Chum - Izi ndi nsomba zomwe zimachokera ku banja la nsomba. Ndi yamtundu wofunika chifukwa cha nyama yanthete, yokoma komanso caviar wamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa cheke. Keta, nayonso, imagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri, komanso mitundu iwiri yayikulu. Mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo masiku ano ili yofanana kwambiri, imakhala ndi chikhalidwe chofanana ndi chilengedwe. Kupatula kumeneko ndi nsomba ya Sakhalin chum salmon, yomwe imapangidwa makamaka kuti ikhale mwa mtundu wopangidwa mwaluso.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokoza
Magawo osinthika a nsomba samveka bwino chifukwa cha kusowa kwazinthu zasayansi. Ichthyologists amati oimira akale kwambiri a nsomba zamasiku ano adalipo m'mitsinje ya North America zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Linali laling'ono kukula komanso lofanana ndi imvi pamaonekedwe ndi moyo wawo. Chifukwa choti nthumwi za banja ili zinayenera kukhala moyo wovuta kwambiri munthawi ya chisinthiko, amakhala tcheru kwambiri ndikusintha kwa moyo wawo.
Malinga ndi zojambula za mphanga, titha kunena kuti makolo akale amakono a salmon amakono adakhala kale pagombe la Pacific zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ina ya nsomba imakhala m'madziwe akuluakulu.
Kanema: Keta
Mitundu yambiri yama salimoni yatha. Mtundu umodzi wamitundu yodabwitsa komanso yodabwitsa kwambiri yomwe yasowa akuti ndi nsomba yotentha kwambiri. Idatchedwa kambuku wamasamba-owaza chifukwa chakukhala ndi nsomba zazitali, zazingwe. Kutalika kwawo kunafika masentimita 5-6 mwa anthu akuluakulu.
Nthawi yabwino kwambiri m'mbiri komanso kusinthika kwa mankhwala a chum salmon idabwera zaka pafupifupi 2,5 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali nthawi imeneyi ma salmonid omwe amagawidwa m'mitundu mitundu, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala mdera lawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi chum chikuwoneka bwanji?
Woimira uyu wa banja la salimoni amatha nthawi yayitali m'madzi am'nyanja. Motere, imakhala ndi mtundu wamba wa okhala m'madzi: siliva-buluu wokhala ndi mafunde ochepa. Kudera lam'mbuyo, nsomba zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, m'malo am'mimba ndizopepuka. Mtunduwu umalola kuti nsombazo zisaoneke mu mzere wamadzi ndi pansi. Chum ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Zizindikiro zakunja:
- thupi lalikulu lamtundu, lalitali,
- mbali zopindika pang'ono, zolimba,
- mapiko a caudal ndi adipose amasamukira pang'ono kumchira ndipo ali ndi nthenga 8 mpaka 11,
- Mutu ndikokulira motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi lalikulu ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe a chulu,
- Pakamwa pamakhala pakamwa, pakamwa paliponse pali mano.
- Kulibe mawanga amdima ndi mkamwa pakamwa,
- thupi lakutidwa ndi m'miyeso yaying'ono,
- pali ndalama yayikulu yopitilira yopanda mphako.
Chosangalatsa: Panthawi yowerengera, mawonekedwe a nsomba amasintha kwambiri. Thupi limakula ndikukulirakulira, mawonekedwe amtumbo kumbuyo. Nsagwada zimakhala zokulirapo, mano amawombera ndikukhala okulirapo komanso lalitali. Mtundu umakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wachikasu, wobiriwira kapena maolivi. Mikwingwirima ya Lilac kapena rasipiberi imawoneka patsogolo la thupi, lomwe limada pakapita nthawi.
Nsomba zina zimatha kukula mpaka kukula kwambiri. Kutulutsa thupi kumatha kufika masentimita 60-80, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira 10 kilogalamu.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati mukukhulupirira deta yotsogola, ndiye kuti kukula kwa thupi la chum salmon inali mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo misa ndi 16 kilogalamu!
Nsomba zomwe zimakonda kupalasa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 50-65. Kukula kwakuthupi kwamalimwe kwa chilimwe kumakhala kocheperako kuposa kukula kwa chum nyengo yachisanu.
Kodi chumamu chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Keta ku Russia
Chum salmon amatha nthawi yayitali yonse moyo wake m'matupi amchere amchere pafupi ndi gombe. Malo okhala salmon ndi malo okhala ku Pacific. Mwachikhalidwe chake amazitcha nsomba kuti ndizo nsomba zomwe zimadutsa chifukwa zimakhaladi m'madzi am'madzi, ndipo zimayambira kukamwa kwa mitsinje. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti pakufunafuna nsomba zamchere zimayesetsa kupeza pakamwa penipeni pa mitsinjeyo, pomwe idachokera ngati udzu. Kukula kumachitika m'mitsinje yamadzi oyera a Kum'mawa, mayiko aku Asia, ndi North America kuchokera ku California kupita ku Alaska.
Monga madera okhalamo ndi chakudya chokhazikika, nsomba imasankha madzi ofunda a Pacific Ocean - madzi apansi pa Kuro-Sivo.
Malo omwe nsomba za mchere zimapezeka:
Zomera zimapezeka pakamwa pa mitsinje. Nthawi imeneyi, nsomba zimatha kupezeka m'mitsinje monga Lena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, etc. Keta ndi nsomba yopanda madzi. Anthu ambiri amakhala pamtunda wosaposa 10 metres. Nsomba zimatha gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo posamukira komwe amapezeka. Nthawi imeneyi imatha kutalika kwa zaka 2.5 mpaka 10.
A Ichthyologists amati mwa oimira onse a banja la nsomba omwe amakhala mu Pacific Ocean, ndi salmon yomwe ili ndi malo ambiri kwambiri. M'madera ena a Russia, makamaka, ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin, chum salmon amakhala m'madziwe ochita kupanga kuti azigulitsa nsomba kuti azigulitsa mafakitale.
Kodi nsomba zamchere zimadya chiyani?
Nsomba zikamakula, moyo wake umasintha. Ikafika pamlingo woyenera komanso kulemera kwa thupi komwe kumakhala kotetezeka kupezeka munyanja, imayamba kukhala moyo wokonda zadama. Panthawi yakulemera, nsomba zimafunikira chakudya chochuluka, chomwe chimapezeka mu nyanja.
Atamaliza kukula, pang'ono ndi pang'ono amayamba kulowa munyanja. Kumeneko amasonkhana m'magulu ndipo amapeza malo opanda phokoso momwe amabisalira mpaka atakwanira kukula kwakukulu.
Chifukwa cha ukalamba, nsombazi zimasinthiratu moyo wadyera ndipo zimadya nyama zokulirapo. Munthawi imeneyi, zochulukitsa zambiri zimafunikira kotero kuti kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kutalika kwake kumagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe.
Pezani chakudya cha akuluakulu:
Chifukwa chakuti nsomba imakhala mumtundu, imasaka m'matumba. Kupaka utoto kumawathandiza kuti asangokhala osadziwika kwa adani, komanso othandizira anzawo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kuti nsomba imangoyima chilili kudikirira nyama yake. Chakudya chikafika pafupi kwambiri, nsomba imaponya ndikugwira nyama. Nthawi zina gulu la nsomba zamchere limangolowera kusukulu ya nsomba zina ndikumangogwira aliyense amene sanathe kubisala.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Chum m'madzi
Woimira uyu wa banja la salimoni ali ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu kuti abwerere kumalo obadwira. Keta pafupifupi peresenti ya milandu nthawi yochulukitsa amasambira kupita kumalo komwe iye mwini anabadwira. Khalidwe ili lomwe lidakhala chofunikira kwambiri momwe akatswiri azanenedwe adagawa chum salmon m'magulu awiri molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha malo - North American ndi Asia. Mu vivo, msonkhano wawo suwachotsedwa.
M'madera a Russian Federation, taxon waku Asia amakhala ndi oswana.
Kutengera ndi malo omwe akukhalako, ichthyologists adazindikira mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu:
- taxon wakumpoto
- Sakhalin,
- Amur
- Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
Fry itasandulika kukhala anthu okhwima, achikulire, samakhalabe m'mitsinje, ngati nthumwi zina za banja la nsomba. Kuti apange unyinji wokwanira wa thupi, umapita munyanja zaka zingapo. Poyamba, anthu okhwima omwe anali ogonera anali kunyanja. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yoyenera komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya tsiku lililonse, kulemera kwa thupi la nsomba kumawonjezeka pafupifupi 2.5-3%. Pamenepo, kukula kwa nsomba kudzafika masentimita 30 mpaka 40, kumapita kukafunafuna dera lomwe kuli chakudya chokwanira. Nthawi zambiri maulendo oterewa amatha zaka zingapo.
Nsomba ya Chum salmon si nsomba yokhayokha; imasonkhana m'masukulu ambiri. Ambiri aiwo amakhala kumadera akumwera kwa Pacific Ocean. Masika akafika ndipo madzi afundira, amasamukira kugombe lakumpoto kwa America. Pakapita kanthawi, nkhosa zambiri zimagawidwa kuti zikhale zokhazokha komanso zopanda mwana. Zisomba zomwe sizinafike chifukwa chotaya mazira zimatumizidwa kumadera akumwera. Mwana wankhuku akamakula ndikukula, amasintha kukhala mdani weniweni.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika zaka zapakati pa 3.5 mpaka 6.5. Nyengo yoyamba kubereka imatsegulidwa ndi anthu amtundu wa chilimwe. Azimayi ambiri omwe amatumphuka ali m'matumbo aang'ono, omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Makumi khumi ndi atatu okha ndi akazi ali ndi zaka zoposa zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Oimira fomu ya chilimwe amayamba kutuluka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, koyambilira kwa nyengo yophukira, ndendende nthawi imeneyo pamene madzi amatentha kwambiri ndipo kutentha kwake sikumatsika madigiri 14. Oimira a nthawi yophukira amasintha ndendende ndi nthawi yozizira. Malo abwino kuponyera mazira si malo ozama kwambiri, pomwe kuya kwake sikupita mamita awiri. Kutuluka m'malo oterowo sikuyenera kukhala kolimba, ndipo miyala, miyala ndi miyala kapena miyala yoyera imakhala yoyenera bwino ngati pansi.
Malo abwino kwambiri akapezeka, wamkazi amakonzera malo kuti azinunkha. Choyamba, mothandizidwa ndi mikwingwirima yamphamvu, amatsuka pansi pamalopo pomwe amapangika. Pambuyo pake, momwemonso, amagogoda dzenje pansi pansi, kuya kwake komwe kumatha kufika theka la mita. Mu dzenje lirilonse, mkazi m'modzi amatha kuyikira mazira pafupifupi 6-7. Unyinji wonse wa caviar umatha kufika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka mpaka awiri. Kenako anyaniwo amadzaza manyowa, ndipo chachikazi mosamala amakumba pansi.
Nsomba ya Chum ndi nsomba yomwe ili ndi chonde kwambiri. Wamkazi m'modzi amatha kukhala atatu kapena anayi mwa timitengo tosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Chochititsa chidwi: Atayikira mazira ndikutulutsa, nsomba zonse zimafa mkati mwa mwezi umodzi. Nthawiyi imagawidwa mwachilengedwe kuti nsombazo zimatha kusiya malo ena ndikugawika mumtsinje kuti tipeze tsoka lachilengedwe.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imakhala pafupifupi masiku 120-140. Pambuyo pa nthawi yino, mazira amawoneka kuchokera mazira, omwe amayikidwa m'chiwaya chapadera cha yolk. Imagwira ntchito yoteteza ndipo imalola mazira kukula popanda kusiya malo oti aziikira mazira. Kutuluka koyamba kwa mwachangu wachikulire kumachitika kumapeto - Epulo, koyambirira kwa Meyi. Munthawi imeneyi, mwachangu amasonkhana m'magulu ndikubisala kumera zam'mera, miyala. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake wamizeremizere, mwachangu amatha kusadziwidwa ndi adani ambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a ket
Chithunzi: Kodi chum chikuwoneka bwanji?
Chum adasinthidwa bwino kuti azikhala panyanja yayitali. Ali ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri, womwe umamuloleza kuti azingodikirira nyama, kuphatikiza ndi pansi, kapena madzi am'nyanja, komanso kubisala kwa adani motere. Komabe, akadali ndi adani achilengedwe okwanira. Pa gawo lililonse la kukula kwake, amakhala ndi adani ambiri. Zinyama zina zodya nyama zam'madzi zimawononga nsomba za mchere, kudya mazira ake, nyama mwachangu, komanso kwa achikulire.
Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe a mwachangu:
Nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi adani osati mkati mwa nyanja. Ali ndi adani okwanira okhala padziko lapansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti imatha kusambira m'madzi osaya ndikukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Adani achikulire:
Malo apadera pakati pa adani a nsomba amapatsidwa kwa munthu. Amamugulitsa pamsika wamafuta. Nyama yake yophika ndi yofiira ndi yamtengo wapatali. Zakudya zopangidwa ndi nsomba zamtunduwu zimadziwika kuti ndizopatsa thanzi, zaluso kwambiri, ndipo zimayamikiridwa kwambiri ngakhale pakati pa gourmets.
Ketu amagwidwa akugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ndi maukonde. Kudera la Russian Federation, nsomba za salmon zimagwidwa pakati pa mitsinje komanso m'chigawo cha nyanja. Zomera zopangira nsomba zikumangidwa pafupi ndi malo akuluakulu asodzi kuti zisawononge nyama ndi caviar.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa nsomba mdziko lapansi si nkhawa. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi ntchito yayitali yobereka. Komabe, ku Russia, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi. Izi zinkathandizidwa ndi usodzi wosalamulirika komanso kuchuluka kwa ozizira. Kuti achepetse kupha nsomba kumadera okhala zachilengedwe, malo opangira zida zapadera adapangidwa ku Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka, momwe nsomba zimawetera mafakitale.
Ku Russia, kuyang'aniridwa kwa nsomba kumayang'anira zigawo za nsomba zomwe zimapezeka ndikumenya asodzi. Komanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba za mchere kumakhala kotetezedwa ndi malamulo kuti asagwidwe osalamulirika pamafakitale. Usodzi wamba, monga kusodza kwa mafakitale, umaloledwa kupezeka chilolezo ndikupeza chiphaso chapadera.
Kuchepetsa kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamchere kunalimbikitsidwa ndikugwidwa kwakukulukulu ndi aku Japan pafupifupi theka la zaka zapitazo. Nthawi imeneyo, adabalalitsa maulalo pamalire ndi USSR pamtunda wa 15,000 km. Chifukwa cha izi, chum sakanatha kubwerera ku Sakhalin, Kamchatka ndi malo omwe amakhala mwachangu. Apa ndipomwe kuchuluka kwa nsomba kunatsika kwambiri. Kukula kwa anthu omwe analipo izi zisanachitike.
Chum - Woimira wofunika kwambiri ku banja la nsomba. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi nyama yokoma komanso yathanzi, komanso caviar wokoma kwambiri.