Zomera zilizonse zimafuna chinyezi. M'nyengo yamvula mulibe madzi ambiri, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuchuluka kwake. Zomera zamvula zimayenera kukhala m'malo omwe kumagwa mvula yambiri komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. Masamba a zomera zotentha amathandizira kulimbana ndi mvula yamkuntho, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala ndi nsonga ya dontho yopangira mvula yamvula.

Zomera zotentha zimafunikira kuwala kuti zikhale ndi moyo. Zomera zakunyanja zam'mwamba za m'nkhalangozi zimatulutsa dzuwa pang'ono kumapeto kwamtchire. Chifukwa chake, mbewu zamvula zam'malo otentha zimasinthasintha ndi moyo nthawi yamadzulo, kapena kuti zikule msanga kuti "tiwone" dzuwa.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti m'malo otentha mitengo imamera ndi khungwa loonda komanso losalala lomwe limatha kudziunjikira chinyezi. Mitundu ina ya mbewu yam'munsi mwa korona imakhala ndi masamba ambiri kuposa kumtunda. Izi zimathandiza kufalitsa kuwala kambiri padziko lapansi.

Zomera monga ficus-stranglers zimangokhala moyo wa parasitic. Zimamera nthawi yomweyo pamtundu wa mitengo ina ndipo zimalandira kuwala komwe kumafunikira nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, mbewu za ficus semi-epiphytes zimanyamula ndi mbalame. Ndiye kuti, mbewuyo imayamba kukhala ndi moyo chimodzimodzi monga ma epiphytes: mbewu, ikugwera pakhungwa la mitengo, imakulanso pamenepo. Ma stracirs a Ficus amakula pang'onopang'ono, koma mizu yake pamapeto pake imafika panthaka.

Ponena za ma epiphytes okha, kapena mbewu za mlengalenga zomwe zimamera munkhalango yamvula, zimapeza michere kuchokera kumiyala ya zomera ndi ndowe za mbalame, zomwe zimakhala pamizu ndipo sizidalira dothi losauka la nkhalangoyi. M'madera amvula, pamakhala mbewu zam'mlengalenga, ma orchid, bromeliad, ferns, selenicereus wamkulu, ndi zina.

Monga tanenera, nthaka m'nkhalango zotentha kwambiri siili bwino ndipo ilibe michere. Kuti mugwire michere kumtunda, mitengo yamvula yambiri imazika mizu. Ena ndi akulu ndipo ndi amphamvu, chifukwa ayenera kugwira mtengo waukulu.

Zinyama zamvula zamvula

Nyama zam'mvula yamvula zimadabwitsa ndi mitundu yake. Ndi malo achilengedwe ano komwe mungathe kukumana ndi oyimirira ambiri padziko lapansi. Ambiri mwaiwo ndi nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon. Mwachitsanzo, pali mitundu 1800 ya agulugufe okha.

Mwambiri, nkhalango yamvula ndi malo omwe anthu ambiri okhala ndi nyama zam'madzi (abuluzi, njoka, ng'ona, salamanders), nyama zolusa (nyalugwe, akambuku, nyalugwe, cordars). Nyama zonse zamalo otentha zili ndi mtundu wowala, popeza mawanga ndi mikwingwirima ndizovala zabwinobwino kwambiri m'nkhalango. Phokoso lamvula yamvula limaperekedwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Munkhalango zam'malo otentha, mbalame zazikuluzikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pakati pa mbalame zina zosangalatsa pali mahule aku South America omwe ali amodzi mwa mitundu isanu ya chiwombankhanga chomwe chili pafupi kutha. Palibenso mbalame zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ngati mapikisano, kukongola kwake kwakhala nthano.

Palinso anyani ambiri omwe amakhala m'malo otentha: arachnids, orangutan, chimpanzee, anyani, anyani, agiboni, akhungu ometa ndevu, agalu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali malovu, ma lemurs, zimbalangondo za dzuwa ndi dzuwa, mapikidwe, mavu, tarantulas, nyerere, piranhas ndi nyama zina.

Kutha Kwachilengedwe

Matanda otentha akhala akugwirizana kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kubera komanso kuba. Mitengo yayikulu ndi cholinga cha amalonda omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito kuchita malonda. Kodi nkhalango zimadyedwa motani? Njira yodziwikiratu yogwiritsira ntchito mitengo yamvula yamvula ndiye msika wa mipando.

Malinga ndi European Commission, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu aliwonse omwe amatumizidwa ku EU ndi zinthu zosaloledwa. Tsiku ndi tsiku, zikwizikwi za mafia amitengo yapadziko lonse amadutsa m'masitolo ogulitsa. Zinthu zamatentha otentha nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa kuti "mitengo yapamwamba", "mitengo yolimba", "nkhuni zachilengedwe" komanso "nkhuni yolimba". Nthawi zambiri, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka matope otentha ochokera ku Asia, Africa ndi Latin America.

Mayiko akuluakulu omwe amatumiza mitengo yotentha ndi Cameroon, Brazil, Indonesia ndi Cambodia. Mitundu yotchuka komanso yodula kwambiri yamitengo yotentha yomwe imagulitsidwa ndi mahogany, teak ndi rosewood.

Meranti, ramin, ndi gabun zimatchulidwa kuti ndizotchipa zamitengo yotchipa.

Zotsatira za kudula mitengo

M'mayiko ambiri kumene nkhalango zamvula zimamera, kudula mitengo mosaloledwa kumachitika kawirikawiri komanso vuto lalikulu. Kuwonongeka kwachuma kumafikira madola mabiliyoni, ndipo kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe sikungatheke.

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumapangitsa kuti kudula mitengo komanso kusintha kwachilengedwe. Zomera zamvula ndizazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi zachilengedwe . Zotsatira zakusaka, mamiliyoni a mitundu ya zinyama ndi zomera amataya malo awo ndipo chifukwa chake zimasowa.

Malinga ndi Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Natural (IUCN), mitundu yoposa 41,000 yazomera ndi zinyama iri pachiwopsezo, kuphatikizapo anyani akuluakulu monga gorilla ndi orangutan. Ziwerengero zamasayansi zamitundu yotaika zimasiyana kwambiri: kuyambira 50 mpaka 500 mitundu patsiku.

Kuphatikiza apo, zida zamitengo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuchotsa nkhuni zimawononga dothi lapamwamba, zimawononga mizu ndi makungwa a mitengo ina.

Kutulutsa kwanyumba zachitsulo, bauxite, golide, mafuta ndi mchere wina kumawonongeranso madera akuluakulu a nkhalango zotentha, mwachitsanzo, ku Amazon.

Mtengo wa nkhalango yamvula

Zomera zam'malo otentha zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe chathu. Kuthamangitsidwa kwachilengedwe komweku kumabweretsa kupendekera kwanyengo ndipo, kenako, kukutentha kwadziko. Nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - nkhalango ya Amazon - ndiyofunika kwambiri pantchitoyi. 20 peresenti ya mpweya wochotsa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akuti ndi wadutsowu. Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon yokha imakhala ndi matani mabiliyoni 120 a kaboni.

Madera a mvula amakhalanso ndi madzi ambiri. Chifukwa chake, chotsatira china cha kudula mitengo mwachidule ndi kusokonezeka kwamadzi. Izi zimatha kubweretsa chilala cham'madera komanso kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi - zomwe zitha kukhala zowononga.

Nkhalango yamvula ndi kwawo komwe kumayimira zinyama ndi zinyama zapadera.

Kodi kuteteza nkhokwe zamvula?

Pofuna kupewa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndikofunikira kukulitsa malo a nkhalango ndikulimbikitsa kuwongolera nkhalango ku maboma ndi mayiko ena. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuti zidziwitse anthu za udindo womwe nkhalango imachita padzikoli. Malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, ndibwino kulimbikitsanso kuchepetsa, kukonza ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu zamtchire. Kusintha kumagwero amagetsi ena, monga mpweya wa zinthu zakale, kumatha kuchepetsa kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mitengo kuti itenthe.

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuphatikiza nkhalango zotentha, kutha kuchitika popanda kuwononga chilengedwe. Ku Central ndi South America ndi Africa, kudula mitengo ndi njira yosankha. Mitengo yokha yomwe wafika zaka zina ndi thunthu la thunthu imadulidwa, ndipo ang'onoang'ono amakhalabe osakhudzidwa. Njirayi imayambitsa kuvulaza kwakuthengo kwakuthengo, chifukwa imathandizira kuti ichitenso bwino.