Fulu wa njovu kapena Galapagos (Latin Chelonoidis nigra) ndiye woimira wamkulu wa banja la zipholopolo padziko lapansi (Latin Testudinidae). Akamba a njovu adawonekera Padziko lapansi mozungulira nthawi ya Triassic zaka 250-200 miliyoni zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yonseyi, maonekedwe a nyama zachilengedwe sanasinthe.
Tsopano magulu 15 a njovu amadziwika, omwe mabanjanu asanu adamwalira kale.
Kufotokozera
Fulu la Galapagos limakhudza aliyense ndi kukula kwake, chifukwa kuwona turtle yolemera 300 kg ndi mpaka 1 m kutalika kuli kofunika kwambiri, imodzi yokha mwa zipolopolo zake imakwana mita 1.5. Khosi lake ndi lalitali komanso loonda, ndipo mutu wake ndi wocheperako komanso wozungulira, maso ake ndi amdima komanso owoneka bwino.
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Mosiyana ndi mtundu wina wa akamba, omwe miyendo yake ndi yayifupi kwambiri kotero kuti amayenera kukwawa pamimba zawo, chifuwa cha njovu chimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali komanso miyendo, yokutidwa ndi khungu lakuda lomwe limakhala ngati mamba, mapazi amatha ndi zala zazifupi. Mchira umapezekanso - mwaimuna ndi wautali kuposa akazi. Kumva kukukakulirakulira, motero samayanjana ndi adani.
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Asayansi amawagawa m'magulu awiri osiyana:
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- ndi chipolopolo cholamulidwa
- wokhala ndi chipolopolo.
Mwachilengedwe, kusiyana konseku kuli ndendende mawonekedwe a chipolopolo chomwecho. Mwa zina, zimakwera pamwamba pa thupi ngati khoma, ndipo chachiwiri, zimalumikizana bwino ndi khosi, mawonekedwe otetezedwa achilengedwe amatengera malo okhala.
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Momwe mungazindikire ufulu wa njovu wa Galapagos mwa zizindikiro zakunja?
Ufulu waukuluwu umalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 300. Danga lake limakhala pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kutalika kwa nyamayi imakula mpaka mita imodzi! Ndikosavuta kuti musaone turtle wotere, ngakhale ndiyakhungu pang'ono.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya kamba wa njovu ndi khosi lalitali, ndipo imakhalanso ndi miyendo yayitali, chifukwa chake imakweza thupi kuchokera pansi. Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha woimira "ufiti" wamtunduwu ndi utoto wakuda.
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani kambayu adatchedwa "njovu"? Vutoli likuwoneka bwino: silimangokhala ndi kukula kwa "njovu" yowoneka bwino, miyendo ya kamba imalankhulanso zofanana ndi nyama izi: ndizochuluka kwambiri mwakuti zimawoneka ngati miyendo ya njovu. Kufanana kumawonetsedwa mwa khola lalikulu la khosi.
Kapangidwe ka kamba ka njovu kumakhala kukumbutsa chisa: kutsogolo kumakwezedwa pang'ono, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kuli malo otsetsereka ndi pang'ono.
Akamba amtchire odyetsa mwamtendere
Njovu imasenda moyo
Omwe akuyimira banja lachifwamba amakhala m'malo ovuta. Komwe amakhala, nthawi zonse kumakhala kutentha kwambiri, nyengo yotentha ndi masamba ochepa. Chifukwa chake, ayenera kukhala osazindikira chakudya. M'madera okhala, amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango zotentha zambiri, pamapiri omwe ali ndi tchire, kapena m'misewu. Ku Galapagos, akambuku a njovu amakhala m'malo otsika.
Mwa achichepere, chipolopolocho ndi chamtengo wopepuka.
Masana, nyama izi zimawonetsa kusamala kwambiri, koma ndikayamba kwa usiku zimawoneka ngati zolengedwa zakhungu ndi zogontha - zimasuntha, osalabadira zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira ndipo sakhala tcheru. Mwa njira, akamba am'tchire ndi zolengedwa zochepa! Kwa tsiku lonse sangathe kupitirira 6 km.
Kodi kamba wa ku Galapagos amadya chiyani?
Kamba wa njovu amadya masamba. Amadya zipatso zilizonse: ngakhale masamba a tchire kapena cacti yabwino, udzu kapena mphukira zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kudya nkhuni ndi zinthu zina za zipatso ndi zipatso. Amadya kamba komanso algae, ndi zomera zina zam'madzi. Koma zabwino zonse kwa iye zidali ... tomato!
Akamba a ku Galapagos ali otetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu omwe, komabe, adagwiritsa ntchito izi, zomwe zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa akambuku awa.
Kambuku samakonda kumwa madzi, chifukwa amakhala ndi chuma chosungira nthawi yayitali mthupi lake.
Kubala njovu
Chaka chilichonse, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Novembala, zazikazi zimayikira mazira. Izi zimachitika m'malo omwewo, omwe amakonzedweratu ndi makolo osamala. Clutch imodzi imakhala ndi mazira awiri mpaka 20. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mbadwo watsopano wa zimphona zamtundu umawonekera mu "chisa" cha mazira otayidwa.
Kamba waminyanga ya njovu waswa dzira.
Akamba a njovu amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zazitali. Milandu idalembedwa pomwe adakhala ndi zaka zana limodzi, kapena zaka 150!
Maonedwe osavulaza
Pokhudzana ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri chifukwa cha phindu, zomwe zinachitika zaka zana zapitazo, akambuku awa adagwera pansi pa chitetezo cha mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti ateteze chilengedwe. Pakadali pano, manambala awo amawongolera mosamala kuti asawonongedwe kwathunthu padziko lapansi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Anthu atadziwa izi
Kwanthawi yoyamba kuti adziwe za kutulutsa njovu mu 1535, pomwe chilumbacho chidapezeka ndi ogonjetsa aku Spain. Akambuku ambiri anapezeka pa iwo, pomwepo chilumbacho chinatchedwa Galapagos, pomwe chiwerengerocho chinali pafupifupi 250,000. Mu maphunziro a Spaniards, zolembedwa zidapezeka komwe zimawonetsedwa kuti kutalika kwa nyamazo kufikira mamitala awiri, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi theka la ton, pomwe izi sizinali zofupika.
Zipolopolo za ku Galapagos, kapena kamba ka njovu Spaniards omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, omwe amamugwiritsa ntchito cosmetology kukonza khungu, komanso mankhwala. Nyamayi idapulumutsidwa nthawi zonse, mwachitsanzo, mzaka zam'ma 17-18, achifwamba adawonedwa akuwonongeka, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19, onyamula zimbalangondo omwe apha akazi omwe adatsala pang'ono kuyikira mazira adawonongeka.
Kuwoneka pa zilumba za nkhumba, amphaka ndi agalu kunayambitsanso kuchuluka kwa anthu, nyama izi zinkakonda kudya akambuku pang'ono. Ming'oma idawonongeka mwadongosolo ndi makoswe, mbuzi ndi abulu obwera pachilumbachi.
Mu 80s, kuchuluka kwa chelonoidisnigra kutsika mpaka anthu 3,000. Pofuna kuteteza nyamayi, panamangidwa malo osungirako mazira am'madzi kuti azikolola. Munthuyo atakula, adamasulidwa kuthengo. Kuyesetsa kotereku kwachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa akambuku a njovu pofika chaka cha 2009 kufika pa anthu 20,000.
Popeza zilumba za Galapagos ndi za Ecuador, boma linaletsa kugwidwa kwa akamba, ndipo zaka 25 pambuyo pake, mu 1959, National Park idakhazikitsidwa. Chiyambire 1965, kusinthanitsa kwa akamba mothandizidwa ndi chofungatira kunayambika, mwa akamba asanu ndi atatu omwe agwidwa, koyamba mazira anapezeka.
Kuswana akamba
Akamba ndi nyama zoyenda pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi yakukhwima amayamba kugwira ntchito komanso kusewera. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akusaka zazikazi. Mukakumana ndi mlendo, kumenyana ndikosatheka kupewa. Atayang'anizana, omenyanawo akuyang'anizana, ndikutsegula pakamwa pawo ndikugwedeza mitu yawo. Kenako kuukira kumabwera, mokweza mawu komanso njenjemera zodziponya zokha, kuyesera kuluma miyendo kapena khosi. Mnyamata wamphongo wambiri, yemwe amatha kugwetsa mdaniyo, amupereka kumbuyo kwake, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphwanya magazi komanso kuthana ndi ziwalo zamkati. Mikhalidwe iyi, kamba imakhala yofooka, nthawi zina kukhala kwakanthawi kumbuyo kumabweretsa kufa, kotero wotsutsayo amayesa kugubuduzira kumapazi ake mwachangu momwe angathere. Nyama yogonjetsedwa imachoka kunkhondo, ndipo wopambanayo amakhalabe mathumba, pambuyo pake mkaziyo amachoka. Kuphuka kumatha kuchitika chaka chonse, koma kumawerengedwa ngati miyezi yobala zipatso kwambiri kuyambira mwezi wa June mpaka February.
Kwa maola angapo, munthu mumchenga kapena nthaka youma amakumba dzenje lakuya masentimita 30, pomwe adzaikira mazira pafupifupi 15. Dzira lililonse limalemera 80-150 g m'mimba mwake mpaka masentimita 5. Kukula kwa mazira kutengera ndi subspecies.
Ziphokoso zikuyika mazira
Yaikazi imatha kukumba mpaka mabowo atatu ndikuidzaza. Kenako amadzazidwa ndi dothi lapansi. Pamwamba paphimbidwa ndi kutumphuka, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi chinyezi chofunikira.
Nthawi yakusasinthika kwa akamba amtsogolo imachitika mkati mwa miyezi 2-3, nthawi zambiri imabadwa mumvula.
Pakakhala chilala kwotalikirapo, nthawi yomwe makulitsidwe amatha kupitilizidwa mpaka miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Popanda mvula, akamba satha kutulutsa dzimbiri lapansi. Makanda obadwa amakula mpaka 100 g kutalika kosaposa masentimita 6. Masana, akamba amasambira m'misasa, ndikupita kukadya udzu wobiriwira usiku. Pambuyo pazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, kamba pambuyo pake amasintha malo omwe amakhala kukhala chakudya chochuluka. Jenda imatha kutsimikizika pambuyo pazaka 15 za moyo. Munthuyo ndi wokonzeka kubereka atatha zaka 40, ali mu ukapolo kale kwambiri - zaka 20-25.
Buku lofiira
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kambayu agwere m'buku lofiira - kuchepa kwa mitundu ya mitundu chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya. Chifukwa chake m'zaka za zana la 19, chifukwa chakutha kwa msimba ndi mbuzi zakutchire, pachilumba cha Pinta padalibe chakudya chomwe chatsalira ndi akamba. Kuphatikiza apo, mu 70s, obwezeretsa anali osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ozizira chifukwa chosachedwa pang'ono komanso pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa chake, chiwerengerocho chinatsika kwambiri. Mitundu yotsiriza idapezeka pachilumbachi mu 1972, akatswiri adapereka mphamvu zawo zonse kuti abereke ana ndi kubwerera kumalo achilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, nyamayo yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Zaka zingati zimakhala
Kutalika kwa moyo wa njovu m'tchire, pafupifupi, zaka pafupifupi 100, ali mu ukapolo, chiyembekezo chamoyo chitha kukhala zaka 140-150. Wolemba munthu wina dzina lake Harriet yemwe adakhala zaka zambiri adalemba, ndipo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 170 kumalo osungira nyama aku Australia.
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachi Latin - Chelonoidis nigra
Chizungu - Island chimphona, Galapagos chimfine
Class - Repitles or Repitles (Reptilia)
Dongosolo - Turtles (Chelonia)
Banja - Mtambo Wamtunda (Testudinidae)
Genus - Akasinja amtundu waku America (Chelonoidis)
Malo osungira
Malinga ndi malo otetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi, kamba ka njovu - mtundu wam'mapiri a zilumba za Galapagos - amatanthauza mitundu yotetezedwa - IUCN (VU).
Chiwerengero cha akamba awa adatsika kuchoka pa 250,000 m'zaka za zana la 16 mpaka kutsika kwa 3,000 mu 1970. Zifukwa zazikulu zochepetsera kwakanthawi ndi izi: 1) osoka panyanja akugwira akamba kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati "zakudya zam'chitini", 2) kuwononga malo achilengedwe, 3) kutumizira nyama yachilendo kwa iwo - makoswe, mbuzi, nkhumba, agalu onyenga. Mwa mitundu 15 yoyambirira ya akamba a njovu, 10 okha ndi omwe adatsala pano.
Njira zodzidzimutsa zimatengedwa kuti apulumutse akamba a njovu, makamaka kuzisunga mu ukapolo, kenako kumasulidwa ku zilumba zotsatana. Pakadali pano, zilumba zonse za Galapagos ndizotetezedwa, ndipo chitetezo cha akamba a njovu chilipo.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, pofika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 21 kuchuluka kwa akamba a njovu ayandikira 20,000, koma mitunduyi idakali m'gulu la "osatetezeka".
Onani ndi mamuna
Mwachilengedwe, ufulu wa njovu kulibe mdani, ndiye chifukwa chokhacho chovuta kwambiri cha zovuta zachilengedwechi ndi munthu. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwambiri kwa chiwerengerocho komanso kutha kwa mitundu yonseyi ndikugwira kwa akamba amomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "zakudya zam'chitini". Oyendetsa sitima aku Europe anagwira akamba ndikuwayika munyanja zombo zawo, komwe akambuku anakhalabe amoyo kwa miyezi ingapo opanda madzi ndi chakudya, kenako adadyedwa. Amakhulupirira kuti isanayambike zaka zam'ma 1900, akamba a njovu pafupifupi 200,000 adawonongedwa.
Tsopano akamba a njovu ku zilumba za Galapagos samangotetezedwa. Pazisumbu zomwe akambuku awa adasungidwa, mutha kutsagana ndi wotsogolera kapena wogwira ntchito ku paki yadziko ndikusuntha molunjika pamayendedwe okhazikitsidwa.
Kuyambira 1959, Charles Darwin Research Station yakhala ikugwira ntchito pachilumba cha Santa Cruz, komwe, pakati pa ntchito zina kusunga zipatso ndi zipatso zapadera za pachilumbachi, amaphunzira ndikusamba akamba a njovu. Izi zimaganizira magulu am'minyama, chifukwa chilumba chilichonse cha zisumbu zomwe zili ndi zomwe zili ndi zake. Akamba ang'onoang'ono amakula mpaka kukula, kenako kumasulidwa ku chilengedwe. Ngati pazifukwa zina, mtundu wamtunduwu sutha kutsimikizika, munthuyu satenga nawo mbali pakubala. Chifukwa chake, asayansi akuyesera kuti asangobwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa akambuku amanjovu, komanso kuti akhalebe osiyana ndi nyama zonse za pachilumba chilichonse.
Kugawa ndi malo
Akamba a njovu amakhala ku zilumba za Galapagos zokha zomwe zikuphulika, i.e. ndi mitundu yotsatsira. Ogonjetsa aku Spain, omwe adazindikira zilumbazi m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndikuzindikira zodzikongoletsera zazikuluzi kumeneko, adapatsa zilumbazo dzina la Spain kuti galapago, kutanthauza kuti kamba. Chifukwa chake pakusinthika kwenikweni kwa Galapagos - zilumba za ufulu.
Mawonekedwe
Kamba wa njovu ndi wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa akamba am'madzi amakono, kulemera kwake kumatha kufika makilogalamu 400, ndipo kutalika kwake kupitirira 1.8 m.
M'masanjidwe osiyanasiyana amfuko la njovu, mumasiyana mitundu ndi kukula kwa chipolopolo - carapace. Pamaziko awa, amagawika m'magulu awiri: 1) pazilumba zazing'ono zouma, akamba ndi ang'ono ndi chipolopolo. Miyendo yawo ndi yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi mpaka 27 kg, amuna - mpaka 54 kg. 2) kuzilumba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala ndi chinyezi komanso zomera zambiri, akamba akukulira, zipolopolo zake zimakhala zazitali komanso zopambana. Kusiyana kwa kukula kwa akazi ndi amuna sikutchulidwa.
Kusapezeka kwa zilombo zolusa kuzilumbazi kudapangitsa kuti chipolopolo cha kamba wa njovu chitseguke kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha chipolopolo ichi, akamba amatha kufikira nthambi zakutali kwambiri zomwe sizidadyedwepo ndi nyama zina. Ndizothekanso kuti "kutseguka" kwa chipolopolo kumathandizira kuti mpweya wabwino wabwinobwino ukhale m'malo otentha.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zamadyetsa
Akamba a njovu ndi nyama zobiriwira. Zakudya zawo zazikulu ndizitsamba ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti akamba amathanso kudya zakudya zapoizoni popanda vuto lililonse, zosakwanira chifukwa cha mankhwala ena azitsamba. Nthawi zina akambuku “panjira” amatha kugwiritsa ntchito makokedwe ake ndikudya mwakufuna kwawo.
Akamba a njovu samamwa, osakwanira ndi mame ndi madzi a zomerazo, amatha kuchita popanda madzi kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Moyo ku zoo
Mu zoo zathu tsopano kukhala akambuku anayi a njovu (mwina awiriawiri). Onsewa ndi a subspecies Ch.nigra porteri - kamba wakuda kapena wa Santacrus. Anabadwira ku USA mchaka cha 1992 kuchokera kwa makolo osiyanasiyana ochokera ku zilumba za Galapagos malinga ndi pulogalamu ya inter-zoo yobereketsa nyama zosowa mu ukapolo. Adafika ku Moscow kuchokera ku Brookfield Zoo ku Chicago. Kuyesereranso kubwereza kwanenedwapo, koma sipanakhalepo kuswana kwenikweni.
M'nyengo yotentha, akambuku awa amatha kuwoneka m'khola lotseguka pafupi ndi terrarium, ndipo nthawi yozizira, awiriwa amasungidwa ku Terrarium, ndipo wachiwiri mumapiri a mbalame za "birds and Butterflies".
Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku za akambuku zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya zakudya zam'mera (pafupifupi 12 kg nthawi yozizira ndi 16 makilogalamu m'chilimwe (kabichi, kaloti, zipatso, letesi, udzu, tsache, ndi zina) ndi 1 kg ya chakudya cha nyama (nyama, mazira, nsomba).
Anthu komanso njovu
Mu 1535, a Spaniards adapeza chipinda cham'madzi mu Pacific Ocean, makilomita 972 kumadzulo kwa Ecuador. Panali zikuluzikulu zazikulu kwambiri kuzisumbu zake zomwe amazitcha zilumba za Galapagos (Spanish: Galpago - "kamba wa madzi"). M'masiku amenewo, anthu awo anali oposa 250,000.
Malinga ndi zolembedwa za omwe adayenda zaka zapitazo, zolengedwa zazikulu zomwe zimalemera mpaka 400 kg ndi kutalika kwa 180 cm panthawiyo sizinali zachilendo konse.
A Spaniards adayamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito koyamba monga zakudya zamzitini, kenako ndikupeza mafuta amamba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala komanso zodzikongoletsera kuti apangitsenso khungu. Pakuwonongeka kwa akamba a njovu, achifwamba adadziwika kwambiri, omwe mu XVII-XVIII zaka mazana angapo anali ndi maziko awo pachilumbacho. M'zaka za zana la 19, ankhonya omwe adapha akazi omwe amabwera kudzayikira dzira, adawononga kwambiri anthu.
Mu zilumba za Galapagos, agalu olimbirana, nkhumba ndi amphaka adawonekeranso, akudya akamba ang'ono. Abulu, mbuzi ndi makoswe obwera nazo kuzilumbazi anawononga zisa za kamba. Zitsamba zimasiyidwa kuti zisafe ndi njala, ndipo nthawi zina zimaterera pazomera zochepa.
Mu 1974, panali akamba am'nyanja 3,060 okha. Pofuna kuti zisawoneke, malo ophunzirira sayansi adapangidwa pachilumba cha Santa Cruz, komwe ogwira ntchito amatola mazira amphongo, kenako ndikumasula ana achinyamata. Tithokoze chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zomwe zachitika, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2009 chiwerengero chawo chinali 19,317.
Zilumba za Galapagos ndi za Ecuador. Pazilumba zopanda anthu, zisanachitike, boma la Ecuadori linaletsa kugwidwa kwa akamba a njovu mu 1934, ndipo mu 1959 anakhazikitsa National Park. Kuswana kwawoku kunayamba mu 1965. Kuchokera kwa akamba 8 omwe agwidwa, akatswiri a sayansi ya zanyengo adatola mazira woyamba ndipo mothandizidwa ndi chofungatira adalandira akamba woyamba "owonekera".
Khalidwe
Akamba a njovu amatsogolera moyo wamasana. Amakonda kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 20-30 ndikuphika m'malo owuma dzuwa ndi dothi lophulika.
M'nyengo yadzuwa, akamba amachoka m'malo otsika ndikumakwera zipatso zambiri. M'nyengo yamvula, amatsikira m'malo otentha omwe ali ndi udzu wobiriwira.
Zodzikongoletsa zimayendanso njira zofananira tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo, kukonza nthawi ndi nthawi kuti adye, kupuma kapena kusambira. Pakupumula, ufulu nthawi ndi nthawi umakweza mutu wake kuti uziyang'ana pozungulira.
Kamba wa njovu amathamanga mpaka 4 km pa tsiku.
Ndi tchuthi chafika kucha, zokwawa zimabisalira m'madzenje pansi kapena pansi. Amamva bwino m'matope amadzimadzi kapena m'madamu. Usiku kuzilumbazi kuzizirira, ndiye kuti kutentha m'malo osungirako oterowo kumatenga nthawi yayitali.
Chomwe chimakonda kwambiri zimphona ndi nyama yowoneka bwino ya mapeyala osangalatsa. Tapeza chipatso chokoma kapena tsamba losangalatsa, chinyalicho chimagwira ndi dzanja ndipo chimaluma. Choyamba, zigawo za mwana wosabadwayo zimadulidwa ndi mulomo wakuthwa, kenako ndikuzikola ndi nsagwada ndi lilime lanyama.
M'nyengo yachilimwe, chinyezi chikakhala chovuta kwambiri kupeza, kamba amapanga madzi ndikudya cacti. Malo osungirako chilala akuluakulu amaloleza kupulumuka chilala, chomwe, chikagawika, chimapatsa thupi madzi.
Pangozi pang'ono, kamba'yo amabisala munyengo yake, kujambula m'miyendo, m'khosi ndi m'mitu. Miyendo yakumaso ikuphimba mutu, ndipo miyendo yamiyendo yakumbuyo imaphimba kusiyana pakati pa pulatroni ndi carapace.
Habitat
Komwe kubadwa kwa akamba a Galapagos mwachilengedwe ndi Zilumba za Galapagos, zomwe zimatsukidwa ndi madzi a Pacific Ocean, dzina lawo limatanthauzira kuti "Turtle Island". Galapagos ikhoza kupezekanso mu Indian Ocean - pachilumba cha Aldabra, koma kumeneko nyama izi sizimafikira zazikulu.
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Zimbale za ku Galapagos zimatha kukhala movutikira kwambiri - chifukwa chotentha kwambiri kuzilumbazi kuli zomera zochepa. Pokhala kwawo, amasankha madambo otsika ndi zitsamba zokutidwa ndi malo, ngati kubisala m'nkhalango pansi pa mitengo. Zimphona zimakonda kusamba kwamatope njira zamadzi; chifukwa izi, nyama zokongola izi zimayang'ana mabowo omwe ali ndi chithaphwi chamadzi ndikudziika m'manda ndi matupi awo otsika.
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Zojambula ndi kakhalidwe
Zoyala zonse za masana zimabisala m'nkhalango ndipo mwina sizichoka komwe zimakhala. Akangoyenda usiku, amapita kokayenda. Mumdima, akamba sakhala opanda thandizo, popeza makutu awo ndi kuwona kwawo kwachepa.
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M'nyengo yamvula kapena chilala, zipolopolo za ku Galapagos zimatha kusamukira kudera lina kupita kwina. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri anthu odziimira pawokha amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu 20-30, koma ngakhale pagulu samalumikizana ndipo amakhala motalikirana. Abale amawakonda pa nthawi yachikondwerero.
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Nthawi yakukhwima imagwera m'miyezi yophukira, kuyikira mazira - chilimwe. Mwa njira, dzina lachiwiri mu nyama zodabwitsazi lidawonekera chifukwa chakuti pofunafuna theka lachiwiri, amphongo amapanga mawu enieni a chiberekero, chofanana ndi kubangula kwa njovu. Kuti atenge wosankhidwa wake, wamphongo amam'patsa mphamvu ndi nyambo yake, ndipo ngati mayendedwe akewo alibe phindu, amamugundanso ndi miyendo yotsika mpaka dona wamtima wagona pansi ndikulowetsa m'manja. ku thupi lanu.
Kugona mazira a Njobvu mumakumba akumba kakang'ono, mu chimodzi momwemo kumatha kukhala ndi mazira 20 ofanana ndi mpira wa tennis. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, akamba amatha kubereka kawiri pachaka. Pambuyo pa masiku 100-120, ana oyamba amayamba kutuluka mazira, pambuyo pobadwa, kulemera kwawo sikudutsa 80 magalamu. Kukula kwacinyamata kumafika pa kutha msinkhu wazaka 20-25, koma kutalika kwakutali si vuto, popeza moyo wopatsa zimphona - zaka 100-122.
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Fulu la Galapagos.
Fulu la Galapagos ndi amodzi mwa mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya akamba am'mlengalenga: kutalika kwake kwa carapace kumatha kufika 122 cm ndi thupi lolemera mpaka 300 kg. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njovu, pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kazigamba. Pali lingaliro kuti chovala chowoneka ngati chishalo chimaloleza akamba kulowa muchinyama chambiri ndikuthawirako.
Njovu zimasenda wokwatirana nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogonana. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira 22 pafupifupi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndi mainchesi a 5-6 cm ndi masikweya mpaka 70 g.
Pambuyo pakupezedwa kwa Galapagos ndi azungu, akambuku a njovu anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyendetsa sitimayi ngati "zakudya zam'zitini" - adaziika m'miyala, komwe atha kukhala miyezi ingapo popanda madzi ndi chakudya. Poona mbiri yam'magazini yotumizira, anthu ogwidwa ndi mafunde okwana 79 kwa zaka 36 mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 19 adachotsa akamba 10,373 pachisumbucho. Zokwanira, m'zaka mazana angapo a XVII-XVIII, monga momwe zakale zakale zimanenera, akamba a njovu okwana 10 miliyoni adawonongedwa, pazisumbu za Charles ndi Barington, adasowa, pomwe ena adatsala pang'ono kufa.
Kamba ka njovu
Ngwazi zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kamba wa njovu. Amadziwikanso Fulu la Galapagospopeza limapezekanso ku zilumba za Galapagos. Ichi ndi chisumbu chamapiri chomwe chili kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean 9 km km kuchokera ku Ecuador. Muli zilumba zazikulu 13. Koma akamba akuluakulu amakhala pa 7. Europe ku Europe, adaphunzira za iwo m'zaka za zana la 16, pomwe zisumbu zidapezedwa ndi olanda Spain.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Njira zoweta zimachitika chaka chonse, koma zimakhala ndi nyengo zomwe zimapezeka muFebruwari - Juni ndikugwirizana nthawi yamvula. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, amuna amakonda kuchita ndewu. Amawombana wina ndi mnzake, kuimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, amatambasulira makosi awo, ndikutsegula pakamwa pawo. Nthawi yomweyo, zazimuna zazing'onoting'ono zimachepetsa ndi kupereka ufulu wokwatirana ndi wamkuluyo.
Masamba okongoletsa amakhala pagombe louma la mchenga. Akazi amakonzera zisa za mazira pokumba mchenga ndi miyendo yawo ya kumbuyo. Kwa masiku angapo amakumba mabowo ozungulira ndi mainchesi 30. Mazira amaikidwa mu zisa. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 16. Ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo kukula kwake dzira limafanana ndi mpira wa billiard. Pamwamba pa mazira, wamkazi amaponyera mchenga wothira mkodzo wake. Zitatha izi zimasiya ukazitape kuti ukwere. Mu nyengo, zazikazi zimagona kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 pamtundu.
Kutentha ndikofunikira kwambiri panthawi yomwe makulitsidwe. Ngati ili yotsika, ndiye kuti amuna ambiri amatetemera, ndipo ngati ndi yayitali, ndiye kuti akazi amabadwa. Akamba achichepere amasiya zisa zawo pakatha miyezi 4-8. Amalemera 50 g ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 6. Kukwatila ana ake kumayenera kuwonekera pamwamba. Amachita bwino ngati dziko lapansi lonyowa. Koma ngati yauma komanso kuuma, ndiye kuti akambuku amphongo amwalira.
Achinyamata opulumuka amakula zaka zopitilira 10-15. Zimakhala zokhwima pakufika zaka 20-25. Kuthengo, mtundu wa njovu wakhala zaka zoposa 100. Koma muukapolo, chiyembekezo chamoyo chitha kufikira zaka zana limodzi ndi zisanu. Wodziwika bwino kwambiri panjapo anali kamba wina wotchedwa Harriet. Amwalira mu 2006 kumalo osungira nyama ku Australia. Pa nthawi ya kumwalira, zaka zake zinali zaka zana limodzi kudza zisanu ndi zitatu.
Ng'ombe yanthawi yayitali
Wokhala ndi mbiri yojambulidwa kwa nthawi yayitali amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa njovu Garietta, yomwe Charles Darwin adachokera ku Britain kupita ku zilumba za Galapagos mu 1835. Kambukuyo anali kukula kwa mbale, motero anaganiza kuti idabadwa mu 1830.
Mu 1841, adafika ku Brisbane Botanic Garden ku Australia. Kuyambira 1960, akhala ku Zoo ya ku Australia. Pa Novembala 15, 2005, anthu aku Australia adakondwerera tsiku lake la 175. Kulemera "khanda" 150 makilogalamu.
Pa Juni 23, 2006, mayi yemwe amakhala nthawi yayitali anamwalira mwadzidzidzi atadwala kwakanthawi chifukwa cha kulephera mtima.