Kusintha kochitidwa ndi ozunzidwa kuthana ndi zilombo kumathandizira kuti pakhale njira za olimbana kuthana ndi zosinthazi. Kuthana kwakutali kwa olusa komanso ozunzidwa kumayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yolumikizirana komwe magulu onse awiriwa amasungidwa bwino mderalo la kafukufuku. Kuphwanya dongosolo lotere nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe.

Zotsatira zoyipa zakuphwanya ubale wamgwirizano wosinthika zimawonedwa pakubweretsa mitundu. Makamaka, mbuzi ndi akalulu omwe adayambitsidwa ku Australia alibe njira zowongolera zochuluka pa kontilakitiyi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe.

Mtundu wa masamu

Tiyerekeze kuti mitundu iwiri ya zinyama imakhala mdera linalake: akalulu (akudya zakudya) ndi nkhandwe (akudya akalulu). Lolani kuchuluka kwa akalulu x < showstyle x>, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe y <playstyle y>. Kugwiritsa ntchito Modthu ya Malthus ndikusintha koyenera, poganizira kudya kwa akalulu ndi nkhandwe, tafika pamakina otsatirawo, omwe ali ndi dzina la mtundu wa Volterra - Trays:

<x ˙ = (α - c y) x, y ˙ = (- β + d x) y. < zowonetsera << dot > = ( alpha -cy) x, < dot > = (- beta + dx) y. kutha>>

Dongosololi limakhala ndi boma lofanana pakakhala akalulu ndi nkhandwe nthawi zonse. Kupatuka kuchoka ku boma lino kumabweretsa kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero cha akalulu ndi nkhandwe, zofanana ndikusinthasintha kwa oscillator wa harmonic. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi oscillator wophatikiza, mchitidwewu sunakhazikike mwanjira: Kusintha pang'ono mwa kaperekedwe (mwachitsanzo, poganizira zinthu zochepa zomwe arabi amafunikira) kumatha kubweretsa kusintha pamakhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, dziko lofanana lingakhale lokhazikika, komanso kusinthasintha kwa ziwerengero kudzawola. Zoterezi ndizothekanso, kupatuka pang'ono kulikonse kuchokera pamlingo wofanana kumabweretsa zotsatira zowopsa, mpaka pakutha kwathunthu kwa chimodzi mwazinthuzo. Atafunsidwa kuti ndi ziti mwazomwe zikuchitika izi, mtundu wa Volterra-Tray sapereka yankho: Kafukufuku owonjezera amafunikira pano.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chiphunzitso cha oscillations, mtundu wa Volterra - Lotka ndi njira yosasintha yokhala ndi gawo loyambirira loyenda. Dongosololi silili lopanda pake, popeza kusintha pang'ono kumbali yakumanja kwa ziwonetsero kumayambitsa kusintha kwamachitidwe ake mwamphamvu. Komabe, ndizotheka "pang'ono" kusintha mbali yakumanja ya masanjidwewo kuti dongosololi likhale lokha kudzisangalatsa. Kukhalapo kwa malire okhazikika mozungulira munthawi yamachitidwe oyipa kumathandizira kukulitsa kwakukulu gawo la ntchito ya mtunduwu.

Khalidwe lazitsanzo

Khalidwe la gulu la nyama zomwe amadyera ndi omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito amasintha kwambiri machitidwe a mtunduwo, zimapangitsa kukhazikika.

Zoyipa: ndi gulu la anthu, kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ndi omwe akuvutikira kumatsika, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa mikango ndi nyama zam'madzi mu Serengeti Park.

Nkhani

Chitsanzo cha kukhalako kwa mitundu iwiri yachilengedwe (kuchuluka) ya mtundu wa "nyama yolusa" imatchedwanso mtundu wa Volterra - Lotka.

Inapezedwa koyamba ndi Alfred Lotka mu 1925 (amagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera za kuchuluka kwa zochitika zachilengedwe).

Mu 1926 (mosasamala za Lotka) zofananira (komanso zovuta kwambiri) zidapangidwa ndi Wito waku Masamu waku Italy Vito Volterra. Maphunziro ake ozama pamunda wamavuto azachilengedwe adayala maziko a chiphunzitso cha masamu a chilengedwe (masamu).