Martens amakhala ndi thupi lochepera, kutalika kwake lomwe limafikira masentimita 50-80. Mchira wa fluffy ndi 34-44 cm.C kulemera - kuyambira 0,5 mpaka 5.7 kg. Amuna ndi akazi ambiri.

Ubweya wa nyama zotere umakhala wakuda, nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira komanso wopanda kuwala pachifuwa, koma utoto umasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu.

Malo okhala ndi zala zinayi zokhala ndi zala zazifupi ndi zala zisanu zomwe zimathera m'mbali zazitali. Akamayenda, amadalira zala.

Phokoso lanyumba limakhala ndi makutu ang'ono ndi maso akuda akuda.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Maziko a chakudya cha martens ndi chakudya chomwe chimachokera ku nyama: mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe, kuphatikizapo makoswe, komanso mazira a mbalame. Nyama zina zimasaka nyama zopanda nzeru, mwachitsanzo, ngwazi.

Martens samangogwira anthu okhala m'nkhalango zokha, komanso nkhuku. Nyama imatha kukwera mumtunda wa nkhuku, kuwononga nkhuku zonse zodyera ndi kudya pamazira awo.

Amatsenga amadula msana wawo kwa omwe amawazunza ndikumwa magazi awo akadali ndi moyo.

Ngati ndi kotheka, nyamazo zimatha kudya zinthu zam'mera: mtedza, zipatso ndi zina.

Zochitika

Ma Marten ndi nyama zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, amakonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi amtundu uliwonse. Zala zawo zimapangidwa bwino - sangathe kuzilamulira popanda mwana wazaka zitatu. Achinyamata ofunsa amathera pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse pamasewera, ndikupanga nyimbo zaphokoso.

Kutalika kwa nyama nyama zakutchire ndi zaka 10, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mpaka 20.

Kufotokozera kwa a Marten

Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu bwino. Malo okhala marten ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zosakanikirana, momwe muli mitengo yambiri yakale yopanda tanthauzo ndi tchire zosaloweka. Ndi m'malo ngati amenewa pomwe ofowoka amatha kupeza chakudya ndi kupeza pogona, pomwe amakonzekera mabowo kutalika.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mbidzi zimatha kukwera mitengo mwachangu komanso kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi ina kupita ina, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wapamwamba ngati parachute. Amasambira ndikuyenda bwino kwambiri (kupyola m'nkhalango yotentha kwambiri, chifukwa m'mphepete mwake mumalepheretsa nyama kuti isagwere kwambiri).

Chifukwa cha kuthamanga, mphamvu komanso kuperewera, nyamayi ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri. Nyama zing'onozing'ono, mbalame ndi ma amphibians nthawi zambiri zimakhala chakudya chake, ndipo pofunafuna agologolo, wopandayo amatha kudumphadumpha m'nthambi za mitengo. Marten nthawi zambiri amawononga zisa za mbalame. Osati mbalame zamtchire zokha zomwe zimavutika ndi kuwukira kwawo, komanso, pomanga zisa zawo, zazitali pam mitengo. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti pine marten imapindulitsa munthu pokhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe m'malo mwake.

Kodi ofera akuwoneka bwanji?

Izi ndi zilombo zapakatikati: kutalika kwa thupi la nyama, kutengera mitundu, kutalika kwa 30 mpaka 75 cm, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 12-45 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 0.5-6 kg. Mu mitundu yonse ya jini, amuna ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa akazi.

Marten ali ndi thupi lokwera pang'ono, phokoso lokhala ndi sphenoid ndi makutu ozungulira, okulirapo kuposa awo Mchira wolimba, womwe umagwira ngati chopondera, komanso ma thunzi akuluakulu okhala ndi ulusi wowoneka bwino komanso woluka, amapereka zabwino zambiri ku nyama zamtchire izi - zimadumphira mosavuta kuchoka kunthambi kupita ku nthambi. Mano, monga amafananira ndi nyama yolusa, ndi akuthwa kwambiri.

Mu chithunzichi, marten amawonetsa mano ake.

Ubweya wa marten ndi wofewa komanso wokutira, wonyezimira, wamdima mchira ndi miyendo. Pali malo owoneka bwino pakhosi, osakonda malo akuda.

Mawonekedwe

Marten amakhala ndi chovala chovala bwino komanso chokomera, chomwe nthawi yake ndi chisanu nthawi yachisanu kuposa chilimwe. Mtundu wake umatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulawuni (chocolate, chestnut, brown). Kumbuyo kwa nyamayo ndi utoto wonyezimira, ndipo mbali zake ndiyopepuka. Pamafuwa, malo owala achikasu owoneka bwino amawonekera, omwe amawonekera kwambiri nthawi yachilimwe kuposa nthawi yozizira.

Matako a marten ndi ofupikirapo, ndi zala zisanu zomwe pali zibwano zakuthwa. Chizindikiro chake chimakhala cholocha, chokhala ndi makutu amfupi atatu, chimakhala m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete ndi ubweya wachikasu. Thupi la marten ndi squat ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kuli pafupifupi theka la mita. Unyinji wa amuna ndi wamkulu kuposa zazikazi ndipo nthawi zambiri umaposa 2 kilos.

Amadya chiyani?

Nyama zam'madzi zimadya nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, nsomba, tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zina zipatso. Onsewa ndiwosaka osatopa, osasaka ndi kufunafuna nyama, ngakhale patabisala. Ndi achule okongola ndipo amatha kugwira mbalame ndi agologolo mu zisa zawo. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wopanda chakudya, nyama zimapeza chakudya chochuluka nthawi yambiri. Amapha nyama zochuluka momwe angathere, nthawi zina zochuluka kuposa zomwe angadye.

Moyo

Zolimbitsa thupi la nyama zimakhudza mwachindunji momwe zimakhalira ndi chikhalidwe chake. Wofera amayenda makamaka ndikudumpha. Thupi losinthika, lonyowa la chilolezo limalola kuti liziyenda ndi liwiro la mphezi m'nthambi, limangowoneka kwa mphindikati m'mizere ya pines ndi firs. Marten amakonda kukhala kwambiri pamakona a mitengo. Mothandizidwa ndi zibwano zake, amatha kukwera ngakhale pamtundu wotsekemera komanso wopendekera kwambiri.

Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama iyi nthawi zambiri imasankha moyo wamasiku onse. Amakhala nthawi yambiri pamitengo kapena kukasaka. Amayesetsa kupewa anthu m'njira iliyonse yomwe angathe.

Zisa za marten zimaboweka m'maenje kutalika kwa mamitala 10 kapena korona wamitengo. Amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi masamba omwe amawakonda ndipo sawasiya ngakhale atasowa chakudya. Ngakhale atakhala okhazikika motere, oimira awa a banja la marten amatha kusuntha pambuyo pa mapuloteni, omwe nthawi zina amasuntha mtunda wautali.

Mwa nkhalango zomwe martens amakhala, mitundu iwiri ingathe kugawidwa: madera omwe kulibe, ndi "malo osaka", komwe amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama izi zimasankha dera laling'ono, lolemera kwambiri momwe mungathere, ndipo yesetsani kuti musasiye. M'nyengo yozizira, kusowa kwa chakudya kumawasonkhezera kuti awonjezere dzikolo ndikuyika zodziwika panjira zawo.

Marten waku America

Marten waku America amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za North America. Imawoneka ngati nyama yosowa usiku. Makhalidwe ake sanaphunzire pang'ono.

Imakhala ndi ubweya wofewa, womwe pang'onopang'ono umasinthira kuchoka chikasu (pakhosi) kukhala bulauni lakuda ndi tint yofiirira (pachala ndi miyendo).

Paramu: kulemera - mpaka 1,3 kg, thupi - mpaka 45 cm, mchira - mpaka 23 cm.

Amadyetsa zakudya zamitundu mitundu: makoswe, mbalame ndi mazira, nsomba, achule, tizilombo, bowa, zipatso ndi zina zambiri. Imatha kuthamangitsa nyama ndi mitengo.

Gon amapezeka mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti, pakatha miyezi 9 mpaka ana atatu obadwa.

Ilka

Ilka (pecan, pine marten) amakhala kudera lotchedwa North America. Amakonzanso nkhalango zowononga. Imakhala m'mabowo a mitengo kapena m'maenje (nthawi yozizira).

Ali ndi ubweya wakuda, wautali, wovuta kukhudza. Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi wakuda bii, pamutu umakhala ndi shele wa silvery.

Paramu: kulemera - mpaka 5 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira - mpaka 120 cm.

Miyoyo padera, imagwira ntchito nthawi yonseyo.

Amadyetsa zimbira zamatabwa, agologolo, mavu, mbalame ndi zina zotero.

Nyengo yakuswana ndi February - Marichi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi chaka, ana asanu osatetezeka amabadwa omwe amalekanitsidwa ndi amayi awo pa miyezi isanu.

Mwala wophedwa

Stone marten (wokhala ndi bere loyera) amakhala kudera lalikulu kuyambira ku Iberia Peninsula kupita ku Mongolia. Amadziwika kuti ndi wofera kwambiri ku Europe. Imakhala m'malo otseguka ndi mitengo, zitsamba ndi miyala yamiyala, komanso m'mapiri. Monga malo okhala amasankha mathanthwe, miyala, ndi nyumba zosiyidwa. Mmodzi yekha wa abale ake saopa kukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Imatha kupezeka m'mapaki komanso m'malo okhala nyumba zogona.

Chovala chake ndi chovala bwino, chopaka utoto wonyezimira, malo oyera pakhosi. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya martens, miyendo ya mapazi ake siyikutidwa ndi ubweya.

Magawo: kulemera - mpaka 2,3 kg, thupi - mpaka 55 cm, mchira - mpaka 30 cm.

Ndimakhala ndekha usiku. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake. Kukwera mitengo bwino, koma nthawi zambiri kumayenda pansi.

Amadyetsa makoswe, mbalame, mazira, amphibians, tizilombo, zipatso ndi zipatso. Nthawi zina imawombetsa nkhuku ndi nkhunda. Nthawi zambiri amapha mbalame zambiri kuposa zomwe amadya.

Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu June ndi Ogasiti. Ana atatu mpaka anayi amabadwa mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Mimba imakhala ndi gawo lalitali kwambiri - pafupifupi miyezi 7.

Miyala yamiyala imachotsedwa chifukwa cha ubweya wabwino, komanso chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwawo. Kuphatikiza pa kuwononga minda, amawononga zingwe ndi ming'oma yamagalimoto. M'malo ambiri amaloledwa kusaka.

Pine marten

Pine marten (chikasu) amakhala kumapiri a ku Europe komanso kumadzulo kwa Asia. Imakhala m'mabowo a mitengo komanso zisa zazikulu.

Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wofiirira wamtambo, malo achikaso pakhosi.

Paramu: kulemera - mpaka 1.8 kg, thupi - mpaka 58 cm, mchira - mpaka 28 cm.

Zochita zimayamba kuwoneka ndikuyamba kwamdima. Amalumphira ndikukwera nthambi bwino kwambiri. Munthu aliyense amakhudzidwa ndi gawo lake, lomwe limateteza kwa achibale omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.

Amakonda kudya nyama zing'onozing'ono, koma amathanso kudya zipatso ndi mtedza. Kugwa mochedwa kumapangitsa nkhokwe yozizira.

Kuberekanso kumachitika chimodzimodzi ndi miyala ya martens.

Nilgir Harza

Nilgir Harza, wolemekezedwa kwambiri membala wa banja la a Kunih, amakhala m'malo obiriwira mvula ku South India.

Ubweya wake wakuda ukupakidwa utoto wonyezimira wakuda, pachifuwa ndi pakhosi pamakhala chowala chowoneka bwino cha chikasu cha lalanje.

Paramu: kulemera - mpaka 2,5 makilogalamu, thupi - mpaka 70 cm, mchira - mpaka 45 cm.

Pali zambiri zochepa pazokhudza mayendedwe ake. Amadziwika kuti imakhala pamitengo, koma imasaka pansi, komanso, masana. Amadyetsa mbewa, agologolo aku India, kuwunika abuluzi, abuluzi ndi tizilombo.

Zoyenera

Khola limakhala lofala ku taiga ya Russia komanso pachilumba cha Hokkaido. Monga lamulo, limakhala m'nkhalangozi pafupi ndi dziko lapansi.

Mtundu wa chovala chake umasiyana kuyambira wakuda mpaka wachikaso.

Magawo: kulemera - mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu, thupi - mpaka masentimita 56, mchira - mpaka 20 cm.

Imayesedwa ngati nyama yokhotakhota komanso yamphamvu. Amakhala ndi chidwi kumva komanso fungo. Amakwera bwino, amasunthira pansi ndikulumpha. Imasaka m'mawa kwambiri, madzulo ndi usiku.

Amadyanso ma voles, agologolo ndi ma hares, ndipo amatha kuthana ndi grouse ndi capercaillie. Amakondanso mtedza wa paini ndi zipatso.

Mating - mu June-Julayi, ana atatu mpaka anayi amabadwa patatha masiku 290.

Chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola kwambiri komanso wamtengo wapatali, wotchedwa "golide wofewa", kusaka kolimba kumachitika mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, imakula m'mikhalidwe yokumba.

Harza

Woimira uyu wa banja la Kunih ndiwachilendo kwambiri ndipo ambiri amawatcha nyama iyi ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha. Kharza ndi nyama yayikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi (ndi mchira) nthawi zina kumapitirira mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwa zofananira zaumwini kumatha kukhala kilogalamu 6. Chovalacho chili ndi sheen wokongola. Imagwira makamaka pa agologolo, ma sabhu, ma chipmunks, agalu a fodya, mavu, mbalame ndi makoswe. Zimatha kusiyanitsa kadyedwe chifukwa cha tizilombo kapena achule. Pakhala nthawi zina zobwera kwa charza pa ana a mphalapakati, agwape, ndi nkhumba zazikazi. Amadyanso mtedza, zipatso ndi uchi wamtchire.

Chowoneka ngati chi Japan

Khola lachi Japan limadziwika kwambiri m'nkhalango za Japan ndi Korea. Imakhala m'makola ndi mitengo.

Mtundu wa ubweya wake ndi wofiirira (kuyambira wachikasu mpaka pamdima). Pali malo owala kumbuyo kwa mutu.

Paramu: kulemera - mpaka 1.6 makilogalamu, thupi - mpaka 54 cm, mchira - mpaka 23 cm.

Amakhala ndi moyo wosalira yekhayekha. Nyama iliyonse ili ndi chiwembu chake.

Amadyetsa makoswe, achule, mbalame, crustaceans, komanso zipatso ndi mbewu.

Gon - kasupe, kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka ana asanu amabadwa.

Imatha chifukwa cha ubweya. Malonda ena amatetezedwa.

Kodi wofera amakhala ndi ndalama zingati?

M'mikhalidwe yabwino, moyo wa marten umatha kufikira zaka 15, koma kuthengo samakhala kocheperako. Nyama iyi ili ndi mpikisano wambiri pamtundu wa kapangidwe ka chakudya - anthu onse apakati komanso abwinobwino okhala m'nkhalangoyi. Komabe, palibe adani omwe akuwopseza kwambiri anthu omwe anaphedwa chifukwa cha chilengedwechi.

M'malo ena, kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumadalira kusefukira kwamadzi masika (pomwe gawo lalikulu la makoswe, omwe ali amodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakudya kwa martens) amafa ndikudula mitengo mwachisawawa (kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango zakale kumapeto kwake kungachititse kuti nyamazo zithe.

Habitat, malo okhala

Moyo wa marten umalumikizana kwambiri ndi nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri imatha kupezeka mu spruce, pine kapena nkhalango zina za coniferous. Madera akumpoto komwe amakhala, izi ndi zokometsera kapena fir, ndipo kum'mwera, spruce kapena nkhalango zosakanizika.

Poti azikhalamo nthawi zonse, amasankha nkhalango zambiri zokhala ndi kamphepo kakang'ono, mitengo yayitali yayitali, m'mphepete mwake, komanso malo omasuka ndi ana ang'onoang'ono.

Nyakwawa imatha kukondana ndi zigwa komanso nkhalango zamapiri momwe imakhala m'malo a mitsinje yayikulu ndi mitsinje. Mitundu ina ya nyamayi imakonda malo amwala ndi oyika miyala. Ambiri mwa oimira mamembawa amayesa kupewa malo okhala. Chosiyana ndi miyala yamwala, yomwe imatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi mamembala ena am'banja, mwachitsanzo, ma sables (omwe amangokhala ku Siberia), marten amagawidwa pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha Europe, mpaka kumapiri a Ural ndi Mtsinje wa Ob.

Zakudya za Marten

Nyama ndi nyama zodabwitsa, koma zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimasaka ndi nyama zazing'ono (agologolo, mbewa zam'munda). Amasaka makoswe mwachangu, omwe amphaka ambiri amayesa kupewa chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame, komanso kudya nyama zodyedwa ndi nyama zamphongo. Nthawi zina amaloledwa kudya zovalazo. M'nyengo yotentha, martens amadzisangalatsa ndi zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, makamaka phulusa lamapiri.

Kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yonse yakugwa, martens amapanga masheya omwe amawathandiza kupulumuka nyengo yachisanu. Zakudya za marten zimadalira kutalika kwa nyengo yozizira, malo okhala, omwe amafanana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama, mbalame ndi mbewu. Ngakhale nyamayo imayenda bwino pamtengo wa mitengo, imadyanso pansi. Kumpoto wakumpoto komanso pakati pa Russia, chakudya chachikulu ndi mapuloteni, grouse wakuda, hazel grouse, partridge, mazira awo ndi anapiye.

Mwalawu sutha kulumidwa ndi njuchi ndi maudzu, motero ma martens nthawi zina amathira njuchi kapena kudya uchi kuchokera ku njuchi zakuthengo. Nthawi zina amakwera mumalovu a nkhuku kapena nyumba zina. Imaponya mbalame yamantha, kuwadzutsa zilombo zenizeni mwa iwo, kuwapangitsa kupha nyama yomwe ingagwire, ngakhale yomwe sangathe kudya.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Chiwerengero cha martens sichimasintha chaka ndi chaka, chifukwa cha nyama yachilengedwe. Kuperewera kwa chakudya chimodzi, chilombochi chitha kusintha china. Kuchulukitsa kapena kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachitika chifukwa chakuwonjezera kapena kusowa kwa chakudya kwa zaka zingapo motsatana, komabe, kusintha kotereku ndikosowa. Olimba kuposa chiwerengero cha martens m'dera linalake zimakhudza kusodza kwa nyama yonyamula ubweya.

Amuna amakula pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za moyo. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Yaikazi imanyamula zazing'ono kwa miyezi 7-9. Kutalika kotereku kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nthawi yochepetsetsa kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, yemwe amayambiranso kokha mchaka.

Posachedwa, ana amuna awiri mpaka asanu ndi atatu amawonekera mwa mkazi. Amabadwa amaliseche ndi khungu (masomphenya amangowonekera mwezi umodzi) osalemera kuposa magalamu 30.Pakapita kanthawi, mano awo amaphulika ndipo mayiyo amayamba kuwapatsa chakudya chanyama. Achinyamata a martens amayamba kudumpha ndikukwera mitengo mu miyezi 3-4, ndi theka la chaka kuti azisaka pawokha. Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi iwiri, zazikazi zimayamba kutsalira kuyambira zazimuna ndipo zimasinthasintha moyo wawo wonse.

Pofika nthawi yozizira, amafikira kukula kwa nyama zazikulu, ndipo ana amasweka. Poyamba, nyama zazing'ono zimasaka pamalo amama, kenako zimayamba kudziwa malo osagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amakhala oyipa kwambiri komanso okhala ndi malo ochepa osungirako kuposa otukuka. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa usodzi, ndi omwe amapanga zochuluka za kusaka kosaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Amakhala kumadera ambiri a Eurasia. Kukhazikika kwake kumayambira pa Pyrenees mpaka ku Himalayas. Kuchuluka m'gawo lonselo ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo opandirayo amaloledwa kusaka. M'mayiko ena a North America, martens adakhazikitsidwa mwapadera komanso amaweta kuti azisaka ubweya.

Ndizosangalatsa! Marten ndi woimira banja lalikulu la marten. Ndiwe nyama yanyama yodalira ubweya, ndipo ilinso ndi mgoza wokongola wakuda kapena ubweya wonyezimira.

Marten

Marten - nyama yolusa yotalika pakatikati, wokhala ndi thupi lokongola komanso mchira waukulu. Oimira banja la a Kunih ndi asaka abwino kwambiri omwe ali ndi luso lotha kusuntha pamiyendo, komanso milangwe yakuthwa ndi zibwano zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa matalala kwa anthu.

Akuluakulu amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe amalola kuti azikhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20, ndipo ana amphongo nthawi zonse amasewera, ndikupanga kolimba.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Funso la chiyambi cha martens ndilovuta komanso sodabwitsa. Kuti ndichite izi, ndinayenera kufufuza milandu yonse, kuti ndidziwe zamitundu yonse yomwe ilipo:

1. Zoyenera.
2. Forest marten.
3. Mwala wophedwa.
4. Ussuri marten (harza).
5. Impso (chisakanizo chophatikizika ndi pine marten).

Mitundu iyi ndi ya genus marten ndipo ndi abale apamtima a genus mink, weasel, rodent, wolverines, ferrets, kuvala, badger, ngakhale nyanja ndi mitsinje mitsinje. Nyama zoterezi zimasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo kumakontinenti onse momwe anthu amakhala momasuka. Mutha kukumana nawo ku Taiga, Europe, Africa, South ndi North America, komanso kulikonse.

Anachokera kwa makolo wamba omwe mwina amakhala zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi ya banja la marten ndipo ilumikizana ndi banja la agalu, achichepere, zimbalangondo ndi amphaka. Ndikosavuta kulingalira, koma analidi ofanana, chifukwa amayimira gulu la adani.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi kholo lakale la myacid, yemwe amakhala padziko lapansi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zapitazo! Amamuganizira kuti ndi kholo la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zonse zomwe zimadziwika. Anali wocheperako, wosinthika, wokhala ndi mchira wautali komanso ubongo waukulu, zomwe zimawonetsa luntha labwino kwambiri nthawi imeneyo. Pambuyo pa zaka 15 miliyoni, oimira ena adayamba kukhala ndi martens, kuyambira pamenepo nkhani yawo idayamba.

Kodi ofera amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Marten

Pini marten amapezeka ku Europe, kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Caucasus. Gawoli limakhala pamitengo yayitali ya Urals ndi Western Siberia. Nthawi zina imatha kupezeka m'mapaki a mumzinda wa Moscow: Tsaritsyno ndi Vorobyovy Gory. Pang'onopang'ono, osasinthika mwamphamvu adawakankha kuti atuluke mu Mtsinje wa Ob, m'mbuyomu adapezeka kuti alipo.

Sable kudera lalikulu: Siberia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea, kumpoto Japan, Mongolia, pang'ono Far East. Mosiyana ndi pine marten, amakonda kuthamanga pansi m'malo mokwera mitengo, amakonda kukhala m'malo otentha m'malo mokhalamo mitengo yowola. Nyama zangokhala izi sizimasinthiratu malo awo, pokhapokha zikavuta: moto, kusowa kwa chakudya kapena kudya kwa adani.

Kidas, monga wolandira cholowa pine komanso wolumala, amakhala pamphepete mwa anthu ovutawa. Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Pechora, mu Trans-Urals, Urals komanso kumpoto kwa Urals. Monga momwe zimakhalira, amakonda dziko lapansi.

Pine marten, mosiyana ndi abale ake, amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kumwera. Malo omwe amakhala amakhala pafupifupi Europe yonse ndi ku Asia kuchokera ku Pyrenees kupita ku Mongolia steppe ndi madera a Himalayan. Amakonda malo opondera ndi zitsamba zambiri. Anthu ena akumva bwino pamtunda wa ma 4000 metres, pomwe adadziyitanira mayina.

Harza amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kum'mwera kwambiri kuposa pine marten. Pali zambiri pachilumba cha Hindustan, mapiri aku China komanso zilumba. Imapezeka ku Malaysia, komanso Amur Region, Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories. Anthu ena okhala kudera la Amur nthawi zina amakumana ndi charza, koma kangapo.

Kodi ophedwa amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Marten

Ma martens amtchire ndi omnivores. Amasaka, makamaka usiku, agologolo, mavu, ma voles, mbalame ndi mazira. Nthawi zina amadya nkhono, achule, tizilombo ndi zovunda. M'mapaki amumizinda amalimbana nawo makoswe ndi muskrats. Mukugwa, sangalalani ndi zipatso, mtedza ndi zipatso. Gwira nsomba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zina hedgehogs amaukira. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, imapezera chakudya nyengo yachisanu.

Chosunthika, monga Kidas yake yosakanizidwa, imasunganso nkhalangoyi. Koma, mosiyana ndi pine marten, imayang'ana kwambiri kusaka pansi, ndichifukwa chake ma chipmunks ndi timadontho tambiri timadyera. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kupha hare. Mwa mbalame, kusaka kumapezeka pa mpheta, magawo ndi magombe - mwayi wopulumuka akakumana ndi zero.

Kusaka kwa agologolo kumasintha kukhala kukondweretsa kwenikweniko - nkhokwe imathamangitsidwa ndi wogwidwa mumitengo, nthawi zina kudumpha kuchokera mita 7 kutalika.

Miyala yamiyala imakhalanso osaka obadwa, okhala ndi maso abwino kwambiri, akumva ndi kununkhira. Chifukwa cha zomwe amatha kutsatira chilombo chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi chabwino. Amasiyana ndi oyimira m'mbuyomu a banja la a Kunih molimba mtima komanso mwankhanza: amalowa nkhunda ndi nkhuku, komwe amawononga nyama zonse.

Harza ndiye mlenje wamphamvu kwambiri wabanja. Amathamanga kwambiri ndikudumphira pamtunda wa 4 mita. Imasilira makoswe, mbalame ndipo sichimanyoza ngakhale ziwala. Nthawi zambiri motsatira. Mtedza ndi zipatso zimadyedwa pang'ono kuti mukhale ndi mavitamini okwanira m'thupi. Ndimakonda kudya phwando pa musk deer.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Nyama ya Marten

Monga tanenera kale, ma pine martens amakhala moyo wawo wonse pamitengo. Amayenda bwino limodzi nawo, akulumpha mtunda wa 4 mita. Akazi ndi amuna ali ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe limatha kudutsana, komwe amamanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pobisalira agologolo kapena mbalame. Kuti azindikire malo awoawo, amagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi chomwe chimalisidwa ndi ma tewa am'mimba. Amagona masana, kusaka usiku.

Mbali yayikulu ya sable: kumva kumva ndi chidwi. Kutha kuyenda mtunda wautali, zomwe zikuwonetsa kupirira kwambiri. Khadi loyitanitsa la Sable ndi njira yosangalatsa yolumikizirana. Nthawi zambiri, amakula modekha, ngati mukufuna kuchenjeza za zoopsazo - zimasweka, ndipo nthawi yamasewera a chibwenzi imakula mwachikondi.

Moyo wa Kidas umatengera zamtundu womwe makolo ake adapitilira: kuwonongera kapena kuwongolera, komanso zomwe adachita pantchito yakulera. Ichi ndi nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri, yosowa komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino, yomwe paubwana imatha kupezeka ndi oimira osiyana a banja la marten: yogwira ndi ya paini.

Miyala yamiyala imasaka usiku, koma masana imagona m'miyala yamiyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala, osati pamitengo, ngati mitengo yamitengo. Mtunduwu umakhala pafupi ndi anthu, chifukwa mbola kapena zoikira kumbuyo zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pobisalira ndi kulanda nkhuku ndi nkhunda zomwe akhazikitsa alimi. Kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima, amakhala ndi moyo wosilira, osafuna kuyanjana ndi mtundu wawo.

Kharza akuwoneka kuti akusaka paketi ndipo ndi nyama yabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi wolimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kuthana ndi ana a chirombo chachikulu, mwachitsanzo, ngwazi kapena nguluwe zamtchire. Pothamangitsa wovutikayo, amadula njirayo mwamphamvu, kudutsa masamba otchinga ndi nthambi. Pansi pa chipale chofewa sikugwa, chifukwa imakhala ndi miyendo yopingasa.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Mpikisano wa martens umayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa June mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 9, ndipo ana amabadwa m'chaka kuchokera kwa atatu mpaka asanu. Poyamba, njirayo imakhala yolowa ndi ana nthawi zonse, mwezi umodzi ndi theka ikayamba kudya ndi nyama, mano a mkaka atadulidwa, patatha mwezi umodzi amakwera mitengo.

Mu ma sables, nthawi yakukhwima imafanana, koma nthawi zambiri ana 2-3 amabadwa. Amuna amakhala ndi udindo waukulu m'banjamo ndipo samasiya akazi pambuyo pobadwa kwa ana awo, kuteteza gawo ndikupeza chakudya. Ma mkate ang'onoang'ono amadya mkaka kwa miyezi iwiri, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri amayamba mabanja awo.

Impso pamalingaliro opanga mabanja zikuwoneka zopanda ntchito. Zidachitika kuti chifukwa cha msewu wosakanizidwa, amuna amalephera kubereka. M'magulu, monga ma calzas, nawonso samasokera, chifukwa chake amatchedwa osowa.

Miyala yamiyala m'magulu ochezera ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi nkhalango. Ubale pakati pa akazi ndi amuna umamangidwanso chimodzimodzi, amayi akapita ndi pakati amakulira. Pafupifupi, amakhala kuthengo zaka 3, zopambana kapena zopambana - mpaka 10. Akakhala kundende, nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 18.

Akavalo, ngakhale amachita zinthu zambiri, amapatuka mofulumira atatha kukhwima. Ndi mayi, mbewu imakhala mpaka yotsatira, kenako nkuisiya. Koma nthawi zambiri abale ndi alongo amamamatirana, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kukhalabe munkhanza. Anthu akakhala odziimira pawokha, amasiyana.

Adani achilengedwe a ofera

Chithunzi: Marten kudumpha

Zilibe kanthu kuti marten amasinthasinthika motani, kuthengo mdani aliyense amakhala ndi mdani wake. Adani owopsa ndi chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide - sangathe kupulumutsidwa motsutsana ndi chilengedwe, kutanthauza, pamitengo. Usiku, pakasaka, pamakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu chogwidwa ndi kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga. Ndipo pansi, nkhandwe, mimbulu ndi anyani zikudikirira. Nthawi zambiri amaukira martens osati chifukwa cha chakudya, koma pochotsa wopikisana nawo.

Wosuntha amatha kugwira chimbalangondo, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Koma zimachita bwino kwambiri. Ngozi yeniyeni imachokera kwa woimira ofera - harza. Komanso, ngati zingatheke, imatha kulimbana ndi chiwombankhanga kapena chiwombankhanga choyera. Omwe akupikisana nawo ndi ma ermines, capercaillie, hazel grouse, grouse wakuda, partridge ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya zipatso zomwe zimadya pa sable.

Miyala yamiyala sikhala ndi adani oopsa. Nthawi zina mimbulu, nkhandwe, nyalugwe kapena mimbulu imawadyera, koma kuthamangitsa nyama yokhala ndi liwiro kwambiri kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Mavuto ambiri amatha kubwera ndi mbalame: chiwombankhanga chagolide, chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga ndi kadzidzi nthawi zambiri.

Kharza ndi makina eni-eni opha anthu omwe angalimbane ndi zilombo, pomwe oimira ena apakati amathawa kuthawa. Ndipo omwe amatha kuugwira samachita izi chifukwa cha fungo la nyama, lomwe ndi loipa kwambiri. Koma zimbalangondo zoyera ndi akambuku nthawi zina zimapha nyama izi.

Martens

Khola ndi nyama yodya nyama, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yofulumira komanso yanzeru, yosuntha popanda zovuta pazovuta zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nyongolotsi zimakwera mitengo yayitali ndikusuntha mosamala panthambi zake. Imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola komanso wofunda, womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wachokoleti.

Zochita ndi moyo

Maonekedwe a thupi, komanso miyendo yotsika, zikuwonetsa kuti nyama yolusa imayenda mothandizidwa ndi kudumpha kwamunthu, zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, thupi losinthika komanso lonyowa likuwonetsa kuti nyamayo imamva bwino mu chisoti cha mitengo yosiyanasiyana, mwachangu komanso nthawi yomweyo kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Mbirayo imakhala momasuka pamalo otsetsereka, chifukwa zopanga zakuthwa zimapangitsa kuti ikhale pamalo owoneka bwino kwambiri.

Mfundo yofunika! Amakonda kutsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, akusunthira m'makona a mitengo pofunafuna chakudya. Amawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zonse amayesetsa kupewa msonkhano uno.

Chisa cha marten chimatha kukhala pamtunda wosachepera 10 metres, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chibowo cha mtengo wakale kapena korona wa mtengo. Ichi ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imangolumikizidwa kudera lawo ndipo imangoisiya ngati njira yomaliza. Izi ndizowona makamaka panthawi ya gologolo kusamuka, pomwe martens amawatsata, achokere kumaderamo.

Pali mathirakiti ena otchedwa nkhalango omwe marten samapezeka kalelo ndipo otchedwa "malo osaka" pomwe nyama zomwe zimadya zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi nthawi yake yonse. M'chilimwe, "malo osaka" amatha kuchepera ngati chakudya chokwanira. M'nyengo yozizira, m'malo mwake, gawo limakulitsa kwambiri chifukwa chosowa chakudya.

Malo okhala zachilengedwe

Marten ndi nkhalango ndi malingaliro omwe sangathe kulekanitsidwa, chifukwa nyamayi imakonda kukhala m'minda yamtchire. Itha kukhala yopanda spine, pine kapena nkhalango zosakanizika, mosasamala kanthu za malo okhala - kumpoto kapena kumwera.

Pazomwe amachita, banjali limasankha ziwembu zomwe zili ndi mitengo yambiri yakugwa, komanso mitengo yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kwa glades ndi yaying'ono pamtunda wakuda ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Marten imapezekanso m'malo oterera, komanso kumapiri, pamaso pa masamba. Itha kupezekanso zigwa za mitsinje yayikulu ndi yaying'ono. Mitundu ina imakonda kukhala pakati pa miyala komanso poyala mwala. Monga lamulo, mamembala ambiri m'banjali amapewa kupezeka kwa anthu. Kupatula pa lamuloli ndi miyala yamwala, yomwe imapezeka pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu.

Mphindi yosangalatsa! Kwa ophedwa, ndizodziwika kuti imafalikira kumayiko ambiri a Euro-Asia, mosiyana ndi ena oimira banja la "marten".

Tyra

Tyra ali pafupi ndi martens, koma ndi wa mtundu wina (Eira). Imakhala yosiyanasiyana masikono akulu, thupi lopanda malire, miyendo yayitali. Amakhala m'nkhalango zaku America kuyambira ku Mexico kupita ku Argentina komanso pachilumba cha Trinidad.

Tyra amadya mbalame, nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi zipatso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawononga kwambiri minda yama nthochi.

Zoyenera ku America

Kumakhala zigawo zakumpoto kwa North America.

Mtunduwu ndi wofanana kukula ku Japan sable. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku golide kupita ku bulauni. Kirimu wa lalanje wammero.

Zojambula ndi malo a pine marten

Dera lonse la nkhalango ku Eurasia mulinso anthu ambiri amtunduwu. Martens amakhala kunkhalango pagawo lalikulu. Zimapezeka m'malo ochokera ku Great Britain ndipo zimathera ku Western Siberia, Caucasus ndi zilumba za Mediterranean, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran ndi Asia Minor.

Nyama imakonda nkhalango zosakanizika komanso zowola, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakonda kukhala chambiri. Nthawi zambiri, marten nthawi zina amakhala pamwamba m'mapiri, koma m'malo omwe mumakhala mitengo.

Nyama imakonda malo ndi mitengo yopanda mabowo. Potseguka amatha kupita kukasaka kokha. Malo amiyala yamapeto ndi malo osayenera; iye akuwapewa.

Palibe malo okhazikika mwa mwana wachikasu. Amakhala m'malo obisalamo pamitengo yayitali mita 6, m'mabowo agologolo, malo osiyidwa, zoponderezedwa ndi mphepo. M'malo oterowo, nyamayo imaleka kupumula kwa tsiku.

Madzulo pakubwera, nyama zolusa zimayamba kusaka, ndipo zitatha kuthawira kwina. Koma kumayambiriro kwa chisanu champhamvu, moyo wake ungasinthe, wopandukayo kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala pabalaza, kudya chakudya chosungidwa kale. Pine marten akuyesera kuti azikhala kutali ndi anthu.

Zithunzi za Marten anakakamizika kumuyang'ana iye ndi kutengeka mtima ndi chilakolako china chosagwedezeka chogwira nyama m'manja ndi kumenyedwa. Akasaka nyama zamtunduwu komanso zochepa pang'onopang'ono m'tchire momwe zimapezekera, zimavuta kwambiri kuti zizikhala ndi kubereketsa. Marten waku Russia ndimaganizirabe mtundu wina wofunika kwambiri wamalonda chifukwa cha ubweya wake.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Pini marten amakonda kukhala ndi kusaka mitengo kuposa ena onse amtundu wake. Amakwera mitengo yayikulu mosavuta. Mchira wake umamuthandiza kuthana ndi izi, amagwira ntchito ngati woponda, gudumu, ndipo nthawi zina parachute, chifukwa chake nyamayo imalumphira pansi popanda zotsatirapo zake.

Nsonga za mitengo ya marten sizowopsa konse, zimasuntha mosavuta kuchoka ku nthambi imodzi kupita ku ina ndipo zimatha kudumpha mamita anayi. Pansi, iyenso amalumpha. Amasambira mwaluso, koma samachita kangapo.

Mu chithunzicho pine marten pamphako

Ichi ndi nyama yachinyengo komanso yothamanga kwambiri. Itha kuphimba mtunda wautali. Mphamvu zake za kununkhira, masomphenya ndi kumva zili pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupsa. Mwachilengedwe, ndi nyama yoseketsa komanso yosangalatsa. Pakati pawo, ma martens amalumikizana ndi oyeretsa ndi ma cookls, ndipo mawu ofanana ndi twitter amachokera kwa makanda.

Kubala ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa paini marten

M'chilimwe, nyama izi zimayamba kuthamanga. Amuna okwatirana amodzi ndi akazi amodzi kapena awiri. M'nyengo yozizira, martens nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi liwiro labodza. Pakadali pano, amachita zinthu mosasangalatsa, amakhala ngati wankhondo komanso amakula, koma matani sizimachitika.

Mimba yaikazi imatenga masiku 236-274. Asanabadwe, amasamalira pogona ndikukhazikika pamenepo mpaka ana atawonekera. 3-8 ana obadwa. Ngakhale amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya waung'ono, ana ndi akhungu komanso agonthi.

Chithunzi cha pine marten

Kumva kumatinso pokhapokha pa tsiku la 23, ndipo maso amayamba kuwona tsiku la 28. Zachikazi zimatha kusiya ana kwa nthawi yayitali yosaka. Pakachitika ngozi, amawatengera kumalo otetezeka.

Pazaka zinayi zokha, nyama zimatha kukhala zokha, koma kwakanthawi zimakhala ndi amayi awo. Wopandukayo amakhala zaka 10, ndipo pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, zaka zake zimakhala zaka 15.

Habitat

Dera logawikirali ndilotakata kwambiri. Marten amakhala pafupifupi m'nkhalango zonse ndi m'mapiri mumakhala masamba obiriwira, momwe mumakhala nyengo kapena nyengo yozizira. Malo omwe mumakonda ndi osiyanasiya, osakanikirana kapena osakanikirana ndi mitengo yosatha ndi masamba osiyidwa. Nyama zimakhazikika malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira:

• mitengo ya pine marten imakonda mitengo ya paini, yophatikizika komanso yosakanikirana ku Europe komanso kumpoto kwa Asia, yasankha anthu ochulukirapo kuchokera ku Western Siberia kupita kuzilumba za Baltic, imakhalanso ku Caucasus komanso kumwera kwa Mediterranean.
• miyala marten imapezeka pamiyala pafupi ndi Europe yonse, kuyambira Himalaya mpaka ku Iberian Peninsula, idapangidwanso mochita kukhazikika ku boma la Wiscontin (USA),
• Kharza amakhala kumadera a Ussuri ndi Amur ku Russia, kum'mawa kwa China, mapiri a Himalayan komanso kum'mawa kwa Asia.
• American pine marten amakhala ku North America, ilinso ndi nkhalango kuyambira New Mexico kupita kumpoto kwa Alaska,
• Nilgir marten amakhala kumapiri a Nilgiriya, m'mapiri a Western Ghats - mitundu iyi yokha ndi yomwe ingapezeke kumwera kwa India.
• ilka amakhala kummawa, kumadzulo, ndi pakati North America, kuphatikiza kumapiri a California mpaka kumalire a West Virginia.

Khola lachi Japan ndi mtundu wosowa wamtundu wa marten, ndipo umakhala ochepa pachilumba cha Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), komanso ku North ndi South Korea.

Utali wamoyo

Ali mu ukapolo, martin amakhala mizu osakakamira komanso munjira zosiyanasiyana - atha kukhala achiwerewere, kapena ankhanza. Ndi zotsatira zabwino, amatha kupulumuka mpaka zaka 15 kapena kupitirira. Munthawi yachilengedwe, nyama yolusa imatha kukhala zaka 11-13, koma zenizeni sizikhala choncho. Nyamayi imakhala pachiwopsezo cha majeremusi komanso matenda omwe amachititsa kufa.

Komanso kuthengo, mitundu ina ya anthu okhala m'nkhalango imawona m'matimu ndi mpikisano, komanso chakudya chamasana. Adani ake omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi nkhandwe, lynx ndi nkhandwe, komanso mbalame zachinyengo - chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi khungubwe.

Koma choyambitsa chachikulu cha kuchotsedwa kwa nyama ndi munthu. Marten ubweya zimakhala zodula nthawi zonse. Ngakhale mitundu yotchuka, monga miyala ya marten kapena yellowfish, sizinakhalepo zotsika mtengo.

Marten Hunt

Khola ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali yamalonda. Nthawi yosaka imayamba mu Novembala ndipo imatha mpaka Marichi, pomwe ubweya wa nyama ndi wandiweyani. Mu nthawi yamalimwe, khungu limaphwa ndikusenda, kenako nyama zowononga zimangokhala ngati tizilombo (nthawi zambiri mwala wamiyala, womwe umakwiyitsa alimi). Nthawi zambiri martens amagwidwa ndi misampha komanso ndege.

Nilgir Harza ndi Japan Sable ndiotetezedwa ndi malamulo. Marten Hunt aliyense mwa oimira ake apadera a mtundu wa Kunih ndi oletsedwa. Ziwonongeke zina zimaloledwa kusaka ngati pali chiphaso cha nthawi imodzi, mtengo wake umatengera mtundu wa nyama. Akagwira martin wopanda chikalata ichi, kusaka kumawerengedwa ngati mlandu ndipo kumayimbidwa milandu.