Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za nyama zapadera komanso zosowa chonchi, ndipo mwina simumaziwona kumalo osungira nyama. Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) amagawidwa kumapiri a kumpoto chakum'mawa India, Tibet, Nepal ndi China, komwe amakhala kumapiri pamtunda wa 2000-4500 m m'nkhalango momwe muli Rhododendron ndi bamboo. Ma takina amakhala omangika kwambiri pamasamba okhazikika ndikuwasiya mosasamala, ngakhale podula nkhuni. Amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyama 10 mpaka 35, koma nthawi yozizira, kutsika mapiri, nthawi zina amasonkhana m'gulu la nyama zosakwana 100. Poyang'ana koyamba, ma tinsins akuwoneka kuti ndi osautsa, koma kwenikweni amakhala achangu komanso okalamba, kuti pangozi iwowo atha kuthamanga mwachangu, koma mwakuwopseza nthawi yomweyo amayesa kubisala, kugona pansi ndikuwongola makosi awo. Chopanda chidziwitso, nthawi yomweyo amakhala opanga kwambiri kotero kuti, amatha kuponderezedwa. Dziko la sayansi linaphunzira za zotenga osati kale kwambiri - mitunduyi idapezeka mu 1850 zokha. Zaka zambiri zadutsa kuyambira pamenepo, koma lero zambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo wa ma takin ndizochepa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama izi zimakhala moyo wobisalira, zimakhala zosamala kwambiri komanso zamanyazi.
Mu 1985, gulu la katswiri wodziwa za nyama George Schaller adatha kudziwa zina zosangalatsa za moyo wamatsenga. Zinapezeka kuti ali ndi "kindergartens" apadera pomwe ana amkhola angapo satetezedwa ndi amayi awo, koma ndi "nanny" wapadera.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Idyani zokoka ambiri mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo ndi zitsamba, koma zomera za herbaceous zimadyanso. Kachulukidwe adawerengera mitundu 138 yazomera zomwe amadya. Akatswiri a zoologists adaona momwe, kuti athe kufikira masamba ake, amatula mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yaying'ono pansi pawo. Nthawi zina ankasweka, koma nthawi zambiri amangogwada, kenako, ndi miyendo yawo kutalikirana ndikugwira mtengowo ndi kulemera kwa matupi awo, amatenga masamba awo mwamtendere. Pambuyo pa chakudya choterocho, nthula zinawoneka ngati kuti chimphepo chadutsa pakati pawo. Koma nthawi zina amatenga miyendo yawo kumbuyo ndi kufikira nthambi zazitali, kuzidya mosavomerezeka.
Malo osungira
M'mbuyomu, on takinov Anthu akumaloko anali kusaka modzipereka, ndipo anagwiritsidwanso ntchito yosaka nyama. Mwamwayi, makumi angapo zapitazo, boma la China linaganiza zopanga zotenga (ngati panda yayikulu) pakati pa chuma cha dzikolo. Malo awiri apadera adapangidwa, ndipo kusaka ndi kutchera zinyama zinaletsedwa. Chiwerengero cha nyama chayamba kuchuluka pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, zovuta sizimangobwera chifukwa chazunzo zachindunji za anthu - choopsa chachikulu ndikuwonongeka kwa malo awo chifukwa cha kudula mitengo. Takin adalembedwa mu Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Natural ngati mitundu yosowa.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Takin ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri yochokera ku banja la bovine. Awa ndi ma artiodactyl ma ulalo okhazokha pamapangidwe a nyangazi: kapangidwe kake, nyanga za nyama zotere ndizopanda tanthauzo, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zamphamvu chifukwa chokhwima. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi monga mbawala: mbawala, anthambo, njati, ng'ombe zamphongo, mbuzi ndi nkhosa zamphongo.
Pakati pa ma takina, ma subspecies anayi amasiyanitsidwa, zomwe zimadalira malo awo:
- Mabungwe aku Burmese
- makina agolide
- Zikhutu takin,
- Bhutanese takin.
Kanema: Takin
Nyama - banja lalikulu bwino, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama. Kuyambira pa yaying'ono ya dikdik, yomwe imatsala pang'ono kulemera makilogalamu 5., Kutha ndi njati, yomwe kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira kilogalamu chikwi. Takin amawonekeranso kuchokera ku banja la bovine chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake achilendo komanso malo ochepa.
Monga lamulo, ma bovid amakhala m'malo otseguka, monga savannas ndi steppes. Nyamazi ndizoyenerera bwino kuthamanga, zimakonda kusunga ng'ombe ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuthana ndi zilombo zolusa pogwiritsa ntchito nyanga zolimba ndi miyendo yolimba ngati zida.
Takin, monga mtundu wa nyama, adapezeka mochedwa kwambiri - pafupifupi zaka zana ndi theka zapitazo. Choyamba, akatswiri azachilengedwe adazindikira mafupa a nyama zomwe sizingadziwike, ndipo kenako adazindikira nyama.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi ma takin akuwoneka bwanji?
Takin amafanana ndi ng'ombe yaing'ono. Kutalika kwa masamba kufota kumafika pafupifupi masentimita zana limodzi, kutalika kwa amuna kumakhala kwakukulu masentimita 150, kupatula mchira. Kulemera kwamatumbo pafupifupi 300 makilogalamu - ichi ndi lamulo lolimba kwa nyama yaying'ono.
Ma takini ali ndi kufinya, kutembenuka pang'ono ndikubowoka pang'ono. Mchira wa nyamayi ndi waufupi kwambiri, womwe umakumbukira kwambiri michira yankhosa. Chovalacho ndi chachitali, chofewa, komanso chovala chamkati chofunda. Mtundu wa takin ndiwowoneka bwino, wofiyira pang'ono, wopepuka. M'mphepete pafupi ndi croup, itha kukhala yopepuka pang'ono kapena yakuda. Palinso zikwangwani zakuda zakumaso, pamiyendo, pamiyendo ndi pamimba za zikopa.
Ma takina ali ndi mutu waukulu wofanana ndi mutu wa mphalapakati. Mphuno yayikulu yokhala ndi cartilage yayikulu, mphuno zazikulu, pakamwa patali komanso maso akulu akuda. Makutu ndi ochepa, koma amayenda, komanso yokutidwa ndi ubweya.
Akazi ndi amuna amasiyana mu kukula kwa thupi. Onsewo ali ndi nyanga zofanana ndi nyanga za njati - makonzedwe oyandikira kumapeto kwake, kenako amabzala mbali zonse. Pakati pa lipenga ndi lalikulu komanso lathyathyathya, lophimba pamphumi, kenako lopindika kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo.
Ma takina ali ndi chingwe cholimba, chomwe chimawonedwanso mwa akazi ndi amuna. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi tsitsi loonda loterera lomwe limapindika m'khosi komanso nsagwada zotsikira. Zingwe za zikopa ndizotakata, ndipo mafupa akulu amakula. Miyendo ndiyolimba, yowongoka, yokhazikika.
Kodi takin amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Takin ku India
Ma takina amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi gawo lomwe amakhala. Nyama sizimakonda kusamukira kumayiko ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kubereka kwawo muukapolo.
Nthawi zambiri, ma takin amakhala m'malo otsatirawa:
Achikoka ambiri amakhala m'chigawo cha Sichuan ku China. Amakhala m'malo otetezedwa, omwe amaphatikizapo miyala yamiyala yamapiri ndi nkhalango zowuma. Ma Takins amakonda kukhazikika kumapiri, komwe nkhalangoyi imalumikizana ndi miyala. Zoweta zawo zitha kuwonekanso kumapiri a subalpine ndi alpine, komwe kuli magawo ang'onoang'ono amwala.
Chinsalu chimakonda nkhokwe za rhododendron, mphukira zolimba za bamboo. Amasenza malo okwera kwambiri - nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mikono 5,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, timakhala kuchokera kumapiri ozizira mpaka m'nkhalango zowirira, komwe amakhala nthawi isanatenthe.
Chifukwa cha malamulo a matupi awo, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zingwe zazikulu komanso miyendo yolimba zimawalola kukwera miyala ndi miyala yosakhazikika. Pokhala odekha, koma osakhala akulu, amakhala omasuka pakati pa nkhalango zowirira ndi mars.
Ma Takin amakhalanso bwino m'malo osungira nyama. Sakufuna kuti akhale mndende, monga, mwachitsanzo, buffalos ndi ena okonda kutentha. Ma Takins amasangalala kwambiri nyengo yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe takin amapezeka. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi takin amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Golden Takin
Ma takini ali a zimbudzi, zomwe mu nthawi yotentha zimakonda kudya udzu wobiriwira, nthambi zazing'ono zamitengo ndi masamba. Zomera zam'mapiri zimasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka nthawi yophukira, zakudya zokhala ndi zakudya zambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 130 yazomera.
M'nyengo yozizira, makeke amadya nthambi, singano, masamba owuma, nsungwi ndi rhododendron. Komanso, ndi ziboda zazikulu, amakumba chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa kuti chisafike kumizu ndi udzu wouma. Kagayidwe kake kamachepetsa m'nyengo yozizira, komwe kumawathandiza kuti asakhale ndi njala.
Ma takini amatha kuthyola khungwa yaying'ono pamtengo chifukwa cha nsagwada. Mapeto a phokoso la ma takin ndi ma cartilage ofewa, ofanana ndi omwe amapezeka mu moose ndi mitundu ina ya akavalo. Chifukwa cha iye, amadya makungwa ndi mphukira zamitengo.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Takins amatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti akwaniritse - masamba obiriwira ndi zipatso zomwe zimamera pamwamba pa nthaka.
M'malo osungira nyama, zakudya zamatumbo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa udzu wachichepere ndi udzu, amathandizidwira zipatso, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, chinangwa ndi mavitamini nawonso amawonjezeredwa ku chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama izi zizikhala wathanzi ndikukhala nthawi yayitali.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Takin mwachilengedwe
Ma takina ndi nyama zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa cha izi siziphunzitsidwa pang'ono. Amawonetsedwa kwambiri masana ndi madzulo - ndiye kuti nyama izi zimapita kumiyala yopanda chakudya.
Ma takins ali m'magulu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zolinga khumi. Pali mtsogoleri wamwamuna mu gulu lankhondo ndi wolowerera pakati pa achikazi, komabe, mtsogoleriyo sathamangitsa achimuna ena achichepere. Akatswiri azachilengedwe amati abambo okalamba omwe amakhala osabereka amakhala kutali ndi ng'ombe.
M'nyengo yozizira, ng'ombe zazing'ono zazing'ono zimalumikizana m'magulu akulu. Chifukwa chake nyamazo zimapulumutsidwa ku kuzizira, zonse zimateteza ana awo akukula. Mikangano sichichitika kawirikawiri pagulu la nyama zotetezedwa - nyama zamtendere zimayenderana.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale kuti zokolola zimawoneka ngati zosafunikira komanso zosakwiya, zimatha kukwera m'miyala yaying'ono kuti musangalale ndi masamba kapena masamba achichepere.
Ma Takins sadziwika ndi chidwi - nyama zowopsa zimapewa chilichonse chosadziwika. Komabe, kumalo osungira nyama, amatha kuzolowera munthu, ndikumutenga kuti akhale gawo la ng'ombe. Zotengera zazikazi, zazimana zokulira, nthawi zina zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe osayembekezeka. Amatha kulimbana ndi adani omwe angachitike, kudziteteza ndi nyanga ndi ziboda. Nthawi yomweyo, abambo samakhala ocheperako kuposa akazi, ndipo amangogwira ntchito yobereketsa, osateteza ng'ombe.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Takin Hatchling
Nthawi yakukhwima, abambo omwe amatenga kanthawi pang'ono kuchokera pagululi amalumikizana ndi akazi ndipo amawakondera. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yobereketsa imagwera mu Julayi kapena August - zimatengera kutentha kwa mpweya. Takins amadziunjikira mumkhola waukulu, pokonzekera kumenyera ufulu wokhala wokwanira.
Amuna achigololo sakhala nkhondo, chifukwa chake, ndewu zachiwonetsero ndizosowa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri kuposa momwemo, amangokhalira kulankhulana, nthawi zambiri, amangogundana ndi nyanga, koma samapanga maulendo ataliatali. Zilonda zamphaka (nthawi zambiri zazimuna zazing'ono komanso zopanda nzeru) zimachoka pagulu la akazi ndikukhala kunja kwa owonerera.
Akakwatirana, anyamatawa amakhalabe osungulumwa. Mimba ya chikazi cha akazi imatenga miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Yaikazi imabereka mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi, nthawi zambiri - ziwiri, koma chachiwiri, monga lamulo, sichimakhala kuthengo. Ng'ombe zimabadwa zopangidwa modzilira. Maola angapo pambuyo pake amatsamira, ndipo ndikulimbana tsiku limodzi amasewera wina ndi mnzake.
Mpaka masabata awiri, ana amphaka amadya mkaka wa amayi, kenako amasintha pang'onopang'ono kubzala zakudya. Komabe, mayiyo amadyetsa khandalo kwa miyezi ingapo. Ana achikulire amatenga amapanga "khola", lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi wachikulire mmodzi. Kenako amayi a ana awa amabwera kwa ana awo kuti adyetse okha.
Adani achilengedwe achifwamba
Chithunzi: Sichuan takin
Pangozi pang'ono, mabatani amayesa kubisala mumtunda wa nsungwi kapena kupita m'matanthwe. Komanso, amadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sichimawonedwa mu ma artiodactyls ena - ma takins amakonda kubisala. Nyamazi zimagona mu udzu wamtali kapena pakati pa nkhanu zowuma ndipo zimawuma, kudikirira mdani kapena ngozi yomwe ingachitike. Amafinya khosi lawo ndikuphimba maso kuti mwayi wopezeka ndi wochepa.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Anzathuwo amakhala ndi nthabwala yomwe mungaponde pa takin - kotero nyama zazikulu izi sizitha kuwoneka.
Ma takina amakhala m'malo omwe anthu sangathe kudya. Mdani woipa kwambiri yemwe wavulaza kwambiri anthu wamba ndi munthu. Chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa ndi anthropogenic ndi chilengedwe ndi ziphe, nyama izi zatsala pang'ono kutha. Koma pali zilombo zingapo zomwe zimayambana.
Akambuku ndi nyama zanzeru komanso zopanda pake zomwe zimasaka mwaluso kwambiri. Amatha kununkhiza takin yobisika m'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango. Ngakhale zili choncho, akambuku sangathe kuletsa anthu ambiri, popeza amakonda kusaka nyama zodziwika mwapadera.
Komanso sizowopsa kwa ma takin ndi zimbalangondo. Amatha kuukira anthu okalamba kapena achinyamata m'malo otetezeka, pomwe ogwetsa pang'onopang'ono alibe mwayi wothawa. Koma zimbalangondo sizimapezeka kawirikawiri komwe amakhala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi ma takin akuwoneka bwanji?
Makina amawopsezedwa ndikutha. Kuyambira pomwe adatulukira, adadzutsa chidwi chachikulu osati kokha pakati pa akatswiri azachilengedwe, komanso pakati pa okonda kusaka nyama zakutchire. Ma takina omwe amakhala m'malo awo okhala zachilengedwe alibe anthu ambiri, koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ziwerengero zawo zidatsika kwambiri.
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu akumtundu watsika kwambiri:
- osaka nyama amasaka madziwa, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ziwalo zawo zamkati, nyama ndi nyanga zili ndi machiritso. Anagulitsa bwino pamsika, zomwe zidathandiza kuti nyama zizisaka pang'ono.
- Kudula kwa mitengo kumakhudza anthu ambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama izi zimakonda kwambiri malo okhala ndipo sizifuna kuzisiya. Chifukwa chake, ma takina nthawi zambiri amafa limodzi ndi kudula mitengo, komanso kutaya maziko owoneka bwino chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa masamba,
- pamene takins, monga mtundu, atapezeka, adagwidwa pamtunda waukulu wowerengera nyama. Kumeneko analibe malo okhala ndipo sanaberekane, zomwe zinakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa nyama izi.
- ma takin titha kusinthika ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe, kotero kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumakhudza thanzi lawo komanso moyo wautali. Ofufuzawo anena kuti m'malo ovulaza, samatha kubereka mofunitsitsa.
Izi zathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala pamtunda. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nyama zamtunduwu kukubwezeretsedwa chifukwa cha njira zoteteza munthawi yake.
Takin Guard
Chithunzi: Takin kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma takins amalembedwa mu Buku Lapadziko Lonse Lapansi pamtundu wa mtundu wosowa. Njira zodzitetezera poyerekeza ndi nyamazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zochepa zapitazo, koma zinali zothandiza kwambiri.
Poyamba, boma la China limazindikira kuti katundu wanyumbayi ndi chuma cha dzikolo, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wokhala ndi chilengedwe. Kubwecha nyama ndizovomerezeka m'boma ndipo ndikulangidwa ndikumangidwa komanso kulipitsidwa.
Kubata nyama zotetezedwa kumalo osungira nyama nkoletsedwa. Anthu ena amasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama kwina mwanjira zina zomwe zimathandizira kuti nyamazo ziberekenso moyenera. Ma takins omwe akukhala mu ukapolo amawawonedwa ndi magulu a akatswiri azachilengedwe, kutsatira zizindikiro za nyama.
Kachiwiri, madera omwe amakhala nthawi zambiri amakhala kuti amawateteza. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kusokonezeka kwina kwa anthropogenic sikumayikidwa kunja, ndipo izi zinathandiza kwambiri kubwezeretsa mitundu ya nyama.
Komabe, kudula mitengo kwa mafakitale kukupitilizabe, choncho, anthu okhala m'malo osatetezeka akupitilizabe kuopsezedwa. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwawo ndikokhazikika, ndipo nyama zodabwitsazi zimatha kupezekanso m'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi.
Takin - chinyama chokongola komanso chodabwitsa. Tikukhulupirira kuti malo osungira nyama ndi malo osungirako zinyama zitha kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zachilendozi.Kukhala ndi chidwi ndi chilengedwe komanso zoletsa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa malo okhala.