Adzakhala owala , kapena choyaka moto salamander amakhala ku Europe ndi madera ena a Asia. Khungu lake limakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe owala, omwe amakhala ngati chenjezo kwa adani.
Gulu - Amphibians
Row - Tailing
Banja - Real Salamanders
Mitundu / Mitundu - Salamandra salamandra
Zambiri:
ZINSINSI
Kutalika: mpaka 28 cm, nthawi zambiri -22 cm, mchira - osakwana theka la kutalika konse.
Kufalitsa
Kutha msinkhu: kuyambira zaka 3-4.
Nyengo yakukhwima: nthawi zambiri nthawi yotentha kapena yophukira, yophukira.
Chiwerengero cha mazira: 25-25 zidutswa, zomwe pambuyo miyezi isanu ndi itatu mthupi la amayi zimasanduka mphutsi.
LIFESTYLE
Zochita: nyama zayekha, nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira m'magulu.
Chakudya: mphutsi - utitiri wamadzi, nyongolotsi zazing'ono ndi tizilombo tama m'madzi, akuluakulu - nyongolotsi, nkhono, tizilombo.
TYPES ZONSE
Alpine salamander amakhala ku Alps. Imabereka ana akuluakulu akulu a 1-2 omwe amapuma pang'ono.
Mitundu wamba ya salamander imakhala yakuda kwambiri ndi malo owala achikasu owoneka bwino, koma imatha kukhala yosiyana. Ma salamanders omwe amakhala ku Spain ndi Portugal ali ndi mawanga omwe ali ofiira, pomwe iwo amakhala ku Italy ali ndi mikwaso yotalika yachikaso.
MALO A KUSONYEZA
Malo amdima pansi pa mitengo, dothi lonyowa komanso masamba owuma - awa ndi malo abwino kwambiri amoyo wamalilo woyaka. Amakonda nkhalango zowuma, makamaka zomwe zimakhala pamtunda wokwera - m'malo oterowo zimapezeka pamtunda wamtunda wokwera mpaka mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ma salamanders achikulire samapezeka m'madzi, koma amafunikira matumba amvula kapena dziwe losaya lomwe lili ndi madzi osasunthika kuti atulutse. Kuchuluka kwa salamanders ku Europe kudasokonekera chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kuchuluka kwa ma conifere. Kutha kwa malo achilengedwe tsopano kukukhala chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza kukhalapo kwa salamanders.
CHAKUDYA
Salamander wamoto nthawi zambiri amasaka usiku. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukafuna chakudya kumadzulo ndipo amakonda kusaka mvula ikagwa. Salamander imayenda pang'onopang'ono pachophimba cha nkhalangoyi ndikuyang'ana nyongolotsi, nkhono, isopod, crustaceans, mapiko aubweya, milozo kapena akangaude. Ataona nyama, amazitsatira nthawi zonse, kenako nkuwadzidzimutsa. Ngati nyama ndi yayikulu, imamenya ndipo pambuyo pake amadya. Usiku wonyowa, salamander amapeza zakudya zambiri. Ngakhale mbandakucha, amabwerera kunyumba yake, yomwe ili pansi pa mitengo, m'miyulu yovunda kapena mobisa.
Kufalitsa
Ambiri a salamand amatha nthawi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa dzinja kuti aphukire, aliwonse, atabisala, pansi pa mitengo. Ndi kutentha kochulukira kasupe, salamanders amadzuka hibernation. Pakadali pano, amayamba nthawi yakukhwima, yomwe imatha kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Wamphongo amatsata wamkazi wa zomwe amasankha ndipo nthawi zina amakankhira mutu wake. Ngakhale chachikazi chimatsutsa, mwamunayo amakwanira kugwera pansi pake. Kenako amagwira dzanja lake lakutsogolo ndikutulutsa chotsekera chaching'ono ndi umuna. Wamkazi amatenga kachipangizoka ndikuikankhira mu cesspool ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Kenako, mthupi la chachikazi, mazira amadzaza umuna ndikuwukulitsa mpaka mphutsi zazing'ono zimabadwa. Izi zimachitika nthawi yamawa.
Chapakatikati amapeza dziwe labwino ndikutulutsa mphutsi 25-40 kutalika kwa 2.5 cm. Mphutsi ndi zofiirira, zokhala ndi mawanga akuda, zokhala ndi miyendo 4 komanso magawo atatu a nthenga zazing'onoting'ono zakunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kupuma pansi pamadzi. Patatha miyezi itatu izi zitakula, mapapu ake amachepa.
OBSERVATIONS
Salamander ili ndi zida zamphamvu zolimbana ndi adani ako. Msana wake wonse, ndipo makamaka kumtunda kwa mutu wake, amakhala ndi ma pores ang'onoang'ono omwe, zikavulala, amatulutsa khunyu wapadera, wamadzi othinana. Izi ndi poizoni kotero zimatha kupha nyama yaying'ono yomwe yasankha kuukira salamander. Munthu atakumana ndi izi amayamba kusanza.
KAPENA MUKUDZIWA KUTI.
LEMI "salamander" limachokera ku zilankhulo za Chiarabu ndi Persian ndipo amatanthauza "amakhala pamoto."
M'mbuyomu, anthu anali ndi chitsimikizo kuti salamander amatha kudutsa pamoto ndipo sizingamupweteke. Kukhulupirira malodza m'zilankhulo zambiri kwazikitsidwa m'dzina la salamander.
Koyamba, salamanders ali ngati abuluzi, kotero anthu nthawi zambiri amawasokoneza. Komabe, salamander imakhala ndi mutu wozungulira komanso wozungulira, ndipo khungu lake losalala, lonyowa linali lopanda mamba. Khungu la abuluzi, mosiyana, ndi owuma komanso wokutidwa ndi mamba.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa salamander wautoto ndi zaka 25.
MOYO WABWINO wa spotTEN salamander
Pakatha miyezi 8 chonde, mphutsi zazikazi zimagona m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono. Pakadali pano, salamander amakhala m'madzi.
Pakatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu, mapilitsi a nthenga amasinthidwa ndi mapapu, miyendo imakula - kotero salamander amakonzekera moyo padziko lapansi.
Pakadali pano, salamander wachichepere wapangidwatu kale makolo ake. Imasiya malo okhala am'madzi ndikupita kumtunda.
MALO OYAMBIRA
Amakhala ku Europe kuyambira Spain ndi Portugal kumadzulo kupita kumadzulo kwa Russia, Turkey ndi Israel kummawa.
KUPulumutsa
Choopseza manambala ndikutha kwa malo achilengedwe. M'mbuyomu, anthu adazigwiritsa ntchito ngati chinyama chaku labotale komanso kuti zizisungidwa m'malo opezekamo. Ikutetezedwa.
Ngati mumakonda tsamba lathu, uzani anzanu za ife!
Gulu: osokoneza amphibians
Banja: salamanders enieni
Makulidwe: kutalika kwa thupi - 15 mm - 170 cm, nthawi zambiri - 20 - 25 cm, kulemera kwa thupi - kuchokera 30 mg mpaka 80 kg
Kutalika kwa moyo: pafupifupi 20 - 25, koma amatha kufikira zaka 50 ali mu ukapolo.
Salamander ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chafotokozedwa mu nthano zambiri zakale ndi nthano. Nthawi zina amatchedwa mthenga wa gehena, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa mitundu yonseyo.
Ndipo ngakhale pano, pamene wolankhula zam'mawuyu amamvetsetsa bwino, amakhalabe ndi mantha mwa ena.
Salamander ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chafotokozedwa mu nthano zambiri zakale ndi nthano. Akhristu amamuwuza iye kuti ndi mthenga wa gehena, makamaka chifukwa cha sumu za mitundu yonseyo.
Ndipo ngakhale pano, pamene wolankhula zam'mawuyu amamvetsetsa bwino, amakhalabe ndi mantha mwa anthu ena.
Gulu la salamander ndilo lalikulu kwambiri pakati pa amphibians. Zosiyanasiyana za amphibianszi zimatha kupezeka m'makona osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi, pomwe aliyense payekhapayekha amakhala wosiyana.
Habitat
Ngati mukufuna kuyang'ana mitundu yayikulu ya salamanders, ndiye kuti muyenera kupita ku North America - gawo ili la repitili yapadziko lonse lapansi limasankhidwa mwamphamvu.
Amakhalanso ku Asia ndi ku Europe, ndipo mitundu ina ya anthu imapezeka m'malo omwe amakhala omasuka kwambiri, ngakhale abambo apafupi m'banjamo.
Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kum'mawa kwa China, mutha kuwona wamkulu kwambiri wa salamanders omwe alipo. Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zimafikanso 80 kg m'litali ndi 180-190 cm m'litali (pamodzi ndi mchira wa thupi).
Mtunduwu umatchedwa Sino-gigantic, ndipo ngakhale umakhala wowopsa kunja, oimira ake amadya modzimodzi: nsomba zazing'ono, amphibians ndi ma invertebrates omwe amakhala m'madzi.
Giant salamander amaonedwa kuti ndi woyamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pakadali pano, motero sikuti ndi wamtundu umodzi wokha.
Chimawoneka ngati chimphona chachikulu. Chinyamachi chimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, pamapiri, koma payenera kukhala dziwe pafupi.
Mitundu yamtundu waku China yopanga izi imayamba kufa pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa pomwe mabungwewo amayenera kuchita miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndikupereka mphamvu zawo zonse kuti asunge nyamazo.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mawonekedwe owopsa ndi otani, zibwezerazi zimateteza mwachangu.
Zosangalatsa!Fiery salamander - woimira banja lonse lino, amakhala ku Europe, koma amathanso kupezeka ku Germany, Poland ndi Portugal. Anthu ena amapezeka ngakhale ku Turkey.
Feature
Ma salamanders amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake, koma onsewa amawopseza zolengedwa zina. Salamander wamoto, monga mitundu ina yonse, ndi wa poizon wakupha.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti anthu am'banja amagawika m'magulu awiri:
Zotsalazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusapezeka kwa mapapu ndipo zimatha kupuma kudzera pakhungu.
Banja lino lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 400 pakadali pano, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu amphibians osokonekera ndichachikulu.
Koma kuchuluka kwa ma salamanders ndiokulirapo, ndipo kukuchulukirachulukira: asayansi kufikira lero apeza kuchuluka kwatsopano padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwa njira, ndimtundu wa mapapu amtunduwu wa ma amphibiansowa omwe amatha kuzindikirika nthawi zambiri akamadzi.
Anthu okhala m'matumbo, okhala ndi ziwalo zofunikira zambiri, nthawi zambiri amatha kupita kumtunda modekha.
Ma salamanders, omwe ndi amtundu wopanda mapapu, ndi osiyana ndi anzawo. Thupi lawo ndi lalitali kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake zoterezi zimafanana ndi njoka. Mu chithunzi mutha kuwona momwe salamander imawonekera, yomwe ilibe mapapu.
Zosangalatsa!Salamander wamkulu, ngati atayikidwa molunjika, adzapitilira kutalika kwa bambo wamba. Kutalika kwake, nyamayi imafika mamita 1.7, motero ndiye mwini wake wa dzina loti "wamkulu wodetsedwa kwambiri wamisili." Eya, woimira banja wocheperako sapitilira kukula kwa ndalama 5.
Mawonekedwe
Ma salamanders onse ndi ofanana mu mawonekedwe: ali ndi thupi lalitali, mchira wautali, miyendo yolimba ndi mutu wochepa.
Nyama izi zimayenda bwino m'madzi (monga tanena kale, izi zimangotanthauza mtundu wopanda mapapu), chifukwa makamaka chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayifupi komanso yosaphuka.
Ma amphibians osalala oterowo amakhala osangalatsa kwambiri pamitundu ndi mitundu yayikulu: m'chilengedwe mutha kukumana ndi oimira ena amitundu ina omwe amawoneka ngati ma pululu ang'onoang'ono.
Nyama ya mtundu uliwonse wa salamander imakhala ndi ma eyel osunthidwa, chifukwa chake imatha kuyang'ana pozungulira.
Kuphatikiza apo, mu amphibians onyansa oterowo, nsagwada sizinapangidwe bwino, ndipo kwenikweni dera lokamwa silitha kudya chakudya cholimba.
Salamander wamoto ali ndi mtundu wachilendo, womwe ungakope chidwi cha alendo onse opanda chidwi. Koma kuseri kwa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amabisala poyizoni waziphuphu yemwe amatha kupha nyama zingapo nthawi.
Kwambiri, nyama yowopsa iyi imafanana ndi buluzi wamba, mwachitsanzo, pamene kusiyana pakati pawo kumawonekera mosavuta akapendedwa.
Mfundoyi sili mu utoto wokha, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa salamanders, komanso pazinthu zina. Anthu oopsa okhala ndi poizoni amakhala ndi thupi laling'ono, lalitali komanso maso owala.
Zosangalatsa!Mu nthano zambiri, salamander amasankhidwa kukhala mtumiki wa mphamvu zamdima. Mwapadera chifukwa chowopsa kwa zolengedwa zoyandikana, komanso chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake achilendo, membala aliyense wabanja m'mbuyomu adawonedwa ngati wowopsa kwa anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, poyizoni wa munthu wamba uyu sangaphe munthu, mphamvu zake pambuyo poti watentha.
Mbiri
Mu Meyi 1270, mpikisano waukulu wa a Salamanders anaukira Kaer Morhen, linga la Witchers, ndipo anaba zinsinsi za zinthu zopanga mutagenic ndi zoyambitsa, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa kwambiri ndi Sukulu ya Wolf kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Atasiyana ndi afiti anzawo ndikufika ku Vizima, Geralt adayamba kudziwa zambiri za Salamandra: komwe kuli, njira yake yopezera ndalama ndi modus operandi. Kufunafuna bungwe la Salamandra ndikupeza mtsogoleri wawo kukhala chomwongolera.
Zofunikira
Zolemba zambiri zalembedwa momwe salamander imawonekera, koma mawonekedwe ake pali chinthu china chosangalatsa chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi amphibians ambiri: kusapezeka kwa nembanemba pakati pa zala.
Zinthu zoterezi zitha kuoneka ngati zazing'ono, koma ngakhale amakayikira za zolengedwa zamtunduwu.
Mu chithunzichi - alpine black newt, m'modzi mwa oyimira sumu kwambiri a kalasi la salamander. Nthawi yomweyo, kutalika kwake sikumaposa 12 cm, ndipo nyamayi imakhala makamaka m'matanthwe ndi m'nkhalango zowirira.
Zosangalatsa sizithera pamenepo, nazi zina zingapo:
- Moto wamalonda, monga mitundu yonse yochokera kubanja ili, ili ndi poizoni, womwe umapezeka pakhungu lake. Imasungidwa ndimatenda a parotid, ndipo njirayi ikupitilira. Chachilendo ndichakuti, mwachitsanzo, galu akamadya salamander, posakhalitsa amwalira.
- Poizoni wa nyama izi mu chemistry amatchedwa salamander. Kwa anthu, ndizowopsa pokhapokha chakudya, ndiye chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya izi kwa zakudya ndizoletsedwa. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni wawo pongodziteteza, osati kusaka.
- Giamander wamkulu amakonda kukhala m'madzi, ndendende: m'mitsinje yamapiri ozizira komanso yofulumira. Ngakhale kukula kwake, nyamayi siyipewanso kudya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka, kusinthanitsa ndi nsomba. Nthawi yochita zinthu zamtunduwu: nthawi yausiku.
- Ma salamanders onse amatha kusinthanso mchira wokha, komanso miyendo yonse. Mwa izi zimafanana ndi abuluzi, koma pazinthu izi zimawapindulanso.
- Malinga ndi nthano zaku Germany, banja lachihindu limeneli limafotokoza ngati moto. Kuphatikiza apo, Ajeremani munkhani zawo amati omwe ali ndi salamanders amatha kulekerera kutentha kwamoto popanda kuwonongeka. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, anthuwa ndi amithenga a mdierekezi. Zowonadi, poganizira momwe salamander amawonekera, izi zitha kuchitika.
Si mitundu yonse ya amphibians iyi yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe owopsa, popeza ambiri alibe khungu. Koma salamander owopsa amayambitsa mantha ndi mtundu umodzi wokha: zowala zachikaso kapena malalanje pamunthu wakuda, nthawi zina woduwa.
Zosangalatsa!Nyamayi imagwera m'matumbo, monga ena ambiri. Pafupifupi mwezi wa Oktobala, njoka zam'madzi zapoizoni zimabisala pamulu wa masamba adagwa, ndipo nthawi zina zimadziphatika pamodzi ndi abale ake.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya za ampudan wolumikizana wotere monga salamander, pang'ono pang'ono zimatengera mtundu wake.
Zoyang'anira pakati pa nyama izi zitha kuwerengedwa zala za dzanja limodzi, pomwe mabanja amapezeka m'makona onse padziko lapansi.
Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha nsagwada zopitilira muyeso komanso ulesi wa gululi. Mwambiri, zosankha za tsiku lililonse za oimira ake nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- mbozi
- akangaude ndi agulugufe
- maulesi ndi zonyansa,
- zatsopano zazing'ono ndi achule (makamaka moto salamander amawakonda).
Ngati tizingolankhula za anthu oterewa, ndiye kuti amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito,
Chakudya choterocho chimasankhidwa ndi chimphona chachikulu cha salamander ndi anthu ena a m'banjali omwe amakhala m'madzi amadzi. Zinyama zimasaka usiku, masana ntchito zawo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, samakonda kuukira zilombo zolusa, ndipo amachepetsa mwayi woti azigwirizana ndi adani omwe angathe kukhala ochepa.
Mu chithunzichi mutha kuwona momwe chimphona chachikulu chofunikira chimakhalira m'manja mwa munthu. Izi zikutsutsanso chigamulo chakuti zolengedwa izi zimatha kudya anthu.
Zosangalatsa!Mwa njira, padakali nthano yokhudza kusafa kwa salamander. Nthawi inayake, anthu ankawopa kwambiri nyama izi chifukwa zimawadziwa kuti anali ndi luso, kotero kuti zinthu zina zam'mbuyomu zimasokonekera.
Kuswana
Moto wamalonda umakonda kubereka utangoyamba kumene. Munthawi imeneyi, akuwonetsa ntchito yayikulu ndipo ali wokonzeka kuphatikiza umuna.
Izi, komanso masewera aubwenzi, amachitika pamtunda ndi izi.
Amuna, amapanga gawo lapadera momwe maselo a germ (spermatophore) amapangidwira.
Ikangopangika mokwanira, yamphongoyo imayala pansi. Pambuyo pake, mkaziyo amakakamizidwa kutsutsana ndi spermatophore, chifukwa chomwe umuna umachitika.
Mapeto ake, mayiyo amatha kuyika ma cell omwe ali "mumalowo", ndikupitilira kunyamula mkati. Mphutsi zazing'ono zimathanso kubadwa m'njira ziwiri:
- kuswa kuchokera mazira kumadzi,
- pambuyo pa kubadwa kwamoyo.
Zonse zimatengera mayi wa mwana ndi chisankho. Mwa njira, asayansi sanakhazikitse ndendende momwe ma salamanders adachitira.
Zikuwoneka kuti, chibadwa cha amayi ndi chomwe chimayambitsa izi, koma lingaliro ili silotsimikiziridwa kwathunthu.
Mwanayo amasintha kukhala wamkulu atafika zaka zitatu. Pambuyo pake, amatha kukhala ndi zaka zina 12-15 ndi kubereka pafupipafupi.
Zosangalatsa!Anthu omwe zaka zawo zafika zaka 50 kapena kupitilira sizowoneka kawirikawiri. Monga lamulo, salamanders oterowo amakula m'chilengedwe ndipo mpaka mphindi yomaliza amatha kudzipatsa okha zinthu zofunika pazokha.
Nthawi inayake, panali mphekesera kuti chimphona cha salamander wazaka 200 chinapezeka ku China. Chidziwitsochi sichinafotokozedwe osati ndi zisangalalo zokha, komanso ndi zofalitsa zovuta. M'chithunzichi ndi munthu yemweyo yemwe asodzi wamba asodza.
Zosangalatsa!China ndi amodzi mwa mayiko ochepa padziko lapansi pomwe salamanders amadyedwa. Ndi za oimira banja lalikulu kwambiri. Pazifukwa zamankhwala, ziwalo zina za thupi ndi zinthu zomwe zimatengedwa m'thupi la amphibian uyu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Monga nyama zina zambiri zoopsa, salamander ikhoza kusungidwa bwino m'nyumba yake, ndikuwona njira zoyenera zotetezera ndikupereka chisamaliro choyenera.
Kwa amphibians awa, monga momwe ziliri , ndipo ndibwino kugula malo opingasa kapena kiyubiki.
Kuti mudzaze ndi dothi labwino, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito msanganizo wa bumbu, khungwa, peat, nthaka ndi makala. Potere, moss idzafunika kusinthidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa mu terrarium sichitha kukula.
Malamulo ofunikira pakusunga salamander:
- Simungathe kupitilira pamenepa pomwe pali amphibian, chifukwa chifukwa chaichi, sichingathe kupuma bwino. Nyama izi zimalekerera kutentha pang'ono bwino.
- Nthawi yotsalira ya chonde ichi ndi chizolowezi. Amatha kudya osasungunuka.
- Monga kuyatsa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zomwe sizimakhudza kutentha, kapena makamaka fluorescent. Kuti mukongoletse malo otetemera, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu ndi miyala yayikulu.
- Tisaiwale za kufunika kwaosungira, momwe mumafunikira kusinthiratu madzi.
Moto wamalonda mu terarium. Mwana uyu amasuntha mwachangu komanso momveka bwino.
Salamander: Miniature Whelp yokhala ndi Mbiri Yambiri
Salamander imawoneka ngati yaying'ono wamba wamba wokhala ndi mitundu yosangalatsa, koma mbiri ya mawonekedwe ake imadzala ndi nthano zambiri zachinsinsi komanso zinsinsi. Kuphatikiza apo, cholengedwachi chimatha kuyenda m'madzi ndipo chimatha kupatsanso miyendo.
Salamandra (Salamandra) - chinyama cha gulu la amphibian (amphibian), dongosolo loyipa la amphibian. Kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Persian, dzina la nyamandayo limatanthawuza "kuyaka kuchokera mkati."
Ma salamanders amadzimadzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zazing'ono, nsomba zazinkhanira, nkhanu, mapira, komanso nyama zazing'ono, tizilombo komanso ma amphibians.
Kutengera ndi mtundu wake, mitundu ina ya salamanders imadzaza nthawi yachisanu, mwayokha kapena m'magulu, ikuphuka masamba agwa ndi masamba ena okongola, ndikadzuka kutangoyamba kumene.
Mitundu ya salamanders, mayina ndi zithunzi
Gulu la masiku ano limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo ya salamanders, omwe ali m'mabanja osiyanasiyana:
- salamanders enieni (Salamandridae),
- mapapu salamanders (Plethodontidae),
- hawthorns (Cryptobranchidae).
Lotsatira ndi kufotokoza kwa mitundu ingapo ya salamanders:
- Moto salamander iye salamander kapena wambasalamander (Salamandra salamandra )
Mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri ku Europe, omwe oimira amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu, kutalika kwakanthawi (ali mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 50), komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a chenjezo. Kutalika kwa salamander pamodzi ndi mchira kumayambira masentimita 23 mpaka 30. Mtundu wawukulu wakuda ndi wakuda, wophatikizika ndi mawanga amtundu wa lalanje kapena wachikasu, omwe amakhala chimodzimodzi thupi lonse, koma amakhala osiyana mawonekedwe. Symmetry imangopezeka pamiyendo ndi mutu. Salamander yamoto imasiyanitsidwa ndi mamembala ambiri am'banja pobadwa mwatsopano komanso kuwopa madzi. Nyama zimakakamizidwa kuti zitsike m'matupi amadzi pokhapokha nthawi yopanga. Salamander wamba amakhala kudera lamapiri, kumapiri ndi kumapiri a ku Europe komanso madera akumpoto kwa Middle East.
- Lusitanian salamander (salamander wamizeremizere wagolide)(Chioglossa lusitanica )
mtundu wachilendo wa amphibian, oimira omwe amakula mpaka 15-16 cm, koma ali ndi mchira wautali kwambiri, wowerengera pafupifupi 2/3 a kutalika konse kwa thupi. Mtundu wa salamander ndi wakuda, m'mbali mwa msewu umadutsa mizere iwiri yagolide kapena malo agolide okonzedwa motsatana. Mbali yonse ya kumbuyo kuli ndi madontho ang'ono abuluu. Chochititsa chidwi ndi nyamayi ndi chakuti salamander ya ku Lusitania imagwira nyama mwa lilime loponyedwa kutsogolo, ngati achule. Salamander amakhala kumadera a kumpoto kwa Spain ndi Portugal.
- Alpine salamander (wakuda salamander)(Salamandra atra )
kunja kumafanana ndi koopsa, koma kosiyana ndi thupi lokongola komanso khungu lokhala ndi khungu lakuda. Kutalika kwa nyama ya nyama zazikulu kumafika mpaka 9-14 cm (nthawi zina 18 cm). Alpine salamanders amakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 700 metres pamwamba pa nyanja, amakonda malo amiyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamapiri. Mitunduyi imafalikira kupakati komanso kum'mawa kwa mapiri a mapiri: kuchokera ku Switzerland ndi Austria kupita ku Serbia, Croatia ndi Montenegro.
- ali tarantolin (Salamandrina terdigitata )
mawonekedwe V okhala ndi mutu wokhala pamutu, mawonekedwe ake ofanana ndi magalasi. Mtundu wakuda ndi woderapo, pafupifupi wakuda, "magalasi" amatha kukhala ofiira, achikaso kapena oyera. M'mimba mwa salamander ndi ofiira owoneka bwino, omwe nyamayo amawonetsa kwa mdani ngati chida chowopsa. Mitunduyi ndi yopapatiza kwambiri: salamander ochititsa chidwi amatha kupezeka kumwera kwa Italiya, m'nkhalango zonyowa zamapiri a Apennine.
mtundu wosowa wa salamanders ataliitali okhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi osaposa 15 cm, ambiri mwa iwo ndi mchira. Thupi ndi lopapatiza, lofiirira kapena lakuda, mwa oyimira ambiri amtundu wokutidwa ndi chowala chowala chikasu, chomwe chimafanana ndi salamander wamoto. Koma mosiyana ndi izi, salamander waku Caucasus amayenda mwachangu, ngati buluzi, ndipo amasambira bwino. Nyamayi ndi ya gulu la anthu osatetezeka ndipo imangokhala kudera lamatondo komanso m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi ku Turkey ndi Georgia.
yodziwika ndi mutu wakuda, thupi lokongola komanso miyendo yolimba. Kutalika kwa salamander kumayambira masentimita 7.5 mpaka 14.5. Thupi limakhala lofiirira kapena lakuda, lomwe limakulungidwa ndi mawanga asiliva. Salamander amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa USA (Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky).
- Spring Salamander(Gyrinophilus porphyriticus )
chonde kwambiri ndikutha kuyikira mazira 132. Thunthu lake, lomwe limakula kuyambira 12 mpaka 23 cm, limakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiirira kapena wachikasu wokhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono amdima. Salamander amakhala kumadera a USA ndi Canada m'malo okhala mapiri a Appalachians.
- Pacific salamander(Ensatina eschscholtzii )
Ili ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhazikika, wolimba, wochepa thupi kutalika kwa 14.5 masentimita ndi khungu lopindika kumbali zake, ndikupanga timizere tating'ono. Wodziwika wokhala m'mapiri a Canada, USA ndi Mexico.
Masanjidwe a Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica
Masanjidwe a Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi
Masanjidwe a Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis
Amakula kutalika kuyambira 7 mpaka 12 cm ndipo ali ndi kuwala kwa nondescript kapena mtundu wakuda. Salamander imakhala ndi mchira wa minofu, pomwe imatsamira, kukwera mitengo mosadukiza, kudumpha bwino pamtunda wochepa ndikufinya kwambiri. Malo ocheperako amtunduwu ndi malire ku boma la US ku California ndi dziko la Mexico la Baja California.
- Dwarf Salamander (Eurycea quadridigitata )
Ndiye salamander wocheperako padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumayambira 5 mpaka 8.9 cm. Komanso salamander yaying'ono (lat. Desmognathus wrighti), yomwe imakula kutalika kuyambira 3 mpaka 5 cm. Mitundu yonseyi imakhala kumpoto kwa America.
Salamander wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndiyenso wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi mchira wake kumafika masentimita 180, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi - 70 kg. The Chinese gulantic salamander amakhala m'madzi matupi kum'mawa kwa China.
Salamander– ndiamphibian kuti anthu amawopa kale. Amupanga nthano zachabe za iye ndipo amati zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri kwa iye. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwake komanso mtundu wake wodabwitsa. Ngati mutanthauzira dzina lake kuchilankhulo cha Aperezi, zimapezeka - "kuyaka kuchokera mkati."
Kugawa
Amakhala ku Europe kuyambira Spain ndi Portugal kumadzulo kupita kumadzulo kwa Russia, Turkey ndi Israel kummawa. Ma salamanders ena amakhala m'madzi okhaokha ndipo amasiyana ndi anansi awo m'matumba opangidwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, salamander waku China - membala wa banja hawthorns . A Salamanders, a banja la agwera, amakhala ku United States of America, China ndi Japan.
Banja mapapu salamanders munjira yosinthira, idataya mapapu kwathunthu, popanda kulandira nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, achibale ayenera kupuma mothandizidwa ndi khungu komanso mucous nembanemba zamkamwa. Ma salamanderswa amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zam'mapiri, m'mapiri ndi malo otsika, paminda ndi m'minda yam'midzi. Ma salamanders opanda mapapu nthawi zambiri amakhala m'dziko la New World: ndiofalikira madera omwe amapezeka mapiri komanso mitengo ku Canada, kuphatikizapo madera otentha a Bolivia ndi Brazil. Mitundu ingapo imakhala ku Europe, ndipo ndi mtundu umodzi wokha (lat. Karsenia koreana) womwe umapezeka ku South Korea.
Mamembala am'banja salamanders enieni , yomwe imatsogolera kukhalapo kwa dziko lapansi, imakhala ndi njira yopumira yoyimiriridwa ndi mapapu awiri opangidwa bwino. Ma salamandawa ndiofala ku Europe, amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku Asia Minor ndi China, mitundu yaying'ono ya anthu imapezeka ku Indochina ndi India, mderali imapezekanso madera ochokera kumwera kwa Canada kupita kumadera akumpoto kwa Mexico. Mitundu inayi yokha ya salamanders amakhala ku Russia.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa salamander
Salamanders, ngakhale ali osilira, koma asanakhale hibernation, mu Okutobala, asonkhane m'magulu. Kuti limodzi lipulumuke nthawi yabwinoyi pamtunda, pamulu wa masamba.
Zimasaka usiku, masana zimabisala m'malo otetezedwa ndi dzuwa. Pafupi ndi malo awo, monga lamulo, payenera kukhala malo osungira. Amapezanso nyama yamphesa, ndikuwuphimba ndi matupi awo. Pambuyo pakulimbana kwakanthawi, wogwidwayo amizidwa.
Salamander ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe oti athawe, nyamayi imasiya mchira kapena miyendo yake m'miyala ndi mano, ndikuthawa mwachangu.
Ngakhale ma amphibians awa ndi poizoni, chinsinsi chawo sichimayambitsa vuto kwa anthu .. Zimatha kuyambitsa mkwiyo m'manja, ndipo ngati chitha kupezekanso m'mimba kapena m'maso. Chifukwa chake, mutakhudza amphibian, ndikofunikira kuti musambitse manja anu bwino, kuti kusalondola kusadzivulaze.
Masiku ano, ambiri akufuna kusunga nthanthi ya nthano iyi kunyumba. Mutha kugula salamander pamalo apadera kapena m'malo ogulitsa ziweto. Kwa moyo, adzafunika malo opingasa. Kusakaniza masamba, sphagnum ndi peat nthawi zambiri kumathiridwa pansi pake. Dziwe laling'ono limapangidwa mkati. Zowunikira ziyenera kuzimiririka, ndipo kutentha kwake sikuyenera kupitirira 25 digiri.
Kodi salamanders amadya chiyani?
Amatchulidwa kuti ndi anthu okhala usiku. Kuthengo, amasaka usiku. Kuyambira usiku mpaka m'bandakucha, amatha kufufuza zomwe agwira. Kuti mupeze chakudya, salamanders amawukira ovutitsawa ndi thupi lawo lonse kenako kuyesa kumeza lonse.
Zakudya za nyama zimadalira malo. Anthu okhala m'madzi amadya nsomba zazing'ono, nkhono, nsomba zazinkhanira, nkhanu, nkhanu, komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zolengedwa zam'madzi, komanso zolengedwa.
Salamander wokhala padziko lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mphutsi, nkhono, nyongolotsi, mankhusu, ndipo amadyanso tizilombo tina tosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo: agulugufe, udzudzu, akangaude ndi ntchentche. Anthu ambiri am'banjamo amatenga ana ang'onoang'ono ndi achule ang'ono.
Kuswana kwa Salamander
Kutha kwa salamander kumachitika zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi, nthawi zambiri zikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 12-14. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kubala amphibians, ndiye kuti ayenera kupanga nyengo yozizira - choyamba muchepetse kutentha kuti + 8 ... + 14 madigiri, kenako (mu Epulo) mukweze ku + 18 ... + 23. Komanso mutha kuyikanso zinthu zambiri m'malo othawirako, komwe banjali lingathawireko. Amphibians samaperekedwa chakudya nthawi yozizira.
Matenga akuyamba mu Epulo-Meyi. Ma salamanders ndi nyama zowoneka bwino, chifukwa, pakatha miyezi 9 mpaka 10 atatenga umuna, wamkazi amayala mphutsi m'madzi. Chiwerengero cha mphutsi chimatha kufika 25-30.
Atangobereka, makanda adzafunika kuti aikidwe kumalo ena okhala pansi pamadzi mozungulira komanso osasinthidwa ndikusungidwa kutentha kwa madzi + madigiri 12-17. Payenera kukhala malo omwe ali m'madzimo. Muyenera kudyetsa anawo ndi coronet, cyclops, daphnia, etc. Pakatha miyezi itatu mpaka isanu, ana amtunduwo adzafika 5 cm kukula ndipo amatha kulowa.
Zaumoyo komanso zikhalidwe
Matenda amtundu wa ophibians opatsirana:
Ngati mukusungunuka mukazindikira kuti salamander ndiyosachedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri imawuma, osadandaula. Izi ndizabwinobwino nthawi imeneyi. Amangofunika kusiyidwa yekha osatengedwa. Amphibian amagwera nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso nthawi yoipa. Salamander ndi Pet wabwino kwambiri.
Pokhala ndi chozizwitsa chotere m'nyumba mwanu, simudzatopetsa, chifukwa kuyang'ana kachitidwe ka zinthu zakunja kumadzetsa chisangalalo chachikulu. Amphibian amamva kukhala wamkulu mu ukapolo, safuna chisamaliro chapadera ndipo samayambitsa mavuto mwanjira yamkokomo, uve kapena kusapeza bwino kwina. Itha kuyambitsidwa ndi woyamba. Mutha kugula salamander pamtengo wa madola 15 mpaka 40.
- Moto wamalonda, monga mitundu yonse yochokera kubanja ili, ili ndi poizoni, womwe umapezeka pakhungu lake. Imasungidwa ndimatenda a parotid, ndipo njirayi ikupitilira. Chachilendo ndichakuti, mwachitsanzo, galu akamadya salamander, posakhalitsa amwalira.
- Poizoni wa nyama izi mu chemistry amatchedwa salamander. Kwa anthu, ndizowopsa pokhapokha chakudya, ndiye chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya izi kwa zakudya ndizoletsedwa. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni wawo pongodziteteza, osati kusaka.
- Giamander wamkulu amakonda kukhala m'madzi, ndendende: m'mitsinje yamapiri ozizira komanso yofulumira. Ndipo, ngakhale yayikulu, nyamayi siyipeputsa kudya tizilombo komanso nyama zakutchire, kuzisintha ndi nsomba. Nthawi yochita zinthu zamtunduwu: nthawi yausiku.
- Ma salamanders onse amatha kusinthanso mchira wokha, komanso miyendo yonse. Mwa izi zimafanana ndi abuluzi, koma pazinthu izi zimawapindulanso.
- Iwo ati salamander yamoto (yowala) ikubala kokha ngati mabingu amphamvu abwera. Momwemonso, pakachitika chipolowe, anthu osazindikira amayesa kupeza maudindo ena pagulu.
- Malinga ndi nthano zaku Germany, banja lachihindu limeneli limafotokoza ngati moto.Kuphatikiza apo, Ajeremani munkhani zawo amati omwe ali ndi salamanders amatha kulekerera kutentha kwamoto popanda kuwonongeka. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, anthuwa ndi amithenga a mdierekezi. Zowonadi, poganizira momwe salamander amawonekera, izi zitha kuchitika.
- Mitundu yambiri yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, popeza ili pangozi. Izi ndichifukwa choti nyama zimasakidwa kuti ziphe poizoni. Ndipo m'maiko ena, nyama yawo amaiona kuti ndi yofunika.
- Chizindikiro cha Alabama (USA) ndi salamander.
- Patsiku lotentha, amoyo samachoka pogona komanso poterera. Momwemonso, iwo amene akufuna kuchita zachinyengo usiku wonse amakhala.
- Salamander si buluzi, koma ndi wa gulu la amphibians. Momwemonso, musasokoneze chilankhulidwe chonyansa ndi chiwanda kuchokera pansi pakumoto.
- Ngati tsitsi ligwa kuchokera poyizoni wa salamander yemwe adalipo, ndiye kuti ulemu ndi dzina labwino la munthu limatayika chifukwa cha mabodza.
- Malo okongola kumbuyo kwa nyama amatha kuimira chinyengo, chomwe nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi chigoba chokongola.
Kanema
Ma salamanders ndi amphibians omwe ali a gawo laling'ono la salamanders, dongosolo la iwo osachedwa kucha. Mawonekedwe ake amakhala osakhwima, thupi limakhala lotalikirana mosiyanasiyana ndi timiyala tosongoka komanso mchira wozungulira. Pali zambiri zotulutsa pakhungu. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi mbali za thupi, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwamakutu. Pali zala zinayi pamphumi, ndi mikono yakutsogolo 5. Chosangalatsa kwambiri komanso chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi salamander.
Nyamayi ndi ngwazi ya nthano zambiri ngakhale nthano zachabe, ndipo chifukwa cha chitsimikizo kuti amphibian sayaka moto. Inde, simuyenera kunyoza salamander kuti mutsimikizire zowona za mawu awa, koma zikachitika kuti nyamayo igwera pamoto, sidzafa, koma, makamaka, idzathawa. Buluzi wa salamander ali ndi ntchofu womwe umasungidwa khungu. Ndiamene amathandizira kupewa zoyipa zamoto. Mwa njira, chifukwa cha mkaka ndi zoyera zoyera, cholengedwa ichi chawonedwa kuti ndi chakufa kwa anthu kwazaka zambiri.
Wodziwika kwambiri komanso wotchuka ndi salamander yamoto. Nyamayo idatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha mawanga agolide pamaso akuda, nthawi zina amatchedwanso mawanga. amphibian - Europe, kupatula gawo lakumpoto, Malo amvula komanso malo amdima - izi ndi zomwe salamander amakonda kwambiri. imakonda kubisala pansi pa miyala, mizu ya mitengo, m'maenje. Buluzi limamva bwino kwambiri m'nkhalango momwe mumakhala chinyezi chambiri. Ngati nyengo yotentha ikupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya sikugwera, ndiye kuti malo omwe akukhalamo salamander akufunsidwa, chifukwa a amphibian sangakhalepo kwa nthawi yayitali pamtunda wotentha komanso chinyezi chochepa.
Choipa chachikulu cha nyamayo ndi kuchedwa kwake. Chifukwa cha izi, sangathe kusiyanitsa zakudya zawo ndi kudya makamaka pama nkhono, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, ma nyansi. Nthawi zina amagwira ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Kuchepetsa ndi chifukwa chomwe salamander imakhala ozunzidwa ndi adani ambiri. Nyama imatha kukhala chakudya chamkhaka, raccoon, phenamu, kadzidzi. Chomwe chimadziwika, buluzi wa buluzi samachita mwa njira iliyonse ndi adani, kwa iwo zilibe vuto.
Salamander ndi amtundu wa nyama zamoyo, maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi nthenga, ngati achule. Kungoyambira nthawi yobadwa mpaka nthawi yophukira amakhala m'madzi, ndipo kukayamba kukuzizira, amapita kumtunda kukabisala motetezeka. M'nyengo yozizira, abuluzi onse amabisala. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu amakhulupirira kuti kolumikizana ya caustic yomwe imasungidwa ndi salamander kudzera pakhungu imagwira osati makoswe ochepa, komanso nyama zazikulu komanso anthu. M'malo mwake, poizoni wa mitundu ina imapweteketsa, koma sizitsogolera ku kufa.
Salamander samazunza munthu. Chithunzi cha buluzi chikuwonetsa kuti chilibe zida zowukira. Mkulu wa m'mapulogalamuwa alibe mafinya, mano, malovu, chifukwa chake, kuti mudziteteze ku poizoni, musangogwire. Ndi kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali ndi salamander, ntchofu amatha kulowa mthupi kudzera pakhungu. Chidacho chimatha kukhudza ubongo komanso ubongo wamanjenje, motero muyenera kutsatira njira zopewera mukakumana ndi buluzi.