Turpan (Melanitta fusca) - bakha wamkulu: kulemera kwake kumafikira 1.4-1.9 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa masentimita 51-58, mapiko 90-100 cm. Amuna ovala matingawo amakhala ndi maula akuda ambiri, mulomo ndi wakuda wokhala ndi malo a lalanje, wotupa pang'ono maziko. Maso a turp ali pafupi kuyera, ndipo pansi pawo akuwoneka bwino mawanga oyera oyera amiyendo, miyendo ndi yofiirira, yokhala ndi nembanemba yakuda. Chachikazi chimakhala chofiirira, patsaya pali mawanga awiri oyera opanda pake, ndi amodzi m'magulu osiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukula kwake ndi kuwala kwake (ena amatha kusakhalapo), ma paws amakhala achikasu kapena ofiira, maso ndi a bulauni, milomo ndi imvi. Pa zowuluka zazing'ono zazing'ono zonse zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimakhala ndigalasi yoyera.
Habitat ndi moyo
Zagawidwa scoter kumpoto kwa taiga ndi kumwera tundra ku Europe, Urals ndi Siberia, ndi kupitirira ku Ural nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe. Kumpoto kwa taiga ndi tundra wakumpoto pafupi ndi Yenisei, mtunduwu ndiofala kwambiri. Turpan ndi mbalame yosamukira, malo ake ozizira nthawi yachisanu amakhala gombe lakumadzulo kwa Europe, kuyambira ku Norway ndi kumwera kwa Baltic kupita ku Spain. Ziweto zochepa zomwe zimawulukira kumwera ndi nthawi yozizira ku Pacific ndi Pacific Seas. Mbalame zambiri pachaka zimakhalabe nthawi yotentha nthawi yozizira. Kufalitsa kwa Turpan kumayamba ali ndi zaka ziwiri kapena kupitirira. Zaka zodziwika kwambiri ndizazaka 13.
Kuswana
Kugawana kumawonedwa ku Turpan, pomwe amuna ambiri amasonkhana mozungulira akazi angapo. Mwambo wakukhwima ndikumizidwa kwa amuna m'madzi, pomwe amatha kufikira zazikazi pansi pamadzi. Maanja amateteza gawo laling'ono laling'ono kuzungulira chisa. Turpan zisa kunyanja. Zisa zawo zitha kupezeka pafupi ndi madzi komanso kutali ndi iwo, mu udzu, pakati pa mabampu ku tundra, kuthengo, m'nkhalango zazing'ono komanso m'nkhalango yayitali, pansi pa mtengo. Chidacho chimakhala ndi udzu wouma wokhala ndi fluff wakuda kwambiri. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 5-8 (mpaka 12). Mitundu yawo imasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku loyera loyera mpaka loyera la chikasu. Wamkazi incubates mazira 27-28 masiku. Pambuyo pa masabata 1-2 atayambika makulitsidwe, anyani amawuluka kupita ku molt. Ambiri aiwo nthawi yomweyo amawuluka kumadzulo - kupita ku Nyanja ya Baltic ndi gombe la Atlantic. Zina zimakhalapobe mpaka kumazungunuka kumalo osungira kapena kumadzi kumwera kwa Siberia. Ndi ana ang'ono angapo osungika pamenepo. Turpan nthawi zambiri imapanga ana ogwirizana, pomwe mayi m'modzi amatsogolera zonse ndi anapiye ena.
Moyo.
Wokhalamo tundra, nkhalango-tundra ndi mapiri a taiga, kunja kwa nthawi ya nesting, imapezeka m'malo amphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja zopanda. Osamukira. Zocheperako. Amaberekera awiriawiri modutsa tundra, nkhalango komanso nyanja zamapiri zokhala ndi magombe okutidwa ndi galasi loyera.
Chisa mu udzu wamtali, pakati pa mabampu, pansi pa tchire, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi, koma nthawi zina kutali ndi gombe, kulumikizana ndi fluff kumakhala nthawi zambiri. Clutch kuyambira pakati pa Juni, imakhala ndi mazira oyera akulu okwanira 6-10. Mosamala kwambiri.
Mbalame zosabereka zimatha nthawi yawo yotentha m'makola omwe amadyetsa ndi kugona usiku wonse pamadzi, pafupifupi osayandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Imakwera kwambiri m'madzi ndikungodumphira m'madzi, imagwera pansi, koma mwachangu, imakonda kusambira kuti isachite ngozi, nthawi zambiri ikamaterera.
Mukamadyetsa, imakhalanso pansi kwambiri ndipo sikuwoneka pansi nthawi yayitali. Liwu ndi nkhwangwa, yopanda mawu ya "kraa-kraa-kra". Amadya ma bollusks, mphutsi zam'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri zimadya masamba ndi mphukira zamera.
Mtengo wa usodzi ndi wochepa. Zimasiyana ndi "galasi" loyera ndikuwoneka m'mbali mwa mutu, mawondo ofiira, kuchokera kumayimbidwe amiyala pomwe sikunali ndi mawanga oyera pamphumi ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndi chachikazi mu "kalilole" woyera.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Malo okhala ku Turpan ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje yamadzi abwino. Dera lotchedwa Arctic tundra, mapiri a alpine okhala ndi miyala, zilumba zazing'ono zamiyala zokhala ndi udzu, zitsamba ndi mitengo yotsika. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimasonkhana m'madzi osaya m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pakusamukira, nthawi zambiri amayimilira kunyanja ndi nyanja. Kusunthira awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, amaphatikizidwa m'magulu.
Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi ma bollus, crustaceans, nyongolotsi, echinoderms, nsomba zazing'ono, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Zakudya zamafuta zimadyedwanso. Awa ndi masamba, mphukira, mbewu. Kukutira chakudya pamadzi, akamba amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka 30:30 mita. Amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi ziwiri. Panyengo ya chisa, zisa nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa pafupi ndi nkhokwe ndi tern colonies.
Chiwerengero
Mtunduwu umagawidwa ngati wosauka. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha 35% kwawonedwa pamibadwo itatu yapitayi. M'mbuyomu, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kumawonedwa, koma kenako kutsika kumachepera. Zomwe zimayambitsa kutsika kwa ziwerengero sizinaphunzirebe. Chifukwa cha maphunziro omwe adachitika mu 2007-2009, chiwerengero chonse cha mbalamezi chidawerengedwa. Amakhala anthu 450,000. Koma polingalira kutsika kwotsatira, tsopano akuyerekeza anthu 370,000.