Sichi ndi wodabwitsa komanso wokongola. Sizodabwitsa kuti ku England adadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yachifumu. Munthu kuyambira ali mwana amaphatikizidwa ndi chithunzi chokongola chomwe chimakhala ndi zabwino, kukhulupirika ndi ulemu.
Khungu lenileni m'chilengedwe silingakhale lokongola ndi kukongola, chisomo, ungwiro. Ichi ndi chachikulu kwambiri m'madzi. Kuphatikizika kwa kukongola ndi mphamvu zimasangalatsa aliyense amene anawona magulu amtambo wouluka. Dzinalo limayamba kutengera tanthauzo lakale la mawu oti "wanzeru", "kuwala".
Mawonekedwe a Swan
Makulidwe a mbalame ndi mitundu itatu yoyambirira: yoyera bwino, imvi komanso yakuda.
Zovala zowala zitha kukhala zofiirira komanso mlomo wachikasu kapena wowala wa lalanje wokulirapo kukula kwa mutu. Utoto umawonekera m'mazina amitundu iwiri: swans wakuda ndi wakuda. Kuchulukitsa kwa mbalame zina kumawonetsa mawu awo:
- khutu - adalandira dzina laphokoso lamtundu wopangidwa mu mkwiyo.
Mverani mawu a kachasu
Mverani mawu a theoperoper
Lingaliro la "nyimbo ya nyimbo" limadziwika kuti ndi chiwonetsero chomaliza cha talente komanso moyo wosachedwa. Koma zachilengedwe, ma swans okongola samayimba, m'malo mwake amafuula.
Posunga anapiye, mawu omwe amapangidwa ali ngati kubangula kwa galu - mawu awo amawvekera mosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi malo okhala, mitundu yonse yotsalayo yatchulidwa:
- mbalame yaku american - mbalame kukula kochepa mpaka 6 kg, wokhala m'nkhalango zowirira za America, malo osatheka,
- tundra swan - Nesting amakhala ku Eurasian tundra, m'malo onyowa, m'malo amtsinje. Oyimira akuluakulu amapezeka pakati pa maopopu ndi ma mbewa osalankhula, kulemera kwake kumafika pa 15 kg, ndipo mapiko - mpaka awiri metres.
Khosi lalitali kukula limafanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo, limakupatsani mwayi wopeza chakudya kuchokera pansi mosungira. Kufanizira kwakukondera mbali iliyonse kudapangitsa mawu oti "khosi" kukhala fanizo.
Malo okhala
Madzi ndi mpweya ndizo zinthu ziwiri zazikulu za mbalameyo. Kuuluka, kuthamanga kumatha kufika 60-80 km / h. Minofu yolimba yolimba imakulolani kuti mupange maulendo ataliatali masauzande makilomita kumwera ndikubwerera kumalo awo.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kusambira kumakwera kutalika kwa 8000 m chifukwa cha maula okongola omwe amasangalatsa mbalame. Mukasungunuka, pamakhala nthenga zambiri zakuda, zomwe zimakwana 25,000 mumtundu umodzi.
Kuyenda motsika pansi osalola kufupika komanso kusinthidwa ndi kuyenda kwa miyendo. Kugwedeza kumakumbukiranso kayendedwe ka atsekwe, koma mapanga sakonda kupita kukadyetsa minda.
Kukhazikika kwa ma swans ku Russia kumaphimba madera akumpoto ndi tundra: kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku Crimea, kuyambira Kamchatka mpaka Central Asia. Mute swan, tundra swan ndi whooper ndizodziwika pano.
Mitundu yonse ya swans ndiyosamukira, nthawi yozizira pagombe lamadzi ofunda kapena nyanja zopanda kumwera zopanda madzi. Kuwona gawo lalikulu la swans akuuluka mu Okutobala ndi mwayi wochititsa chidwi. Atsogoleri ndi mtsogoleri yemwe mapiko ake amapanga mphamvu zapadera zothandizira mbalame zina. Nthawi zina zouluka zoyambirira zimasinthana ndi ena.
Kugundana ndi ndege ndizowopsa. Imfa mbalame zosamukira chosalephera, koma mphamvu yake ndiyotere kuti kuwonongeka kumapangitsa kuti nyamboyo ifike.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa chikwanje
Nthawi yayikulu imagwiritsa ntchito madzi amadziwe am'madzi akuluakulu okhala ndi mabango. Amasambira pang'onopang'ono, modabwitsa, molimba mtima. M'madera akutali, maula awo oyera amakopa omwe akuyenda ngati mzimu wakuwala mumdima.
Mutu womwe umamizidwa m'madzi kuti ufunse chakudya umakoka torso, pilo yokhala ngati nthenga yolowera yoyera ndi mchira yaying'ono imapangidwa.
Palibe chomwe chikuwoneka ngati chisokoneza bata. Koma m'chilengedwe, zoopsa zimagwira aliyense. Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi mbalame za m'mitsinje zimatsata mbalame zonyada. Swans amatha kumayenda mothamanga kapena kuthamanga pamadzi pang'onopang'ono ndikuwombera miyendo yawo pamadzi.
Ndikosatheka kuwagwira ngakhale m'bwatomo. Mbalame ikalephera kunyamuka, imalowa ndipo imasambira pansi pa madzi pachiswe. Ma Swans ndi onyada ndipo salola anzawo oyandikana nawo. Amateteza gawo lawo, osaloleza akunja. Ma swans awiri sakonda kusokonezedwa.
Amatha kuwonetsa zankhanza ngati wina alowa m'malo opanda phokoso komanso okondedwa. Kukankha mapiko a mbalame kumatha kuthyola mkono wa munthu, ndipo mulomo ndi chida chowonjezera. Ma Swans nthawi zambiri amasankha malo okhala opanda phokoso, koma nthawi zina amakhala m'malo oyandikana ndi anthu.
Ichi ndi chizindikiro kuti mbalame zimateteza ndikudyetsa apa. Kutetezedwa kwathunthu ndikungokhala ndi moyo wabwino komwe kumatha kuyanjananso swans ndi anzawo. Akatswiri a Ornithologists adawona kuti amtendere kwambiri swans zakudandi tambala - mumayendedwe oyera oyamwa.
M'chithunzichi pali tchire lakuda
Swan kudyetsa
Mbalame zimadyera makamaka pazakudya zam'madzi zopezeka m'matupi amadzi. Imitsani mutu wanu pansi pa madzi ndikupeza mizu, zimayambira, mphukira. Mmenemo amafanana ndi abakha, omwe amakokeranso chakudya.
Nyama zazing'ono, achule, nyongolotsi, zipolopolo ndi nsomba zazing'ono zimakhalanso chakudya chawo m'madzi osaya. Pansi, amasuntha udzu, koma amakonda kukhala m'madzi, kumene amadyetsa. Pali nthawi zina nyengo zoyipa komanso madzi ambiri omwe samakulolani kupeza chakudya.
Swans ikuvutika ndi njala komanso kutaya mphamvu kotero kuti satha kuuluka. Koma kudziphatikiza kwa malo osankhidwa kumakhala mpaka nthawi zabwino. Masamba oyera makamaka champhamvu, kuti chikwanire kuchuluka kwa chakudya chikhale gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a kulemera kwawo. Chifukwa chake, kusaka zakudya kumakhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'miyoyo yawo.
Kubala ndi kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa swans
Aliyense amadziwa kuti kusankha swans kamodzi kokha m'moyo, ndipo amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa mnzake.
Chidacho chimamangidwa kumadera akutali, okhala ndi mabango kapena mabango, kutengera masamba ndi masamba a chaka chatha. Miyeso imakhala yochititsa chidwi mpaka 3m mulifupi. Dongosolo limachitika makamaka ndi wamkazi. Pambuyo pakuyika mazira 3-5, makulitsidwe kumatenga mpaka masiku 40.
Wamphongo amalondera tchire lake ndipo amachenjeza za zoopsa. Ngati mbalamezo zikuchita mantha, ndiye kuti mazirawo amaphimbidwa ndi fluff ndi nthambi, ndipo iwonso amazungulira moyembekezera. Kubwereranso ku chisa kungakhale mutayang'ana gawo. Patatha milungu isanu, anapiyewo amawonjezera chisamaliro cha makolo. Chikwanje – mbalame yolira olowa m'malo amawoneka okonzeka kudya.
Custody chimatha kwa chaka chimodzi, banja la avak limakhala limodzi nthawi zonse, ngakhale anapiye akakhala okonzekera kuuluka kwanyengo. Ana onyentchera amadyera madzi osaya, koma moyang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo.
Yaikazi nthawi zambiri imawotcha anapiye pansi pa mapiko ndikulola kuti iye akwerere kumbuyo kwake. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakula pang'onopang'ono, kufikira zaka 4 zokha.
Moyo wa swans umazunguliridwa ndi nthano, chimodzi mwazomwe zimakhala mpaka zaka 150. Kuyika kwa mbalame ndikutsata mothandizidwa ndi ma beacon kumatsimikizira kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zosachepera 20-25 m'malo achilengedwe.
Koma maphunziro ngati awa awoneka posachedwa. Moyo wokhala mu ukapolo umawonjezera zaka zawo 30. Tsoka ilo, mbalameyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Kupadera kwake ndikuti kuphatikiza pa moyo wachilengedwe, palinso zozizwitsa, zopeka za chithunzi cha chikwanje.
Moyo uno kukonda mbalame adayambira mu mbiri yakutali ndipo amayendera limodzi ndi dziko lapansi pakalipano ndi maloto okongola ndi mgwirizano. Mayiko ambiri amawona asodzi ngati mbalame zopatulika, amithenga, ndi ochita malonda.
Zinsinsi za swan ndizosangalatsa, ndipo chidwi cha mbalame sichitha. Chachikulu ndikusunga ndikugawa cholowa chachilengedwe ichi kwa ana.
Etymology
Chilatini chotupa wobwereka kwa Dr. κύκνος (kwenikweni tanthauzo la Chilatini cha swan olor) Mawu achi Greek ndi etymologized ngati onomatopoietic kapena amagwirizana ndi Skt. शोचति śocati Isiti "Zomwetemera, zonyezimira."
"Swan" waku Russia abwerera ku Praslav. * odzala ndi tanthauzo limodzimodzilo, lofanana ndi Dr.v.it. albiʒ, elbig "Swan" ndi lat. albus "yoyera".
Kufotokozera
Mbalame zazikulu kapena zazitali. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Mapiko a oimira a genus 1.5-3.1 m, ndipo unyinjiwo ungafikire 12,7-15 kg. Thupi limakhala lolemera kwambiri komanso losalala. Makulidwe a swans mu utoto wake, kutengera mtundu, ndi yoyera, kapena imvi kapena yakuda. Swans amadziwika ndi khosi lalitali komanso loonda, lomwe limawalola kuti akoke pansi pamadzi akuya kuti adye chakudya, komanso kukula kwake, komwe ndi mbalame zazikulu zam'madzi. Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo. Makwawo amakhala afupiafupi, chifukwa ma swans, akuyenda pansi, amapangitsa chidwi. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, maula ndi a bulauni, imvi ndi yakuda. Zowonjezerazo ndizambiri komanso zopanda madzi. M'maso mwake mumapangidwa chinsinsi cha mafuta, ndipo chimatulutsa chinsinsi chamafuta chomwe chimateteza nthenga zanthete kuti zisanyowe. Dongosolo lamafuta ochepa, kutengera mtundu wa mbalame, zaka zake, nyengo yake komanso chakudya chochuluka, zimatha kukula kwambiri. Mlomowo ndi wokulirapo, wothinikizidwa ndikupatsidwa mbale m'mphepete.
Mbalame mbalame ana. Ana amaleredwa ndi makolo onse, kusamalira anapiye mkati mwa zaka 1-2 atabadwa. Kumwaza kawiri pachaka: chilimwe - chokwanira komanso nthawi yophukira-yozizira - pang'ono. Kusungunuka kwathunthu kwa chilimwe kumayamba ndikusintha kwa nthenga. Njira yodzaza ndi molting pang'onopang'ono. Kusintha kwa nthenga kukhala mbalame zazing'ono kumayamba pamene iwo afika pafupifupi theka la mbalame zazikulu. Anapiyewo amadya mphutsi zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi, zopezeka kumtunda ndi m'madzi osaya komanso chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Mbalame zachikulire, kuwonjezera pa nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi, zimadya pazomera zam'madzi. Mbalame zimamiza khosi m'madzi m'malo ochepa ndikuyimba kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikudula dzenje mkati mwake mpaka 80 cm, ndikuchotsa ma rhizomes ndi mphukira zazing'ono zamadzi am'madzi. Nthawi imodzimodzi, nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi zimagwidwa pansi kapena silt. Nthawi zambiri amadya m'mawa ndi m'mawa.
Gulu
Kuchokera pa Januware 2019, mitundu 6 yaphatikizidwa pamtunduwu:
- Black Swan ( Cygnus atratus )
- Swan wokhala ndi khungu lakuda ( Cygnus melanocoryphus )
- Mwete Swan ( Cygnus olor )
- Trumpeter Swan ( Cygnus buccinator )
- American Swan ( Cygnus columbianus )
- Swan Wamng'ono ( Cygnus columbianus bewickii )
- Whooper Swan ( Cygnus cygnus )
Nthawi zina amatenga chinkhanira chifukwa cha suwa, koma mbalameyi ndi ya genus Coscoroba ndipo, ngakhaleokulirapo kukula kuposa tsekwe, sichiri pafupi ndi abakha kuposa kusesa.
Mitundu yotsalira ya zinthu zakale zamtunduwu yapezeka:
- † Cygnus csakvarensis (Late Miocene, Hungary)
- † Cygnus mariae (Koyamba Pliocene, USA)
- † Cygnus verae (Pliocene Woyambirira, Sofia, Bulgaria)
- † Cygnus liskunae (Middle Pliocene, kumadzulo kwa Mongolia)
- † Cygnus hibbardi (mwina poyambirira Pleistocene, Idaho, USA)
- † Cygnus sp. (Pleistocene woyambirira, Dursunlu, Turkey: Louchart et al., 1998)
- † Cygnus falconeri (Middle Pleistocene, Malta ndi Sicily)
- † Cygnus paloregonus (Middle Pleistocene, gombe lakumadzulo kwa USA) - imaphatikizapo ma syonyms "Anser" condoni ndi C. matthewi
- † Cygnus equitum (Middle and Late Pleistocene, Malta ndi Sicily)
- † Cygnus lacustris
- Whooper Swan. Amakhala m'nkhalango za tundra ndi taiga za ku Eurasia - kuchokera ku Iceland kumadzulo kupita ku Sakhalin kummawa. Ili ndi dzina la lipenga lolira lomwe iye adalengeza. Kusiyana pakati pa mtundu ndi mtundu wachikasu wa mulomo ndi mawonekedwe a khosi. Ndi yowongoka, osati yopindika, ngati nthumwi zina. Kulemera kwa thupi kuyambira 8 mpaka 12 kg. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi loyera ngati chipale, miyendo yakuda. Achinyamata ndi amvi. Mbalame imawuluka kwambiri - mlanduwu umadziwika kuti gululi lakwera kutalika mamita 8,200. Whoopers chisa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena madambo, nthawi zonse m'malo omwewo.
- Muthute. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika masentimita 180. Kulemera kwamphongo ndi 10-16 kg, zazikazi ndizowonjezera 2 kilogalamu. Mlomo wofiyira wa mbalameyo umakongoletsedwa ndi kutuluka kwakuda bii. Seke amapanga mawu okweza mokweza. Masanjawa ndi kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa Eurasia, Australia ndi South Africa. Mbalame zimakhazikika m'madambo, m'madziwe ndi dziwe lopezeka kale, zimayesa kukhala kutali ndi anthu. Pakusambira, buluzi limagwedezeka pang'ono mapiko ake, omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi swala zina.
- Trumpeter Swan. Madzi ataliatali okhala ndi maula oyera komanso kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 160-180. Chomwe chili ndi mbewa ndi mulomo wawukulu wakuda wokhala ndi chingwe chachitali cha pinki. Mawu a mbalame sangasokonezedwe ndi chilichonse. Polengeza kuti atengedwe, wolimbayo amalira mofuula ndikugwedeza mutu. Tsopano padziko lapansi pali magulu awiri a mbalame. Imodzi ili ku North American Rockies, ina ili kumwera kwa Alaska.
- Mbawala yakuda. Amakhala ku Australia kokha. Osati mbalame yosamukira. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika masentimita 130, kulemera - 7 kg. Zowoneka zakuda, miyendo ndiyonso yakuda. Mlomowo ndi wofiyira, wowoneka bwino. Chochititsa chidwi: khosi lamanjenje limakhala ndi ma vertebrae 31, omwe amapatsa mbalame mwayi wokulira pansi pamadzi.
- Wachikazi waku America. Woyimira wamng'ono kwambiri wamtunduwu. Thupi, lophimbidwa ndi nthenga zoyera, limafikira masentimita 140. Kulemera - 4-9 kg, mapiko - mpaka masentimita 190. Moyo wa woimira mtundu waku America umachitika m'nkhalango za tundra zosagwera ku America komanso kumpoto kwa Far East. Gulu la anthu ambiri kudutsa pagombe la Pacific ndi Atlantic Ocean.
- Bulu wakhungu. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo ndi 120-140 cm, kulemera kumafikira 6.5 kg. Chizindikiro cha ma subspecies ndi zachilengedwe. Thupi la mbalameyo ndi loyera, ndipo mutu ndi khosi zimapakidwa zakuda. Maso amadzaza ndi chingwe choyera. Pamilomo yakuda imatulutsa kakang'ono kwambiri. Diso lamaso akuda ndilofala ku South America - kuchokera ku Chile kupita ku zilumba za Falkland. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madambo komanso munyanja. Kukazizira nyengo yachisanu, mbalame zimawulukira kumpoto kwa Paraguay.
- Kachikwama kakang'ono. Maonekedwewo ali ofanana ndi wogwira ntchito. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 112-125 cm, kulemera - pafupifupi 6.3 kg. Mtundu wa maula ndi zoyera. Bill ndi wakuda, wachikasu m'munsi. Thungwe tating'ono timakhala ku nkhalango za Russia zokha. Pali anthu akumadzulo ndi akummawa a mitundu. Woyamba amakhala ndi zisa m'gawo la Yamal ndi Taimyr, wachiwiri - kutchire-tundra la chigwa cha Yenisei.
- mizu
- pansi pamadzi,
- ma rhizomes
- char ndi zosefera zoyipa.
- tundra swans amadya nsomba zazing'ono, amphibians ndi zomera, nesting m'madambo a Kola Peninsula ndi Chukotka.
- whoper amasankha m'mphepete mwa nyanja yopanda ndi nyanja yayikulu, nyanja, yosakira zigwa ndi ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono mwa iyo.
- Mute swan amadya crustaceans, mollusks ndi zomera zam'madzi, kuziyang'ana kunyanja za ku Europe ndi Asia.
- Lipenga limakonda nyanja zosaya pakati komanso kumpoto kwa America, zikudya zam'madzi ndi zamtunda.
- Nyama ya ku America ndi yofanana ndi nkhalango ya ku New World, komwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, zithaphwi, nyanja ndi kudya osati zomera zam'madzi ndi nyama zokha, komanso mbewu za chimanga m'minda.
- swans ofukula wakuda amakhala ku South America, makamaka ku Chile ndi Patagonia, nthawi yozizira ku Brazil ndipo samadya kokha nyama ndi nyama zam'madzi, komanso tizilombo.
- Mbawala yakuda imakhala ku Australia komanso kuzilumba zapafupi, posankha zatsopano ndi zosaya, ndi masamba.
- Pali nthano kuti moyo wa mbalame yabwino imatha zaka 150. Zowonadi, izi sizowona. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa akatswiri a ornithologists, kuthengo, mbalame zimakhala zaka 19-25, ali mu ukapolo - mpaka 30.
- Utoto wa swans umatengera madera komanso nyengo. Madera akumwera adzakhala achikasu kapena imvi, kumadera akumpoto azikhala oyera.
- Chiwerengero cha nthenga mwa munthu wamkulu ndizofanana 25,000.
- Swans wakuda nthawi zina amakhala ndi khalidwe logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mabanja oterowo amafunikira mkazi okha kuti akwaniritse umuna. Mkazi akaikira mazira, amachotsedwa mu chisa.
- Wamphongo wamkulu amatha kuwombera phiko kuti athyole mafupa a dzanja la munthu kapena kupha nyama yaying'ono.
- Mute swan ndi chizindikiro cha dziko lonse la Denmark, whooper - Finland.
- M'zaka za XII, banja lachifumu ku England lidakhazikitsa Ufulu wokhazikika wosankha.Ndipo tsopano mbalame zonse za mu Mtsinje ndi ukulu Wake.
- Mu Greece wakale, Milky Way imatchedwa Road Swan. Zomwe zidachitika izi zinali zodziwika komwe kudali gilala ndikuwongolera komwe kuli gulu la mbalame nthawi youluka kuchokera nthawi yachisanu.
Swan Wamng'ono ( Cygnus columbianus bewickii )
Swans ndi bambo
Kwa umunthu, swans imakhala ndi kukongola, chikondi, chizindikiro cha kubadwanso, kuyeretsedwa, ulemu komanso nzeru, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi matupi awo okongola, kutuluka ndi kusambira, komanso amuna ndi akazi.
Whooper swan adalengeza mbalame yakuthengo ya ku Finland. Mute swan ndi mbalame yamtundu wa ku Denmark. Black Swan ndi chifanizo cha Western Australia, chomwe mutu wake ndi "Cygnis insignis”(" Wonyamula Swan ").
Ku UK, ma swala osalankhula ndi chuma cha mfumukazi, ndipo mamembala okha a banja lachifumu ndi omwe amaloledwa kudya ma swans.
Cheki nthawi zina imadziwika kuti ndi Martin Luther. Malinga ndi nthano, wokonzanso Jan Hus pomwe akuwotcha adati: "Lero mukusesa tsekwe, koma chikwanje chidzauka phulusa, osachiwononga." Katswiriyu nthawi zambiri amakhala akujambulidwa pachithunzithunzi cha Lutheran, pamabuku opanga, nthawi zina zokongoletsera mwaluso. Zitha kuwonekanso pazizindikiro za matchalitchi ena aku Lutheran, mwachitsanzo, mumzinda wa Monschau ku Germany.
Kusaka kwa Swan nthawi zambiri kumakhala koletsedwa pomwe njira zina zake zitha. Cholinga chachikulu chakusaka ndi swan fluff. Malinga ndi wolemba wa mlenje S. T. Aksakov (1852), nyama ya "nde yolimba kwambiri", ngakhale inali yoyambira masiku awiri, kunali kovuta kutafuna ", ndipo kununkhako" kumawoneka ngati tsekwe, koma tsekwe ndizosavuta, zabwinobwino komanso tastier ".
Komabe, malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, kale ku Russia amadya beseni wokazinga, ndipo kadyedweyu amaonedwa ngati mwayi.
Umu ndi momwe kazembe wa ku Austria, Sigismund Herberstein, yemwe kawiri (mu 1517 ndi 1526) adayendera Grand Duchy yaku Moscow, pofotokoza mwambowu mu Zolemba pa Muscovy (1546):
"Stolniki adapita kukadya ndikubwera ndi vodika, chomwe a Muscovites nthawi zonse amamwa chakumayambiriro kwa chakudya, kenako amawotcha swans, omwe masiku a nyama amakhala nthawi zonse amapatsa alendo chakudya choyambirira. Atatu adayikidwa pamaso pa mfumu, iye adawaponya ndi mpeni kuti adziwe zoyenera ndi zabwino kwa enawo, ndipo pomwepo adalamulira kuti atengedwe. Pamodzi, onse akutuluka panja. Panali tebulo yodulira chakudya pafupi ndi khomo lachipinda chodyeramo, pomwe timalondapo timadulidwa, tikuyika mapiko anayi kapena miyendo inayi pachakudya chilichonse ... Pamene tinayamba kudya nkhuni zokazinga, amaziphika ndi viniga, ndikuwonjezera mchere ndi tsabola kwa izo (uwu ndi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati msuzi kapena gravy). Ndi cholinga chomwechi, mkaka wowawasa umaperekedwa, komanso maapozi, komanso ma plamu okonzedwa chimodzimodzi. ”
"Kuyambira tsiku la Petrov, wakudya amadyera patebulolo: swans, swans, offal, cranes, herons ..." - idanenedwa mu Chaputala 64 cha "Domostroy" (mozungulira 1550).
Swans ankadyetsedwa ndi "topeschiki," kutanthauza kuti, ankawaza mkaka wobowola, ndi “swan offal” pansi pa "kuphulika kwamkuwa," nthawi zina amakhala ndi nyama yophika kapena makeke.
Malinga ndi umboni wa Peter Petreus de Erlezunda, nthumwi ya mfumu yaku Sweden a Charles IX (1604-1611), "ngati palibe mapika ophikidwa patebulopo, mwiniwakeyo alibe ulemu waukulu", komanso alendo, omwe sanadye nawo phwando laphwando ili.
Mu "Mural of the Tsar's Foods" - mndandanda wazakudya chomwe chimaperekedwa pamasiku osiyanasiyana patebulo la tsar, wopangidwa ndi kalonga waku Poland, Vladislav, yemwe adasankhidwa ku tsar ku Moscow mu 1610 kuti amudziwe bwino ndi madongosolo ku khothi la Moscow, tikupeza:
"Pa tsiku lalikulu, Emperor adagwidwa ndi ma swans atatu, ndi mitanda itatu mmalo mwake wobisala, m'makomawo mudali ufa wosalala 12, mazira 60, ndi offal kuchokera ku ma swans"
Zithunzi: mbalame mbalame (zithunzi 25)
Mbalame ya Swan. Makhalidwe a Swan ndi malo okhala
Mbalame yachifumu. Nthawi zambiri boma kapena mfumu imakhala ndi malo, zida, mabizinesi. Mfumukazi yaku Britain idapitilira zina. Mutu waku England ulinso ndi mbalame, makamaka swans. Chifukwa chake, ku UK samakhudza chala chawo, akuwopa kulowerera chuma cha amfumu. Kodi nchifukwa ninji ma swans amayenera kulemekezedwa motero?
Mitundu ya swans
Swan mu chithunzi Kukula kwapakatikati ndi yayikulu, yakuda ndi yopepuka, yokhala ndi wofiira kapena wachikasu. Kusiyana kumachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ya mitundu. Pali ma subtypes 7 a swans:
1. Tundra. Amatchulidwanso kuti yaying'ono, popeza wocheperako pakati pa abale. Mbalameyi imalemera mpaka kilogalamu 6. Mapiko a nyama ndi masentimita 110. Zokhala ndi zoyera. Milomo ya mbalameyi ndi yachikasu, sifika m'mphepete mwa m'mphuno.
2. Whooper. Milomo yake yachikasu ndiyotambalala, kufikira m'mphuno. Whooper amalemera kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 14 kilogalamu. Mapiko okhala ndi mapiko ali pafupifupi masentimita 270. Ngati ena mitundu ya swans kulolera kuzizira, maula ndiye okonda kutentha, amakhala kumadera akumwera okha. Mtundu wa nyama ndi yoyera.
3. Muthute. Komanso ndi yoyera ngati chipale, koma pali cholembera pamutu ndi m'khosi. Zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 14. Mapiko a mapiko ake ali ndi masentimita 240. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mulomo wofiira, ndipo elytra yake ndi yakuda.
4. Lipenga. Ndi oyera. Monga mbewa yosalankhula, ili ndi chidutswa cholumikizira khosi ndi mutu. Komabe, mulomo wokhala ndi utoto ndi wakuda kwathunthu ndipo ma kilogalamu angapo sawonda.
5. American swan. Ali ndi mutu wozungulira kuposa oyimilira ena amtundu komanso khosi lifupikitsa. Jombo waku America amalemera ma kilogalamu 10. Yovomerezeka ya mbalameyi ndi chikaso chowoneka bwino, chofikira m'mphuno, ngati mbewa.
6. Tsitsi lakuda. Kukula pang'ono kuposa tundra. Mwachilengedwe, kulemera kwa nyamayi ndi ma kilogalamu 6.5-7. Thupi loyimbidwa ndi loyera, ndipo khosi, monga dzinalo limatanthawuzira, ndi lakuda. Milomo ya mitunduyi ndi yofiira.
7. Mbawala yakuda. Mbalame chakuda kwathunthu, ndipo mulomo wake ndi wofiyira kwathunthu. Unyinji wa nyamayo ndi yaying'ono, monga mitundu yakuda. Mapiko a tsamba lopindika ali ndi mikono iwiri.
Makulidwe a dimorphism mu swans samapangidwa. Ngakhale mtundu kapena kukula kwa akazi sizosiyana ndi zazimuna. Omaliza, mwa njira, amatha kuwonetsa kukhulupirika kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Amuna akuda, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina amalumikizana awiriawiri, kuthamangitsa mzimayi yemwe waikira mazira pachisa. Amuna nawonso amabadwa ndi kubereka.
Onani ndi mamuna
M'masiku akale, mbalame zimasakidwa mwachangu - nyama ya nyama ya nyama yotchedwa swan inkaonedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kusaka mwankhanza komanso kuda nkhawa zikakhala zosowa kwambiri, sizinasinthe. Kusaka swans kunali koletsedwa kwathunthu ku USSR pazaka. - mbalame yamtendere komanso yosavuta kusungidwa, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'makola kapena, kudyetsa pafupipafupi, m'malo osungirako malo osungirako nyama. M'madera ambiri ku Europe, nkhuku zimadyetsedwa mwachangu, ndipo oyendetsa chombo kumeneko amakhala atatsala pang'ono kubereka. Kudyetsa tirigu moyenera kumatha kupulumutsa mvula kuti isadye nthawi yachisanu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, njala ndi kuzunzidwa zidathetsedwa ku Belarus, koma kenako nkubwezeretsedwanso chifukwa cha kukhazikitsanso mbalame zomwe zidasungidwa ku Poland ndi Lithuania. Ku UK kuli malo a Mfumukazi, Mfumukazi ya Great Britain ili ndi mitundu yoposa 20,000 ya mbalamezi. Ku Denmark - chimodzi mwazizindikiro zadziko. Swans, ngati mafoni ena am'madzi, amadwala chifukwa chosayenda bwino kwa anthu opanga ma hydrocarbons, mafuta otumphuka komanso mafuta amafuta, ndipo amafa momvetsa chisoni, atakwera ndege mpaka pamaudzu amafuta ndi mafuta.
Kugawa ndi malo
Kugawidwa kumpoto kwa Europe kuchokera kum'mwera kwa Scandinavia (kum'mwera kwa Sweden) kupita ku nyanja ya Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Primorsky Krai ndi China. Kulikonse komwe kusaka ndi kupha anthu mopanda malire kwakhala koperewera, kopezeka m'malo ambiri. Koma anthu adakwanitsa kufalitsa bwino madera atsopano amtunduwu: ku North America, South Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand. Imapezeka m'malo ogontha, ochepa omwe amakacheza ndi anthu: nyanja ndi madambo okhala ndi masamba am'madzi, nthawi zina m'madambo.
Mawonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yoyera chipale chofewa, chachikulu kwambiri pamtambo wonse ndi pakati pa mitundu yonse yamadzi. Mukamayang'anitsitsa, wachikulire akuonetsa msana wakuda (pampu) pamphumi pamwamba pamunsi pa mulomo. Mwa amuna akuluakulu, kukula kwakuda kumeneku ndikokulirapo kuposa chachikazi. Chakuda chimakhalanso maziko a mulomo, kumtunda kwake (kumtunda kwake) mpaka m'mphuno, kuzungulira m'mphuno ndi m'mphepete mwa kudula kamwa, ndikulankhula kwina konse, kupatula lingaliro lakuda la mulomo, lotchedwa marigold.
Maso, mapazi, zala ndi nembanemba pakati pa zala zakuda. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu: panthawi yodzitchinjiriza, mbalame imanyamula ndikugwada mapiko ake kumbuyo kwake, ndikukhomera khosi kumbuyo ndikupanga mawu okweza kwambiri (omwe adatipatsa dzina lachi Russia). Pakusambira, chowoneka ngati S ndikugwedeza khosi kutsogolo ndikutsamira mlomo wamadzi. Mphepete zam'mbuyo ndizodabwitsika, mbalameyi ikamasambira komanso pamtunda imakonda kukweza mapiko ake kumbuyo. Kulemera kwa akazi kumafika pa 6 kg, ndipo amuna - kuyambira 8 mpaka 13 kg. Kutalika, thupi la mbalame yachikulire imatha kufika masentimita 180, ndipo mapikowo ndi masentimita 240. Anapiyewo amaphimbidwa ndi fluff, mulomo wawo ndi utoto.
Makhalidwe & Khalidwe Lamagulu
Amakhala nthawi yayitali pamadzi, koma osasokonezeka, mbalame nthawi zina imafika kumtunda. Swans amakhazikika pafupi ndi pafupi ndi madzi amchere amchere. Seke nthawi zonse amagona m'malo okufa a matupi amadzi pamatopota kuchokera kuzinthu zophatikizika zam'mera zam'madzi (mabatani) ndi mabango. Mbalame zina zimakhala zololera pang'ono ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala pafupi ndi zisa za imvi zotuwa. Imatha kupangika magulu, kapena, m'malo, kukhazikika mosiyanasiyana. Mbalameyi ikasokonezedwa, ndiye kuti imakhala pafupi ndi malo odyera mpaka mpata womaliza, ndikuuluka pomwe matupi amadzi awuma. Koma, monga lamulo, kunyamuka kumachitika kumapeto kwa Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala kumpoto, ndipo mu Okutobala - Novembala kum'mwera kwa masambawo. Zimakhazikika pagombe ndi nyanja zina zazikulu za Central Asia, komanso zimasamuka m'malo angapo kupita ku Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda, kudutsa kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kumwera chakum'mwera ndikufika ku Africa, Mediterranean, Turkey, Palestine, Chigawo cha Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, ngakhalenso ku India. Pamaulendo amasamuka usana ndi usiku, amatha kuzindikira ndi kuwomba kwapadera kwamapiko awo. Gulu lankhondo limawuluka, loloza mumzere wokhazikika, makosi atakulitsidwa, kulira kukuwuluka sikumatha kulira.
M'nyengo yozizira amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, mabanja, nthawi zina amakhala m'matumba. Kumeneko, achichepere azaka zinayi azolowerana ndi akazi awo ndipo amalowa m'mabanja amoyo moyo wonse. M'malo otentha amatha kukhazikika.
Monga mbalame zonse, swans amakonzanso nthenga zawo: nthenga zakale zimatuluka, zatsopano zimamera. Kuyambira chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, amasambira molt kawiri pachaka. M'chilimwe, pafupifupi kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti, molt wathunthu umachitika. M'nyengo yotentha yonse, mapiko ndi nthenga za mapikowo zimatuluka ndipo mbalameyi imalephera kuuluka. Pakadali pano, nsombazi zikungoyang'anira ana, kotero kutayika kwa kuuluka sikulola makolo kugawana ndi makanda akakhala ndi nkhawa. Kenako nthenga zonse zakale zimaguluka, koma zatsopano zimakula nthawi yomweyo. Nthenga zake zimakula mkati mwa mwezi umodzi, ndipo mbalameyo imathanso kuuluka. Mbali yachiwiri ya molt imachitika m'bandakucha kuyambira pa Seputembala mpaka Disembala, nthawi zina mpaka Januware, ndikusintha pang'ono kwa nthenga. Panyengo yophukira, malandawo amawuluka, ndipo molt imayamba kunyumba, ndikutha kumapeto kwa dzinja. Mitundu ya maula ndiyosinthika kwathunthu m'mphika zazing'ono pofika chaka chachitatu chokha cha moyo, ndipo swansyo amakhala akuluakulu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa
Amadyetsa, monga ma swan onse, pamadzi pansi pa madzi: mizu, mizu ndi mphukira, zomwe zimasamba m'malo ang'onoang'ono ndi milomo yawo, ndikuzidya pamodzi ndi ma invertebrates omwe ali pa iwo: crustaceans ndi mollusks. Kuti tipeze chakudya m'madzi, tchire limakhala lothandiza kwa khosi lalitali, lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wogwira mbewu ndikuzama masentimita 70-90. Nthawi zambiri, imagwira pansi osati khosi lokha, komanso kutsogolo kwa thupi lalitali, ndikudumphadumpha ndikukhala molunjika m'madzi, ngati abakha. Nthochi zimadya nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi yachisanu, nthawi zambiri chakudya chimakhala chamtchire. M'malo akuya, mvula yamkuntho komanso pakukwera kwamadzi, swans sangadye. Zikatero, amakhala ndi njala ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ofooka mpaka amalephera kuuluka. Pamtunda, swans amadya masamba ndi mbewu za chimanga. Palibe amene amasamba kuti azidyetsa mkate; Swans, wodyetsedwa ndi mkate wotupa m'madzi, nthawi zambiri amadwala ndikufa. Koma kudyetsa mbewu moyenera kumatha kupulumutsa mvula kuti isadye nthawi yachisanu.
Mitundu ya swans ndi mawonekedwe awo
Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yofanana ndi inzake m'moyo.
Vocalization
Pouluka, amalira osakhazikika, ndipo nthenga zawo zouluka zimatulutsa timiyala tambiri, tosamveka kwa mamiliyoni angapo. Khungwe limaberekana modabwitsa, kudziteteza ku zilombo zolusa komanso kusesa kwinanso kuteteza malo ake oswana. Pakulankhulana wina ndi mnzake, makamaka munthawi ya kubereka, anyani amphongo amalira mokweza, mawu amtundu wa "kgiyurr", ndi "kiorr" achikazi. Amunawa amapanga phokoso lapadera ukamaliza ukwati.
Kulera ndi kulera ana
Swans nthawi zambiri (pokhapokha m'modzi mwa "akwati" aphedwa kapena kugwidwa) amapanga maukwati azaka zinayi moyo wonse. Koma chizunzo chowonjezereka cha mabanja a mwamunayo chikuwonongeka, amuna ambiri osakwatira omwe akuyesera kuthamangitsa akazi kuchokera awiriawiri okhazikika. Zikatero, kumenyanirana koopsa pakati pa amuna kumenyedwa, komwe kumaphwanya wina ndi mnzake, koma wakunja nthawi zambiri amatulutsidwa.
Mamembala am'banjali amawulukira limodzi kumalo omwe amakhala, komwe amakhala malo awo mphepete mwa nyanjayo. Nyengo yotsala imayambira mu Marichi, ndipo madamu okhala ndi madera opitilira muyeso ndi dera lalikulu lamadzi lotseguka amasankhidwa kuti agonere. Nthawi yakukhwima, nsapato zonse zimatha kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika komanso momwe zikuyendera.
Kusambira pafupi ndi inzake, yamphongo imanyamula mapiko ake ndikuwatengera kumbali, pamodzi ndi wamkazi imatsitsira mutu wake m'madzi. Kenako yamphongo, ikuyandikira chachikazi, imaluka khosi lake ndi yake. Pambuyo pamasewera ataliitali, yaikazi imamizidwa m'madzi kuti mutu wake ndi khosi lokha lizioneka. Pakadali pano, kukhwima kumachitika. Pakapita kanthawi, mbalamezo zimatuluka, zimapanga mawu osokosera ndikusindikizira mabere awo wina ndi mzake, kenako ndikusamba ndikuyendetsa nthenga.
Kenako zazikazi zimamanga zisa zazikulu pafupi ndi madzi kapena mabango m'madzi osaya a nyanja ndi mitsinje, kutali ndi malo okhala anthu, ndipo anyamatawa amateteza malo ozungulira chisa cha akazi chomwe chikupangidwacho, ndikupanga mawu osokosera ngati amuna ena akafika. Kuphatikiza apo, abambo amakhala olusa kwambiri, amalimba mtima kuwukira anthu komanso mabwato akakhala kuti akubwera pafupi ndi chisa. Tchati tachikazi timamangapo chisa chayokha payokha kuchokera pazomera za chaka chatha komanso mbewu zina zam'madzi. M'lifupi, chisa chimakwana 110 cm, kutalika mpaka 75 cm, koma nthawi zina, chisa chikamangidwa pamatabwa a rhizomes a zomera zam'madzi (rafting), m'mimba mwake imatha kufika 4 m, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 1 m!
Swans nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo atali awiriawiri, koma m'malo ena zisa zimatha kuyandikana. Chisa chikapangidwa kale, chachikazi chimagona pansi paketi, ndipo chimadontheza chifuwa chake.
Mwa akazi achichepere, kuchuluka kwa mazira kumakhala kocheperako poberekera zaka zambiri, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyamba kupanga chisa cha swans, pali dzira limodzi lokha. Akazi achikulire amaikira mazira 5-8. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mtundu wa mazira umasintha ndikakulira kwa mluza kuyambira kumapeto kwa makulidwe. Mkazi m'modzi yekha amangophika kwa masiku pafupifupi 35, wamphongo ali pafupi, akumuteteza. Akakhala ndi nkhawa, yamphongo imapereka mawu, ndipo yaikazi, yophimba mazira pansi ndi kuyala zisa, imawuluka pambuyo pa yamphongo. Yaikazi imanyamula chophimba chomwechi ndikamadzuka pachisa kuti chizipeza chakudya. Wamphongo muzochitika zotere nthawi zina amakhala pachisa pamwamba pa zakutidwa ndi mazira. Kubwerera ku chisa, chachikazi choyamba chimasinthira mazira, kenako ndikukhala pamenepo. Pakumwalira kwa maboma woyamba, wachiwiri alibe mazira oposa awiri. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, anapiye ooneka ndi mafoni ophimbidwa ndi fluff amatuluka m'mazira, kutsagana ndi mayiyo m'madzi ndikudya okha. Pakadali pano, wamkazi amayamba kusungunuka ndikulephera kuuluka kwa mwezi wathunthu. Ana nthawi zambiri amakwera pamsana pa amayi awo. Amayi amasamalira anapiyewo, amawanyamula pamsana ndikuwawotcha thupi, koma makolo onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali pakulondera ndi kuperekeza ana kwa miyezi inayi mpaka isanu. Banja lonse limasonkhana usiku chisa. Pofika miyezi isanu, swans adadzilamulira pawokha.
Malo okongoletsa ma tchuthi amangopita pokhapokha ana akakwera kuphiko, komwe kumadera ena kumagwirizana ndikukhazikika kwa chisanu ndi chisanu. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale ataphunzira kuuluka, mbalamezi zazing'ono sizimasiya makolo awo ndikuwuluka kumwera ndi banja lonse kumwera. Kummwera kwa malo, komwe amakhala ndi poyambira kale, amakakamizidwa kuuluka nthawi yayitali isanayambike chisanu mothandizidwa ndi kusaka kwamphamvu.
Nyama ku Zoo ya Moscow
Ku malo osungirako zinyama zaku Moscow kuli ndi nthawi yayitali. Mbalamezi zimalekerera undende, zimakhala nthawi yayitali komanso kubereka bwino. Iwo, limodzi ndi mitundu ina yamadzi am'madzi, amatha kuwoneka pa Chidwi chachikulu cha zoo.
Swans amamanga zisa pamalo osungira nyama pagombe, kuyesa kusankha malo obisika kwa izi. M'dzinja mutha kuwona momwe amasamalirira bwino ana awo, osaloleza mbalame zina ndi anthu kuti ayandikire.
Swans, ngati mafoni ena am'madzi, amadyetsedwa ndi chakudya chamgulu, mapira, tirigu, oatmeal. Onetsetsani kuti mwapereka zitsamba ndi masamba atsopano: kaloti ndi groti ndi kabichi. Mbalame za kabichi zimasowa momwe muli sulufule, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nthenga zikukula.
M'nyengo yozizira, swans amalolera bwino, chakudya chochuluka, mbalame sizizizira.M'malo ozizira kwambiri oundana padziwe, udzu umayikidwa kuti mbalame zisakhale pa ayezi, koma zinyalala. Amayikanso mipanda yaying'ono yamatabwa, komwe mbalame zimatha kubisalira mphepo.
Kufotokozera kwa Swan
Ma Swans amayimira mafoni akuluakulu am'madzi, omwe ndi abakha "abambo" komanso a "Anseriformes". Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yokha ya mbalame zotere ndi yomwe idatsala Padziko lapansi, pomwe mitundu 10 yasowa. Zapezeka kuti panali mitundu pafupifupi 17, ina mwa yomwe inasowa, koma, popanda munthu. Ma Swans amadziwikanso chifukwa chokhala ndi mitundu yapadera ya maula, omwe amapanga zoyera, zakuda komanso imvi.
Whooper
Imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zodziwika bwino za mbalame zapaderazi. Kukhazikika kwa zinthu zamtunduwu kumafikira kumpoto kwa Eurasia, kuyambira ku Iceland kupita ku Sakhalin. Nthawi yomweyo, malire akumwera amathera pakufalikira kwa mapiri a Mongolia, komanso zigawo zakumpoto kwa Japan. Pothauluka, mbalameyi imapanga mawu osamveka, omwe ndi chizindikiro cha mitundu iyi. Phokoso limveka kwambiri ndipo limatha kumveka kwa makilomita ambiri. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi mtundu woyera wa chipale chofewa, wokhala ndi fluff. Mlomo wazitsamba izi umakhala ndi mbewa yachikasu, yokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Mtunduwu ukakhala pamadzi sugwada khosi lake ngati mitundu ina, koma umagwira.
Luntha
Zimasiyanasiyana pamenepa. Izi zimapangitsa khosi lake kukhala ngati chilembo "S", ngakhale chikhala ngati fanizo lakunja. Mute swan ndi wokulirapo poyerekeza ndi whooper. Motere, khosi lake limawoneka lalifupi kwambiri komanso lalifupi, makamaka patali. Pomwe ikuuluka, mbalame yosalankhula imachita phokoso lalikulu, koma mapiko ake akuluakulu komanso olimba, omwe amadula mlengalenga ndi mawu ake, akumveka.
Mfundo yofunika! Mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa chakuti ngozi zikagwa, munthu akafuna kuyandikira, imaponya kulira.
Malo okhala mitunduyi ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa mbewa zosalankhula zimatha kupezeka ku Europe ndi Asia, kum'mwera komanso kotentha nyengo. Chifukwa chake, ma swan bubble amapezeka kumwera kwa Sweden, ku Denmark, ku Poland, kum'mawa kwa Mongolia komanso kumadzulo kwa China. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi mbalamezi mwachilengedwe, chifukwa ndizosamala komanso zokayikira, makamaka poyerekeza ndi anthu.
Lipenga
Zosiyanasiyana sizosiyana kwambiri ndi banja lonse, koma zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi aoperoper, ngakhale zimadziwika kuti ndizokhala ndi mulomo wakuda kwathunthu. Lipweya wamtambo amaonedwa ngati mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, zolemera osachepera 12,5 kg ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka theka la mita, kapena kupitirira apo. Kukhazikika kwawo kumafikira ku North America tundra. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nyanja, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, komanso mitsinje yopanda madzi.
Kachikwama kakang'ono
Khungwe laling'ono limakonda kukhala chisa kumtunda wa Euro-Asia, ku tundra. Amadziwikanso kuti tundra, ndipo imapezeka kudera lalikulu, kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula ndikutha ndi Kolyma. Mwachilengedwe, zosiyana zake zimagona poti mitundu iyi imakhala ndi kukula kakang'ono. Chifukwa chake kutalika kwa matupi awo kumayambira 114 mpaka 126 cm, ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 5-6 okha Tambala tating'ono timangokhala ngati mawu amtunduwu, koma ndi ofooka komanso ochepera. Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndi pafupifupi wakuda, kupatula kumtunda, womwe ndi wachikasu. Mbalameyi imakonda madzi ochuluka, koma m'nkhalango sizimachitika.
Wachikazi waku America
Imafanana ndi kachilombo kakang'ono, koma kutalika kwake ndikokulirapo (mpaka 145 cm), ndipo khosi limacheperachepera komanso lalifupi. Mlomo mulinso wakuda, ngakhale kumtunda mutha kuwona malo angapo achikaso omwe ali kumbali.
Chofunikira! Maphukusi aku America amadziwika chifukwa choti milomo yawo ili ndi njira yapadera, yopanda, ngati zala za anthu.
Posachedwa, aguluguwa amakhala ku North America tundra, koma masiku ano anthu awo atsika kwambiri. Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira kudutsa gombe la Pacific Ocean, mpaka ku California, komanso kugombe la Atlantic, mpaka ku Florida. Mitundu iyi imapezekanso kudera la Russia, monga Anadyr, Chukotka ndi Commander Islands.
Tsamba lakuda
Mitundu iyi imadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda wamitundu yayikulu, pomwe nthenga zamkati zimatha kukhala zoyera, ngati nthenga za mapiko kumapiko. Monga lamulo, nthawi zonse zimawala kudzera m'maso nthenga zapamwamba, zomwe zimawonetsa chithunzi cha imvi wamba. Ngati mungayandikire ndi kuyang'ana mosamala, mutha kuwona mizere yoyera yokhala ndi maziko oyera. Matako a kachikasu akuda nawonso ndi achikuda, pomwe mulomo wake ndi wofiyira, ndipo kumapeto kwake kuli kanthu konga mphete yoyera.
Mitundu iyi ndi ya saizi yapakatikati, chifukwa imafikira kutalika kosaposa 140 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo sikoposa 8 kilogalamu. Khosi la chikwanje chakuda ndi lalitali, limakhala ndi ma vertebrae opitilira atatu. Ma swans akuda amatha kupanga mawu a lipenga m'malo osiyanasiyana. Malo awo achilengedwe amakhala ku Australia ndi Tasmania. Ngati tikulankhula za ku Europe ndi North America, ndiye kuti mbalamezi zimapezeka ngati mbalame zakutchire zomwe zimapezeka kumalo osungirako kapena m'mapaki.
Bulu wakhungu
Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mtundu wapadera wa mbalame. Mutu ndi khosi la tsekwe ndizopakidwa zakuda, ndipo ziwalo zotsalazo zimakhala zoyera ngati chipale. Kuzungulira maso ndi lingwe loonda loyera. Mlomo wazitsamba izi umadziwika kuti imvi, ndipo utoto wofiyira kumunsi. Monga lamulo, miyendo yake ndi yapinki. Malo awo amakhala mpaka ku South America, kuphatikiza ndi Chile mpaka ku Tierra del Fuego. Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira ku Paraguay ndi ku Brazil.
Malo okhala zachilengedwe
Mitundu yambiri imakonda malo otentha kuti odyera chisanu, ndipo ochepa okha ndi omwe amakonda kukhala m'malo otentha. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malowa ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa chake, swans amapezeka ku Europe ndi ku Asia, ku Africa, komanso kumpoto kwa South America. Ku Russia, swans amapezeka ochulukirapo mu tundra zone, ndipo nthawi zina m'nkhalango-tundra. Komanso, malire akum'mwera kwa malo awo amaphatikizidwa ndi Kola Peninsula ndi Crimea, komanso Peninsula ya Kamchatka ndi Central Asia.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Mitundu yonga maoperesi ndi mitundu yodontha imawonedwa kuti ndi chuma chamayiko ena. Mbali yoyamba, iyi ndi Finland, ndipo yachiwiri, Denmark. Kusesa kwanyumba ku England kumaimira chuma cha Mfumukazi. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama ya swans iyi imaloledwa kudyedwa kokha ndi banja lachifumu.
Monga lamulo, swans amakonda kukhazikika m'madzi a nyanja zazikulu, m'mphepete mwake zomwe zimadzaza ndi mabango kapena zomera zina zam'madzi. Amatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ngati pali mabedi abango pafupi. Ngati anthu sathamangitsa mbalamezi ndikuzilemekeza, ndiye kuti zimangoima pamadzi oyandikira pafupi ndi malo okhala. Ngakhale kuti swans amawonedwa ngati mbalame zosamukasamuka, amatha kukhala nthawi yachisanu mosavuta ngati kuli malo opanda madzi oundana.
Zakudya za Swans
Swans ndi nyama zopatsa chidwi, ngakhale chakudya chake ndi chakudya chokhacho. Akulika mitu yawo m'madzi, chifukwa cha khosi lalitali, amapeza mizu yazomera, zimayambira, komanso mphukira zazing'ono. Ngati pakadali pano mutha kugwira chule, kupeza nyongolotsi, kuyimitsa kapena kugwira nsomba yaying'ono, ndiye kuti sangwe. Mbalamezi zikatuluka pamadzi kupita kumtunda, ndiye, monga atsekwe, swans amatha kumata udzu.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayang'anitsitsa makamaka chifukwa timatha kudya chakudya chochuluka patsiku mpaka 25% ya kulemera kwa mbalameyo.
Monga lamulo, nthawi zonse pamakhala chakudya chokwanira cha mbalamezi, ngakhale nthawi zina amafunika kufa ndi njala. Izi zimatheka ngati nyengo ikhala nthawi yayitali kapena madzi akakwera m'malo osungirako ndipo mbalamezo sizitha kufikira chomera. Zikatero, amataya ma kilogalamu awo ndipo amakhala ofooka. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbalamezi sizichoka m'malo awo osaka nyama kufunafuna zabwino, pankhani ya chakudya.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Swans amabwerera kwawo komwe amakhala mwachimwemwe, nthawi zina m'mbuyomu, pomwe malo osungiramo madzi akaphimbidwa ndi ayezi, ndipo ena pafupifupi mu Meyi. Izi zikugwira ntchito kumalire akumpoto kwawo komwe amakhala. Komanso, swans amabwelera awiriawiri, popeza akusaka zothandizana nawo madera otentha.
Swans amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zowopsa, motero amapanga awiriawiri moyo wawo wonse. Ngati china chachitika kwa mmodzi wa abwenziwo, ndiye kuti wachiwiri sangayang'anenso wokwatirana naye. Malinga ndi nthanozo, asuwewo, omwe pazifukwa zina ataya mzawo, sangakhalenso ndi moyo komanso kufa ndi chisoni. Masiku ano, zikhulupiriro zoterezi zimayesedwa ngati nkhambakamwa, popeza asayansi sanathe kutsimikizira nthano ngati izi.
Pobwerera m'mphepete mwawo ofunda, asodzi amakhala m'magawo osankhidwa kale ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapanga chisa. Chidacho chikuyimira mulu wazinthu zosiyanasiyana mumtundu wa nthambi zamitengo, nthambi, mabango ndi udzu wouma wagombe. Pankhaniyi, chisa chimakhala choyenda nthawi zonse. Aswada amateteza chisa chawo kuti zisasokedwe ndi abale awo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndewu zimachitika pakati pa mbalame. Mbalame zikamenyera gawo lawo, zimafuula mokweza ndikuwomba mapiko awo. Amagundana m'madzi ndi kumamenya wina ndi mnzake ndi mapiko.
Mulimonsemo, awiriwo atatha kuteteza chisa chake, chachikazi chimayikira mazira angapo, pambuyo pake amayamba kumenyera. Izi zimatenga mpaka masiku 40, pambuyo pake anapiye. Chikazi chikakhala pamazira, champhongo chimadziteteza ndikuchenjezanso za kuopsa. Pakakhala zoopsa, mbalame zimadzaza chisa chija ndikuwuluka kumwamba. Pambuyo pake, amazungulira pamalopo mpaka pomwe chowopseza chenicheni sichitha.
Mukuyenera kudziwa! Ngati mwangozi zisa za mazira ndi mazira kapena anapiye zilowe, ndiye ndibwino kuchokapo pomwe pano. Mbalame zimateteza ana awo amtsogolo kwambiri, zoyenda mapiko awo olimba ndi mulomo wamphamvu. Zotsatira zake, amatha kuyambitsa kuvulaza kwambiri munthu, ndipo nthawi zina sagwirizana ndi moyo.
Anapiye a mbalamezi akabadwa, amadziwa kale zoyenera kuchita. Amayamba kusuntha pawokha ndikudzipezera chakudya. Ngakhale izi, makolo amasamalira ana awo osachepera chaka chimodzi. Pamagawo oyamba, makolo amawateteza ku nyengo mpaka atakula bwino. Pakutha, amakhala ndi mphamvu komanso mphamvu zokwanira kuti apite ndi makolo awo paulendo wautali wozizira. Chapakatikati, banja lonse limabwerera kumizu. Swans samakhwima mwachangu, chifukwa chake amakhala okhwima pakugonana mchaka cha 4 cha moyo wawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Swans amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zolimba kwambiri, choncho nyama zazikulu ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Koma mbalame zomwe sizitha kudziteteza kapena kuthawa zoopsa, zikubwera kumwamba, pali adani ambiri achilengedwe. Izi zimaphatikizaponso nkhandwe, komanso mbalame zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadya, zomwe sizosavuta kuzindikira kuchokera kutalika kwa chisa. Mwanjira ina, mitundu iliyonse yazinyama zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake ndi adani achilengedwe.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Kwa anapiye onse ndi mbalame zachikulire, mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo ndizowopsa.
Mtundu wina wa ziphona zomwe zimakhala ku America zimawonanso anapiye. Swichi yemwe amakhala ku Australia nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndi galu wa Dingo, yemwe amangokhala pompo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu yambiri, kapena yonse koma yonse yaing'ono, siyikudziwika mu Red Book of Russia. Ngakhale tsekwe yaying'ono imakhala ndi mtundu wobwezeretsanso, ndipo mitundu yotsalayo imadziwika ndi mtundu wa "kuyambitsa nkhawa pang'ono." Pamodzi ndi tinsalu tating'ono, mbalame ya ku America idalembedwa mu Red Book pansi pa "mitundu yachilendo". Mwanjira ina, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya swans yomwe yatsala Padziko lapansi imamverera bwino ndipo siili m'gulu lomwe lili pangozi, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame.
Swans, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake okongola, omwe palibe mwanjira ina iliyonse oimira banja lino, kwazaka zambiri apatsidwa ulemu pakati pa anthu. Ulemu ndi chikondi ichi zimagwirizananso ndikuti mbalamezi zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zopanda mantha, zonyada komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Anthu osiyanasiyana ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana kwa iwo, koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire zabwino zokha, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwa mbalamezi. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku asans, ndipo a Mongol, makamaka, amati anthu amachokera kumiyendo ya mbalame zodziimira komanso zamphamvu izi. Anthu ena aku Siberia anali otsimikiza kuti swans siziwuluka kumwera, koma adangosintha ngati chipale. Masika atayamba kuphuka, chipale chofewa, sichinasanduke, motero zaka zambiri chaka ndi chaka. Zonsezi zimangowonetsa kuti ma swans adakopa chidwi cha munthu kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe zimagwirizananso ndi ma epics ambiri omwe amasinthidwa kuchokera kumibadwo kupita ku mibadwo, ndikupanga chithunzi cha mbalame yodabwitsa komanso yokongola.
Pomaliza
Mbalame ya swan imawoneka ngati mbalame ya anthu opanga, monga olemba ndakatulo, ojambula, olemba, etc. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthuwa adapanga fano la mbalame yoyera, yomwe amadzifanizira ndi iwo, akukhulupirira kuti anthu opanga ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mzimu wowoneka bwino. Kuganiza koteroko kunakopedwa mu utoto wambiri, munkhani zambiri, ndipo makamaka mu ana, amapangidwa nyimbo, monga momwe zimachitikira ku Swan Lake, komwe mbalameyi imayimira kukongola ndi ukulu. Komanso, kukongola kumeneku si zabodza, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame sikusiyana ndi utoto wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuwona kowonekera kumatha kuchitika pamene awiri akusambira ali ndi mitu yokweza modzuka atasambira kale. Mutha kuyang'ana ndikuyang'ana, ngakhale mutayiona kamodzi, mwambowu umasiya kukumbukira mbiri yanu.
Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa konse kuti munthu. Monga lamulo, iye samasaka ma swans, koma amasankha kuwona kukongola kwawo ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nsombazo, atapanga banja, zimalumikizana kwambiri, ndikuchitirana wina ndi mnzake mwachikondi komanso mwachikondi. Ndipo pali china chilichonse choti munthu aphunzire, chifukwa nthawi zina pamakhala zinthu ngati izi, m'moyo wa munthu, pamene anthu amapanga maukwati kwa moyo wonse ndi kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake ndi chikondi wina ndi mnzake, ali ndi zokwanira. Izi zili choncho makamaka masiku ano, pomwe anthu saona kufunika kokhala ndi ubale.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mbalameyi nthawi zonse imakhala yokongoletsa mosungira chilichonse, chifukwa chake, ma swans amatha kuwoneka m'malo osungidwa opanga zoimira pachikhalidwe chilichonse komanso nyumba zamabizinesi. Ma Swans safuna chisamaliro chapadera, chifukwa amatha kudzipezera okha chakudya. Ndikokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti madzi omwe adapangidwa mongoyerekeza ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake m'menemo mumakhala nyama Zamoyo zilizonse. Nyongolotsi, komanso zomera zam'madzi. Mokulirapo, mbalame zimatha kudyetsedwa, motero sizosadabwitsa kuti mbalamezi zimazolowera anthu, kupeza chitetezo ndi chakudya.
Ndipo komabe pali anthu omwe amadyera mbalamezi, kotero pafupifupi mitundu yonse masiku ano ili pamavuto pomwe mbalame zimafunikira kutetezedwa ndi anthu. Moyo wa anthu pawokha umadzetsa mavuto ambiri kwa mbalame zoterezi ngakhale kuti zimachoka m'malo awo ogona.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mitundu Swan
Cygnus olor (lat.) Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha mawu ake omwe amuna amapanga pangozi yomwe ikufika. Komabe, kuphatikiza kulira, mbalame zimatha kumveketsa mawu, kumalirira mokuwa ndi kulira. Khutu losiyana ndi mitundu ina ya khosi lokongola komanso lopindika.
Kusesa kwinyumba ndi mbalame za ku Europe. Kufalitsa kwawo kunachitika m'magawo awiri: kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi m'ma 1930. Panthawiyo, swans zidabwera ku Victoria. Kumeneko amakhala m'mapaki amumizinda ndipo anali zokongoletsa zawo, tsopano amawayang'anira mosamala.
Kanema: Swan
Mbalamezi zinkakhala ku Japan. Tsopano amapezeka kawirikawiri ku Bermuda, Canada, USA, New Zealand. Mu 1984, Denmark idapanga Mute Swan chizindikiro cha dzikolo. Mbalameyi imakhala yofanana ndi yachifumu, yachifumu.
Ku England, anthu onse amatengedwa kuti ndi katundu wa mfumu. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1500, ndi anthu okha olemera omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mbalamezi. Kuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa wolandila, mbalame zonse zinali ndi mikwingwirima. Mu Abbotsbury Wanyama Yakutchire, malo osokedwa amadyera nyama, yomwe idali kudya patebulo la mafumu.
Ku Russia, zovala zamalaya zimawonedwa ngati zabwino. Ngati pakadalibe zidutswa zokazinga patebulopo, alendo omwe anali mnyumba ya eni sanali olemekezeka. Mu 1610, a Tsar Vladislav a ku Moscow adaphika ma swans atatu limodzi ndi ma giblets kapena anaphika mu ma pie.
Kodi mbewewe imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mtundu wa Swan mbalame
Mbalame zimatha kupezeka m'malo akutali a Central ndi Southern Europe, ku Asia, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Primorsky Territory, ndi China. M'malo onsewa ndizosowa kwambiri, mabanja amakhala m'malo akutali kwambiri, ndipo m'malo ena mbalame sizikhazikika konse.
M'madera omwe kale anali USSR, anthu osamukira kumadzi amakhala m'chigwa cha Ural komanso m'madziwe a Kazakhstan. M'madera ambiri ku Europe, mbalamezi zimasungidwa. Kuthengo, mbalame zimasankha malo omwe sanachezeredwe ndi anthu - nyanja ndi mitsinje, pomwe pamwamba pake pamadzala msipu ndi dambo.
Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za anthu, kuli anthu ochepa ku Australia, North America, New Zealand, ndi ku Africa. Masamba ambiri amakhala otetemera kapena amakhala mu ukapolo-wofanana ndi mbalame zokongoletsera m'mapaki amizinda.
Mbalame zimakhala m'malo opitilira 500 kupitilira nyanja. Ikhozanso kukhala milomo ya mitsinje, matupi amadzi abwino, mitsinje yam'nyanja. Swans chisa m'mphepete mwa Baltic, Atlantic ndi Asia. Atakula, ana amapita ku Caspian ndi Black Seas kukazizira nyengo yachisanu. Mbalame zimatha kukhala zisa zawo, kenako anthu amazidyetsa.
Pa nthawi yozizira, amaphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Wina m'gululo atadwala ndipo akulephera kuwuluka, otsalawo amachedwa kuthawa mpaka wodwalayo atachira. M'nyengo yozizira, nthenga za mbalamezo zimakhala zoyera, zikauluka nyengo yotentha yomwe imada.
Kodi tsekwe wosadya amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mute Swan wochokera ku Red Book
Zakudya zokhala ndi mtundu wazomera zimakonda. Zakudya za swans zomwe zakhala zaulere ndikukhala munthawi zachilengedwe ndizosiyana ndi zakudya za nkhuku.
Mute swan adya:
Ngati mbewu zili ndi tinsalu ting'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tirigu, zimakhalanso chakudya cham'madzi. Chifukwa cha khosi lalitali, mbalame zimatha kumizidwa m'madzi mpaka mita imodzi. Monga abakha, amviika mutu, khosi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikulowa m'madzi, ndikukhazikika pamadzi ndikufika pansi ndi mulomo. Pamtunda, swans amadya masamba ndi mbewu monga chimanga.
Mukamadumphira m'mizimba, timagawo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatenthetsa timayamba. Pa nthawi yozizira, algae amadya makamaka. Chifukwa cha mkuntho ndi kukwera kwamadzi, kupanga chakudya kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kenako amakhala ndi njala ndi kutopa kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kuuluka. Komabe sasiya zisa zawo ndikudikirira nyengo yabwino.
Anthu nthawi zonse amayesetsa kudyetsa obereketsa buledi, koma izi sizingachitike. Mimba ya mbalame sioyenera chakudya chotere. Pakudya mkate wotupa, swans amatha kudwala ndikufa. Nthawi yomweyo, kudyetsa ndi tirigu kumatha kupulumutsa mbalame kuti zisafe ndi nyengo yozizira. Amatha kudya mpaka 4 kg ya chimanga patsiku.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Mitundu Swan
Osambira amakhala nthawi yayitali ya moyo wawo pamadzi. M'malo osiyidwa, amatha kupita kumtunda. Usiku, mbalame zimakhalabe m'madziwe: m'malo a ma rhizomes ophatikizika ndi mabango. Zimalekerera mbalame zina, kuti zizitha kupotoza zisa pafupi ndi atsekwe.
Amatha kukhazikika m'magulu awiri pawokha komanso mosiyana. Popeza amakhala mwamtendere, amawonetsa mkwiyo pokhapokha poteteza gawo lawo. Ngozi ikafika, mbalamezo zimapinda khosi, nthenga ndikuyamba kusambira kupita kwa mlendo. Panthawi yolimba, amamenya milomo yawo molimba. Kuvulala koopsa kumatha kuchitika ngati mukusangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi ukazitape.
Ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa chisa, asambawo amangokhala komwe amakhala ndipo amangosiyako pokhapokha dziwe likaphulika. Nthawi zambiri, kunyamuka kumayamba kumapeto kwa September kumpoto ndipo mu Okutobala kumwera kwa malowa. Mbalame zokhala ndi mbalame zouluka masana ndi usiku. Kuomba kwamapiko kwa gululo kumanyamulidwa kutali kwambiri. Zimawuluka mosakhazikika, ndikulira.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbewa zosalankhula zimakhala m'magulu awiri ophunzira kale. Anthu osungulumwa amazindikira anzawo ndipo amalowa m'mabanja. Kuyambira kuyambira zaka ziwiri, amasambira molt kawiri pachaka. M'nyengo yotentha kwambiri, mbalame zimatha kuwuluka. Nthawi imeneyi, makolo amangosamalira anapiye ndipo sangawasiye ndi nkhawa.
Pali nthano yodziwika bwino ya kukhulupirika kwa swan. Amati ngati m'modzi wa iwo amwalira, wachiwiri safunanso banja. Izi sizowona konse. Zowonadi, m'moyo wonse, mbalame zimakhala ndi mnzake. Koma, ngati amwalira, wachiwiri akufuna awiri.
Ngakhale ndi zazikulu, mbewezi zouluka bwino. Pakusamukira, amatha kulumikizana m'magulu masauzande ambiri kuti apewe kugwidwa ndi adani. Swans sangathe kuchoka pamtunda. Izi zimachitika kokha pamadzi komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Nyengo zoipa zikafika, zimagona pansi, kubisala milomo yawo nthenga ndikuyembekezera nyengo.
Habitat ndi moyo
Maliseche onse amakhala pafupi ndi madzi, pamene amalandira chakudya. Komabe, zakudya ndi kutentha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zimasiyana:
Masamba oyera - achikazi ndi achimuna
Chosunthira mbalame mbalame kapena ayi? Vutoli ndilofunika, popeza anthu ena ngakhale anthu wamba sawachotsa m'nyumba zawo nthawi yozizira. Izi zimachitika m'malo otentha. Chifukwa chake, malonje amaso akuda samachotsedwa chaka chilichonse kumwera kwa kondinendi. Ndege zazitali nthawi zambiri zimapanga anthu akumpoto. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, mitundu inayi yonse ya mbalame yomwe imakhala mdziko muno imachotsedwa kunyumba:
Flying swans Zimakwaniritsidwa mwa kuphatikiza mzere. Wamphamvu kwambiri amasuntha mu chaputala chake. Mitsinje yamphamvu yamphamvu yochokera pansi pa mapiko ake imachoka ndikuwuluka kuchokera kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake anthu ofooka kwambiri kumapeto kwaukwati amalandila thandizo, popanda kukumana ndi nyengo yachisanu.
Zikafika pamalopo ndikukhazikika padziwe, mbalame zimadabwitsa omvera ndi chisomo. Imawonetsedwa osati maonekedwe a mbalame zokha, komanso momwe amayendera. Amakhala osangalatsa, osalala. Mukuyenda kwamasamba pamakhala bata komanso kudzidalira.
Ngozi ikakumana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide kapena mumtsinje wamtsinje, imasunthira pansi pamadzi kapena, ikabalalika, igwere. Ma MP3 ovuta kwambiri kubisala, ali pansi. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali. M'madzi, masamba okhala ngati agwada amathandizira kukankha thupi. Pansi, kulera thupi mapaundi 15 kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa mbalame.
Swans ndi mbalame zamtunda, sakonda alendo okhala m'malo okhala. Makanema awo owerengera amagawika pakati. Palibe chifukwa kuti epithet "swan fidelity" ilipo. Mbalame sizingokhala zokhulupirika kwa anzawo, koma osagawana nawo, akukhalabe banja.
Pothamangitsa alendo, asodzi amasula makosi awo ndikulira ngati njoka. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalamezo zimatambasula mapiko amphamvu. Mphamvu yakuwombera kwawo, panjira, ndikokwanira kuthyola mafupa a munthu wamkulu.
Kukhulupirira kuti mbalame yozizira yozizira zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza nyama kunyumba zawo. Pakayamba kuzizira, mbalamezo zimachedwetsa kukhwima ndi kubereka mpaka nthawi yabwino.
Ngati kulibe chakudya, ma Anserine amakhala ndi njala kutopa, koma osathawa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zolemba mitundu yonse ya swans mu Red Book. Kuwononga zachilengedwe, ndikokwanira kuwononga malo omwe adasankha. Mbalame sizitha kuzolowera zatsopano.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chip-Swan Chick
Kuyambira kuyambira zaka zinayi, swans amapanga mabanja. Chifukwa chakuzunzidwa ndi anthu, mabanja amatha kutha ndipo pali amuna ambiri amodzi okha, chifukwa chomwe akuyesera kuthamangitsa akazi ku mabanja omwe alipo. Amuna amamenya mapiko awo mopweteka, koma nthawi zambiri amatha kuthamangitsa mlendoyo.
Maanja awiriwa amasankha malo pafupi ndi posungira komanso gombe lopalasa. Kwa osakwatira, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Marichi. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimasambira pafupi, anyani amatafuna mapiko awo ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenda mitu yawo m'madzi. Kenako yamphongo imasambira yaikazi ndipo imakhazikika ndi makosi.
Zitachitika izi, zazikazi zimamizidwa m'madzi m'khosi ndipo zimakwatirana. Kenako awiriwo amatuluka, kukanikizana, ndikuyamba kuyeretsa nthenga. Komanso, zazikazi zimamanga chisa kutali ndi komwe kuli anthu. Wamphongo panthawiyi amateteza m'deralo ndipo amalankhula ngakhale kwa alendo osawadziwa.
Chidacho chimakhala ndi bedi chaka chathachi komanso zomera zam'madzi. Chisa m'madzi osaya amatha kutalika kwa mita ndi 75 masentimita. Ngati imamangidwa kuchokera ku ma rhizomes, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwake imatha kufikira 4 mita ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi. Nyumbayo ikakonzeka, yaikaziyo imakhwimitsa bere lake ndikuyiyika pansi.
Swans wopatsa ana oyamba amatha kukhala ndi dzira limodzi lokha. Akazi akamakula, chiwerengero chawo chimakwera mpaka 5-8. Poyamba, mazira amakhala obiriwira amtundu wakuda, koma pofika nthawi ya mwana wankhuku, amayamba kukhala oyera. Kubwatcha kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 35. Amuna amayang'anira gawo nthawi yonseyi.
Pakuyamba kwa chilimwe, anapiye azimvi amawoneka omwe amasambira ndi amayi awo kubadwa. Miyezi inayi yoyambirira, makanda amakhala pamsana wamkazi, usiku banja lonse limagona chisa. Pofika miyezi isanu, anapiye amayamba kudziyimira pawokha. M'dzinja, banja lonse limanyamuka nthawi yachisanu kuti ikhale yotentha.
Phulusa Swan Guard
Chithunzi: Red-Book Swan Swan
Mitunduyi ili pangozi ndipo imalembedwa mu Red Book of Kazakhstan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Sverdlovsk, Penza, Chelyabinsk zigawo ndi Republic of Bashkortostan. Mukusindikiza kwatsopano kwa Red Book of Belarus, magulu obisika samasiyidwa.
Mu 1960, kunakhazikitsidwa lamulo loletsa kusaka mbalamezi. Chifukwa cha achitetezo komanso osamala omwe amadyetsa mbalame nthawi yozizira, chiwerengerochi chikukula chaka chilichonse. Udindo wofunikira umachitika ndi kubereka kwawo muukapolo. Pazabwino, izi zimapangitsa kuti swan akhale ndi moyo mpaka zaka 30.
Kubadwa kwa malupanga osalankhula kunapangitsa kuti mbalame zizikhala zachilengedwe m'malo osaphatikizidwa - Australia, North America ndi maiko ena. Ku Europe, mabuloguwa adasungidwanso chifukwa cha anthu omwe abwera mwangozi kapena mwadala.
Kugwirira ntchito kwadzetsa kuti ma swans sakuwopanso kukhazikika pafupi ndi munthu. Tsopano zimatha kupezeka m'madziwe ndi madamu okhala. Boma lidayang'anira kuba. Asodzi ena amakhulupirira kuti asodzi amadya mazira a nsomba ndikuwawombera. Ngakhale mbalame ikasowa, mbalameyo mosadziwa imameza kachidutswa kenaka ikafa poizoni.
M'malo abwino kwa mapandawo, mbalamezo zimakhala mwakachetechete ndipo sizikufuna ufulu. Amasinthasintha zachilengedwe, amapanga awiriawiri ndi kubereka ana. Kuti zizisungidwa panyumba, ndikokwanira kupatsa mbalamezi dziwe loyera komanso nthawi yabwino yozizira.
Muthute - mawonekedwe onyada komanso okongola nthawi zambiri amadzaza pamawonekedwe okonda zachitsanzo monga otsatira, monga chisonyezo cha kukhulupirika komanso kuyera kwa uzimu. Kutchuka kwa mbalame yapamwamba komanso yokongola imeneyi sikungatsutsane. Mbalame za monogamous zimasamalira ana awo ndipo amatetezedwa ndi lamulo.
Nyengo yakukhwima
Mbalame zimafika pa kutha msinkhu wazaka zinayi. Pofika kumapeto kwa kasupe, nthawi yakukhwima imayamba. Mwambo wokomerana ndi mbalame zabwino ngati izi zovina ngati ballet. Zimachitika m'madzi kapena pamtunda. Wamphongo amayenda kapena kusambira pamaso pa mkazi. Nthawi yomweyo, amalira mokweza, akweza mapiko ndi nthenga pakhosi pake. Ngati mtima wa chikwanje (monga dzina lodziwika bwino la chikazi wakhudzidwa) ukakhudzidwa, zimatengera zomwezi. Zitatha izi, awiriwa amafufuza malo odyera., yomwe mutu wabanja imateteza molimba mtima kuti asatengeke ndi anthu oyandikana nawo omwe amakhala nawo.
Nesting
M'mwezi wa Meyi, nkhwangwa imamanga chisa. Amachita yekha, popanda kutenga amuna. Mayi wa nkhuku amasankha malo obisika pafupi ndi madzi. Chisa cha swan ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi mainchesi mita 1.5-2 kuchokera bango, udzu ndi mbalame yake mbalame. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 4-8, mu mbalame zazing'ono - kuchokera ku 1-2. Ndizosangalatsa kuti poyamba mazira amakhala ndi maolivi, ndipo asanakakamize anapiye - achikasu. Wamkazi yekha ndi amene amakhala pachisa, chachimuna chimamuyang'anira, osayenda mtunda wautali. Nthawi yolumikizira imatenga masiku 35-40.
Kukula anapiye
Ma ntchto olemera 200-220 magalamu amabadwa, ophimbidwa ndi imvi fluff. Nthawi zambiri pakati paokonda mbalame, mikangano imabuka za dzina la mwana wakhanda. Ornithologists amapereka yankho lokhalo - mwana wankhuku. Ana akhanda obadwa bwino ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kutsagana ndi akuluakulu. Kusamalira ana makolo onse awiri amachita.
Pakupita masiku angapo kukwatitsa, anapiye amaphunzira kusambira moyang'aniridwa ndi achikulire. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, khandalo limapeza chakudya chokha. Asanayambe kusungunuka, anapiye sangathe kuwuluka. Mapaini amasintha m'miyezi 4-5. Mpaka nthawi ino, nyama zazing'ono zili m'banjamo.
Zosangalatsa zokhudza swans
Pomaliza - mfundo zingapo zosangalatsa za thech.
Anthu nthawi zonse amasilira chisomo komanso mawonekedwe okongola asans.. Komabe, chifukwa cha nyama, yomwe imawoneka ngati chakudya chokoma, ndipo mbalame zaulemerero kale zidasakidwa. Chifukwa chakuchotsa anthu ambiri, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mbalame za m'madzi ndizosowa. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, mapulogalamu akuchitika kuti abwezeretsere kuchuluka kwa mbalame padziko lapansi. Izi zimapatsa chiyembekezo kuti palibe mitundu ya swans yomwe idzavomerezedwe padziko lapansi.