Pakati pagulu lamadzi pamakhala mbalame yachilendo, yomwe dzina lake ndi mlomo wanola. Chifukwa chiyani mbalameyi idatchedwa choncho? Chilichonse ndichopepuka: ingoyang'anani pamlomo wake!
Gawo ili la thupi la mbalame limafanana ndi chikwakwa wamba. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mbalameyi ndi inzake zamaso?
Sickbill ndi mbalame zowuluka bwino. Amveka kwambiri komanso osakwiya, opatsidwa mphamvu yoti azitha kukhalabe pamadzi.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kuthengo, mumangomva kakhwalidwe kabwino, kuwona ndi maso anu - kusowa. Mwayi uwu si wa aliyense!
Mbalamezi ndizosamala kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi chovala chodabwitsa, choperekedwa mwachilengedwe: utoto wa nthenga ndi mulomo wooneka ngati chikwakwa zimawathandiza kuphatikiza ndi miyala yam'mphepete ndi yopanda miyala, pakati pomwe milomo yodwala imakhala nthawi yayitali. Thupi lakumwamba la oimira pamadzipo limapaka utoto wonyezimira.
Akatswiri a zamankhwala omwe adatha kuwona odwala, dziwani kuti mbalamezi ndizambiri pawiri. Amokha kapena m'magulu akulu, amayesetsa kuti asagwire.
Sickbeaks ndi mbalame zazing'ono koma zokulirapo, ngakhale zimawoneka zazikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha mbalame zam'madzi. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi masentimita 41, unyinji wa akuluakulu umafika 300 g. Zowonjezerazo ndi imvi yopepuka, pachifuwa pali mzere wakuda wakuda. Mbali yakumwamba ya mutu ndi "muzzle" zimapendanso zakuda. Dera lam'mimba ndi loyera. Mlomo wawerama, ndiwowonda komanso yopapatiza, utoto lodziwika bwino.
Sickbeaks amakhala kumapiri a Central Asia. Amapezeka m'dera loyambira ku Lake Issyk-Kul mpaka kumalire a kumwera kwa Manchuria. Sickbeaks amakhalanso ku Tajikistan. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, kuyenda munthawi yozizira kupita kumapiri am'mapiri (otchedwa kusunthika kosunthika). Malo akuluakulu okhalako odwala ndi malo okwera mapiri kuyambira 2,000 mpaka 3,000 mikono pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi zina amapezeka pamwambapa.
Sickbill ndi mbalame zosavutikira, amapeza chakudya chawo pakati pa miyala, komanso m'mbali mwa nyanja, m'madzi osaya. Kusaka bwino mbalamezi kumathandiza mlomo wake wopindika. Komabe, kuphatikiza tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, maapozi nthawi zina amasungidwa ndi nsomba yaying'ono. Monga mukuwonera, madzi ndi okhalamo amatenga gawo lalikulu m'moyo wa mlomo wodwalawu, motero sudzakhala komwe kulibe posowa kwenikweni.
Ponena za kubzala kwa mbalamezi, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba pakati pa Malichi. Odwala panthawi ino amakhala mafoni achilendo. Komabe, kusefukira mphamvu sikumawachotsera manyazi. Sickbeaks amakonza zisa zawo kuti azitha kupangira anapiye m'tsogolo kapena pamiyala yamiyala.
Zinthu zomwe chisa chimamangidwapo ndi miyala. Mkazi wina wodwala amaikira mazira anayi pachisa cha chisa, ali ndi imvi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati miyala ndikuziteteza kwa adani omwe angachitike.
Kuchuluka kwa odwala, ngakhale amagawidwa kwambiri, ndizochepa.
Mverani mawu a chikwakwa
Sickbeaks ndi mbalame zazing'ono koma zokulirapo, ngakhale zimawoneka zazikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha mbalame zam'madzi. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi masentimita 41, unyinji wa akuluakulu umafika 300 g. Zowonjezerazo ndi imvi yopepuka, pachifuwa pali mzere wakuda wakuda. Mbali yakumwamba ya mutu ndi "muzzle" zimapendanso zakuda. Dera lam'mimba ndi loyera. Mlomo wawerama, ndiwowonda komanso yopapatiza, utoto lodziwika bwino.
Kapangidwe ka chikwangwani kumathandiza kuti chisawoneke ngati miyala.
Sickbeaks amakhala kumapiri a Central Asia. Amapezeka m'dera loyambira ku Lake Issyk-Kul mpaka kumalire a kumwera kwa Manchuria. Sickbeaks amakhalanso ku Tajikistan. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, kuyenda munthawi yozizira kupita kumapiri am'mapiri (otchedwa kusunthika kosunthika). Malo akuluakulu okhalako odwala ndi malo okwera mapiri kuyambira 2,000 mpaka 3,000 mikono pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi zina amapezeka pamwambapa.
Mlomo wa mbalamezi umakhala wonyezimira bwino.
Sickbill ndi mbalame zosavutikira, amapeza chakudya chawo pakati pa miyala, komanso m'mbali mwa nyanja, m'madzi osaya. Kusaka bwino mbalamezi kumathandiza mlomo wake wopindika. Komabe, kuphatikiza tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, maapozi nthawi zina amasungidwa ndi nsomba yaying'ono. Monga mukuwonera, madzi ndi okhalamo amatenga gawo lalikulu m'moyo wa mlomo wodwalawu, motero sudzakhala komwe kulibe posowa kwenikweni.
Sickbeak posaka chakudya.
Ponena za kubzala kwa mbalamezi, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba pakati pa Malichi. Odwala panthawi ino amakhala mafoni achilendo. Komabe, kusefukira mphamvu sikumawachotsera manyazi. Sickbeaks amakonza zisa zawo kuti azitha kupangira anapiye m'tsogolo kapena pamiyala yamiyala.
Ndege ya Sickbeak.
Zinthu zomwe chisa chimamangidwapo ndi miyala. Mkazi wina wodwala amaikira mazira anayi pachisa cha chisa, ali ndi imvi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati miyala ndikuziteteza kwa adani omwe angachitike.
Kuchuluka kwa odwala, ngakhale amagawidwa kwambiri, ndizochepa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Moyo.
Wokhala m'malo okwezeka. Mbalame yokhazikika kapena yoyendayenda. Osawerengeka. Zomera m'mphepete mwachisawawa komanso zilumba za mitsinje yamapiri awiriawiri. Chisa ndi dzenje losaya lomwe lili ndi miyala lathyathyathya.
Clutch koyambirira - pakati pa Meyi, ali ndi 3-4 mtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi masamba achikasu otuwa a mazira. Zikakhala zowopsa, chachikazi chimachoka pachisa mwachinsinsi ndikuchoka, sichikabisa nthawi zambiri, chokhala ndi anapiye, makolo amawuluka ndikulira kwamunthu.
Mu nthawi ya nesting, osamala kwambiri. Liwu ndiye kulira kwamtambo wa melodic wa "tee, tee." Imadyetsa ndikulowa m'madzi pafupifupi pamimba ndikuchepetsa mutu ndi khosi. Zimadyanso tizilombo ndi mphutsi, nsomba zazing'ono.
Mbalame yokhala pachiwopsezo, imafunikira kutetezedwa. Mlomo wokhota wokhotakhota ndi utoto wamtundu umakupatsani mwayi kuti muzindikire milomo yoyipa mukangoyang'ana.
Kufotokozera
Msambo waukulu kwambiri: kutalika kwa thupi 38-31, masentimita 270 mpaka 300. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakula kuposa amuna. Mtundu wawukulu wanyengo zamakalamba okalamba m'mutu wovala chovala chake ndi imvi yosalala, kumtunda kwa mutu, pamphumi, kumaso konse kumbuyo kwa mutu, frenum, pakhosi ndi kumavula pachifuwa ndikuda. Mbali yakumapeto ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi. Mphepete mwa mutu, khosi, goiter ndi kutsika kumbuyo ndikotuwa. Miyendo ndi yofiyira. Chizindikiro cha milomo yodwala ndi yayitali (7-8 masentimita) ndipo mulomo wofowoka, wokhala ndi utoto wowala. Ndi chithandizo chake, kolaulo amayang'ana nyama pakati pa miyala pansi pa mitsinje ndi nyanja, ndikumiza mutu wake m'madzi.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Sicklebucks ndizofala ku Central Asia ndi Himalayas, kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Issyk-Kul mpaka kumwera kwa Manchuria, amapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'mitsinje yaying'ono yamiyala yam'mapiri ndi mitsinje, komabe, agologolo amapewa mitsinje yomwe imayenda kwambiri. Sickbeaks amakhala m'mapiri pamtunda wa 1700 mpaka 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, amasamukira kumadera otsika, ndipo amapezeka kumapiri, koma osati kawirikawiri. Ku Russia, kachakudya kowotchera mitengo kumawonedwa ku Altai, pomwe owerengeka ochepa okha anawuluka.
Komanso amakhala m'malo okwezeka a Central ndi Northern Tien Shan, mkati mwa Kazakhstan mchigwa cha mitsinje Yaikulu ndi yaying'ono Almaty, Chilik, Issyk, Karkara, Bayankol, Dzhungarsky Alatau, ndi Choldysu.
Kuswana
Milomo yodwala sakonda mtundu wawo, chifukwa chake, atakonzekera banja, amamanga chisa mosapitirira kilomita kuchokera kwa abale. Chisa ndi dzenje laling'ono m'miyalawo, ndipo mazira 3-4 ofanana kwambiri ndi mazira a nkhuni. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumakhala ma toni amtundu wamtundu wa chipolopolo (kusinthasintha ndi masouryla masonry pakati pamiyala). Makolo onse awiriwa amazuntha ndi kuwatsogolera anapiyewo. Pakadali pano, amakhala ochenjera kwambiri komanso osalankhula, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuwona gulu la odwala. Nthawi yeniyeni yofukizira ana ndi kulera anapiye sichikudziwika.
Monga lamulo, wodwala wosankha amasankha malo oti azikoloweka mazira okhala ndi miyala yayikulu kukula kwake. Pamiyala yaying'ono kwambiri, kapena, pakati pa miyala yayikulu, imadziwika, zomwe zimachulukitsa mwayi wokhala wogwirira.
Chitetezo
Sickbeaks ndi mbalame zachilendo zomwe kukhalapo kwawo kuli pachiwopsezo. Ngakhale mtundu wamtunduwo ndiwokulirapo, ma biotopes komwe kolembera amakhala ochepa, ndikugawa kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa nthiti. Choopseza ndiku kuphwanya ma biotopu achilengedwe chifukwa kuyendetsa ng'ombe motsatira iwo, kupanga nyumba zama hydraulic, komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. Sickbill amalembedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi mu Buku Lofiira.
Sickbeak adalengezedwa kuti ndi mbalame ya 2015 ku Kazakhstan kuti adziwitse anthu onse za mitundu yomwe ili pangozi.
Zambiri
Mbalame ya Sickbeak - mbalame yochokera kunthaka zam'madzi, mitundu yokhayo yamtundu Serpoklyuvy. Sangweji yayitali yokhala ndi miyendo yayitali yokhala ndi mbewa ofiira owoneka ngati mkondo wokhazikika m'munsi. Yaikazi imasiyana ndi yamphongo pakamwa patali. Sickbeak ndi mbalame yosuntha, yaphokoso. Sandpiper iyi imasambira bwino, nthawi zambiri imalowa m'madzi ndikuyimilira m'madzi osaya. Liwu la mlomo wodwala ndi lofuula, champhamvu, lofanana ndi mawu akuti, "Ti-ti-ti-ti-ti!"
Mu kulumala kwa chikwakwa chachilimwe, chilimwe, pamphumi, nduwira, ndi mbali za mutu kuyambira mulomo mpaka kumaso, chibwano ndi khosi kumakhala zofiirira; kumbali yakumutu ndi pakhosi pamakhala mbali yoyera. Mbali zam'mutu kumbuyo kwa khosi ndi khosi ndizosalala. Chotupa chake ndi cha imvi, chosiyanitsidwa ndi chifuwa ndi chingwe chaching'ono komanso chofiirira chakuda. Mbali yakumaso ya thupi ndi mapiko imvi, ndi zokutira. Ashen imvi misomali. Pachifuwa, pamimba, nthenga zamkati ndi axillary ndi zoyera. Nthenga zake ndi mchira, zofiirira, zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso matalala akuda; makungu akunja a nthenga zakunja ndizoyera. Gawo la nthenga zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndizofiyira. Utawaleza ndi wofiira. M'nyengo yozizira, nthenga zambiri zoyera kumutu ndi kummero. Achichepere ali ndi mphumi ndi mmero wokhala ndi timawonekedwe tating'ono, chibwano ndi khosi kumayera. Nthenga zakumwamba kwa thupi ndi nsonga zopyapyala. Mzere wozungulira wokwera ndi wotuwa, wopanda malire oyera. Miyendo ndi mlomo ndizofiirira. Mtundu wawukulu wanyengo zamakalamba okalamba m'mutu wovala chovala chake ndi imvi yosalala, kumtunda kwa mutu, pamphumi, kumaso konse kumbuyo kwa mutu, frenum, pakhosi ndi kumavula pachifuwa ndikuda. Mbali yakumapeto ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi. Mphepete mwa mutu, khosi, goiter ndi kutsika kumbuyo ndikotuwa. Miyendo ndi yofiyira. Makulidwe: mapiko 220 - 245 mm, mulomo 70 - 82 mm. Kutalika kwa thupi la kanyumba kachakudya ndi pafupifupi masentimita 41, kulemera mpaka 300 g.
Chizindikiro cha milomo ya chikwakwa ndi mlomo wautali komanso woonda wokhotakhota wofiirira. Ndi chithandizo chake, kolaulo amayang'ana nyama pakati pa miyala pansi pa mitsinje ndi nyanja, ndikumiza mutu wake m'madzi. Mbalame ya Sickbeak imadya nsomba zazing'ono, komanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka.
Zovala za Sickleb zimapezeka ku Central Asia ndi Himalaya kuchokera ku Issyk-Kul ndi Alai kupita kumalire akumwera kwa Manchuria, komwe zimapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'mitsinje yaying'ono yamiyala ndi mitsinje. Sickbeaks amakhala m'mapiri pamtunda wa 1700 mpaka 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, amasamukira kudera lokwera. Serpoklyuv amakhala pamiyala yam'mapiri a Central ndi Northern Tien Shan, mkati mwa Kazakhstan mchigwa cha mitsinje Bolshaya ndi Malaya Almatinki, Chilik (ndi Zhenishke), Issyk, Karkara, Bayankol, Choldysu, ndi Dzhungarsky Alatau, kumapeto kwa mapiri ake (mu 1964, odwala adadzanso m'chigawo cha Tentek, komanso mu 2001 pa mtsinje wa Orta-Tentek). Mbalame zisanu zam'mlengalenga zinajambulidwa m'mbali mwa mapiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Altai pafupi ndi siteshoni ya P tidikha pa Ogasiti 23, 1973. Ku Russia, chikwangwani chobera mafuta chimapezeka kokha kumwera kwa Altai, kenako, mwangozi.
Sickbeak ndi mbalame yokhala pansi. Chimakhala m'mphepete mwamiyala kwambiri komanso kuzilumba za mitsinje yamapiri, pamtunda wa 2000-2200 metres pamtunda wa nyanja (mu Himalayas mpaka 4400 metres), ndipo kawirikawiri mamita 500 okha, nthawi zambiri m'magawo ofunda, pafupifupi. Chofunika ndicho kukhalapo kwa njira zingapo zamadzi zopangira zilumba zowoneka bwino zomwe mbalamezi zimakhalapo. Zoweta m'magulu awiriawiri, kutalikirana kwambiri. Ma fomu awiriawiri mu Epulo. Chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera ku miyala ing'onoing'ono, yomwe imawonjezeredwa panthawi ya makulidwe. Mu chisa chimodzi, panali miyala 4860, yolemera gramu 636. Clutch pa 4, nthawi zambiri 2-3, mazira amapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi. Pomwe pali dzira limodzi lokha muchisa, chimwala china chofanana kukula kwake chimayikidwa pafupi ndi icho, koma ngati pali mazira angapo, mulibe mwala mu chisa. Mwina mwala umayenda ndipo umachotsedwa ndi mbalameyo kuti ikaphimbitse dzira loyamba. Makolo onse amatenga ndi kusamalira anapiye omwe amatuluka mu June ndikuyamba kuwuluka mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Kusuntha kwamatulutsa amphaka sikumveka bwino. Gulu la mbalame 12 (ana awiri) zidalemba pa Nyanja Ya Bigaty mu Ogasiti. M'nthawi yozizira, amasamukira kumapiri komwe malo abwino kupezekako. Milomo yodwala sakonda mtundu wawo, chifukwa chake, atakonzekera banja, amamanga chisa mosapitirira kilomita kuchokera kwa abale.
Sickbeaks ndi mbalame zachilendo zomwe kukhalapo kwawo kuli pachiwopsezo. Sickbill amalembedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi mu Buku Lofiira. Kuyang'ana malo ake okhalamo ndi loto la olondera mbalame ambiri komanso okonda mbalame zosowa. Kuwonongeka kwa kuswana kwa mabotolo chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo ngati njira zoyendetsera ng'ombe pakutsutsana ndi miyala, kuyika misewu ndikumanga nyumba za hydraulic kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero. Madzi osefukira pa nthawi ya kubereka amachititsanso kuti ana afere.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Sandpiper - mbalame posungira. Chakudya cha mbalame chimakhala ndi nyama zam'madzi, zapadziko lapansi zopanda zinkhanira - izi ndi nyongolotsi, crustaceans, mollusks, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zolusa zimadya mbewa ndi achule, abuluzi; nthawi yotentha, dzombe limasanduka phwando la mbalame zokhala ndi utoto, zomwe zimamezedwa zochuluka.
Madzi am'madzi am'madzi amawombera ngakhale kuti agwiritse ntchito. Nyanja zina zimakhala zamasamba, malinga ndi njere, mbewu, ndi zipatso. Chithandizo chapadera ndi mabuliberiya.