Nsomba zolusa banja la nsomba. Amakhala m'madziwe akuluakulu ndi mitsinje ya Far East, Siberia, Altai, Northern Kazakhstan. Kulemera kochepa kuposa nsomba. Thupi loyendetsedwa bwino lomwe limakutidwa ndi masikelo yaying'ono.
Nsombayo ndi yopapatiza, yokhala ndi mutu wowuma, wokhala ndi kamwa yolimba ndi mano akulu. Mtundu wa siliva wowala. Kumbuyo ndikuda, ndi tint yobiriwira, m'mimba ndiwowoneka bwino, oyera. Malo ambiri amdima ali pa thupi lake lalitali, kupitanso, kutsogolo kuposa kumbuyo.
Amabala nawonso ali pamutu, apo ndi akulu. Zipseba za caudal ndi za kumbuyo ndi zofiira, zina zimachita imvi, mapaipi ndi zowonda pang'ono pang'ono. Misa michira zimasiyanasiyana ndi zaka. Anthu azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri omwe akulemera makilogalamu 3-4 amakula mpaka 70 cm.
Nthawi yakuswana, imasintha mtundu, imakhala mtundu wa mkuwa wonyezimira. Chiyembekezo chamoyo nthawi zambiri chimakhala zaka 15-17. Amakula moyo wanga wonse. Imafika kutalika pafupifupi 200 cm ndipo limalemera 90 kg. Imodzi mwa taisen yayikulu kwambiri idagwidwa mumtsinje wa Yenisei.
Habitat
Kuyambira kalekale, anthu omwe amakhala ku Siberia adawona kuti chimbalangondo ndi chimaluso cha taiga, ndipo ndi taimen kukhala mbuye wa mitsinje yamadzi ndi nyanja. Nsomba zofunikazi zimakonda madzi oyera oyera komanso malo osafikiridwa, makamaka ngati mitsinje yamadzi akuya okhala ndi ma buluzi akuluakulu, okhala ndi timabowo ndi maenje.
Awa ndi malo osatheka kufikako a beseni la Yenisei, komwe kuli mtundu wokongola kwambiri wa taiga. Mu Krasnoyarsk Territory, taimen amafikira kukula kwakukulu. Achimen amakhala: Dera la Kemerovo, Tomsk - mitsinje ya Kiya ndi Tom, Republic of Tuva, dera la Irkutsk - madera amtsinje: Lena, Angara, Oka. Ku Altai Territory - m'mabwalo a Ob.
Siberian taimen (wamba) - woimira wamkulu wa banja la nsomba. Chimodzi mwazinthu zam'madzi zatsopano. Ili ndi gawo lalikulu ku Europe ndi North Asia. Wotsogola wamkulu kwambiri.
Imapezeka m'mitsinje ya Siberia, dera la Amur. Mu nthawi yamasika, nthawi yamadzi ikafika, nsomba zimayamba kusunthira kumalo komwe kumatuluka. Taimen amasankha nthaka yamiyala, pansi kuchokera pamtunda, pomwe madzi apansi panthaka amatuluka.
Taimen ndi losambira lolimba komanso lolimba, lokhala ndi thupi lamphamvu komanso kumbuyo kwambiri. M'chilimwe amakhala m'mabowo akuya pansi pa rapids, otambalala ndi pansi osagwirizana, m'malo opanda phokoso. Itha kumachitika m'magulu a anthu angapo mumphepete mwa mtsinje.
Amadziwa bwino gawo lake la mtsinje. Chidwi chamadzulo M'mawa, kupumula kusaka. Mumvula yamvula yambiri kusaka nthawi yonseyo. Nsomba zamphamvu komanso zam'manja, zimatha kudumphadumpha mosavuta komanso zopinga zina.
Kusunga nsomba yokongola ngati mtunduwu, njira zopumira zimayambitsidwa. Ponseponse usodzi wachimuna zachitika molingana ndi mfundo - "kugwira - kumasulidwa." Kuphatikiza apo, uwu ndi mwayi wabwino wowona kukula ndi kukula kwachilengedwe.
Khalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nsomba
Amakhala pansi pa mtsinje, m'malo opumira am'madzi. Kutacha ndi m'bandakucha kumasaka pafupi kwambiri. Panthawi yozizira, pansi pa ayezi. Oimira achichepere amalowa m'magulu. Asodzi achikulire amakonda kusambira payekha, nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa awiriawiri. Zochita za salon zimawonjezeka ndi kutentha kocheperako.
Ngati madzi ndi otentha, nsomba imataya kuyenda, imalephereka. Zochita zapamwamba kwambiri zimachitika m'mwezi wa Seputembala, pamene taimen ikukula. Osawopa kuzama ndi ming'alu, amatha kudumpha mosavuta pamadzi ochepa kapena kufalikira.
Amatha kuyenda m'madzi osaya pomwe misana yawo ikuwoneka pamwamba pamadzi. Amakonda mvula yamvula. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhungu imayandama mwachangu, ndipo ndikadzaza nkhungu, imathamanga. Asodzi akuti taimen amatha kupanga phokoso lomwe limamveka pansi pa madzi.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pakutha kwa mwezi wachiwiri wachilimwe, mwachangu amakula mpaka 40 mm, chakudya choyambirira cha mwachangu ndi mphutsi za abale awo. M'zaka 3-4 zoyambirira, nsomba zam'madzi zazimayi zimadya tizilombo ndi ana a nsomba zina, ndiye, makamaka, nsomba. Akuluakulu - nsomba: mavu, ma gudgeon ndi nyama zina zamadzi zatsopano. Amakondanso chidwi ndi madzi am'madzi ndi zina zomwe zimayamwa (abakha, ochenjera, ma voles a mbewa).
Nyama zing'onozing'ono zimatha kukhala chakudya chake ngati zili pafupi ndi madzi. Idzatuluka m'madzi ndikupeza nyama pamtunda. Amakonda achule, mbewa, agologolo, abakha komanso atsekwe, koma koposa zonse - ana a imvi. Mchira umadyetsa chaka chonse, kupatula nthawi yowonongera, mwachangu pambuyo pofalikira. Kukula mwachangu. Pofika zaka khumi, zimafikira masentimita zana, kulemera kwa 10 makilogalamu.
Kuswana
Ku Altai kufalikira mu Epulo, ku Northern Urals mu Meyi. Taimen caviar amber - ofiira, kukula kwa mtola (5 ndi zambiri mm). Amakhulupirira kuti mazira amatuluka koposa kamodzi pachaka, koma kangapo. Pambuyo pofalikira, amabwerera kwawo komwe amakhala.
Chiwerengero cha mazira a munthu m'modzi ndi 10-30,000. Chikazi chimayikira mazira pansi pa mtsinje, chomwe iye nawonso amachita. Amuna abwino ovala zovala zokomera, matupi awo, makamaka pansi pamchira, amakhala ofiira - ofiira. Kukongola kosayiwalika kwa chilengedwe - masewera a matching nsomba za taimen!
Kugwira taimen
Mtunduwu siwogulitsa. Khoswe amatha kugwira ntchito ngati kadzenje (amdima usiku, owala masana). Pazomera zabwino, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito nyongolotsi. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa asodzi, imakumana ndi nyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana: imatha kumenya ndi mchira wake kapena kumeza ndi kuya. Itha kuthyola kapena kung'amba chingwe chodziyimira panthawi yakusodza kuchokera m'madzi. Kuti musawononge nsomba, muyenera kukokera kumtunda mwachangu, ndikukoka mbedza kumbuyo ndi mbeza.
Pakusodza mwa kupota kapena kudzera munjira ina, chilolezo chapadera chimafunikira kwa oyang'anira boma, popeza nsomba zam'madzi zimatetezedwa ndi lamulo. Mitundu ya Taimen: Sakhalin (mu Nyanja ya Japan, madzi oyera amchere ndi nyanja okha ndi omwe ali abwino kutero), Danube, Siberian - madzi atsopano.
Taimen ndi zokongoletsera zamtundu wa ku Siberia. Chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa malo okhala, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero, mtengo wa taimen ndi wokwera. Gulu lowerengeka lomwe limapezeka m'mphepete mwa Ob lili ndi anthu 230. Mu 1998, taimen adaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Altai Territory. Lero usodzi wachimuna zoletsedwa! Masiku ano, pulogalamu ikukonzedwa kuti ibwezeretse ndikuteteza kuchuluka kwa mitundu.
Onani mawonekedwe
Izi nsomba ndi za banja la nsomba, mtundu wa taimen. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mitundu yofanana ndi yachilendo, Korea, Sichuan, Danube, Sakhalin.
Chomwe chimayambitsa mtunduwu ndi kusakhalapo kwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yomwe ilimo. Oimira onse ali:
- nsomba yayitali
- chidutswa chochokera kumtunda ndi kumbali ndi mutu "pike",
- kamwa yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imatseguka mpaka kutsika,
- mizere iwiri yamiyendo yayikulu, yokuthwa ndi yakuthwa,
- ochepa, ambiri siliva,
- m'mbali mwa mzere wotsatira pali malo owoneka bwino a nandolo,
- ziphuphu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: caudal ndi anal ndi ofiira amtundu, dorsal ali ndi imvi yakuda, pectoral ndi m'mimba ndi imvi yopepuka.
Ngakhale kuti ku Siberia nsomba izi zimatchedwa pike ofiira, ndizosavuta kusokoneza ndi mitundu ina. Chinanso chofanana ndi izi ndi anthu okhala m'mitsinje yam'mapiri ndi nyanja, malenz ndi maimvi. Komabe, ndi ocheperako komanso odekha kuposa oyandikana nawo m'malo ozizira.
Zithunzi: nsomba zamtoto (zithunzi 25)
Malo okhala
Pali malingaliro awiri - chilengedwe ndi biotope. Derali ndi gawo lomwe oimilira amtunduwu kapena mitundu akhoza kukhalamo. Biotopu ndi mtundu womwewo wamakhalidwe a biogenic ndi abiogenic momwe chilengedwe chonse chokhala m'gulu la biocenosis chimakhala.
Mitunduyo imangokhala gawo la Asia ku Russia. Nsombazi zimapezeka m'mitsinje ya Urals, Yakutia, kum'mwera kwa Far East, Khakassia, Buryatia, Transbaikalia.
Ngati mungafotokoze malowa m'mbali mwa zitsime, mitsinje monga:
Taimen imatha kuonananso ku nyanja za Teletskoye ndi Khanka.
Imapezeka m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje yoyera yokha. Ngakhale mawonekedwe ofanana ndi pike, ali ndi zizolowezi ndi catfish. Onsewa amakonda kukhala komwe kuli maluwe komanso maenje ambiri. Thupi lalikulu chotere liyenera kubisika m'maenje, ndi zakuya. Popeza akhala pansi m'misasa, amasiku amapita kukasaka.
Kulemera kwa akulu kumafika 60-80 kg
Momwe zimaswana
Nsomba-yamadzi ozizira iyi imayamba kubereka itatha kutalika kwa masentimita 60. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu kwa mitundu yayikulu yambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pambiri ya asodzi, ochepa omwe amapulumuka mpaka lino. Zotsatira zake, anthu ocheperako omwe amatha kubereka amakhalabe m malo osungira.
Kodi ndizotheka, ndi ndodo imodzi yosodzi, kuwononga unyinji wonse wa michira, imvi ndi mandala mumtsinje umodzi wamapiri? Inde mungathe. Nsomba zonse izi zimasungidwa mumaluwa ndi maenje, zimapitilira ma rap ndi ma rapine pongofuna kusaka ndi kuwaza. Kudziwa komwe kuli maenje mumtsinje, mutha kugwira nsomba zazikulu zonse zomwe zimatha kuswana. Wotsala mtengo wotsala, inde, amatha kukula ndikuyamba kuchuluka. Komabe, izi zidzachitika pokhapokha ngati munthu asiya maenje a mtsinjewo yekha kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu. Izi zikapanda kuchitika, taimen adzazimiririka kuchokera kuchisungiko.
Ndi ma lens ndi ma grey osavuta pang'ono - amafulumira kutha msinkhu, kuti akhale ndi nthawi yoyikira mazira mpaka nthawi yotsatira ya asodzi ku maenje.
Ndikosavuta kubereketsa nsomba zazikulu ngati zili ndi anthropogenic, kotero taimen tsopano ndi yotheka. Chodabwitsa pa moyo ndichakuti nsomba zochepa zomwe zimatsalira m'mitsinje, zimasaka kwambiri. Ndipo nkhaniyo sikuti yangokhala pagulu lokonda zam'tsogolo komanso zamalonda zamtunduwu. Taimen pamutu pake nsomba ikuchulukirachulukira kuchokera pagulu la omwe amadyedwa kupita ku gulu la zigoli. Mwanjira ina, nthawi zambiri amamugwira kuti asadye, koma kuti adzitame.
Kugwidwa kwa anthu okulirapo kuposa 60 cm ochuluka m'malo amodzi kumapangitsa kuti kutayika kwathunthu kwa anthuwa kubereke. Pachifukwa ichi, nsomba sizimafa posachedwa pamtunda wonsewo, koma m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje, ndiye kuti asodzi akuwonetsa kusadziletsa - kosathandiza komanso zopanda nzeru.
Kubzala mu taimen, ngati nsomba zonse kumadera ozizira, kumayamba masika. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti panthawiyi, anthu okhwima amatha kusintha mtundu wawo wa silvery, womwe umawaphimba m'madzi oyera, kukhala owala ofiira. Pakadali pano, pamene nyama yolusa ya siliva imakonda kukhala "pike ofiira", imawoneka bwino kwa asaka onse a nsomba. Komabe, wina amayenera kutenga chiopsezo, chifukwa amuna ndi akazi ayenera kupezana mwachangu. Pokhala ndi mazira okhazikika, anthu amasintha mtundu wawo wofiira kuti ukhale wabwinobwino. Pambuyo pake, amaphatikizidwanso ndi mitundu ya mtsinje wa kumapiri.
Ngakhale taimen caviar amachokera ku nsomba yayikulu, imakhala ndi zocheperako - osapitirira 5.5-6 mm. Akazi achichepere sangathe kuyikira mazira osaposa 10-15 miliyoni nthawi. Iwo omwe ali okalamba amatha kuponyera mazira kawiri.
Taimen, yemwe amakhala m'mitsinje yayikulu yamapiri, amadziwika kuti ndi "shaki" yamadzi awa.
Kupanga sakramenti la kuwundana, zazikazi zimakafika kumtunda kwa mitsinje ndikumanga zisa kumeneko kuchokera ku miyala yosalala. Pamalo abwinowa, caviar amakhala pafupifupi mwezi. Fyuniyo amakula mwachangu ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa chilimwe amapita kumalo kumene anthu onse achikulire amakhala.
Makanda amadya kwambiri nyama zosagona zomwe zimakhala m'madzi kapena kugwera pansi. Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, zidole zazing'ono zitha kale kuthamangitsa nsomba zina.
Mavuto a taimen
Asodzi akudziwa kuti kupeza taimen ndizopambana kwambiri. Maganizo awa sanapangidwe chifukwa chakuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuzimvetsa. Oyimira okha amtunduwu akucheperachepera. Izi pamwambazi zikufotokoza zifukwa zingapo zakuchepera kwa mitundu ya mitundu. Komabe, mndandanda wamavuto ndi ochulukirapo. Izi ndi izi:
- Kugwira kwambiri. Choyipa chachikulu kwa anthu ndicho kugwidwa ndi anthu akuluakulu okhwima. Chikhalidwe cha kumasula nyama tsopano sichithandiza mwina pakukoka mbedza. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbedza ya nsomba imawononga kwambiri nsomba kuti "mwachifundo" chotere chimafa ndi njala ndi mabala. Nsomba yaying'ono yovulazidwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yovulazidwa ndi anthu athanzi labwino, ndipo nsomba yayikulu, chifukwa cha chisangalalo cha omwe akuvutika, sangadye kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri kachilomboka kamalowa m'mabala, omwe amayambitsa kuchuluka, ndipo nsomba zimafa ndi matenda. Chifukwa chake kuthana ndi vuto la kupha nsomba kwambiri kungongoletse kupanga kwa mitunduyi.
- Madzi okhala m'madzi okhala ndi madzi amatha kusinthika mothandizidwa ndi anthu. Kusintha kwa kutentha kwa matupi amadzi kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Kusintha kwa kutentha kwapakati pa madzi osachepera 0,5 madigiri kumatha kukhudza anthu ambiri. Moto wamapiri umachititsanso kuti madzi ayambe kutentha. Phulusa lakuda, losaphimbidwa ndi mthunzi kuchokera pamitengoyi, limathandizira kuti nthaka isamawume, pomwe madzi ofunda amayenda mumtsinje.
- Mafuta ndi zochitika zina bizinesi zimasinthira pH yamadzi. Zimakhala zopanda ndale zokha, komanso zamchere, zomwe zimakhudza mkhalidwe wa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zonse zamchere.
- Taimen ndi wokhalamo omwe mumakhala zitsime za oligotrophic. Madzi mkati mwake mulibe bwino mu zinthu zomwe zimapanga zofunikira. Tizilombo ta taenen, lenok, grey ndi trout timatha kukhala ndi moyo m'madzi oterowo. Zotsatira za ntchito ya anthropogenic (ulimi womwe umakhala ndi feteleza wambiri, kulengedwa kwa malo ochizira ma hydroelectric okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zowonongeka organic kanthu, etc.), matupi amadzi a oligotrophic amakhala eutrophic. Mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa njirayi, zamoyo zambiri zimafa chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Nsomba zogwirizanitsidwa ndi malo okhala mosungirako oligotrophic ndi ena mwa oyamba kufa.
- Migodi, makamaka golide, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje imapangitsa kuti madzi akhale amitambo, amasintha mphamvu zake komanso zida zake zamankhwala, ndikuwononga maenje obisika a taimen. Zonsezi sizimabweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nsomba zamtunduwu, koma kutha kwawo kwathunthu.
- Kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi ndi mafakitala a mafakitale kumasintha kwambiri madzi, omwe amakhudza mitundu ya mitundu ya biocenoses iyi. Zotsatira zake, "pike yofiira" imasinthidwa ndi pike yeniyeni, yomwe siisankha posankha matupi amadzi ndi chilengedwe komanso, yopanda phindu.
Ili ndi mndandanda wathunthu wamavuto a nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi ozizira otchedwa oligotrophic akusonyeza kuti posachedwa padzakhala kuchepa kwa mitundu yonse yamtundu. Kuphatikiza apo, posachedwa "nsomba, zazikulu, zazing'ono", mawu okhawo omwe atsala.
Chisinthiko, ndichachidziwikire. Ngati anthu salola kuti anthu ambiri aziberekanso, ndiye kuti kubereka kumachitika kale m'mitundu ing'onoing'ono. Anthu akupera ndizochitika zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake taimen posachedwa adzakhala nsomba yaying'ono.
Kugawa ndi malo okhala
Chimakhala m'madzi oyera - mitsinje ndi nyanja zamadzi ozizira, sizimapita kunyanja. Zimapezeka ku Russia pagawo lalikulu: kuchokera kumphepete mwa mitsinje ya Urals (Pechora ndi Kama) kupita kum'mawa kwa Yakutia ndi kumwera kwa Far East (Yana, Aldan, Uda, Tugur mitsinje, mu Amur River ndi mitsinje yake Gur, Bira, Katen, Kafen, Sukpai, Chur , Tunguska, Anyui, Khor), pa Sakhalin (kufalikira mumtsinje wa Tym pafupi ndi midzi ya Tymovskoye, Krasnaya Tym, Beloye, yomwe ili pamtunda wa 200 km kuchokera pakamwa, Melkoy ndi Bogataya, komanso mumtsinje wa Poronay). Sakhalin taimen amakhala ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Imapezeka ku Khakassia mumtsinje wa Abakan. Taimen amakonda kuthamanga. Imapezekanso komwe kumachokera mtsinje wa Biya (Teletskoye Lake, Altai Republic), ndi Mtsinje wa Katun. Ili kufalikira m'mitsinje ya Siberia Yenisei, Angara, Malaya ndi Bolshaya Belaya, Chikoe, Belaya, Onot, Urik, Oka, koma ochepa. Ku Transbaikalia, imasungidwa mumtsinje wa Onon ndi Vitim, koma kudera la Mongolia kuli nsomba zambiri mumtsinje uwu. Ku Republic of Buryatia - mumtsinje wa Uda. Muli mumtsinje wa Turku, Maksimikha, Barguzin. Mu Primorsky Territory, ndiofala m'milandu ya Mtsinje wa Amur: Ussuri, Bikin, Bolshaya Ussurka, komanso Lake. Hanka.
Zambiri
M'nyengo yotentha, imakhala m'mitsinje yamapiri ndi madzi ozizira; nthawi yozizira imafikanso m'mitsinje ya Amur.
M'chilimwe, taimen imagwidwa ndi kupota pa sapota osiyanasiyana, mitu yamiyendo, mbewa zozizira, nthawi yozizira - pa "makhalka" okhala ndi zopota zachisanu.
Taimen, monga nsomba zina za nsomba, simumauma; nyama ndi yanthete, yamafuta, komanso yapinki.
Pakamwa pa shaki ya Amur.
Chitetezo
Buku Lofiira la Russia chiwerengero chikuchepa | |
Onani Zambiri Matayala wamba patsamba la IPEE RAS |
Ikulembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, Red Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, Red Book of the Irkutsk Region and many.
Ndi nsomba yonyowa bwanji
Mitundu yopanga taxa ndi Siberian, kapena taimen wamba (Hucho taimen), yomwe imadziwikanso ndimatchulidwe wamba "krasulya", "ulesi", "talmen". Amadziwika ndi miyeso yayitali kwambiri pakati pa nsomba zonse komanso kusapezeka kwa njira yopangira hypoosmotic yofunikira kuti nyanja ikhale motetezeka. Kuphatikiza pazomwe zili wamba, akatswiri amasiyanitsa mitundu ya ku Korea (Ishikawae), Sichuan (Bleekeri) ndi Mityagin (Mityagin). Wina membala wodziwika bwino wamtunduwu ndi Danube salmon (Hucho hucho).
Mitunduyi ndi ya nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadyanso madzi ndipo m'malo otetezeka amatha kukhala ndi moyo wopitilira zaka 60. Amphaka wamba, achinyamata azaka za 6-7 (masentimita 55-70) wolemera makilogalamu 3.5-5. Nsomba zachikulire zimakula mwachangu, mita yayitali imakhala ndi 12 kg. Ali ndi zaka 20, kutalika kwa nyama yolusa ndi 120-125 cm (25-30 kg). Koma zizindikirazi ndizotalikirapo - taimen wamkulu kwambiri wolemera kulemera kwa 105 kg ndikukula kwa masentimita 210 (1943, Mtsinje wa Kotuy, Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Kufotokozera mawonekedwe
Kapangidwe kathanzi ndi kotakasa thupi kofananira kapangidwe kake ka trout ndipo kamakhala ndi magawo abwino owongolera omwe amathandizira kuyenda kwam'madzi mwachangu. Zina mwa mawonekedwe a taimen ndi:
- zipsepse zosenda mchira,
- mutu wawukulu wokongola
- masikelo ang'ono (140-150 pamzere wotsatira),
- pakamwa lalikulu lomaliza lokhala ndi mano owongoka mkati (mizere iwiri),
- 11-16 gill stamens,
- imvi yakuda (dorsal), phulusa chopepuka (chamkati, chofiyira) ndi zipsepse zofiira (anal, caudal).
Utoto wokhazikika wa utoto umaimiridwa ndi utoto wobiriwira kapena mtundu wa bulauni ndi mbali zasiliva zokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Pakutambalala, thupi limapakidwa utoto wamkuwa, lalanje kapena ofiira. Zinyama zazing'ono zosakhwima zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yakuda.
Kodi nsomba zamkaka zimapezeka kuti
Ku Russia, mndandanda waukulu umayimiridwa ndi mitsinje, zandalama ndi nyanja yamadzi ozizira a Middle, Western, Siberia yaku Eastern komanso zigwa za Laptev, Okhotsk, Japan ndi Kara. Taimen amakhala ku Lena, Yenisei, Hangar, ndi Oka. Ali ku Urals (Kama, Pechora), Khakassia (Abakan), Altai Territory (Biya, Katun), Far East ndi Transbaikalia (Amur, Tunguska, Yana, Shilka, Vitim, Onon). Krasul samadutsa Sakhalin (Langra, Bolshoi Chingai, Pogibi, Nyida), kuli mitsinje mu Primorsky Territory yomwe imayenda m'madzi oyenda ku Pacific Ocean (Margaritovka, Milogradovka, Avvakumovka).
Maonekedwe a taimen
Thupi la nsomba ndi lalitali, lopapatiza, losalala, yokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Mutu wokhala ndi nkhope yotambalala umakutidwa kuchokera kumwamba ndi kumbali. Pakamwa pakamwa pamphamvu kwambiri pali mano akuluakulu, okhala mkati, owongoka. Mutu womwe umapangidwa umafanana ndi mutu wa pike ("pike ofiira" ndi dzina lina la mtunduwu ku Urals). Mtundu wa masikelo ndi siliva wowoneka bwino kapena wonyezimira m'mbali, kutembenukira kukhala bulauni lakuda kumbuyo, loyera kutuwa pamimba. Mutu, mbali, zipsepse ndimabisa zokhoma za mawanga amdima. Caudal fin ofiira kapena kapezi-lalanje, dorsal, porral ndi pectoral - ali ndi imvi yakuda. Pa nthawi yaukwati michira atavala zovala zamoto zofiirira.
Kulipirira
Ndikwabwino kusiya mitundu yapamwamba komanso yowala yomwe singathe kupirira utoto wambiri komanso utoto wamphamvu - mukamasewera, nyama yomwe imagwiriridwa nthawi zambiri "imayika kandulo", ndikudumphira m'madzi. Ndodo yofunda ya 2.2-3.0 m kutalika ndi mtanda wapamwamba kuchokera 50-60 g ndiyabwino kwambiri.Pamawedza taimen, Aiko SGP, Daiwa Whisker, ndodo zotumphukira za Hearty Rise SYLPHY zatsimikizira bwino. Mukamasankha reel, ndibwino kuti mupangitse kukonda ma inertialess kapena zowerengeka zazingwe zomwe zili ndi kulumikizana kwa 7,5 makilogalamu ndi kuchuluka kwa spool 4000 malinga ndi gulu la Shimano. Chingwe cholumikizidwa ndi gawo la mtanda wa 0,23-0.3 mm wokhala ndi katundu wosweka wa makilogalamu 12 mpaka 40 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ulusi waukulu. Kuti mupewe kufinya kwa mitsempha pamiyala, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mtsogoleri wakuwopseza ndi fluorocarbon. Wiring wamkulu ndi wosakwiya.
Moyo
Ili ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera omwe amakhala m'mitsinje yachangu yokhala ndi madzi ozizira, olimba, oyera, koma amapezekanso m'madzi. M'nyengo yotentha, nsomba izi zimakonda mitsinje yaying'ono ndi ndalama zake, ndipo nthawi yozizira imayandama mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja.
Malo omwe mumakonda - kufikako, ma whirlpools, maenje osakhala kutali ndi kuzama kwa ma rapid ndi mikwingwirima. Achichepere omwe amasamalira nkhosa, akulu ndi okalamba amakonda kusaka okha.
Taimen amagwira ntchito kwambiri masika ndi nthawi yachilimwe, atangotulutsa. Ndikusintha kwa kutentha, nsomba zimayamba kuchita ulesi, motero ndizosowa kugwira nsomba yayikulu mu Julayi komanso kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Chitsitsimutso chimachitika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndipo mu Seputembala pali chiphuphu chakuthengo, chomwe chimakhala mpaka kupangidwa kwa ayezi.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Taimen
Ichthyologists amasiyanitsa mitundu inayi yoyima payokha:
- Danube salmon amakhala kumpoto ndi pakati pa Danube, m'chigwa cha Prut, mu Nyanja ya Yalpug.
- Taimen yaku Korea imapezeka mumtsinje wa Yalu, makamaka kumapeto kumtunda.
- Tauni za Sichuan zimapezeka pagawo laling'ono la Mtsinje wa Yangtze. Amasiyana ndi zopanga pakapangidwe ka chigaza. Maganizo ake ali pafupi kutha.
- Taimen wamba kapena Siberian amakhala m'mitsinje ya Siberia ndi Far East (Amur, Tugur, Ud). Anthu ochepa anapulumuka mu nyanja za Baikal, Zaysan (Kazakhstan) ndi Norilsk. Imapezeka ku Altai - mu Teletskoye Lake ndi Mtsinje wa Chulyshman. Mu beseni la Kama, amapezeka ochepa m'mitsinje Chusovaya, Kolva, Vishera. Zosiyanazo ndizazikulu kwambiri.
Udindo wapadera umakhala ndi Sakhalin taimen kapena chevitsa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yomwe imakhala m'mitsinje yamadzi oyera, lentil ndi ya nsomba zosamukira. Gawo la moyo wa Sakhalin taimen amakhala mumadzi am'nyanja. Nsomba zimapezeka m'mitsinje ya Sakhalin, Nyanja ya Tunaicha, ku Gulf of Peter the Great, pafupi. Hokkaido ndi m'madzi a Nyanja ya Japan.
Usodzi wa taimen
Mwa mphamvu, kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe komanso kugunda mwachangu, palibe nsomba zamtsinje zomwe zingafanizidwe ndi taimen. Chifukwa cha izi, wolusa amawonedwa kuti ndi mdani woyenera wothamanga. Kuti mugwire nsomba yayikulu komanso yanzeruyi, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito luso, kulimba mtima komanso luso, komanso zida zolimba. Makamaka ochita zachiwawa kwambiri ndi nsomba 900 kg. Kusodza mitengo yayikulu, ngakhale ndiyopepuka, kumafunikira kulimbitsa thupi komanso kudekha mtima pakuwedza - kupindika - masikono olemera 30 mpaka 40 kg amatha kukana ndikuyendetsa kwa maola angapo.
Nthawi zambiri, asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito sapota pokoka nsomba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yokhala ndi manja awiri, yolimba komanso yolimba, yosachepera mita 2.7. Kugwiritsa ntchito kolala yamkati nthawi zambiri kumatha ngati chingwe chamoyo chikukoka ndikuvulaza ndi manja, chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyika intilainaless kapena coil pakuchulukitsa pakusaka taimen. Kuluma kumamveka ngati kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, nsombayo ikadula imayeserera kudutsa pamwala kapena kugona pansi. Nthawi zambiri, nyama yolusa yomwe imagwidwa ndi "kandulo" imalumphira m'madzi kutalika konse, ndikuyamba kuthamangira m'bwatomo. Ma Jerks of taimen akuluakulu amatha "kukoka" msodzi kapena kutembenuza bwato.
Nthawi zina pomwe nyama yolusa imatambasulira mphete ndikuphwanya tezi zazikulu, motero nyambo yayikulu imafunikira, ndi zokoleza zodalirika, zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chabwino kwambiri komanso chokhala ndi chingwe cholimba (mpaka 0,8 mm). Ma spinner ena amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ma spinner apanyumba. Asodzi aku Irkutsk, monga nyambo, amagwiritsa ntchito flywood yolemera, yotchedwa "mdierekezi pang'ono": wopendekera wazowongolera komanso mpira wofiira amakwezedwa ndodo yachitsulo m'malo mwa petal. Bwino taisen kwa spinner, pamene nyambo imayikidwa mwachangu, pafupi pansi.
Panthawi yausodzi pamitsinje yachangu, kupatula ma spinner, maqhuqa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mukamasankha wobbler, ndibwino kungokhala osaya, phokoso. Izi ndi nyambo zazitali (zopitilira 12 cm) zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu nyengo yamitambo, owala, okongola amakhala oyenera bwino, ndipo pamasiku dzuwa - dzuwa lowoneka bwino.
Kuphatikiza pa ma spinner ndi maula, zotsatira zabwino zimawonetsedwa ndi kugwira taimen pa mbewa, zomwe zimayerekezera chikhalidwe cha nyama yomwe yagwera mumtsinje, yomwe imayandama pagombe. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yamadzulo, ngakhale nyama yolusa kapena yanjala ikhoza kuyankha mbewa yopanga masana. Modzipereka amapita ku mbewa pachilimwe. Popeza nthawi zina nsomba zimakonda kugwira "mbewa" ndi mutu, ndikofunikira kupangira nyambo ndi timiyala tiwiri - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Mfundo: "agwidwa - asiye!"
Chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse ya taimen chikucheperachepera. Sakhalin taimen, monga mtundu wovuta kwambiri, walembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la mayiko. Taimen ya ku Siberia, ngakhale ili ndi malo ambiri ogawikirako, ilinso nthumwi yachilendo ya ichthyofauna.
Mtunduwu uli mu Buku Lofiyira la madera ambiri a Russian Federation (Irkutsk Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, Altai Territory, Republic of Bashkir, etc.). Kugwira taimen ku Siberia koletsedwa m'madera ambiri.
Koma ngakhale ataloledwa kuigwira mobwerezabwereza, mfundo ya masewerawa imagwiritsidwa ntchito: "ogwidwa - adajambula - natulutsidwa". Ndianthu okha omwe sangathe kugwira ntchito omwe ayenera kugwira. Kusodza kosangalatsa ku Yakutia ku Taimen ndikuloledwa kuyambira pa 20 June mpaka Seputembara 20. M'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Khudosey (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) - kuyambira Juni 20 mpaka Seputembara 1.
Malangizo a Taimen
Chifukwa chakusamala kwa nyama yomwe imadyera, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito oscillating kapena ma spinout amtundu wamtundu wachilengedwe, womwe umakhala ngati nsomba zam'deralo (siliva, mkuwa, mkuwa, golide), ndipo umakhala ndi mipando yaying'ono yosiyanasiyana. Big taimen imayenda bwino ndi a Mepps Lusox kapena Abu Garcia Toby, koma amanyalanyaza kwathunthu anzawo. Zotsatira zabwino zimawonetsedwa ndi kumira komanso kusambira pansi pa mafunde (maimidwe) ndi ma Devons omwe amakhala ndi masamba opindika. Nyambo zoyandama mozama ngati nsomba (poppers) sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa chochepa kwambiri. Taimen imabowoleredwa bwino ndi mbewa yokula masentimita 10-12, yomwe imatsanziradi kukuntha kwamadzi m'madzi. Sipinala yotereyi yomwe imakhala ndi achichepere angapo imakhala yothandiza kwambiri makamaka posodza nyama yomwe ili ndi mitambo masana kapena usiku.
Kuphatikizika ndi maubwino a nsomba zam'madzi am'madzi
Krasulia ali ndi nyama yokoma, yowutsa mudyo komanso yonyezimira ya pinki kapena yofiira, yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zofunika pathupi:
- mapuloteni oyesa kugaya (18,9 g),
- Vitamini B3 (2.9 mg)
- zinc (0,7 mg), chlorine (165 mg), sulfure (175 mg),
- nickel (6 μg), chromium (55 μg), molybdenum (4 μg).
Kodi namsongole amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Taimen m'madzi
Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amapezeka mdera lawo (mabowo akuya pansi pa zipolopolo ndi mathithi amadzi, kuphatikizidwa kwa misonkho yaying'ono, yomwe ili pansi pa nsanamira ya mlatho kapena miyala ikuluikulu, zokumbira m'mphepete mwa nyanja), zomwe amakana pokhapokha pakudya komanso kuwaza. Achinyamata alibe gawo lokhalitsa. Amapezeka m'madzi oyenda mofulumira, kusaka ma invertebrates ndikusintha kwathunthu ku chakudya cha nsomba zaka 1-3 pambuyo pobadwa.
Pakupanga, taimen sikuti amadya. Pambuyo pa izi pakubwera nyengo ya zhor, pomwe nthawi yomwe nsomba imadya kwambiri, koma nthawi yosusuka sikhala nthawi yayitali ndipo imaloledwa ndi passivity, dzuwa litayamba. Ndiponso, nsomba imalowa munthawi ya zhor, yolumikizidwa ndi kufunika kwa taimen kuti isunge michere nthawi yachisanu. Kupezeka kwamafuta amthupi kumathandiza nsomba kupulumuka kusowa kwa chakudya pakakhala nyengo yozizira. Mchira wa achikulire makamaka umakhala nyama zomwe zimadya nsomba, ngakhale zimakonda kudya nyama zapadziko lapansi, monga makoswe ndi mbalame.
Taimen ya ku Siberia --wopambana kwambiri omwe amadyera m'zinthu zambiri, komwe zimachitika, amadya:
- nsomba
- makoswe
- madzimadzi
- ngakhale ndi mileme.
Achinyamata amadya mphutsi zamtundu wamkaka ndi mphutsi za caddis. Kutengera nkhokwe, momwe zakudya zimakhalira ndi nsomba zazing'ono za mabanja: whitefish, cyprinids, cyprinids, grey, etc. Pang'onopang'ono, nsomba zazing'ono zimayamba kusaka nsomba zina, ndipo pofika chaka chachitatu zimayamba kudya zakudya zabwino. Taimen amatha kudya achibale mosavuta. Nsomba yanjala imagwira achule, anapiye, agologolo, mbewa.
Kodi michira imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Taimen ku Russia
Taimen ya ku Siberia imapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia, kuphatikiza m'malo ena a Baspian ndi Arctic bas ku Eurasia (Volga, Ural, Pechora, Yenisei, Lena) komanso m'malo ena a Pacific Pacific ku Mongolia, Russia ndi China. Malire akumadzulo a gawo lawo lachilengedwe ndi kumtunda kwa mitsinje ya Volga ndi Pechora. Mtunduwu umapezeka m'milandu ingapo ya Pechora, kuphatikizapo Ilych, Kosiu, Bolshaya Sinyuya ndi Usa. Kwa zaka 20 zapitazi sipanakhalepo zolemba za kukhalapo kwa nsomba iyi ku Komi Republic. Mbedza zomaliza zolembedwa ku Komi Republic zinali mu mtsinje wa Ilych mu 1978.
Zambiri mwazigawo za Volga ndi Urals (kuphatikiza omwe anali amtsinje wa Little Ik) zidatayika. Malo okha ku Europe komwe mitunduyi ilipo ndi mtsinje wa Kama (makamaka mtsinje wa Vishera), kumene nsomba zikucheperako. Taimen amapezekanso mumtsinje wa Yaiva, ndipo pali zolemba m'mitsinje ya Kosva, Chusovaya ndi Berezovaya. Mitunduyi idawonedwa mu 1987 ku Udmurt Republic, mumtsinje wa Shiva komanso kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nkhokwe ya Votkono. Idapezeka ku Khabarovsk Territory, kuphatikiza Mtsinje wa Amur ndi maulendo ake, komanso mitsinje ya Tugur ndi Uda m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
Mtunduwu nthawi zina unkagwidwa mumtsinje wa Langra kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Sakhalin. Ku Mongolia, taimen imapezeka mumtsinje wa Shishhead, Eg, Uur, Delger Moron, Yder, Chuluud, Ero, Selenga, Orkhon ndi Tuul, komanso m'chigwa cha Darkhad (Arctic basin) ndi Onone, mapiri kumtunda kwa mitsinje ya Herlen ndi Khalkhin (Amur runoff). Ku China, izi zimachitika mumtsinje wa Heilongjiang (Amur) ndi mabungwe ake, komanso kumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Irtysh ku Altai Territory m'chigawo cha Xinjiang.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe taimen imapezeka. Tiwone zomwe nsomba izi zimadya.
Khalidwe ndi zizolowezi
Taimen ndi nsomba yolusa yomwe imakonda kusaka nthawi yamadzulo, komanso nthawi yamvula komanso yamvula. Kukula kwacinyamata kumadalira mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, mphutsi, ma leeches, crustaceans ndi mwachangu a mitundu ina ya nsomba.
Kusiyidwa pang'onopang'ono kwa zooplankton ndi kusintha kwa chakudya ndi oimira a ichthyofauna a chimbudzi cha taimen kumachitika zaka zapakati pa 3-4, pamene nsomba yodabwitsayi ili ndi kulumpha lakuthwa pakupanga nsagwada, kumeza ntchito komanso kugaya chakudya.
Ndi nthawi iyi momwe zakudya za taimen zimawonekera:
- nsomba
- amphibians
- zazing'ono zazing'ono
- madzimadzi.
Mmodzi sayenera kudabwa ndi menyu wotere, popeza achinyamata achimuna amatha kusaka nyama, yomwe kukula kwake ndi 15-17% kutalika kwa thupi la mdani. Inde, kwa akulu, omwe kutalika kwawo kumafikira 3 mita, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 40-42%.
Mu nthawi ya masika ndi nthawi yotentha, taimen, yomwe ndi nsomba yokhayokha (nthawi zina yopakidwa), imakonda kusewera m'madzi ozizira a mitsinje yayikulu kapena nyanja, komwe kasupe kapena madzi osungunuka amatuluka nthawi zonse. Masana, nthumwi yoyimira iyi amakonda kusaka m'malo amdima, usiku amapita kokabera, ndipo amakumana m'mawa pamipanda, komwe amathamangitsa nsomba zazing'ono mokweza (samanyoza kukula kwake kwachinyamata).
Madzi akayamba kutentha, michira imayamba kugwira ntchito. Akatswiri amati izi zimachitika chifukwa chopweteketsa mano.Komabe, pafupi nthawi yophukira, nsombayi imayambanso kudya zhor, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuti nyama yomwe imadya isunge mafuta kuti ipulumuke nyengo yachisanu yopanda mavuto. Taimen amakonda nyengo yachisanu m'madzi ambiri, komwe amabwerera kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Taimen ndi nsomba, malongosoledwe enieni azikhalidwe zomwe asayansi alephera kupanga. Komabe, posachedwapa akatswiri atachita kafukufuku anapeza kuti anthu akuluakulu amachoka kwawo pomwe nyama zazing'ono zimawoneka pamenepo, kuti zigonjetse gawo ili.
Kukula kwakukulu ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kutalika kwa zaka zomwe amakhala atadwala, malinga ndi akatswiri, akuyenera kukhala zaka zosachepera 20. Pazaka izi, kutalika kwa nsomba zachikulire kumatha kufika 1.5-2 mita ndi kulemera kwa kilogalamu 60-80. Komabe, m'malo abwino, taimen amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 55 ndipo amakula mpaka 3 mita kutalika ndi kulemera kwama kilogalamu oposa 100. Inali nsomba yotere yomwe inagwidwa kuchokera ku Yenisei, yomwe imayenda kufupi ndi Krasnoyarsk.
Masiku ano, zotere sizikupezekanso. Komanso, zomwe zikuchitika lero ndi zakuti posachedwa taimen - izikhala nsomba, yomwe imapezeka pachithunzicho.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi taisen imawoneka bwanji
Kudutsa konsekonse, michira imavutika ndi malo okhala, amachepetsa mtundu wamadzi, kudyetsa ziweto zambiri, kuwononga zinyalala ndi kuwononga nsomba. Popeza nsomba izi zimakula pang'onopang'ono - zimatenga zaka 7 kuti zikule - anthu sangathe kubwereranso mwachangu, ndiye kuti taimen amalembedwa ngati "osatetezeka" mu Red Book, yomwe imasungidwa ndi International Conservation Union. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wawo, chiwerengero cha taimen chatsika ndi 50-95%, kutengera malo, zotayika zoyipa kwambiri ku China komanso anthu okhazikika kwambiri m'malo a Russia Arctic.
Dziko la Mongolia lakhala lotsogola kwambiri pantchito zake zachitetezo, kubweretsa ndikusunga malamulo pamitsinje yonse ndikugwira ntchito ndi anthu am'deralo kuti mudziwe kufunika koti anthu oyipa azitha kukhala achuma. Komabe, mitundu yonse yam'mitunduyo yamtunduwu imapezeka ku Russian Federation (83.8% yonse). Mtundu wa mbiri, zachilengedwe zamtunduwu zimafikira ku China (6.4% ya zonse), Kazakhstan (6.1% ya okwanira) ndi Mongolia (3.7% yonse).
Chosangalatsa: Kuchepa kwa anthu kumadera amodzi kumasiyana kuchokera ku 3.2% mkati mwa Russia (ku Volga, Urals ndi Pechora), 6.9% ku China (ku Amur River basin) ndi 19.1% ku Mongolia.
Kuwonongeka kwa magawidwe mwina ndiwokwera kwambiri, poti anthu ambiri, makamaka kum'mwera kwa magawidwe awo, agawika kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta zakomweko zakusintha kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a malo ndi kukakamiza kwa asodzi. Komabe, lero kulibe deta yokwanira kuti tipeze ziwonetsero zodalirika za mtunduwu mwambiri zachilengedwe zake.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Taimen, yemwe amadziwika kuti taimen wa ku Siberia, komanso chinyama chachikulu cha ku Siberia, ndi mtundu wina wa nsomba mu banja la nsomba. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa mtundu wa nsomba, iyi ndiye nsomba yakale kwambiri yasimoni, yomwe zaka zake zimafotokozedwa zaka 40 miliyoni. Posachedwa, zawoneka zomwe zikuwonetsa kuyanjana kwapakati pa taimen ndi nsomba za Pacific Oncorhynchus, komanso nsomba yodziwika bwino ya Pacific yomwe ili m'gulu la Parasalmo.
Kanema: Taimen
Ma salonid omwe alipo pano ali ndi mizere itatu, yotchulidwa ngati mabanja achichepere:
- nsomba yayikulu (Coregoninae),
- Grayling (Thymallinae), kuphatikiza char,
- moose ndi trout (Salmoninae).
Mizere itatu yonseyi imatengedwa kuti iwonetse mndandanda wa machitidwe omwe amapezeka m'gulu loyang'anira magulu awiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nsomba zimapezeka mu zinthu zakale ku Middle Eocene. Fossils za Eosalmo driftwoodensis zidapezeka ku Driftwood Bay. Mitundu yakutha iyi ili ndi zinthu zofala zomwe zimapezeka mu mizere ya nsomba, whitefish ndi imvi. Kutengera izi, E. driftwoodensis ndi woimira archaic salmon, akuwonetsa gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa nsomba.
Mitundu ina mwachiwonekere ndi ya Oncorhynchus, mtundu wa salmon waku Pacific komanso mitundu ina ya trout. Kukhalapo kwa mitunduyi pamtunda kunatsimikizira kuti Oncorhynchus analipo osati kumadera aku Pacific pamaso pa Pliocene, koma mizereyi idafalanso kumadera ena amadzi. Kugawanika pakati pa Oncorhynchus ndi Masalmo (nsomba ya Atlantic) kunachitika kale Pliocene isanachitike. Mwambiri mwakutheka kwa Miocene.
Zinsinsi zausodzi
Chododometsa cha zochitika za taimen ndikuti nsomba zazing'onozi zikakhala zochepa, zimakhala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ngati masewera.
Mwina, chifukwa chake, madera ena aku Russia sanayerekeze kuletsa kwathunthu kupha nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe zilipo mu mtundu wa masewera okha komanso zoletsa zazikulu momwe:
- zoletsa kwathunthu kuwedza usodzipula,
- kusodza kumodzi ndi nyambo yochita kupanga,
- Ndikofunika kuti mugwire nsomba padziwe poti palibe zowonongeka.
Akatswiri amati nthawi yabwino kwambiri yopangira taimen kukhala posachedwa wa zhor (Meyi-Juni) komanso kudyetsa nthawi yophukira (Ogasiti-Novembala). Kuluma kwambiri kumawonedwa nthawi yamadzulo ndi m'mawa, pomwe madzi "adakutidwa" ndi chifunga.
Malo okondweretsa malo opangira taimen ndi malo omwe madzi amayenda mwachangu pamalire a rapids ndi zitunda zamiyala, malo otumphuka amadzi, pakamwa pa mitsinje yaying'ono ndi misonkho, komanso kuzilumba zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala kumapeto. Pakadali pano, nsomba imayesetsa kukhazikika pansi pamadzi ndipo nthawi zambiri imayankha nyambo yomwe ili pamwamba kapena "madzi pang'ono".
Asodzi a masewerawa amakonda kupha nsomba zozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kusodza kwa ntchentche. Nyambo ndi sipinachi padziwe lirilonse liyenera kusankhidwa payekhapayekha. "Mbewa yopanga" idzakhala yothandiza mukasaka trout yopambana mphoto.
Ngati ali ndi chilolezo, asodziwo ali ndi ufulu kuyesa kugwira taimen, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi sentimita 75. Usodzi, monga lamulo, uli m'malo omwe amapangidwira izi. Ndi nsomba zomwe zagwidwa, mutha kujambula chithunzi, kenako muyenera kumasula michirayo kuchosungira, ngati amene sanawonongeke kwambiri.
Maphikidwe a taimen
Asodzi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yokonzera taimen ndi akazembe ake oyenerera. Ndi nyama yotere, zosakudya zazing'ono, masaladi osachepera, osadya bwino. Chinthu chachikulu sikuti kuwononga. Osakhala mchere komanso wotsikirapo. Koma zonse zimabwera, monga momwe akunenera, ndi zokumana nazo.
Pali mbale ya asodzi aku Siberiya yotchedwa "Crystal". Ichi ndi msuzi pomwe mitu ndi zipsepse zimangotengedwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphikidwa pamoto wambiri mpaka kuphika pafupifupi mphindi 15. Ndiye ozizira, fyuluta, onjezani protein ya nkhuku yaiwisi, pang'ono caviar. Pambuyo pake, msuzi umakhala wowonekera, ngati kristalo. Kenako ikani mapesi angapo a tsabola wowotcha ndi katsabola. Msuzi wotere suudyedwa, koma m'malo moledzera ndi buledi wophika mkate. Ngati mungafune, muthanso kuphika khutu "lachifumu" pamsuzi woterowo mwa kuyika zidutswa za taimen, nsomba, sterlet kapena nsomba zina zabwino.
Pakati pa minofu ya taimen pali zigawo zamafuta, kotero nyama yake ndi yofewa. Ndi mafuta awa, olemera mu PUFA, omwe amapanga taimen kukhala chinthu chopatsa thanzi.
Ku Siberia, mitu ya taimen imadyanso, ndipo kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri timataya nsomba, ndipo kumenenso amadyako. Koma iwo, komanso mitu, amatha kudyedwa pokhapokha ngati nsomba ndi yatsopano kwambiri ndipo mosakaikira konse. Mchira ukakola m'matumbo, mtima, chiwindi, m'mimba ndi chikhodzodzo zimatsukidwa bwino. Ndipo zonsezi zimaphikidwa mu poto ndikuwonjezera mafuta okwanira, komanso zokometsera ndi mchere mpaka khirisipi.
Taimen ukhoza kugulidwa mu ayisikilimu. Ndikwabwino kuphika ndi kuwonjezera kwa kaloti, anyezi, parsley, nandolo wakuda ndi allspice. Dulani nsomba kuzidutswa zazikulu ndikuwonjezera madzi amchere, onjezani zina zonse ndikuphika kwa mphindi 20. Nthawi zambiri muzidya zotentha, ndi mbatata kapena saladi. Koma ngati wina amakonda nsomba zozizira, ndiye chonde, ndi bowa wamkaka ndi bowa wokongoletsedwa wa porcini, taimen ozizira umayenda bwino.
Mchira wokhathamira ndi wabwino. Pa malovu, taimen imakonzedwanso m'mitundu yayikulu, ndi mchere ndi allspice, ndi bwino kuthira ndi batala losungunuka. Mutha kutumikirana ndi nyama yakutchire, anyezi wobiriwira komanso masamba ndi masamba atsopano!
Zokometsera zamkaka ndi zophika mu uvuni. Imaphikidwa ndi kanjere ka mpiru. Filipoyo imadulidwa kukhala yakuya pafupifupi masentimita atatu ndikulemera masentimita 100. Vala pang'ono mankhwalawo ndi njere za mpiru kenako ndi masamba amtundu wophika. Kenako ikani nkhungu, yofalitsidwira pamwamba ndi batala ndikuyika uvuni, yotenthetsedwa mpaka madigiri 180. Kuphika ndikulimbikitsidwa pafupifupi mphindi 10.
Komanso, taimen amathanso kusuta. Utsi wa fodya umawonedwa ngati chakudya chokoma.
Zimphona izi zimapezeka m'mitsinje yathu yayikulu ndi malo osungira, ndikusankha maenje akuya kwambiri ndi mabowo m'malo awo okhala. Ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zoyenera kutchedwa zilombo zenizeni. Mphaka zam'madzi zopatsa nsomba. Amatha kudya zovunda, ngakhale ali mwanjira zenizeni ali osaka enieni, olimba kwambiri komanso amakwiya. (Pa kufalikira kwa mphaka, werengani nkhani yathu "Catfish, momwe zimoneke zimakhala")
Chakudya chachikulu cha Catfish kupha nsomba, nyama zing'onozing'ono, mbalame zomwe mosasamala zimagwera pamadzi m'malo omwe timakhala. Mphaka sudzakana mollusks - mitsinje, zoopsa ndi zina. Mphaka wamkulu amatha kuukira chiweto. Ndipo palibe aliyense wa fuko la nsomba omwe ali ndi nthano zambiri kuposa nsomba za catfish.
Wolemba komanso wasayansi Arsentiev Anafotokoza milandu ikaphedwa ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri ikuwedza asodzi aku nsomba, ndikuigwira ndi miyendo ndikuyiyendetsa mu dziwe. Panali mafotokozedwe oyipa, ngati nsomba yam'madzi, ngati kunyambita ana ang'onoang'ono kuchokera kumata, pomwe amayi amatsuka ndikutsuka zovala. Ziwopsezo zazikuluzikuluzi zinawukiranso akulu. Ndipo musadabwe bwanji, malinga ndi Sabaneev, mzaka mazana angapo zapitazi, nsomba zamtchire zinalemera oposa 400 kg. Chilombo chotere chimatha kuukira munthu mosavuta.
Mlandu wapadera zidachitika ndi msodzi m'modzi akuwoloka mtsinje ndipo amphaka adagwidwa ndi mwendo. Wachinyamata adapulumutsidwa kokha ndi chikwakwa, chomwe panthawiyo chinali m'manja mwake. Pali milandu ina yambiri yokhudza kuwedza kwa nsomba zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku ndi manyuzipepala.
Masiku ano, palibe zimphona zoterezi.
Catfish imalemera pafupipafupi kuposa nyama pafupifupi 30 kg. Zowona, nyama zodya nyama zolemera ma kilogalamu mazana awiri zimapezekabe m'chigawo cha Volga, koma pali paradiso weniweni kwa asodzi ndi asodzi.
Omaliza, mwina, pa zochitika zolemba za chimphona zazikulu za kuthengo khosimpamene nyama yolusa idakokolola mbuna m'madzi, komanso tsoka m'dera la Voronezh mu 90s, pomwe mphaka-wakalulu adakoka anthu am'mudzi wa Kulakovo kusamba madzulo. Anali mayi ndi mwana.
Chinese paddlefish
Chinese paddlefish kapena psefur - nsomba yamchere yatsopano yomwe imangokhala mu mtsinje wa Yangtze, nthawi zina imasambira mumadziwe akuluakulu ndi Nyanja Ya Yellow. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumatha kupitirira 3 metres, kulemera makilogalamu 300. Pali zidziwitso kuti mu 1950s, asodzi adagwira nsomba za paddlefish 7 metres ndipo akulemera pafupifupi 500 kg, ngakhale kuti kudalirika kwa nkhaniyi sikunatsimikizike. Zimadyanso nsomba ndi ma crustaceans. Nyama yake ndi caviar amadziwika kwambiri ku China.
Mtundu wa nyama
Nyama yamtunduwu ndi yofewa kapena yofiirira. Amayesedwa kwambiri pakati pa gourmets chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake. Kuphatikizikako kumakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo a polyunsaturated acid ndipo mapuloteni athunthu amapanga nsomba kukhala zopatsa thanzi komanso zokhutiritsa. Ndipo kukhalapo kwa mitundu yambiri yamafuta ndi mavitamini ofunikira m'thupi la munthu ndikwabwino.
ZOFUNIKIRA: Omega-3 mafuta acids ndi ofunika kwambiri. Ma antioxidant amphamvuwa amateteza maselo a cell kuti asawonongeke komanso amachepetsa kukalamba. Zimalepheretsanso kudzikundikira kwa cholesterol yoyipa m'magazi, yomwe imatsogolera ku atherosulinosis.
Taimen caviar ndichakudya chenicheni. Ndiwotinso ma toni, akulu, okhala ndi kukoma kwabwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumchere wamchere. Mu chithunzi - momwe zimawonekera:
Mtengo wosodza
Sizinali pachabe kuti taimen wamba ankatchedwa mfumu nsomba, kutsindika osati ulemu wake, komanso kukoma kwaulere kwa zamkati zachifundo komanso mawonekedwe achifumu enieni a caviar. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti, ngakhale kuletsa kwapafupifupi kwa kupanga mafakitale ,imayi, malonda ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zikupitilira zikuchitika ku Russia komanso m'maiko ena (Kazakhstan, China ndi Mongolia).
Chidwi Pansi pa layisensi kapena m'malo osankhidwa mwapadera, mutha kugwira masentimita 70-75 kutalika.
Malinga ndi malamulowo, usodzi yemwe wapha mchira amakakamizidwa kuti amuleke, koma atha kutenga chithunzi ndi chiphaso chake. Amaloledwa kuti atenge nanu pokhapokha - nsombazi zimavulala kwambiri pogwira.
Bweretsani ku zomwe zalembedwa
Kuphika Taimen
Filimu ya Taimen imakhala yamafuta ochulukirapo komanso yowutsa mudyo chifukwa cha zigawo zamafuta pakati pa minofu ya minofu. Monga chinthu chofunikira komanso chofunikira kwambiri, chimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Kusavuta kusamalira, popeza kulibe mafupa, ma vertebrates okha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakudya za mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Ndibwino kuti mukumwa. Njira yophikirayi imagogomezera ndikuwonjezera kukoma kwa nyama. Mchere wamchere umagwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokhwasula pawokha kapena muma saladi. Kuthira mchere sikufuna chithandizo chamatenthedwe, chifukwa chake mavitamini onse, ofunikira amtundu wa micro ndi micro yambiri amasungidwa, makamaka ndi salting sing'anga.
Taimen imakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zopopera, zokazinga, zodyetsedwa, zophika, zophika, zopaka zotsekemera komanso zamzitini. Pa grill kapena barbecue, nsomba zimakhalanso zabwino. Monga mbale yam'mbali, mpunga, pasitala, mbatata ndizoyenereradi, masamba abwino sakhala m'malo. Pankhani ya zonunkhira, kuli koyenera kusankha zokometsera zamtundu wa "nsomba" kapena kulawa.
ZOFUNIKIRA: Nsomba zokoma kwambiri zamtunduwu zimagwidwa mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Watha kale kusungitsa malo osungiramo mafuta nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa chake adzakhala wophatikiza, wokometsera pagome lililonse.
Izi ndi nsomba zamitundu mitundu zambiri, chifukwa ndizosowa kwenikweni, ndipo usodzi ndiwocheperako. Patsamba mashopu nthawi zambiri limawoneka ngati fodya kapena masokosi osuta, nthawi zambiri - mtembo wonse wowuma.
Giant madzi abwino oyera stingray
Giant madzi oyera oyera a stingray (Himantura polylepis) ndi mtundu wa mbola zamchere zomwe zimakhala m'madzi otentha a mitsinje ingapo yayikulu Indochina ndi Kalimantan. Amatha kukula mpaka 1.9 m mulifupi ndikulemera 600 kg. Amadyera makamaka ma crustaceans ndi ma mollusks, mwina nyongolotsi. Malo otsetserekera madzi abwino sakhala ankhanza, ngakhale ayenera kusamalidwa bwino, popeza nthomba yawo yayitali ingabowole fupa la munthu mosavuta. Mtunduwu umakhala pangozi.
White sturgeon
Malo achisanu pa mndandanda wa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi padziko lapansi ndi White Sturgeon - mtundu wa nsomba za banja la sturgeon, nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi ku North America. Imakhala pansi pa mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso kutsika kwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa North America. White sturgeon imatha kukula mpaka 6.1 m kutalika ndikulemera 816 kg. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, crustaceans ndi mollusks.
Kapangidwe ndi phindu la nyama ya taimen
Nyama ya taimen imatanthauzira zakudya zama calorie ochepa, chifukwa zimakhala zokha 119 kilocalories pa 100 galamu Zotsatira zake, zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu omwe amadya zakudya zopanda pake, nzika zakale komanso anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, chifukwa zimatengedwa ndi thupi. Mwa zina zothandiza za nyama yam'madzi, ndikufuna kudziwa:
- kukhalapo kwa mafuta acids omwe amalepheretsa mapangidwe a atherosulinosis ndi matenda oopsa,
- Puloteni ya nyama imapangidwa bwino mu kuphatikizika kwa amino acid, komwe kumalola kuti adalitsidwe muzakudya za amayi omwe ali ndi pakati komanso akumayamwa ndi ana aang'ono,
- nyama ya taimen imathandizira mu ntchito ya ubongo ndikuwongolera dongosolo lamanjenje,
- chifukwa cha zinc zomwe zimapezeka munyama, thanzi la pakhungu, misomali ndi mawonekedwe amatsitsi kumatha, ndipo fluorine imathandizira kulimbitsa mano ndi minofu ya mafupa.
Zifukwa zophera nyama
Mchira wamba wamapira pang'onopang'ono umasowa m'malo okhala malo amtunduwu. Vutoli limayambitsidwa ndi mndandanda wamavuto otsatirawa:
- Sinthani mu kapangidwe ka madzi madzi chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Ndi kulumpha kwa atypical pamtunda woyandikira pachaka, ngakhale madigiri angapo, kuchepa kwa anthu odana ndi nyama koteroko kumawonedwa.
- Mafuta - samangoyambitsa kutentha kwa madzi, komanso amasintha pH pomwe phulusa ndi nkhuni zowotcha zilowa. Madzi pang'onopang'ono amakhala amchere. Zochitika zofananazi zimakhudza anthu osangokhala tuchimine, komanso nsomba zina, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti salmonids.
- Zochita za anthu - kupangidwa kwa malo osungira, magetsi opangira magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza polima kumapangitsa kuti madzi a mumtsinje awonongeke. Osangokhala microscopic yokha imavutika, komanso zomerazi zomwe zimakhutitsa madzi ndi mpweya. Zonsezi zimabweretsa mfundo yoti taimen imayamba kuvuta kuzolowera moyo womwe wangopangika kumene.
- Migodi - kuwedza koteroko kumapangitsa kuti madzi asinthe, kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazake ndi kayendedwe kazinthu. Ntchito zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa kupendekeka mumtsinje wamtsinje, momwe michira imakhala. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo a mitsinje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamigodi, nsomba zimatha.
- Kuipitsa kwamadzi kuchokera ku zinyalala zamafuta - kulowa kwa zodetsedwa zodetsedwa m'mitsinje kumapangitsa kuti mitundu ina ya biocenoses ichotse. Nthawi zambiri izi zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe a taimen atheretu. Malo okhala nyama zodyerazi pang'onopang'ono mumakhala pike, yomwe siikhala yachangu posankha chakudya ndipo imatha kubereka mosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Usodzi wa Amateur
Monga taonera pamwambapa, taimen wamba amangogwidwa malinga ndi layisensi. Woyambitsa nyama ngati wadyera ndiye kuti amatha kupindika. Kuluma koyenera kumawonedwa m'mawa kwambiri, pomwe oimira nyamazo amagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti apeze nyama.
Panthawi ya zhor, nyama yolusa siimakonda kusankha chakudya. Pafupifupi nyambo iliyonse imatha kulanda minyewa nthawi ngati imeneyi. Nthawi yonseyi, nsomba zotere zimakhala zopanda mafuta. Amayankha makamaka pazovala zamtundu wokongola.
Ophunzira odziwa bwino zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti taimen ndiyabwino kwambiri kubaya nyambo zazikulu. Komabe, monga momwe masewera amasonyezera, chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito zikuluzikulu zazikulu zokha nthawi zambiri sichilola kuwerengera kupambana kwa usodzi.
Taimen ili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chapadera pakukonzekera magiya chimaperekedwa kuti apange tees olimba ndikusankha chingwe chambiri cha usodzi. Kupanda kutero, nyama zodyerazo zingang'ambe ndi kukoka nyambo.
Kugwira taimen, akatswiri ambiri pazokopera amagwiritsa ntchito zida kutsanzira mbewa ngati ma spinner. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zam'madzi zimadyera timiyala tating'ono tomwe timadutsa matupi amadzi. Chifukwa chake, kusankha nyambo ngati izi zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera. Poona nyambo kuti ili ngati mbewa, taimen imayesa kuipitsa ndi mchira wake, pambuyo pake imeza ndi jerk yothamanga.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba
Msodzi wokongola kwambiri wamitsinje yathu ku Siberia, wokhala ndi mchira wofiira wowala, michira wamba. Ndi chilombo chachikulu. Ngakhale uli wa nsomba, amafanana ndi mawonekedwe osinthika pakati pa nsomba ndi nsomba zoyera.
Kulemera kwake kokwanira kumafika kilogalamu makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo nthawi zina zochulukirapo. Pokhala ndi zazikulu zazitali, nsomba yayikulu ilibe mdani wakunja kupatula anthu. Zowonadi, pofika zaka 10, nsomba zam'madzi zimawoneka ngati chimphona chenicheni, poyerekeza ndi anzawo amtsinje. Ndizosangalatsa kulingalira kuti ndi mtundu uti wa michira wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi womwe umafikira. Ngakhale palibe amene anganene motsimikiza, zambiri zidakalipo:
- kuchokera m'mabuku asayansi ndikudziwika kuti nthawi yachisanu cha 1945 mu mtsinje wa Amur, chimwala cholemera makilogalamu 80 chidagwa pamadzi oundana,
- mu 1952, katswiri wina wa zam'madzi Tolchevnikov adawona momwe adagwirira ndi ukonde wokulirapo - 86 kg!
Masiku ano, kugwidwa kwa zimphona zotere ndikuwonekeratu. Mwina kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje yambiri.
Thupi la nyama zolusa ndi siliva, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda komanso mchira wofiyira. Komabe, mitundu ya thupi imatha kusintha mithunzi panthawi yopaka.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, taimen ndi ya nsomba zazing'ono ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, kugwidwa kwake koletsedwa. Ntchito zokopa alendo apaulendo m'mitsinje ya Siberia zimapereka lamulo lokhudza taien, ogwidwa - asiye.
chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, kusodza kwa nsombayi kunachitika kwambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ziwonongedwe zochuluka. Tsopano taimen yasowa kwambiri m'matupi amadzi ndipo ngati njira sizinatengedwe kuti zibwezeretsedwe, ndiye kuti, zitha kukhalapo.
Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneev analemba za pikes zolemera 60 kgamene amakhala m'mitsinje ya Siberia. M'manyuzipepala athu atatha nkhondo analemba za nsomba zolemera 30 kgyomwe idakumana munyanja ina yamadzi yam'mbali mwa Volga. Nsomba zapaudzu tsopano sizinthu zakuthambo. M'malo osungira a Volga, nyama zolusa zolemera makilogalamu 20 zimapezeka nthawi zonse. Ndipo iyi ndi imodzi mwamadzi am'mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri ndi nsomba ku Russia. Pike nthawi zambiri ndiyo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chodziwitsira nsomba ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. (kufotokoza pike)
Onani zithunzi zonse pazithunzi
Carp ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la nsomba zam'madzi zatsopano za banja la cyprinid. Zimagawidwa m'malo osungira osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Amakonda madzi abata, osayenda kapena osayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi dongo lolimba komanso osalala pang'ono. Amatha kukula mpaka mamita 1.2 m'litali ndi kulemera zoposa 100 kg. Amadyetsa nkhono, crustaceans, mphutsi ndi mphutsi za tizilombo. Carp wamkulu kwambiri yemwe asodzi aku Britain adachita mu 2013 adalemera makilogalamu 45,59.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi taisen imawoneka bwanji
Taimen ili ndi mawanga akuda owoneka akuda pamutu ndi m'mbali za thupi. Nsagwada ya kumtunda imapitirira kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa maso. Mulingowo ndi wokulirapo, wocheperako wopanda ma radial grooves ndi mphete zomveka bwino. Mafuta omaliza amapangidwa bwino.
Mitunduyi imasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba ku Central komanso kum'mawa kwa Europe posakanikirana ndi awa:
- ma tiniwo amaimira Mzere wokhazikika mu mawonekedwe a bokosi la akavalo,
- magawo ang'onoang'ono amdima pamutu ndi mawanga amizeremizere a X kapena owoneka ngati mwezi.
- mutu ndi wautali komanso wosalala pang'ono,
- nsagwada zazitali kwambiri
- mwa akulu, nsagwada yapamwamba imafika kumapeto kwa diso,
- thupi losazama,
- dera la caudal caudal, limakweza kwambiri ndipo limakhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira mwa achikulire,
- pali malo otsetsereka a 9-18 gill, nthawi zambiri 11-13.
Utoto umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, koma nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira maolivi pamutu, umasandulika bulauni. Mafuta, ma anal komanso ma caudal nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira. Mimba imayambira pafupi yoyera mpaka imvi. Taimen amawoneka kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amakhala wolemera kwambiri komanso wamkulu kwambiri kuposa salmon wamkulu kwambiri waku North America. Nsomba zodziwika bwino zimapezeka pakati pa 15 ndi 30 kg. Kutalika kwakukulu kumayambira 70 mpaka 120 cm.
Kukula kwakukulu sikunatsimikizike, koma mwina nsomba zomwe zinagwidwa mumtsinje wa Kotui ku Russia mu 1943 zinali ndi kutalika kwa 210 cm ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 105, ndiko kukula kwakukulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa munthu aliyense kuchokera pa sentimita 150 mpaka 180. World Fish Association ili ndi mbiri padziko lonse yama kilogalamu 41.95 ndi kutalika masentimita 156. Kuti akwaniritse izi, nsomba zimayenera kukula osachepera zaka makumi asanu.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: nsomba za Taimen
Ma taiga aku Siberian amakhala m'madzi abwino, makamaka m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yomwe imathamanga. Amadziwika kuti nsomba izi zimapezeka pamtunda woposa 1500 m komanso m'mitsinje ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi nyanja. Taimen ndi chiwindi chachitali. Ndi mtundu womwe umakula pang'onopang'ono komanso kucha mochedwa. Nsomba zimakula kupitirira 2 m ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 30.
Nthawi ya kubadwa ikuyerekezedwa pafupifupi zaka 17 kwa anthu omwe akungofa ndi chilengedwe chachilengedwe (i.e., popanda usodzi). Izi zitha kuchepetsedwa, chifukwa zotsatira za amayi kapena kukula kwa mazira sikumaganiziridwa pamene mkazi akukula. Kukhazikika kwa zinthu zamtunduwu kumakhala kwakukulu, mpaka 93 km.
Chosangalatsa: M'chilimwe, taimen amagwidwa amatumphuka pa ma bales, mbewa zochita kupanga, mutu wongozizira; nthawi yozizira, "mahalka" okhala ndi baubles yozizira amakonda. Taimen, monga nsomba yonse ya mchere, imakhala ndi nyama yofewa yopanda mafupa, mafuta ambiri, yokhala ndi tinge yotuwa yapinki.
Ma taimen amakhala m'mitsinje yothamanga ndi mpweya wambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasunthira ndikumatsika. Kutulutsa kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena June, kutengera kutentha kwa madzi. Nsomba zimasunthira kumtunda kwamtunda zing'onozing'ono, komwe zimayikira mazira, kenako kubwerera kumitsinje ikuluikulu.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Big Taimen
Achinyamata amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 5-7 mpaka kukula kwake ndi 60-70 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 2-3 kg. Akazi amatulutsa mazira 4,000-30,000, kutengera ndi kukula kwa nsomba. M'mtsinje wa Yenisei, kufalikira kumachitika kawirikawiri m'mwezi wa May ndi June. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Aiguur kumpoto kwa Mongolia, kufalikira kumachitika mu Meyi. Mitengo yam'madzi imapezeka m'malo osaya bwino ndipo imayenda mosasunthika pang'onopang'ono pansi, pansi penipeni pa mitsinje yayikulu, nthawi zambiri mumilandu yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri amasamukira kumtunda kuti awonongeke m'mabwalo apamwamba.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale kuti magwero ena amakhulupirira kuti nyamayo imakhala ndi moyo zaka 30, ena amati taimen imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi kapena kuposerapo. Chifukwa cha komwe amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba m'malo ano, mtunduwu sunaphunziridwe bwino, womwe umafotokoza kusiyana kwina mu "zenizeni za moyo". Nthawi zambiri nsomba zazikulu zimakhala zosungulumwa, zomwe zimawonjezera zovuta kuti ziwonekere.
Taimen amatha kuthana ndi zopinga zazikulu posamukira kumadera ena. Mazira 5-6 mm m'mimba mwake, kuwaswa pambuyo masiku 28-38. Mazira amakhalabe mumiyala mpaka malekezero a yolk atatha masiku 10-15, achinyamatawo amakhala pafupi ndi pomwe amawaza, kenako n kutsikira pansi. Akuluakulu osakwana zaka 2 mpaka 4 amakhala m'malo omwe akulu, koma padera mabowo ang'onoang'ono.
Adani achilengedwe a taimen
Chithunzi: Sakhalin Taimen
Taimen ndiye pamwamba pa msambo wa chakudya, motero ilibe ena omwe amadyera zachilengedwe, makamaka atakula. Nsomba zina zodya nyama, komanso abale awo, zimadyera achinyamata. Mchira ukayamba kutuluka ndipo umayenda mtunda wautali, umatha kugwa m'manja mwa chimbalangondo. Anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa tchire ndi amene amakhala adani a nsomba. Komabe, mdani wamkulu wa taimen ndi munthu yemwe amachititsa kuti nsomba zisawonongeke.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Taimen amakumana ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuipitsa nthaka, kukokoloka ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, migodi, ntchito yomanga madamu, kapangidwe ka misewu, usodzi wosaloledwa, usodzi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
National Geographic Society yakhazikitsa chikalata chapadera chomwe chimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa makumi awiri yamagulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo kuchokera ku nsomba zamadzi oyera padziko lonse lapansi. Taimen ndi membala wa gululi. Ntchitoyi imakhudza mitundu yapadera yomwe imapanga gulu lotchedwa megafish. Izi ndi mitundu yomwe imakula kuposa masentimita 180 kapena 100 makilogalamu. Zoposa makumi asanu ndi awiri zakubadwa zamitundu imeneyi zatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka chifukwa cha kuipitsa, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zopanda ntchito komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala.
Taimen ndiye nsomba yokhayo m'gulululi, yomwe ndi yamtundu wa trout kapena salmon, yomwe imakhala yayikulu kuti ikhale membala wolemekezeka wa gulu lapamwamba lino. Ku China, taimen yagwidwa kale kuti ithe. Ku Russia, mitunduyi imatchulidwanso kuti "yowopsa kwambiri". Kubwera kwa ntchito zokopa alendo pa tchuthi, zomwe makamaka zimapangidwa ndi apaulendo aku Western komanso opanga alendo, kuchuluka kwa anthu opha anthu ku Taimen kukukulirakulira.
Alonda a taimen
Chithunzi: Taimen kuchokera ku Red Book
Taimen ali mu Red Book of Russia, komanso m'mabuku ambiri a Red Red a dzikolo, omwe ndi Red Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Ugra, Irkutsk Oblast, etc. mabungwe monga Taimen Conservation Fund akugwira ntchito kuti apulumutse anthu otsala. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati yosatetezeka. Taimen nthawi zambiri imakumbidwa mosaloledwa kuti agulitse malonda, ndipo mtengo wake wotsika komanso kukula pang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali ngati nsomba yamalonda.
IUCN ikutsimikizira njira zotsatirazi zopewa kutayikiratu ndikuwonetsetsa kusungidwa ndi kubwezeretsanso mitunduyo:
- Kupanga malo abwino otetezedwa ndikutsindika za kusamalira zachilengedwe ndi kuchepetsaopseza,
- zigawo zomwe zikuwopsezedwa ndi usodzi, tikupangira malamulo okhwima ndi njira zokwanira zochepetsera zoopsa,
- migodi ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mchenga ndi miyala kuchokera ku mabedi amtsinje kumakhudza anthu, chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchepetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Malamulo apadera amafunikira kuti muchepetse kuthana ndi njira zogwiritsidwira ntchito panthaka ya Siberia,
- Kafukufuku wokhudza mbiri ya moyo, momwe magawidwe, magawidwe osungika komanso kuzindikira malo oyenera ayenera kulimbikitsidwa.
Ngakhale zina zoyesayesa zoyeserera zidayesedwa kuti zibereke mitunduyi muukapolo, ntchitoyi iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri komanso molumikizana zowopsa ndi mapindu ake.
Taimen - imayenera kuphunzira ndi kuyesedwa moyenera manambala. Mukumaliza kuyesa uku, kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti tisunge matayala a ku Siberia kunaonekera. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama, kuphatikiza chidwi chochulukirapo cha mabungwe ofufuza ndi mabungwe aboma, zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zatsopano zotetezera taimen. Njira imodzi yabwino yopitilira ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa michira yam'madzi mu Convention on Migratory Species. Izi zithetsa mbiri ndikuperekanso thandizo lapadziko lonse lapansi kuti lisunge.