Nyama iyi ndi m'gulu la nsomba za cartilaginous ndipo ndi gawo la dongosolo lachifumu. Banja lomwe nyundo ndi nyundo imadziwika kuti shaki.
"Chowunikira" chachikulu pakuwoneka kwa nsomba iyi, ndipamene mutu wake, kapena, mawonekedwe ake. Mapeto akutsogolo amakhala ndi mizere yayitali komanso yopapatiza yopendekera kumbali. "Zomangamanga" zonsezi zikufanana ndi chida chomanga - nyundo. Chifukwa chake dzina la nyama.
Asayansi amadziwa mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya nsombazi zomwe zimakhala ndi utoto, kukula, mawonekedwe a mutu komanso madzi omwe akukhalamo. Banja lonse lagawidwa m'magawo awiri: Eusphyra ndi Sphyrna. Mu gulu loyamba pamakhala nthumwi imodzi - iyi ndi shaki. "Nyundo" yake ndi yayikulu pafupifupi hafu ya thupi lake, ndipo imasiyanasiyana m'lifupi mwa mutu wake kuchokera kwa ena onse oimira banja ili. Pa gulu lachiwiri mulinso "alongo" ena asanu ndi atatu, wamkulu kwambiri amatha kufikira mita 6. Banja ili lonse lazungulira mizu ndi feline, marten and shark grey.
Ambiri amakopeka ndi zomwe nsomba ya nyundo imawoneka. Thupi la nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zambiri zimasiyana ndi nsombazi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa, ndipo mtundu umasintha kutengera mtundu. Kwenikweni, kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda (imvi, bulauni), ndipo m'mimba ndi wopepuka. Koma mutu ndiwofunika kwambiri. Mawonekedwe ake ndi T-mawonekedwe. Kapangidwe ka mutu palokha kumadalira "mtundu" wa nyama yomwe imadyera, imatha kukhala yayikulu kapena, mosiyana, yokhala ndi yaying'ono. Koma chachikulu ndichakuti aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa kuti nyundo. Kumalekezero a "machitidwe" a mutu ndi maso. Izi nsomba zimatha kuwona madigiri 360. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, m'masiku otsatirawa masomphenyawa amatengera kutalika kwa "nyundo". Kukula kwake kuli kotheka, malo omwe ali patsogolo pake amawonedwa bwino.
Okhonya a Hammerhead ndiwachangu, achenjera komanso ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri omwe saopa chilichonse ndipo amadana ndi anthu mosavuta. Pa "podium yowopsa", nsomba ya hammerhead imakhala yachitatu, yachiwiri kokha kwa asodzi oyera ndi akambuku. Mbiri imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba ya hammer. Mwachitsanzo, m'modzi mwa asodzi omwe anagwidwa, mtembo wa munthu anapezeka kuti anali woyenerera bwino kupezeka m'mimba mwa wakupha wopanda chisoniyu.
Kukhazikika kwake ndi madzi ofunda, koma izi sizilepheretsa shaki kumva bwino m'madzi ozizira a kumpoto. Ili ndi thupi lalitali kuyambira pa 4 mpaka 7 metres, nsomba ya nyundo "yokhala ndi zida" zodabwitsa zomwe zimayesedwa yopanda pake, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi thupi lake lolimba komanso losavuta kusintha.
Chisinthiko chomwe chakwaniritsa nsombayi kwazaka zopitilira mamiliyoni mazana ambiri chawupatsa zonse zofunikira. Mano olimba kwambiri, owola lumo omwe amakhala m'mizere ingapo, ndipo amatha kuthana ndi vuto lililonse kwa mphindi zingapo. Mtundu wachilengedwe wosabisa khungu umapangitsa kuti uzikhala wosaoneka m'mphepete mwa madzi.
M ziphuphu zamphamvu ndi minofu yolimba imakulolani kuti mupange kuthamanga kwambiri. Zida zopanda nzeru zosagawanika zimatha kupeza nyama yolanda kwamakilomita ambiri, kuzindikira ma siginolo amagetsi, kumva magazi komanso ngakhale kuwopa omwe akuwathandizira. Ndipo mutu wa shaki, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe a nyundo, umapatsa mphamvu yolimbirana, kukhala wopendekera komanso osasiya mpata wogwirira.
Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti ngati nyundo itasankha chandamale, ndiye zochepa zomwe zingapulumutse cholingachi. Kulemera kwa hammerhead shark kumatha kufika ma kilogalamu mazana angapo, ndipo wamkulu kwambiri wogwidwa anali ndi kulemera kwama kilogalamu 363, pomwe anali ndi kutalika pafupifupi 8 metres.
Nsomba zamkati zili pamwamba pa chosungira, popanda adani achindunji. Izi zimamulola kuti agwiritse nsomba ndi nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'madzi popanda ngozi zambiri. Kuchenjera, mphamvu ndi kupusa kwa wolimbirana uyu nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira yopambana mdani wamkulu kuposa iye.
Shaki wa hammerhead, monga abale ake apafupi kwambiri - shaki zina, alibe bubble wa mpweya pakapangidwe ka thupi lake. Kuti akhalebe ndi phokoso, amayenera kusunthasuntha, zomwe zikutanthauza kufunafuna wozunzidwa komanso kukhala “woteteza” nthawi zonse. Kuchita izi posadabwitsa ndizosatheka. Nthawi zonse amakakamiza aliyense kuti azichita nawo “masewera” ake ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala wopambana.
Maonekedwe a mutu sichinthu chokha chomwe chimakopa nyundo kwa nsomba. Kulongosola kwa momwe amtunduwu amadyera ndikodabwitsanso. Zimakhala zotupa, pomwe nsomba zina zimayamba kutulutsa. Amayi amabala ana awo chimodzimodzi monga zolengedwa. Pakubadwa, "nyundo" ya mwana imayikidwa ku thupi kuti ibadwe popanda zovuta. Pang'onopang'ono, mutu wa nsomba umakhala, monga wamkulu.
Nthawi imodzi, mayi amatha kubweretsa ana 15 mpaka 30 omwe "adaphunzitsidwa" kale kuti asambire bwino. Kutalika kwa aliyense kumafika pafupifupi theka la mita. Koma pakatha miyezi yochepa amakhala amtali wa mita ndikuwonetsa kukwiya, monga akulu onse.
Menyu yazitsulo za shark ndizovuta. Ndipo ngati maziko a chakudyacho ndi nkhanu, nsombazi, nkhono, nsomba ndi nyamayi, ndiye kuti kukoma kwenikweni kwa nyama zolusa ndi kwamizeremizere ndi kwina, asodzi ambiri asankha malo okhudzana ndi mtundu uwu wa nyama - matope pansi pa nyanja.
Menyu zidachitika kuti zikhudze anthu okhala munyanja zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo ma stingrays stingrings, omwe ma spikes ake a poizoni sanawononge zilombo. Zikuwoneka kuti thupi la shaki limatha kukulira chitetezo chazirombo zomwe zimakonda kudya, zomwe zimafuna kudya.
Ngati nyama yomwe yazinyama ikufuna kudziwa nyama, yomwe imadziwa kuthamangathawa, imaganizira kuthamanga ndi kutha kwa shaki, ilibe mwayi wochepa kwambiri wopulumutsidwa. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti matupi a zolengedwa zonse amatulutsa ma siginala amagetsi, wogwirawo sangakhale ndi mwayi wobisala pansi.
Motsogozedwa ndi zokopa zomwe zimawonetsedwa, shaki yamtundu wamtsinje imafunafuna mwamseri ndipo imachotsa munthu wodana ndi mchenga.
Popeza nsomba yamkati ndi imodzi mwa nsomba za pelagic, imasankha kuya kuchokera pansi pa nyanja mpaka 400m kuya. Komabe, nyama zolusa izi zimasambira m'malo osambira ndipo m'malo am'madzi amphepete.
Ponena za kukonda kwachilengedwe, nsomba izi zimakhutira ndi madzi otentha a Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian.
Komabe, munthu amene ali ndi sidinghammer m'malo mwa mutu amadziwikanso ndi kumpoto kwa Europe. Koma malo omwe amakondedwa kwambiri ndi nyama zonse zodya nyundo, komwe amakopeka ndi mphamvu yosadziwika bwino, ndi Zilumba za Hawaii. Chifukwa chake, anali Hawaiiian Institute of Marine Biology yomwe idakhala likulu la kuphunzira kwa nsomba izi.
Mawonekedwe osazolowereka amutu amasiyanitsa shark wamtondo kuchokera kwa abale ena onse. Ngakhale kutchuka ndi cinematic chodziwika bwino kwa shaki yoyera, si aliyense amene angatsimikizire bwino momwe amawonekera pamsonkhano, koma shaki ya hammer sichasokonezeka ndi ina iliyonse.
Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti chimaliziro chingapatse munthu uyu maonekedwe abwino? Pali mitundu ingapo pankhaniyi.
Ngati timamatira ku lingaliro loyambira, ndiye kuti "nyundo" yokhala ngati mutu wopangidwa mwaluso idapangidwa pang'onopang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri, pakupita kwina kulikonse kunali kochulukirapo ndipo, pamapeto, kupeza mawonekedwe omwe tikuwona lero.
Ndani akudziwa, mwina njirayi inali isanamalizebe ndipo pambuyo poti ingosintha pang'ono, mutu wa shaki udzaoneka wowopsa?
Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa wa chibadwidwe amatsutsa malingaliro am'mbuyomu okhudza zotsatira zomwe atenga mayeso angapo. Ophunzira ena amakonda kukhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe apadera amutu adapita kwa asodzi mwadzidzidzi - chifukwa chakusintha kwadzidzidzi.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, nsagwada zamphamvu, komanso mawonekedwe owopsa, mdaniyu samalandidwa ndi adani mwachindunji m'malo omwe amakhala. Sizokayikitsa kuti nyama iliyonse yapansi pamadzi imayesa kulimbana ndi chilombo chotere. Sichikulimbikitsidwa kuti anthu afikire cholengedwa chodabwitsachi.
Amatha kusambira osalabadira zomwe zikucheperachepera, koma ndibwino osam'kwiyitsa. Kalanga, tili ndi mwayi wothawa nsagwada zamphamvu zotere.
M'mayiko ena aku Asia, asodzi amatchuka pakati pa asodzi, amasakidwa kwenikweni. Amakhulupirira kuti chiwindi cha nsomba ya hammerhead ndizambiri zamafuta omwe ali ofunikira ku thupi la munthu. Mafupa a nsomba imeneyi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya chotchedwa fupa.
Kusamalira nsomba za nyundo
Hammer nsomba ndi nsomba yamoyo. Mluza umakulira mkati mwa mayi ndipo umadyetsa mothandizidwa ndi placenta. Mimba imatenga miyezi 8 mpaka 11. Shaki pafupifupi 8 mpaka 25 zimabadwa nthawi. Komanso, kukula kwawo ndikochepa kwambiri - mpaka 45 cm.
Ngati mumakonda izi, gawanani ndi anzanu pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Zikomo!
Banja la Hammerhead
Asayansi amadziwa mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya nsombazi zomwe zimakhala ndi utoto, kukula, mawonekedwe a mutu komanso madzi omwe akukhalamo. Banja lonse lagawidwa m'magawo awiri: Eusphyra ndi Sphyrna. Mu gulu loyamba pamakhala nthumwi imodzi - iyi ndi shaki. "Nyundo" yake ndi yayikulu pafupifupi hafu ya thupi lake, ndipo imasiyanasiyana m'lifupi mwa mutu wake kuchokera kwa ena onse oimira banja ili. Pa gulu lachiwiri mulinso "alongo" ena asanu ndi atatu, wamkulu kwambiri amatha kufikira mita 6. Banja ili lonse lazungulira mizu ndi feline, marten and shark grey.
Mawonekedwe
Ambiri amakopeka ndi momwe nyundo imawonekera. Thupi la nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zambiri zimasiyana ndi nsombazi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa, ndipo mtundu umasintha kutengera mtundu. Kwenikweni, kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda (imvi, bulauni), ndipo m'mimba ndi wopepuka. Koma mutu ndiwofunika kwambiri. Mawonekedwe ake ndi T-mawonekedwe. Kapangidwe ka mutu palokha kumadalira "mtundu" wa nyama yomwe imadyera, imatha kukhala yayikulu kapena, mosiyana, yokhala ndi yaying'ono. Koma chachikulu ndichakuti aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa kuti nyundo. Zithunzi zitha kuwonedwa pansipa. Kumalekezero a "machitidwe" a mutu ndi maso. Izi nsomba zimatha kuwona madigiri 360. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, m'masiku otsatirawa masomphenyawa amatengera kutalika kwa "nyundo". Kukula kwake kuli kotheka, malo omwe ali patsogolo pake amawonedwa bwino.
Zomwe zimadya
Msodzi wa nyundo ndi nyama yomwe imadyetsa nsomba zina, nkhono, skate ndi nsomba zazinkhanira. Zimadziwika kuti ngakhale mbola siziopa nkhukuzi, chifukwa chake, anthu okhala pansi pamadzi amatha kulowa mu zakudya zawo. Nsomba iyi imakhala ndi thupi losinthika kwambiri yomwe imakupatsani mwayi woti muchite mosagwiritsa ntchito mosapatsa mwayi wogwirayo. Kuphatikiza apo, zipsepse zamphamvu zimapereka kuthamanga kwa nsomba. Maonekedwe a mutu amakhala ngati chakhazikika pakuyenda. Makhalidwe onsewa amapangitsa kuti nyundo ikhale yopambana pam nkhondo, ngakhale ndi mdani wamkulu kuposa iyo. Kuphatikiza apo, ukalamba umam'loleza kuti asangogwira nsomba zokha, komanso zolengedwa.
Ngakhale nsomba ya nyundo ndiosaka wopanda mantha, "ndi galu waulesi". Chifukwa chake, amalinyero ena adazindikira momwe gulu la asodzi awa adatsata zombo zazikulu masiku angapo, kudya zakudya zomwe anthu adaziponya.
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Mukayang'ana pakamwa kakang'ono kwambiri ka shaki yomwe ili pansi pamutu, simunganene kuti ndi ngozi kwa anthu. Zachidziwikire, mdani uyu samabera anthu mwadala, komabe ndi iye amene amakhala m'malo achitatu chiwopsezo cha omwe amakhala patchuthi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nsomba za hammerhead zimakhala zolusa kwambiri nthawi yakubzala, ndipo kuswana nyama zazing'ono zimasambira kumadzi ofunda kuchokera pagombe. Ndi malo awa omwe opanga tchuthi amapumula nthawi zambiri. Pankhondo ndi cholengedwa ichi, munthu samakhalabe wopambana.
Koma alakatuli a hammerhead amakhalanso ovutitsidwa ndi anthu, popeza ndiwofunika kwambiri popanga nsomba. Pophika, zipsepse, chiwindi ndi nyama ya carnivore zimayamikiridwa kwambiri. Zidutswa izi ndizokoma kwambiri ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zotsalazo zimayikidwa mu ufa, pomwe zimapangidwa nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu la shark ndilosafunikira kwenikweni.
Kuswana
Maonekedwe a mutu sichinthu chokhacho chomwe chimakopa nsomba za nyundo. Kulongosola kwa momwe amtunduwu amadyera ndikodabwitsanso. Zimakhala zotupa, pomwe nsomba zina zimayamba kutulutsa. Amayi amabala ana awo chimodzimodzi monga zolengedwa. Pakubadwa, "nyundo" ya mwana imayikidwa ku thupi kuti ibadwe popanda zovuta. Pang'onopang'ono, mutu wa nsomba umakhala, monga wamkulu.
Nthawi imodzi, mayi amatha kubweretsa ana 15 mpaka 30 omwe "adaphunzitsidwa" kale kuti asambire bwino. Kutalika kwa aliyense kumafika pafupifupi theka la mita. Koma pakatha miyezi yochepa amakhala amtali wa mita ndikuwonetsa kukwiya, monga akulu onse.
Habitat
Asombawa amakonda kukhala m'madzi ofunda komanso otentha. Amatha kupezeka munyanja za Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian. Nsomba zikadali zazing'ono, zimasungidwa m'madzi osaya kapena pansi pa mabatani. M'malo awa ndizosavuta kuti akhale ndi luso la mlenje. Kukula, amapita kukasambira kwakuzama kwaku nyanja.
Hammer nsomba: zochititsa chidwi ndi tsatanetsatane
Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja odabwitsa, munthu wokhala m'madziyu akudabwitsa ndi izi:
- Ngati nsombayo ili m'madzi osaya, chikopa cha shaki chimatha kusenda. Mphamvu imeneyi ilibe aliyense pa dziko lapansi, kupatula munthu ndi nkhumba.
- Chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri chamkati chomwe chimabwera kwa munthu chinafika pafupifupi 8 metres, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulemera kwake kunali kofanana ndi kilogalamu 363.
- Mdani uyu alibe adani kupatula tizirombo ndi anthu.
- Nsombazi zimafunikira kusunthasuntha nthawi zonse kuti zikhale pamalo "oyandama", chifukwa zilibe mpweya.
- Asodzi awa amawona "chithunzi" chowala chifukwa cha maso awo akuthwa. Ndikokulitsa nyundo, ndiwowona bwino. Ngakhale samawona kutsogolo kwake, kusuntha kwamutu kosalekeza kumapangitsa "kukulunga" chithunzicho chonse.
- Akatswiri a Hammerhead amatha kusaka "alongo" awo ochepera.
- Awa ndi nsomba zokha zomwe sizimawopa poizoni wa poizoni.
- Thupi lawo limasinthasintha kotero kuti "limatha kupanga" pafupifupi pakati.
- Akazi amalimbirana malo pakati pa sukulu. Apa ndipomwe amuna amayesetsa kuti apange "bwenzi" lolimba kwambiri.
- Kusintha kwa nyundo za nyundo sikunaphunzire ndi anthu.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Momwemonso, pali oimira nyama zakuthengo zomwe ndizosiyana kotheratu ndi zina ndipo ndizofanana ndi zachilendo. Chifukwa chiyani
Mwachitsanzo, nsomba ya Hammerhead ndi imodzi mwazachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Maonekedwe owoneka ngati shark wamtundu wamadzi amapangitsa kudabwitsidwa wodabwitsidwa ndi mantha, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ayenera kukumana nawo nthawi yoyamba. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja a mutu, nyama yolusa imeneyi imakhalanso yayikulu kukula: kutalika kwa asakatuli a hammer mutu ndiocheperako mamitala 4, ndipo zitsanzo zina zimafikira mita 7-8.
Maonekedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mawonekedwe osangalatsa sawalepheretsa nsomba izi kuti zikule mwachangu komanso kuwonetsa osowa. Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa nkhosazi zimaphatikizaponso kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe: amakhulupirira kuti ndizosatheka kutuluka wopambana pankhondo ndi shaki iyi. Nsomba zamnyundo ndizokuzungulirani zinsinsi zambiri.
Ndipo ngakhale zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa za shaki zapezeka kale ndi asayansi, mafunso ena akadali osayankhidwa. Chifukwa chake ndi chiyani chomwe chikudziwika lero za shaki wa hammerhead - cholengedwa chomwe, mukayang'ana grin yodya nyama, imapuma mofatsa ndipo mtima wanu umawuma?
Hammerhead shark nsomba mu banja la shark ndi mtundu watsopano. Amakhulupirira kuti adawonekera zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo. Koma palibe amene akutsimikiza za izi. Tikudziwa zochepa kwambiri momwe nyundo idachokera.Kuchokera kwa shaki pafupifupi sizinakhalepo zakale, ndipo uwu ndi gwero lalikulu lazidziwitso zakale za nyama.
Kuchokera ku nsomba zakale, zomwe mafupa ake amapanga mafupa olimba, mbiri yatsatanetsatane ya chisinthiko idatsalira. Koma mafupa a shaki amakhala makamaka ndi cartilage, kotero nthawi zambiri mano ndi nsagwada zimakhala zokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tili ndi umboni wochepa wazomwe zimapanga nsombazo.
Akatswiri a sayansi akhala akukhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe a nyundo yomwe tikuwona, mutu wa shaki womwe umapezeka pang'onopang'ono, zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Ndipo zomwe zimadziwika, mawonekedwe owongolera a mutu, wofananira ndi shaki, adakulitsa m'badwo uliwonse pamtunda wocheperako. Mamilioni a zaka pambuyo pake, akatundu a hammerhead omwe tikudziwa tsopano adawonekera.
Koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wamtunduwu wasinthiratu lingaliro ili. Tsopano, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti nyundoyo sinawonekere chifukwa cha kusintha pang'onopang'ono, koma zidachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kodabwitsa komwe kunachitika mwadzidzidzi. Kwa akatswiri azachilengedwe ambiri, izi zimamveka ngati nkhambakamwa, lingaliro lomwe Darwin akadakhala kuti walowa m'manda ake ngati amva.
Zachilengedwe nthawi zina zimabereka freaks, koma sizipulumuka. Nthawi zina zimapezeka kuti imodzi mwazinthu izi zimapulumuka, kenako yatsopano imabadwa. Kodi tsitsi loyambirira la nyundo linali imodzi mwazovala zoterezi? Ndikothekera kuti mutu wopunduka kwambiri unakhazikika mwa iye kukhala watsopano.
Maso ake anali otsetsereka kwambiri kumbali zomwe sanathe kuyang'ana mwachindunji, chifukwa chake sizikanatheka kusaka ndi maso ake. Zinasinthiratu ndikusintha kapena kufa.
Atamizidwa mpaka pansi, adayamba kudalira mphamvu zina pakusaka chakudya ndikusintha kukhala mlenje waluso, yemwe tikukudziwa tsopano.
Itha kuwoneka ngati yabwino kwambiri, koma lingaliro ili limalongosoladi maonekedwe achilendo ngati mutu wanyundo.
Mbiri yakusintha kwa shaki ya hammerhead yakhala ikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Lero ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa asodzi padziko lapansi, ndipo m'malo ena amasonkhanitsidwa modabwitsa.
Mazana aanthu amayenda pozungulira pamasomphenyawo. Pali mitundu ingapo ya achangu omwe amakhala ndi magulu akuluakulu ngati amenewa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinsinsi zazikulu zam'nyanja. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani ambiri achinsomba amasonkhana pamalo amodzi, nthawi imodzi. Zosadabwitsa kuti, pagulu lalikulu ili, ambiri ndi akazi, ndipo sitikudziwa chifukwa chake izi zikuchitika.
Akusonkhana m'masukulu, asodzi amatumizira wina ndi mnzake kusintha masinthidwe awo kapena mutu wawo. Zolembedwa zosachepera zisanu ndi zinayi zidalembedwa, mwina zambiri. Zizindikiro zina ndi machenjezo omveka; pamafotokozedwe a ena, titha kungolingalira.
Akazi akuluakulu komanso oopsa kwambiri amalimbirana malo abwino kwambiri pakati pa ogwirizanawo, chifukwa amuna amafuna pano pofunafuna akazi amphamvu. Mating a hammerhead shaki sanaphunzirepobe. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri kotero kuti palibe amene anaziwonapo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amaphimbidwa mu zipsera za nkhondo. Pakukhwima, amuna amaluma mano awo kwa mnzake, ndipo m'madzi otentha otentha, mabala amatenga kachilomboka.
Koma pafupi ndi izi, nthawi zonse amadikirira thandizo - oyeretsa nsomba amakhala mozungulira miyala, yomwe, pamene asodzi akuwombera akuyandikira, amathamangira kwa iwo kukadyetsa majeremusi kuchokera pakhungu loyipa. Imalimbikitsa machiritso a zilonda ndipo amathandizira asodzi achikulire pomenya nkhondo. Pakatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, azimayi oyembekezera adzakhala okonzekera kubadwa kwa ana awo. Koma zidzachitika kutali ndi malo awa.
Hammerhead shaki zimaswana mwanjira yosazolowereka: mosiyana ndi nsomba zambiri, zimakhala zowoneka bwino. Mu thupi la amayi, mwana wosabadwayo amakula ndikuyamba kudya pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, koma mwa shaki zobadwa, nyundo imatembenuzidwira thupi. Izi zimathandizira kubadwa kwawo. Ndi zaka, mutu umapeza T-mawonekedwe odziwika, omwe amasiyanitsa shaki wamkulu. Koma ndichifukwa chiyani nsomba zamkati zimatha kuwononga pomwe nsomba zina zonse zikupanga uchi?
Mwachitsanzo, kamphaka kakang'ono ngati kamphaka kakang'ono kwambiri kamaika mazira milungu ingapo ndikuwasunga mwamphamvu m'makona osiyanasiyana. Mazira oyambawa amatulutsidwa m'thupi mwana asanakhazikitse yekha. Amphaka amphaka ang'onoang'ono amakula mkati mwa chifuwa cha dzira ndipo chimodzi mwa ziwalo zoyambirira zomwe zingadziwike ndi mtima waung'ono.
Kwa milungu ingapo, amadzidyetsa ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri. Amabadwa ang'ono komanso osatetezeka, ndipo ndi ochepa omwe amapulumuka.
Asodzi a Hammerhead ali ndi malingaliro otsutsana. Mwana akabadwa, amakhala atadutsa kale masentimita 50 ndipo amasambira bwino. Ndikofunikira. Madzi apa ndi odzala ndi zilombo zambiri, ndipo mbewuyo ikamafulumira, ndiye kuti ndiyotheka kupulumuka.
Kusodza kwakukulu kwa asodzi amkuwa kumapangitsa Bay of Cocos Island kukhala mecca kwa akatswiri azamba. Shaki ya hammerhead imawoneka kuti anthu ndi cholengedwa chachilendo, makamaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mutu, ndipo timakonda kuchitira zonse zachilendo ndi mantha komanso kusayikira. Okhonya a Hammerhead ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo kotero kuti pakubuka mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe achilendo awa, chifukwa chake adawonekera, chifukwa chake ndioyenera, ngati ali ndi ntchito inayake, ndi chiyani?
Chifukwa cha kudalaku, maso a shaki anali m'mphepete mwa nyundo. Anthu amatsogozedwa ndi maso chifukwa chake timakhala ndi masomphenya owonera. Ndizovuta kuti tilingalire momwe zimakhalira kukhalapo pomwe maso amawoneka mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo timayamba kuganiza kuti izi sizabwino kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi zomwe tidazolowera.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti asodzi awa sangathe kuwona mwachindunji pamaso pawo monga shaki zina. Koma posawona zomwe zili mtsogolo, iye amawona dziko lapansi kudzera m'malingaliro owonekera. Kuyenda mbali ndi mbali kumathandizira kuti pakhale kusiyana, koma izi sizingayembekezeredwe kuchokera kwa mdani. Maso amateteza nyemba zosaneneka. Mphuno zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mutu, komanso pores pamwamba pa mutu - ndi chithandizo chawo, shaki imagwira munda wamagetsi womwe umagwira.
Pansi pa gombeli, asodzi achichepere amaphunzira kusaka. M'madzi osaya, khungu limada msanga. Awa ndi nyama zodziwika zokha zomwe zitha kupsa ndi dzuwa kupatula ife. Ngati shaki idapita kukasaka, muyenera kukhala atcheru.
Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani banja la sphyrnidae (nyundo) limasowa mawonekedwe otere - funso lomwe katswiri wazamoyo Stephen Kajiura waku University of Florida Atlantic adalandira mu 2009. Gulu lake lidakwanitsa kukhala ndi amoyo asanu ndi limodzi amoyo komanso wathanzi la mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana, adawapereka kumalo osungirako omwe adamangidwa mnyumba ya yunivesite.
Shaki adayikidwa mu cornea yamaso ndi ma microscopic electrodes omwe amalumikizidwa ndi zida zofufuzira. Shaki iliyonse ya hammer idakonzedwa, adawonetsedwa chithunzi kuchokera pamagetsi angapo kutsogolo kwa maso ake, zida panthawi imeneyi zidalemba zochitika zamagetsi m'maso mwa nsomba. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku, zidapezeka kuti mawonekedwe owonekera a nyama zodya nyundo amapitilira kuwonekera kwa shaki zamtundu wina katatu!
Koma, kumbali ina, shaki wolumala adapeza malo okufa patsogolo pa mphuno yake, chithunzi chomwe sichimawoneka ndi maso ake. Ndiye chifukwa chake opanga nyundo akuyesera kusunthira mitu yawo kumbali ndi mbali, kuchepetsa dera lakufa.
Malinga ndi mutu wakufufuza, Michelle Mac-Comb, yemwe angakhale wolumala, ayenera kukhala pamalopo pomwe sangathe kuwunikanso ndipo amatha kuseka pang'onopang'ono wolusa yemwe mwadzidzidzi adalephera kuwona chinthu chosaka. Pamapeto pa kafukufukuyu, asodzi onse amasulidwa ku malo omwe amakhala, athanzi komanso athanzi - chiwerengero cha osodza a hammerhead chimatsika chaka chilichonse.
nyundo ya Kula imakonda kusaka m'gulu la achibale, chithunzi cha 3D chomwe adachipeza ndi ubongo wake chimalola wolusa kuti asangokhala osabera m'madzi apansi. Ma shaki ndi nkhanu, mbola, ndi octopus, nsomba zingapo zam'munsi - ali ndi mwayi wothawa shaki wokhala ndi zida zenizeni zachilengedwe.
Okhonya a Hammerhead, malinga ndi ichthyologists, ndi kusintha kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa chilengedwe, komwe kunawoneka osati kale kwambiri (pafupifupi zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo). Kholo la banjali anali chimphona chachikulu cha shorts (Sphyrna mokarran), zidali kuchokera pamenepo kuti mitundu yaying'ono ya nyundozi idachokera - awa anali omaliza a Andrew Martin, wasayansi wazomera kuchokera ku University of Colorado.
Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, chifukwa chomwe zimayambira nsapato zazing'ono zamkati zimayenderana ndi kutha msinkhu, i.e. Zidole zina zidasiyanso kufunikira chitetezo chomwe thupi lalikulu limapereka ndikutumiza mphamvu kuti iberekenso.
Asodzi a Hammerhead apeza mwayi wopitilira mabanja ena azidyamakanda - mitu yawo yosalala komanso yotakata imakhala ndi masensa ochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, maLorencini ampoules), omwe amawalola kuti apeze nyama yosaoneka yobisika ndi mchenga.
Zambiri zowunikira ndi zowerengera zama sensropulse masensa zimaphatikizidwa, zimaphatikizidwa palimodzi - shaki ya hammer imalandira chidziwitso chonse, chithunzicho chili ndi "mamaki" komwe omwe angakumane nawo. Ndipo apa malo otsika a pakamwa pa nyama yolusa ndi osavuta - gwiritsani ntchito ndikumeza anthu okhala pansi.
Mtundu wa anthu ukuyesera kupanga zida zomveka bwino zamafakitale ndi kafukufuku, ndipo asodzi ali ndi nyundo kale - chisinthiko chisamaliridwa.
Nsomba yam'mutu yayikulu (Eusphyra blochii) - m'modzi mwa oimira banja lansaki, omwe adadzipatula okha. Kuchokera pa abale ake apamtunduwu, mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi maudindo ake ataliatali komanso owoneka bwino pamutu, wovekedwa ndi maso (izi zikuwoneka bwino pachithunzi). Nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza kwa muzzle ndi 40-50% ya kutalika kwa nsomba (nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa shaki sikupitirira 1.85 m.).
Malingaliro oyamba a nsomba yayikulu-nyundo yamutu adafotokozeredwa ndi Georges Cuvier mmbuyo mu 1817, komabe, mu 1822 ndiwopatsa chiyembekezo uyu adatsimikizira mitundu yaoriary ndi zinzirizo mu mtundu wina. Pambuyo pake, kusanthula kwa DNA kwa shaki yayikulu kwambiri kumawonetsa kuti sizingaganizidwe kuti ndi nsomba yankhoma ina yam'mimba, monga shaki yayikulu yamkuwa. Mtunduwu udawoneka mosayembekezereka ndipo udalipobe mpaka pano, ndipo oimira mtundu Sphyrna adasinthanso pambuyo pake kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya nsomba.
Zagawidwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zamkuwa m'madzi osaya ndi akadaulo ochokera ku Persian Gulf kupita ku Philippines, m'madzi a kum'mwera kwa China, Taiwan, komanso ku Oceania mpaka m'mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Australia.
Mtundu wa shark ndi wakuda kapena wonyezimira pamwamba, pansi ndi pang'onopang'ono. Amadyetsa nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimakonda kudya crustaceans ndi cephalopods.
Monga shaki zina, mutu wokhazikika umayikira mazira ndi mazira. Kukula kwachinyamata kubadwa kumayambiriro kwa mvula yamkuntho (Epulo-Meyi), kukhwima kumachitika mu Juni-August. Chifukwa chake, zazikazi zimaswa mazira pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Achichepere obadwa amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 32-45, amakhala okhwima pogonana akakula pafupifupi 110 cm.
Zikuwoneka kuti nsomba yam'mutu yayikulu sikhala pachiswe kwa anthu. Ku India, Pakistan, Malaysia ndi Thailand, asodzi awa ndi zinthu zomwe asodzi amakonda akuwedza. Nyama yawo imadyedwa, chiwindi chili ndi mafuta ambiri, zotsalira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafupa.
Shark wamba wamba ndi wa banja la akhwangwala a hammerhead a dongosolo la gulu lachifumu lachifumu la cartilaginous - monga abale ake ena. Idafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1758 ndi Karl Linney, wasayansi wodziwika bwino wachilengedwe wochokera ku Sweden. Amadziwikanso kuti nsomba yotchedwa hammerhead shark kapena nsomba wamba.
Chosalala - chifukwa chimasowa chopumira, chizindikiritso cha mitundu ina, pamphepete mwa "nyundo", chifukwa chomwe chimafanana ndi uta. Pakadali pano, asayansi amadziwa mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya akhwangwala, awa ndi nsomba zamkati - kuzungulira, West Africa, Panama-Caribbean, bronze ndi mitu yaying'ono, komanso hammerhead shaki - chimphona, chaching'ono komanso champhongo.
Shaki yotchedwa Scalloped Hammerhead yaing'ono imakhala ku East ndi West Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean, kutalika kwake sikupita mamita 4.5. Shark wamba wamba imawoneka ngati chimphona kwa pafupifupi aliyense kupatula kutalika kwake.
Mwa banja lonse, mtunduwu uli ndi malo okhala kwambiri - umatha kupezeka pafupifupi nyanja zonse, kupatula nyanja ya Arctic ndi madzi amalo otentha. Ndikosavuta kudziwa malire enieni okhalamo shaki chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo ndi mitundu ina ya shaki.
Iye, monga lamulo, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo akuya kosakwana mamita makumi awiri - koma pakhala pali zolemba zosonyeza kuti msonkhano wake udalipo mpaka 200m. Mtunduwu umakonda kwambiri madzi am'mphepete, koma umatha kupezeka munyanja, ndipo nthawi zina mumadzi amtsinje.
Kodi nyundo yamkuwa bwanji?
- Ayi, sizowopsa zikafika poti munthu ndi chinthu mwadongosolo posaka nsomba zamkaka. Zidyamakanda izi sizidyetsa anthu ndipo siziganiza kuti anthu ndi zomwe azilanda.
- Inde, ndizowopsa zikafika pakuwukira anthu. Zochitika zomvetsa chisoni ngati izi m'mbiri zimadziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhwangwa yam'madzi ndi imodzi mwa nsomba 10 zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera nkhanza zomwe sizingatheke.
Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe amachitidwacho ndikuti, mwangozi komanso zachilendo, nyundoyo imasankha malo omwe amakonda kwambiri tchuthi m'madzi osaya kuti abereke shaki. Ma Hammerhead amakhala ankhanza kwambiri nthawi imeneyi, kotero zowonjezera zimachitika nthawi ndi nthawi, makamaka m'dera la Hawaii.
Komabe, zovulala zambiri zimachitidwa kuti nyundo yam'mimbazi ichitidwe ndi anthu omwe amapha mamiliyoni achinkhanira chifukwa cha zipsepse - chopangira chachikulu mu msuzi wodziwika bwino, wokwera mtengo kwambiri.