- DZIWANI IZI
- Nthawi yamoyo ndi malo ake (nthawi): Nthawi ya Triassic - Cretaceous (kuyambira) (pafupi 199.6 - 65.5 miliyoni zapitazo)
- Yopezeka: kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1824, England
- Ufumu: Zinyama
- Era: Mesozoic
- Mtundu: Makina
- Gulu: Achipembedzo
- Kalasi: Zotulutsa
- Gulu: Zavroperterigia
- Banja: Plesiosaurus
- Chingwe: Osawadziwa
Kuwona pazithunzi za nkholin yayikulu, yayikuluyi, anthu ambiri amasokoneza nayo Loesses Monster. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma plesiosaurs - ma pliosaurs atali komanso opindika.
Malo opangira madziwo anali akulu, okhala pansi pa madzi, ndipo chitetezo chachikulu chinali chida chake chosawonongeka, chifukwa mafupa ake adakali otetezedwa kuposa ena onse.
Mudadya chiyani komanso moyo wanji
Munakhala nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere. Mabwinja a Plesiosaurus amapezeka konsekonse m'ma kontrakitala, ngakhale ku Antarctica. Pafupifupi moyo wanga wonse ndimakhala pansi pamadzi, nthawi zina ndimayenera kubwera kuti ndidzapume mpweya. Komanso, nthawi ndi nthawi, anthu okhala ndi khosi lalitali amatuluka kuti agwire mbalame zouluka chakudya, chifukwa kutalika kwa khosi kumawaloleza kuchita izi, komabe chakudya chachikulu chinali nsomba. Monga kholo lawo, notosaurus, plesiosaurus anaikira mazira mumchenga.
Chifukwa panali mitundu ingapo ya a Plesiosaurs, iwo ankasaka mosiyanasiyana. Ziwombankhondo zazing'onoting'ono zinali othamanga kwambiri ndipo zinagunda nyama yayikulu kuchokera pafupi, ndikugwetsa unyinji wonse wa matupi awo kwa womenyedwayo. Chifukwa cha khosi lalitali, nyumba zazitalizo zidagwiritsa ntchito chinyengo, kusaka nsomba zam'madzi kuchokera kutali ndikusambira mosazindikira mosagwirizana ndi mitu yawo, ndipo atatero adagwira nyama yawo, yosayang'ana.
Zambiri zamapangidwe amthupi
Plesiosaurus anali buluzi wamkulu, thupi linali ngati mbiya, khosi ndi miyendo ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana inali yosiyanasiyana kutalika ndi m'lifupi. Chachikulu kwambiri, koma mchira waufupiwo unkayenda kuti usunthe m'madzi. Mafupa anali olimba kwambiri ndipo adapanga chitetezo chodalirika cha ziwalo ndi ziwalo pamavuto amadzi, kunali kofunikira paintolin, chifukwa Amakonda kupita kunsi kwa nyanja ndikuchita zabwino kuchokera kusukulu za nsomba.
Zosiyanasiyana
Pali magawo awiri a ma plesiosaurs - ma phesi opindika a nthawi yayitali (kuphatikiza banja la cymoliazavros) ndi ma pliosaurids aafupi.
Ma plesiosaurs akulu kwambiri ndi ma pliosauroids a genera Kronosaurus (Kronosaurus) kuchokera ku Upper Cretaceous waku Australia ndi lyopleurodon (Liopleurodon) kuchokera ku Upper Jurassic ya ku Europe, Russia ndi South America. Zonsezi, ndi zina zimatha kufikira 15 m kutalika.
Kuyenda kwa BBC ndi a Dinosaurs kunali nyimbo yayikulu ya mita 25 lyopleurodon. Koma ziwerengerozi ndizokokomeza pang'ono. Zotsalira zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi za chimphona chachikulu cha ku England zimakhaladi dinosaur yayikulu. Komabe, mu 2005, zotsalira za pliosaurus wamkulu zidapezeka ku Mexico, kutalika kwake, ndikuwerengera ndi kuwerengera, kufika pa mamita 20. Koma ziwerengerozi ndizopeka.
Kuchulukitsa
zaka miliyoni | Nthawi | Era | Aeon |
---|---|---|---|
2,588 | Ngakhale | ||
Kai koma zoy | F ndi n e R za s za th | ||
23,03 | Neogene | ||
65,5 | Paleogen | ||
145,5 | chidutswa | M e s za s za th | |
199,6 | Yura | ||
251 | Triassic | ||
299 | Chilolezo | P ndi l e za s za th | |
359,2 | Carbon | ||
416 | Chiheboni | ||
443,7 | Silur | ||
488,3 | Ordovician | ||
542 | Cambrian | ||
4570 | Precambrian |
- GuluSauropterygia
- Pistosaurus
- Dongosolo: Atsogoleri (Chipembedzo)
- Chigawo Plesiosauroidea
- MaChristian
- Banja la Plesiosauridae
- Chuma Euplesiosauria
- Mwapamwamba Cryptoclidoidea
- Cryptoclididae Banja
- Chuma Tricleidia
- Banja la Tricledidae
- Banja la Cimoliasauridae
- Banja la Polycotylidae
- Banja Elasmosauridae
- Mwapamwamba Cryptoclidoidea
- ChigawoPliosauroidea
- Bishanopliosaurus
- Megalneusaurus
- Pachycostasaurus
- Sinopliosaurus
- Thalassiodracon
- Archaeonectrus
- Attenborosaurus
- Eurycleidus
- Banja la Rhomaleosauridae
- Leptocleididae Banja
- Pliosauridae
- Chigawo Plesiosauroidea
Kuswana
Mtsutsano wokhudza njira zoberekera za plesiosaurs zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka 200.
Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chakulemera kwambiri kunali kovuta kulowa kumtunda ndi kuyikira mazira, ndiye kuti, amayenera kukhala opepuka. Umboni woyamba mwachindunji wa izi udapezedwa pambuyo pofufuza mosamalitsa mafupa am'madzi am'madzi (adakhala pansi pa Museum of Natural History ku Los Angeles kwa zaka pafupifupi 20).
Atsogoleri azachipembedzo padziko lapansi
Atsogoleri azachipembedzo adawoneka mu ntchito zambiri zaluso. Buku loyambirira komwe plesiosaurus idatchulidwa ndi Jules Verne's safari ku Center of the Earth, komwe ma plesiosaurus omwe amakhala ataliatali amapezeka. Mu buku la A. Conan-Doyle "The Lost World", adatchulidwa kamtsinje kakang'ono kam'madzi, komwe amakhala m'chigwa chapakati cha nyanja. Mu buku la V.A. Obruchev panali mafotokozedwe a akatswiri awiri omenyera nsomba. Chithunzi chokhulupirika kwambiri cha plesiosaur chimapezeka pantchito ya Harry Adam Knight "Carnosaurus".
Atsogoleri achipembedzo adawonekeranso m'mafilimu ambiri. Kanema wodziwika komanso wokumbukira kwambiri ndi kanema waku Japan wamanyazi The Legend of the Dinosaur ndi filimu yaku Briteni ya The Land Wowiyiyidwa Ndi Nthawi.
M'mafilimu, ma plesiosaurs nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi zimphona zamphamvu kwambiri zamagazi. Koma chithunzichi ndichitali kwambiri ndi chowonadi. Zowonadi zowona, ma plesiosaurs adawonetsedwa pa TV yaku BBC Kuyenda ndi Dinosaurs.
The plesiosaurus limapezeka mu gawo 22 la nyengo 3 ya X-mafayilo angapo, Quagmire.
Atsogoleri achipembedzo adawonekeranso pamasewera a kanema Dinosaur Crisis 2 ndi Turk: Chisinthiko.
Atsogoleri azachipembedzo amakono
- Nessie wodziwika bwino, yemwe mwina amakhala ku Scottish Lake Loch Ness, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, akhoza kukhala woimira omaliza a plesiosaurs. Atsogoleri achipembedzo amalingaliridwa pakufotokozera zam'madzi ena am'madzi. Nyanja zonsezi zili pamtunda wamtali wa North Hemisphere ndipo zili ndi zolakwika za karst pansi.
Zolemba
- ↑De la Beche, H.T., ndi W.D. Conybeare, 1821, "Zindikirani pakupezedwa kwa nyama yatsopano, ndikupanga kulumikizana pakati pa Ichthyosaurus ndi ng'ona, pamodzi ndi ndemanga zambiri pa osteology ya Ichthyosaurus", Kutumiza kwa Geological Society of London5: 559—594.
- ↑Atsogoleri achipembedzo sanayikire mazira, asayansi akutero
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Nkhani yopezeka
Zinthu zakale zakale za mafupa a plesiosaurs ndi zina mwazinthu zakale zoyambirira zakale zomwe zadziwika mpaka sayansi. Mu 1605, Richard Verstegen wa ku Antwerp, adawonetsa mu ntchito yake woyamba vertebrae wa plesiosaurus, koma adawawerengera ngati mafupa a nsomba zakale, adanenanso malingaliro ake kuti Great Britain idalumikizidwa ndi dziko la Europe. Mu 1699, a Edward Lewid, pantchito yake, adaphatikizaponso zithunzi za mafupa a plesiosaurus, omwe ankawerengedwa kuti ndi vertebrae a mtundu Ichthyospondyli. Akatswiri ena azachilengedwe a m'zaka za zana la 17, monga John Woodward, adatenga mafupa a resesiosaur pazomwe amatola, zomwe zitha kuonekabe lero ku Sedgwick Museum, University of Cambridge, England.
Possosaurus Fossil woyamba, 1719
Mu 1719, Mngelezi William Stuckley adafotokoza za chigawo choyamba cha chigamulo, chomwe Robert Darwin, wa ku Elston anazindikira. Mwala womwe umasungidwa ndi maliseche unakumbidwa m'manda pafupi ndi mzinda wa Fulbek. Stuckley amakhulupirira kuti mafupawa akuimira mtundu wina wa zolengedwa zam'nyanja, mwina ng'ona kapena dolphin. Masiku ano, bukuli, lomwe lili mu nambala ya BMNH R.1330, limasungidwa mu Museum of Natural History ku London ndipo ndi gulu loyambirira lazinthu zambiri zakale zomwe zasungidwa pazosungira zakale.
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (W. Conybeare, 1824)
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu ambiri anali osadziwika bwino. Pomaliza, mu 1821, zigawo zina zolemba za Thomas James Birch, zidafotokozedwa ndi a William Coniber ndi a Henry Thomas De la Beche pansi pa gulu latsopanolo lomwe amalitcha kuti plesiosaurus - Pislosaurus. Dzinali limachokera ku Greek πλήσιος (plesios) - "pafupi" ndi Latin saurus, lotanthauza "buluzi" ndipo limatanthawuza kuti plesiosaur anali pafupi ndi zolengedwa zina, monga ng'ona, kuposa ichthyosaurs, omwe anali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nsomba. Zidutswa za izi ndi m'gulu la Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford.
Plesiosaurus wopezedwa ndi Mary Enning mu Disembala 1823
Posakhalitsa zinthu zatsopano zosangalatsa zinatsatiridwa. Mu 1823, a Thomas Clark anasimba chigamba pafupifupi chonse cha anthu (mwina anali a genus thalassiodracon Thalassiodracon), yomwe idafotokozedwa ndi Briteni Geological Survey ngati chitsanzo cha BGS GSM 26035. M'chaka chomwecho, mlenje wina wa nyama zakale, a Mary Anning, adapeza mafupa pafupifupi onse ku Lyme Regis, pafupi ndi Dorset, m'malo omwe masiku ano amatchedwa "Jurassic Coast." Kope linagulidwa ndi a Duke of Buckingham, omwe adapereka kuti aphunzire kwa Pulofesa William Buckland. Pa febru 24, 1824, chitsanzochi chidaperekedwa ndi a William Coniber pamisonkhano yoperekedwa ndi a Geological Society of London motsogozedwa ndi mwambo Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, dzina la mtundu limatanthawuza "wokhala ndi makono", pamsonkhano womwewo, dinosaur yatsopano - megalosaurus - idafotokozedwa mwasayansi. Atsogoleri achipembedzo adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha zofalitsa zojambula za Thomas Hawkins: "Zolemba za Ichthyosaurs ndi Plesiosaurs" za 1834 ndi "The Book of the Great Sea Dragons" cha 1840. Hawkins adawonetsera mawonekedwe achilengedwe a nyama, kumaziwona ngati zolengedwa zazikulu za mdierekezi, m'masiku asanachitike mbiri ya Adamu padziko lapansi (anthu asanatchulidwe). Zojambula izi zitha kuwoneka ku Britain Museum of Natural History.
Plesiosaurus macrocephalus (1894)
Fossil, yomwe idakhala chithunzi chachiwiri chomwe Mary Anning ku Lyme Regis, mu Disembala 1830, adatchedwa William Buckland mu 1836 motsogozedwa ndi Plesiosaurus macrocephalus. Ili ndi dzina chifukwa cha mutu wake waukulu kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi plesiosaurus wam'mbuyomu. A William Willoughby, a Lord Cole, pambuyo pake a Earl Enniskillen (komanso wofufuza ku Geological Society) adapeza zomwe zidalipo mu 1831 pamtengo waukulu wa ma guineas 200 - ndalama zagolide zaku England. Pa Epulo 4, 1838, Richard Owen, pamsonkhano wa Geological Society of London, adafalitsa buku lake la Viscount Cole Plesiosaurus macrocephalus". Malo a BMNH R1336 ali ndi mafupa osungidwa bwino a achinyamata, pafupifupi mikono itatu, wotulutsidwa ndi mwala. Zosankhazi tsopano zasungidwa ku Natural History Museum ku Great Britain.
Zithunzi zachiwanda za Thomas Hawkins plesiosaurs.
Muhafu yoyambirira ya zaka za zana la 19, kuchuluka kwa zopezazo kunachulukirachulukira, makamaka chifukwa chazopezedwa muzosungidwa zam'madzi za Lyme Regis. Ndi Sir Richard Owen okha omwe adatchula za mitundu yatsopano zana, komabe, mafotokozedwe awo ambiri adakhazikitsidwa ndi mafupa akutali, popanda kufufuza kokwanira kuti athe kuwasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina yomwe idafotokozedwapo kale. Zambiri mwa "mitundu yatsopano" iyi yomwe inafotokozedwa panthawiyi idanenedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka, pomwe ina idaperekedwa ku genera kapena mabanja ena. Mu 1841, Owen adatcha mtundu watsopano wa Pliosaurus - Pliosaurus brachydeirus. Ma etymology ake amachokera ku plesiosaurus koyambirira ndipo amachokera ku Greek. πλεῖος (pleios) - "zochulukirapo," malinga ndi a Owen, anali pafupi kwambiri ndi abuluzi kuposa plesiosaurus. Dzinalo lomwe limatanthawuza limatanthawuza "opendekera". Pambuyo pake, ma pliosaurids adazindikiridwa kuti amasiyana morphologic mosiyana ndi plesiosaurids. Banja Pislosauridae idaperekedwa kale ndi a John Edward Gray mu 1825, ndipo mu 1835, a Henry Marie Ducrot de Blainville, adasankha bungwe lodziimira payokha Chipembedzo.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, zopeza zofunika zimapangidwa kunja kwa England, makamaka mafupa a plesiosaurs omwe amapezeka pamakungwa a American Cretaceous Western Inland Sea, ku Nyobrara. Chimodzi mwazinthu zakale, ndizomwe zidayambira kuyambika kwa Bone Wars pakati pa olimbana paleontologists a Edward Drinker Cope ndi Otniel Charles Marsh. Mu 1867, Dr. Theophilus Turner anapeza mafupa a wolemba milandu pafupi ndi Fort Wallace ku Kansas, komwe adapereka ku Cope. Cope anayesera kubwezeretsa nyamayo potengera lingaliro loti msana wautali ndi mchira ndipo gawo lalifupi ndi khosi. Posakhalitsa adawona kuti mafupa omwe adakhazikitsidwa pansi pa manja ake anali ndi machitidwe apadera: khomo lachiberekero limakhala ndi ma chevrons, ndipo vertebrae ya mchira inkalunjika kumbuyo. Atakhumudwitsidwa, Cope adazindikira kuti adapeza gulu lokhalokha latsopano: Streptosauria (streptosaurus) kapena "buluzi woyendayenda", omwe adasiyanitsidwa ndi vertebrae yosasinthika, kusowa kwamiyendo ndi mchira, kupatsa kuyenda kwakukulu. Atasindikiza malongosoledwe amtunduwu mu 1868, kenako kutsatira fanizo lake pantchito yopanga nyama komanso nyama zam'mlengalenga, a Cope adayitanitsa a Marsh ndi a Joseph Lady kuti azisilira nyama yake yatsopano, yomwe adamupatsa dzina Elasmosaurus platyurus - elasmosaurus.
Kubwezeretsa molakwika kwa Elasmosaurus (Cope, 1868)
Elasmosaurus Repellstruction (Cope, 1869)
Atamvetsera kutanthauzira kwa Cope, a Marsh adafotokoza kuti tanthauzo losavuta la mawonekedwe achilendo ndichakuti Cope adatanthauzira molakwika kapangidwe kake ka msana. Cope atakwiya ndi lingaliroli, Lady adatenga chigaza ndikuchiyika pachiwonetsero chomaliza chomaliza, chomwe adafikira mwamtheradi: makamaka ndidali khosi lachiberekero. Cope wodziletsa adayesetsa kuletsa mabuku ake, koma izi zitalephera, adasindikiza chosinthika ndi chithunzi chosinthika, koma ndi deti lofananira. Sanavomereze cholakwa chake, ponena kuti adasokeretsedwa ndi Lady weniweni, yemwe, pofotokoza zomwe zidachitika Cimoliasaurusndinalowetsanso msana. Pambuyo pake a Marsh adanenanso kuti nkhaniyi ndi yomwe idamupangitsa kuti azikangana ndi Cope: "Kuyambira pamenepo, wakhala mdani wanga wowawa." Pambuyo pake, onse Cope ndi Marsh, pokonda mpikisano, adayitanitsa mitundu yambiri yatsopano komanso mitundu ya plesiosaurs, yomwe ambiri tsopano amaonedwa kuti ndi osayenera.
Atsogoleri azachipembedzo ochokera ku Water Reptiles Zam'mbuyomu komanso Zamakono, fanizo la Albert Kull, 1914.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, maphunziro ambiri a ma plesiosaurs anachitidwa ndi wophunzira wakale wa Marsh, Pulofesa Samuel Wendell Williston. Mu 1914, Williston adasindikiza buku lake, Water Reptiles of the Past and Present, lomwe kwa zaka zambiri lidasindikizidwa kwambiri pazomasulira. Mu 2013 pokhapokha ndi buku loyambirira lamakono lofalitsidwa ndi Olivier Rippel. Mkati mwa zaka makumi awiri, United States idakhalabe chofunikira pakufufuza, makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe Peter Paul Wells apeza. M'zaka za 19 ndi makumi ambiri azaka zam'ma 1900, ma plesiosaurs atsopano adafotokozedwa m'mitundu itatu kapena inayi pazaka khumi zilizonse, koma izi zidakwera modzidzimutsa mu 1990s: mayina atsopano khumi ndi asanu ndi awiriwo ophatikizidwa panthawiyi. Kuthamanga kwazowonjezereka kunawonjezeka ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21, chaka chilichonse pafupifupi atatu kapena anayi a plesiosaurs atsopano amafotokozedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti izi zidatheka chifukwa chofufuza kwambiri zam'munda.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, zotsalira za nyama zambiri zapamadzi zimapezeka chifukwa cha mtunduwu. Mitundu yambirimbiri yomwe idaphatikizidwa mu plesiosaurus tsopano yasinthidwa mayina ndipo ambiri a iwo siali a banja la a Plesiosauridae. Mwachitsanzo, a Plesiosaurus rostratus ndi Plesiosaurus conybeari adasinthidwa Archaeonectrus (archeonectrus) ndi Attenborosaurus (attenborosaurus), motero, onse omwe ali pafupi ndi pliosaurids.
Storrs mu 1997 adachepetsa mitundu yovomerezeka ya plesiosaurus kukhala atatu. Komabe, awiriwa adawonetsa zinthu zapadera zomwe zimafuna kuti magawo azigawike: "Plesiosaurus" guilielmiiperatoris lero amadziwika kuti Seeleyosaurus, dzinali lidayesetsa zaka zingapo zapitazo ndipo linabwezeretsedwa ndi Grossman (2007), ndipo "Plesiosaurus" brachypterygius tsopano amadziwika ndi dzina loti gidrion - Magetsi. Pakadali pano, mtundu wa Plesiosaurus uli ndi mtundu umodzi wovomerezeka - P. dolichodeiruskoma mitundu ina yokhudzana ndi plesiosaurus imatsutsanabe. Mwachitsanzo, "Plesiosaurus" macrocephalus akhoza kukhala Romaleosaurus wachichepere. Rhomaleosauridae - awa ndi banja la a Jurassic plesiosaurs, omwe ali ndi malo apakati pakati pa plesiosaurs ndi pliosaurs, makamaka okhala ndi khosi lalifupi komanso mutu wokhazikika.