kanthu za izi, kusiyanasiyana kwa majini kunakonzeratu kusiyanasiyana ndi kusinthika kwa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ichi - chikhalidwe cha anthu ofanana kwa anthu onse - kumasulira chilankhulo kumatanthauza kusungidwa kwa dziwe lomwe silingasankhidwe mwamwambo.
Mkuyu. 8. Sinthani mu dziwe la jini (malinga ndi V. A. Krasilov)
Nthawi yomweyo, zochita za zinthu zachilengedwe zamasinthidwe amtundu wa gene zikupitilira - kusintha kwa masinthidwe, kusintha majini ndi kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumakhudza aliyense wa iwo. Ngakhale zinthu izi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi, pazolinga zowunikira zimakhala zomveka kuzilingalira mosiyana.
Zinthu zautauta. Zina mwazomwe zimachitika, kuphatikiza ma radiation, kuphatikiza ma radiion, zingaphatikizepo magawo a ma electromagnetic. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwopsezo cha khansa ya m'magazi kwa anthu okhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi mizere yamagetsi yamagetsi yakhazikitsidwa. Mwa mazana masauzande a mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amalowa zachilengedwe m'njira zodetsa nyumba ndi mafakitale, pafupifupi 20% ndi a genotoxic.
Kusintha masinthidwe kumathandiza kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito moyenera 1 - 2-2 komanso kuchuluka kwa masewera amtundu wa masewera. Pamodzi ndi carcinogenic mwachindunji - masinthidwe omwe amasokoneza mayendedwe am'magazi mu kukula kwawo ndikusintha, pali kuphwanya kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kazinthu zamathupi ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, komwe kumakhala chiwopsezo cha kuperewera kwa ma neoplasms oyipa a chemotoxic ndi virology etiology. Mutagenesis yomwe imayenderana ndi kuphatikiza kwa tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwira mu cellular genome imathanso kukulira chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chitetezo chathupi, kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano yamavairasi, kapena zonse ziwiri.
Kukhazikika kwa majini. M'mbuyomu, kusintha kwa majini kumalumikizidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anthu wamba komwe kunathetsedwa ndi nkhondo ndi miliri. Omwe adayambira omwe adakhalako adawafotokozera zamtundu wamtundu wawo. Gawo lotayika la kusiyanasiyana kwa majini linabwezeretsedwa chifukwa cha kusinthika mobwerezabwereza komanso kutuluka kwa majini, koma kusiyana kwina kumatha kukhalapo kwanthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso njira ya moyo yosavuta kutetezera kumatenda amtundu wa jini kumayendedwe amtunduwu, kupatula ochepa anthu azilumba zam'nyanja, m'mapiri, kapena m'malo amvula.
Kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe. Chidwi cha anthu ndi akatswiri makamaka amakopeka ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osakanikirana ndi majini, pomwe kusankha kwachilengedwe - munthawi yayitali chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chosintha dziwe la gene - chimatsalira pamithunzi. Pakadali pano, zovuta zilizonse pazachilengedwe pang'ono pang'ono zimasinthira njira yosankhidwa, ndikupangitsa kukakamiza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kusintha magawo amtundu wofanana. Jini imatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale osasankhidwa (omwe sagwira ntchito mokwanira pamayendedwe otsika), koma kuwopseza kufooka kwa dziwe kwakanthawi kumakhala kowonjezereka.
Kutetezera kwa Habitat ndi machitidwe azachipatala ndi zinthu, koma zolengedwa, zotsutsana ndi masankhidwe achilengedwe mwa anthu. Komabe, kusankha kumachitika makamaka paubala wa mankhwalawa (mwachitsanzo, mwa njira yochotsa mimbayo yoyambira posachedwa yomwe ingachitike osadziwika). Matenda aliwonse amachepetsa mwayi wogwira ntchito yabwino, ndikupanga banja komanso gawo lathunthu ku mibadwo yotsatira. Popeza anthu ndi osagwirizana potengera kukhudzidwa ndi zochitika zina, kusankha kumathandizira okhazikika, mosasamala kanthu za umunthu wawo, komanso makamaka, kuwononga chilengedwe. Njira izi sizongochepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu (zaka 3,000 zapitazo, ma blanc Achaeans adalimbana ndi mafuko akuda amtundu wa Asia Minor, ma blondes enieni ndi osowa ngakhale pakati pa Scandinavians, osatchula ma Greek), komanso amatsuka majini achilendo kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amathandizira kuti pakhale chuma chamtundu wa anthu, ngati sizikugwirizana ndi majini omwe amatsutsana ndi kuipitsidwa.
Kukula kwa anthu
Chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukukulira, zomwe zimabweretsa "kuphulika kwa anthu." Malinga ndi akatswiri, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu kumapezeka ku mayiko omwe akutukuka. Chiwerengero mwa iwo ndi 3/4 cha kukula kwa umunthu wonse, ndipo amapeza chakudya 1/3 cha dziko lonse lapansi. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kukula kwa mavuto azachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Popeza kulibe chakudya chokwanira mmaiko ena, anthu pafupifupi 12,000 amafa ndi njala chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi. Mwa mavuto enanso omwe abwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kusamukira kumzindawo.
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Mavuto azachuma
Pali vuto la chakudya pamunda wamavuto azachilengedwe. Akatswiri adawona kuti wamba pa munthu aliyense amatengera tirigu 1 pachaka, ndipo kuchuluka koteroko kungathandize kuthetsa vuto la njala. Komabe, mbewu zopitilira 1.5 biliyoni zikukolola. Vuto la kuchepa kwa chakudya linaonekera pokhapokha pakuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu.
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Kuperewera kwa chakudya si vuto lokhalo la mavuto azachuma. Vuto lalikulu ndi kuchepa kwa madzi akumwa. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chimafa chifukwa cha kusowa kwamadzi chaka chilichonse. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe magetsi okwanira omwe amafunikira mafakitale, kukonza nyumba zogona, mabungwe aboma.
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Kusintha kwa dziwe la Gene
Zovuta zoyipa pazachilengedwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa majini padziko lonse lapansi. Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi komanso zamankhwala, kusinthika kumachitika. M'tsogolomu, izi zimathandizira kukulitsa matenda ndi matenda omwe amapatsidwa.
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Osati kale kwambiri, kulumikizana kunakhazikitsidwa pakati pamavuto azachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe, koma izi zikuwonekeratu. Mavuto ambiri opangidwa ndi anthu, amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yogwira mtima ya anthropogenic siziwononga chilengedwe chokha, komanso zimatsogolera kukuwonongeka m'moyo wa munthu aliyense.