Chule cha kunyanja (lat. Pelophylax ridibundus) ndi banja la achule a Real (Ranidae). Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimafala kwambiri ku Europe. Imasinthasintha kwambiri pakusintha kwachilengedwe ndipo imasinthasintha mwachangu mikhalidwe yatsopano.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa jini, zaka pafupifupi 5,000 zapitazo, nyama iyi ya amphibian yophatikizidwa ndi chule (Pelophylax lowonae). Zotsatira zake ndi mtundu watsopano wotchedwa edible frog (Pelophylax escreatus). Zinali ma paw ake omwe amonke achi France adadya pakusala kudya kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages. Pambuyo pake, chakudya chosasamala chinazindikiridwa ponseponse ndipo chimayesedwa ngati luso lapamwamba ku France.
Chaka chilichonse, achi French amadya mpaka miyendo 4000 ya miyendo ya achule.
Zabwino zaku Belgium ndi USA ndizotsalira kumbuyo kwawo. Delicacy ndiwotchuka ku Indonesia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Luxembourg, Portugal ndi Spain.
Kugawa
Malo okhala amachokera ku Central Europe mpaka ku Central Asia ndi North Africa. Malire ake kumadzulo amadutsa madera akum'mawa a France, ndipo kummawa kumka ku Kazakhstan, Pakistan ndi zigawo zakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Kumpoto, imayambira gombe la Nyanja ya Baltic mpaka Udmurtia ndi Bashkiria ku Russia.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapezeka kumadzulo kumadzulo kwa Saudi Arabia ndi Bahrain. Achule a m'mphepete mwa nyanja adayambitsidwa ndikuthamangitsidwa bwino ku England komanso ku Peninsula ya Iberian, adadziwikanso ku Kamchatka, komwe adazika mizu pafupi ndi akasupe otentha.
Oimira mtunduwu amakhala mwaulere m'malo otentha kwambiri mpaka 1100 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi mpaka ku 2500 m ku Balkan.Amapereka chithunzithunzi chomveka bwino cha malo osungiramo madzi atsopano otentha pang'ono ndi 15 ° C, ngakhale amapirira kutentha kwa chilimwe mpaka 35 popanda zotsatira zake thanzi lawo ° C Kummwera kwa Ukraine, amphibians amapezeka munyanja ndi m'madziwe ndi zovuta komanso mchere.
Achule a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amawonekera kawiri kawiri m'mabotolo okhala ndi masamba am'madzi ambiri m'malo opezeka.
Amakonda mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, zomwe zimayatsidwa bwino ndi dzuwa. Malo okhala ndi mthunzi kwambiri amaopewedwa. Kuzama kwakukulu kwa iwo ndi pafupifupi 50 cm.
Khalidwe
Chule cha kunyanjaku chimagwira ntchito usiku ndi usiku. Masana, amatenga dzuwa nthawi yayitali mwachisangalalo choonekeratu, ndipo munthawi yake yopuma munjira zaubwino amabisala pansi pamizu ya zitsamba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'matanthwe a mabango kapena m'misasa mobisa m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Amphibian ali m'gulu la mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zachulukidwa ndipo zimakonda kupitilirabe madera okhala.
Anasiyana ndi nyumba zake mvula ikangogwa. Kusuntha kumachitika nthawi zonse usiku.
Achule amnyanja amachoka m'malo awo ogwirira nyengo yachisanu kutengera nyengo ya March kapena Epulo. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, amakhalanso achangu chaka chonse osagwera. Ku nyengo yozizira kumachitika m'malo am'madzi ndipo m'malo ambiri amayamba kumapeto kwa Okutobala kapena koyambirira kwa Novembala, pomwe kutentha kwa madzi kumatsika mpaka 8 ° -10 ° C.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pazakudya za anthu akuluakulu zimakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mphutsi zawo ndi arachnids. Amagwira nyama yawo pamtunda kapena kuchokera kumadzi, nthawi yomweyo ndikuigwira ndi lilime lakunjenjemera. Achule nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchentche, chinjoka, mavu, ndi njuchi zikuwuluka pamadzi. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, crustaceans ang'ono ndi ma annelids (Annelidae) amadya mwachangu.
Pocheperapo pang'ono, nsomba zimayamwa komanso ana a anyani ena, mbalame ndi zinyama zomwe zimadyedwa. The amphibian wosusuka sangataye chisangalalo chofuna kusangalala ndi ma tadpoles ake komanso nsomba caviar. Nthawi zambiri amagwira ma voles ndi ma swichi, anapiye ndi njoka zoswidwa.
Wotsogola ndiwokonzeka kuukira cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe chimakhala chocheperako kukula kwake.
Achule ena amakhala chakudya cha nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa, mbalame ndi nyama zokwawa.
Mapaipi amadzala ndi detritus, algae wobiriwira, diatoms (Diatomeae) ndi ma rotifers (Rotifera). Akamakula, amayamba kudya magawo ofewa azomera zam'madzi.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu Meyi mpaka Juni. Amuna amakhala ndi ziweto zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 2 m ndikusangalatsa zazikazi zomwe zimakhala ndi mawu akulu. Phokoso lomwe limakumbukira kumvekera kwa magazi kapena kuseka kwa munthu, amatuluka pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera omwe ali m'makona amkamwa.
Amphongo atakwanitsa kukopa chidwi cha mnzake, iye amalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndikulunga miyendo yake yakutsogolo mozungulira. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira 5 mpaka 15,000, omwe nthawi yomweyo amakhathamiriridwa ndiimuna ndikugwirizana ndi masamba amadzi am'madzi oyandama pamadzi. Caviar amathamangira nthawi zambiri m'magawo ang'onoang'ono.
Kutengera ndi nyengo, chilengedwe chimatenga masiku 4 mpaka 10.
Kutalika kwa mphutsi zosaswa kuli pafupifupi 8 mm. Gawo lazilonda limatenga milungu 6-12. Pakutha kwa metamorphosis, mphutsi zimakula mpaka masentimita 6-9. Mwa zina mwa izo, kukula kumatalika mpaka zaka ziwiri, kotero amakwanitsa kufikira zazikulu zazikulu mpaka 18 cm.
Amuna, kutha msambo kumachitika ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ndipo mwa akazi azaka zitatu.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa amuna ndi pafupifupi 100 mm, ndipo akazi ndi 140 mm. Kulemera 50-200 g. Nthawi zina, zazikulu zazikulu zimadza. Pamodzi ndi zazala wamba (Bufo bufo) ndiomwe ali ndi zazikulu kwambiri zopanda maukonde ku Europe.
Thupi lakumaso lojambulidwa mtundu wobiliwira wa azitona kapena mtundu wa bulauni, nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu achikuda, chakuda kapena chakuda. Mbali yodziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mabanga a brownish kapena otuwa kumaso, m'mbali ndi m'chiuno.
Mimba imakhala yopepuka komanso yokutidwa ndi ma slot okhala ndi miyala ya marble. Mutu wake ndi wokulira, wokhala ndi chopondera. Khungu loyipa limakutidwa ndi njerewere. Pakati pa zala pali malo osambira.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa chule panyanja kuli pafupifupi zaka 12.
Chule chagombe
Chule chagombe - Woimira banja la achule enieni. Kuti akumane naye, anthu okhala m'mizinda ina amangoyenera kuchoka kumzindawu kupita kumadzi aliwonse. Izi zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mkanda wamakhalidwe pamutu ndi msana. Chule cha kunyanja ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri pagululi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala komwe kutentha kwa madzi kumafikira pafupifupi 15 digiri Celsius. Tilankhule zambiri za mtundu wa chule.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa chule kunyanja kudapezeka mu 1771. Mtundu wa Chilatini wotchedwa Pelophylax ridibundus panthawiyi adapatsidwa mtunduwu ndi wasayansi wofufuza zaku Germany waku Pallas Peter Simon. Munthuyu wapeza mitundu yambiri yatsopano yamitundu mitundu yazinyama. Oimira ena a anyaniwo adadzatchulidwanso dzina lake.
Chule cha kunyanja ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse ku Russia. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo osungira anthropogenic. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma, m'dziko lathu lino achule a mtunduwu adawoneka mu 1910 ndipo adawafotokozera molakwika ngati chule chachikulu - Rana florinskii.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Chule chagombe kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi chigoba cholowera, chigaza chowuma ndi chopindika. Maonekedwe a chule nyanjayi siosiyana kwambiri ndi oyimira ena a banja lino. Ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona kuti gawo lotsika la thupi, lopaka utoto kapena utoto pang'ono, lilinso ndi malo ambiri akuda. Pamwambapa, thupi la chule limakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi wam'mimba. Maso a anthu pazambiri zambiri ali ndi mtundu wagolide.
Mwa zina zamtunduwu, unyinji wochititsa chidwi nthawi zina umatha kudziwika, womwe nthawi zina umafika mpaka g 700. Poyerekeza ndi achule ena, chiwerengerochi chimatsimikizira kuti chule wa m'mbali mwa nyanja siamodzi mwa oimira kwambiri mbanja lake.
Kodi achule a m'nyanja amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi chofalikira m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, kuwonjezera pa Russia, ikhoza kupezeka m'malo ena a Europe, Asia, komanso ku North Africa.
Mwa malo omwe kuli anthu ambiri ku Europe nthawi zambiri amakhala opatsirana:
Ku Asia, achule am'madzi anali ambiri pafupi ndi Kamchatka. Izi ndichifukwa choti magwero am'madzi amatha kupezeka pafupipafupi. Kutentha mwa iwo kumafika pafupifupi 20 digiri Celsius, ndipo monga mukudziwa, ndichinthu chabwino kwambiri pamoyo wamtunduwu.
Gawo la dziko lathu, chule cham'madzi chitha kupezeka makamaka mutakhala ku Tomsk kapena Novosibirsk. M'mitsinje monga Tom ndi Ob, ndi amodzi mwa anthu akuluakulu okhala.
Kodi chule wa m'mbali mwa nyanja amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Zakudya zamtunduwu sizosiyana ndi banja lonse. Monga chakudya chake, achule a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakonda mphutsi za chinjoka, nsikidzi zamadzi, komanso mapiri. Ngati zakudya zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi zikuperewera kapena zikusowa, amatha kudya zipatso zamtundu kapena nsomba zamtsinje.
M'ndime yotsatirayi, tikunena za kuchuluka kwa ma amphibian omwe akuwunikiridwa, zomwe ndi zina mwazomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya banja. Chifukwa cha iwo, chule cha kunyanja nthawi zina chimatha kulimbana ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono monga zoweta kapena mbalame, mbalame zazing'ono, anapiye ndi njoka zazing'ono.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Chule chagombe Banja la achule owona ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wam'mera ku Eurasia. Mwachilengedwe, mutha kupeza anthu omwe miyeso yawo imakhala yayitali kuposa masentimita 17. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mu mtundu uwu, zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zazimuna.
Monga achule onse, nyanjayi, imakhala m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, imatha kukhala yosazindikira nyengo iliyonse. Mzere wake wokhala kumbuyo, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wobiriwira bwino, umathandiza chigoba pamiyeso yamadzi am'madzi.
Kwa moyo wonse, achule a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakonda maiwe omwe amakhala akuya masentimita 20. Nthawi zambiri, mtunduwu umatha kupezeka m'malo osungidwa - nyanja, matziwe, matope, ndi zina zotero.
Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanjayo chimawerengeredwa nthawi yonseyo, ngati chitha kudziwa zoopsa, nthawi yomweyo chimakumana ndikubisala m'madzi. Zimakhala m'mphepete masana, chifukwa zimasaka nthawi ino. M'nyengo yozizira, chule cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatha kupitilirabe ngati kutentha kwa madzi sikusintha kwambiri.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti kubalidwa kwa achule a m'nyanjayi, mosiyana ndi anyani ena ambiri, sikuyenda limodzi ndi kusamuka. Pokhala okonda kutentha, amuna amawonetsa kukonzekera kwawo koyamba kusamba kwamadzi kukafika ku +13 mpaka +18 degrees. Kuyimba kumayamba, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kukulira kwa ngodya za kamwa. Kuphatikiza kowonjezera kwa mawu kumaperekedwa kwa iwo ndi mipira yopanda tanthauzo - ma resonators, omwe amakhudzidwa ndikakola.
Achule amasonkhana m'magulu, ndipo amuna safuna kwambiri, motero amatha kumgwira mkazi m'modzi pagulu kapena kumusokoneza ndi chinthu chosavomerezeka.
Kukula kumachitika pokhapokha potentha komanso kotetezedwa. Chule imodzi imatha kuikira mazira 12,000. Nthawi yonse ya kubereka imatenga mwezi.
Ma tadpoles ambiri amafalikira kudziweko, akudyetsa zakudya zam'madzi ndikudikirira nthawi yawo yakutha, zomwe zimachitika chaka chimodzi kapena kuposerapo atatha metamorphosis.
Adani achilengedwe a chule
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Ngakhale chule la nyanjayo ndi yokulirapo, nthawi zambiri limakhala lodana ndi nyama zina. Mwa adani oyipa kwambiri amtunduwu, ndichizolowezi kusala njoka wamba, popeza ndi yomwe amapanga chakudya chawo chachikulu.
Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri chimakonda kugwira mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama komanso nyama zina. Mwachitsanzo, itha kukhala nkhandwe, oster kapena mimbulu. Mdani wowopsa kwa chule wa m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi dokowe. Nthawi zambiri mungaone chithunzi cha momwe amadyera modzifunira, ndi kuwakhudza kuchokera kuchosungira. Nsomba zikuluzikulu zimadyanso achule. Izi nsomba zikuphatikiza nsomba za mphaka, pike ndi pike.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Lake Frog
Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanjayi chili ndi anthu ambiri ndipo amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanizika, nkhalango zosakanikirana, mapiri, zipululu ndi madera ena, kusankha madzi kapena mitsinje, mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja m'malo achilengedwe. Tsoka ilo, m'madera ena anthu okalamba amenewa ndi otchuka. Choopsa ndi munthu amene amagwira anthu kuti aphunzire, kuchita zoyeserera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Nthenga zamtchirezi ndi chakudya kwa anthu ambiri okhala munyanjayo. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu amadya nsomba, potero zimakhudza ichthyofauna matupi amadzi. Komanso, nthumwi za mtunduwu zimakonda abuluzi, mbalame, njoka ngakhale zinyama kuti zikadye. Chifukwa chake, chule cha kunyanjaku chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri munyolo.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kunena kuti chule la m'mbali mwa nyanja, ngakhale ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya banja la achule enieni, komabe amafunika kutetezedwa. Izi zimangofotokozera mtundu wake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobisika zamtunduwu. Ngakhale kuti chule cha kunyanja ndi nyama zofala kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imagwidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu maphunziro, mankhwala ndi sayansi.
Mawonekedwe a moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha achule am'nyanja
Achule achilengedwe olankhula amatha kukhala usana ndi usiku. Nthawi yambiri yomwe amakhala m'madzi, amasambira bwino komanso kuwira.
Kusambira, achule amakumba chakudya, ndikupita kumtunda kukasaka. Posambira, gawo lalikulu limaseweredwa ndi mapapu, odzazidwa ndi mpweya, amalola chule kuti ligone pamadzi.
Pamtunda, amasuntha mwamphamvu. Pakachitika ngozi, amathira pansi ndikugona mchala, pakati pa masamba am'madzi kapena m'mphepete mwa magombe.
Kodi achule a m'mbali mwa nyanja amadya chiyani?
Achule awa amadya chakudya cha mafoni, makamaka tizilombo: ma dipterans, akangaude, nthaka kafadala, nyerere, zofukiza, mbozi, ziwala, dzombe, cori, cicadas, nutcrackers, ndi zina zambiri.
Nthawi zambiri amasaka tizilombo tambiri mu udzu wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, timangodikirira nyama, ndipo timathamangira chilichonse chomwe chimadutsa. Nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonekera pazinthu zomwe zimatuluka mu madzi kapena pamphepete mwa gombe.
Achule a ku Nyanja amadya osati ma invertebrates okha, komanso nyama zam'madzi - nsomba zazing'ono, anapiye amadzi am'madzi, achule ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale milandu yakuwukira kwa ma amphibians awa pa makoswe ndi njoka zazing'ono imadziwika! Pakukola nsomba mwachangu, achule mokulira amawafafaniza, ndipo pakuwoneka tadpoles ngakhale amtundu wawo womwe, amasinthana kuwasaka. Chifukwa chake, mdani uyu ndiwotchi wolimba.
Kuphatikiza chakudya kwa achule a nyanja sikufotokozeredwa, amatha kusintha kuchokera ku chakudya kupita ku china. Zomwe amadya zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana nyengo, komabe, gawo lalikulu lazakudya lidakali tizilombo.
Mapaipi amapangira zakudya zamtchire, ndipo pokhapokha pakukula kumene amayamba kudya zakudya zamtundu wa nyama, monga ma rotator.
Kutanthauzira Pelophylax ridibundus
Gawo lonse la Belarus
Banja la Real Frogs (Ranidae).
Ku Belarus, imagawidwa modabwitsa m'chigawo chonse, nthawi zambiri kumakhala madera azithunzithunzi za chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Zili m'gulu la achule obiriwira. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa amphibiansans. Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi kumafikira pafupifupi masentimita 10. Kutalika kwa thupi la amuna ndi 6 cm (5-8 cm), mwa akazi 5.6 cm (3.7-8,5 cm), kulemera mpaka 200 g. chonsecho. Mitsempha yazungulira. Khungu limakhala losalala.Zofunikira kwambiri kusiyanitsa: ngati miyendo ikakanikizidwa m'chiuno ndikuyika perpendicular mpaka kumlingo wautali wamkati, ndiye kuti mafupa amapewa amapita kamodzi, mkati mwa calcaneal tubercle ndi yotsika, nthawi zambiri imakhala yofupika nthawi ziwiri kuposa chala choyamba, ma resonators achimuna (mipira m'makona amkamwa, omwe amakhala ndi inflation) imvi, nthawi zina pafupifupi yakuda. Amuna, pa nthawi ya kubereka, pa chala chakumaso kwa phazi lakumaso, makulidwe amakula - corpus callosities. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakula kuposa amuna.
Pamwamba pa thupi amapaka utoto wonyezimira wonyezimira wokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda, a bulauni, obiriwira kapena nthawi zina azitona azitona. Pali mawanga amdima akumbuyo kumbuyo, osiyanasiyana mu kuchuluka, kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Pamutu ndi wokwera, ambiri mwa anthu (mpaka 90%) omwe amakhala ku Belarus ali ndi magulu angapo owoneka bwino (0,3-0,5% ya zofananira za munthu aliyense ndi zigzag).
Thupi lotsika limapakidwa utoto loyera kapena pang'ono chikaso, nthawi zambiri pamakhala madontho akuda nthawi zambiri. Pali mikwingwirima yopingasa mwendo wammbuyo. Maso owala agolide.
Mphutsi kapena tadpole, maolivi opepuka muutoto, wowumbidwa ndi peyala. Kusiyana pakati pa maso ndikochulukirapo koposa kawiri kuposa mtunda pakati pa mphuno. Pamlomo wapamwamba wa pakamwa disk disk, pamunsi - mizere itatu ya mano.
Amakhala ndi moyo wokoma mtima. Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanjayi chimakhala mosungiramo nthawi zonse, kuposa (20 cm). Nthawi zambiri awa ndi akulu, nyanja, dziwe, dziwe, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu ndi yaying'ono. Ku Belarus, chule la nyanjayo imagawidwa mosasiyanitsa, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1-2 mpaka 300-550 toyesa pa 100 m pagombe. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ndi cha zigawo zakumwera kwa republic.
Yogwira ntchito kuzungulira koloko, koma makamaka masana. Ogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi nthawi yotentha kwambiri masana (kuyambira maola 12 mpaka 17). Imakonda kusakidwa pamtunda m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. M'madzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amabisala pangozi, kutsamira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mapampu kapena masamba a zomera zam'madzi. Mukamagwira ntchito masana, achule amabwezeretsanso chinyezi munyanja. Usiku, kutentha pang'ono, sakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuyuma, motero amatha kukhala pamtunda kwa nthawi yayitali. Achule ang'onoang'ono, osakhazikika amakhala odziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yotentha yotentha nthawi yayitali; akazi amakhala ndi zochita zochepa, amuna amakhala ndi pafupifupi theka la chakudya chambiri ngati chachikazi.
Monga achule onse, nyanjayo imadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (68-95% ya zakudya), pomwe 27% yawo ndi mitundu yowuluka. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma invertebrates (mphutsi za chinjoka, kafadala ndi mphutsi zake, ma mollusks) zimakhalanso chakudya wamba. Nthawi zina, pomwe pali nsomba zambiri ndi ma tadpoles m'malo osungirako, kuchuluka kwa madzi am'madzi kumafika 70%; amatha kudya nsomba m'malo mwa malo omwe amakhala m'madziwe amedza. Koma m'malo osungira zachilengedwe, ntchito ya nsomba pakudya ma achule a m'nyanja ndi yochepa. Cannibalism imatchulidwa kwambiri, makamaka m'malo ambiri, komwe mpaka 98% a mphutsi ndi ma tadpoles amadya nthawi yonse yogwira. Nthawi zambiri, achule ang'onoang'ono amtundu wawo kapena wamtundu wina amakhalanso achilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi anyani ena ambiri, chule chachikuluchi nthawi zina chimagwirira mbalame zazing'ono (ma voles akumunda, zothamangitsa), mbalame zazing'ono, anapiye, njoka zazing'ono (nthawi zambiri zimasowa). Komabe, kapangidwe ka kadyedwe kamasiyana kwambiri. M'malo ena, gawo lalikulu lazakudya limaseweredwa ndi tizilombo touluka (mpaka 80-90%).
Pokasaka, chule nthawi yomweyo amaponyera lilime lomata patsogolopa. Kutsatira lilime kumagwidwa ndi nsagwada zokhala ndi mano ang'ono.
Chule chomwechi chimakodwa ndi nsomba (pike, zander, perches, burbot), repitles (njoka, njoka). Nthawi zambiri imakhala nsomba ya mitundu yambiri ya mbalame (mbalame, tern, grebes, abakha, agogodi, herons, chakumwa, makoswe, akhwangwala, agwape, achikopa, mbalame zamtchire). Mwa nyama zazikuluzikulu, mbewa, mimbulu, mimbulu, nkhandwe, agalu a fodya, maula, zala, ma mbewa, ma martie, ma badger, ma otter, ngakhale amphaka am'nyumba amadya.
Chule cha m'nyanjayo chimadziwika ndi khwangwala wapamwamba kapena phokoso lalikulu la "warr." Kapena "khwangwala." Komabe, chule la kunyanja, ntchito zamphongo zimapitilirabe nthawi yoti kubereke kubereka. Amuna, akamaimba pakona pakamwa, mipira imvi imadzaza - zotulutsa zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa phokoso. Chochititsa chidwi, dzina lachi Latin loti Rana ridibunda mu Chibelarusi limatanthawuza "ragatuha" kapena "kuseka" mu Chirasha. Amuna a chule nyanjayo amayesa kuyesa kwawo koyambira pamene madzi afunda mpaka 14-16 ° C masana, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo. Munthawi yobereka, kwaya yamphongo imamvekera pafupifupi masiku onse ndipo imasokonekera kuyambira 03.00 mpaka 06.00 h (nthawi yozizira).
Pa nthawi yakuswana, anyani am'manja amakhala akulira kwambiri. Kutulutsa ndi kuphuka kumayambira koyambirira kwa Meyi pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 15-20 ° C. Kukula kumayamba m'mkwiyo kwambiri ndikutetezedwa ku malo amphepo zamadzi. Osati achule onse nthawi imodzi amaikira mazira: nthawi yobzala nthawi zonse imakhala yayitali kwambiri ndipo imatenga masiku osachepera 30-35 ndikutulutsa kowala mu Meyi ndikuwoneka koyambirira kumapeto kwa June kumapeto kwa madzi osachepera 17-18 ° C.
Malo owonekera paphiri la nyanja ndiyosatha. Anthu ambiri amasankha m'malo ozama kwambiri kuti aberekane, omwe amakula ndi elodea, dziwe, mutu wotsogolera ndi mbewu zina. Nthawi zina kuwaza kumachitika m'malo osungira osaya, omwe amatenthetsedwa ndipo amapezeka pafupi ndi okhazikika. Izi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amayamba kubereka kaye.
Chonde mu mtunduwu ndi zakunja. Caviar imayikidwa mu mawonekedwe a chotupa chomwe chimapangidwa chifukwa cha gluing mucous membranes wa nkhope. Dawo la dzira la chule ndi 1.5-2 mm, ndipo dzira lonse ndi 7-8 mm. Hafu yapamwamba ya dzira ndi woderapo, ndi loyera loyera. Yaikazi imayikira mazira magawo (150-400 iliyonse) pazomera zam'madzi, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 0.6-1.3 m. Chonde ndi mazira 1032-6200. Nthawi yachitukuko cha caviar zimatengera nyengo yotentha komanso kutentha kwamadzi.
Mphutsi kuonekera masiku 59, kukhala masiku 75-100. Maliseche amakhala ndi mchira wautali wozungulira wozungulira womangidwa bwino ndi ndalama. Ma gill akunja agawidwa pawiri. Mtundu wa ma tadpoles ndi wopepuka wachikasu kapena bulauni. Kufika kutalika pafupifupi 30 mm, ma tadpoles amakhala obiriwira. Kukula mpaka 80-100 mm. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yopanda chule cha m'madzi ndi imodzi mwazitali kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina zopanda mchira. Zimatenga masiku 80-90. Koma nthenga za chule cha nyanjayi zimakula mwachangu kuposa mitundu ina yambiri. Kutentha kwabwino kwamadzi kwa iwo ndi 18-28 ° C. Pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 5-6 ° C, kukula kwa ma tadpoles kumayima, ndipo pa 1-2 ° C amwalira. Kukula kwa underyearlings omwe adakumana ndi metamorphosis amasiyana 17-35 mm.
Kutha msamba mchaka cha 3 cha moyo.
Achule achilengedwe amadzala pansi, nthawi zambiri m'malo omwe amakhala momwe amakhalira nthawi yotentha, koma nthawi zina amasamukira kumalo okuya komwe kuli makiyi. Monga achule, amapulumuka nthawi yozizira pansi pa dziwe, nthawi zina nthawi yozizira limodzi, komabe, monga kutentha kwambiri, amachoka kukazizira nthawi yachisanu, kumapeto kwa Seputembara kapena Okutobala, pomwe kutentha kwa madzi kumatsikira mpaka 8-10 ° C. Ma dziwe osatentha kozizira ndi madzi ofunda (ma dimbwe-ozizira a Cocozersk State District Station Station) achule amagwira ntchito pafupifupi nthawi yonse yozizira. Zimadziwika kuti chule cha kunyanja chimawonekera patatha masiku 10-30 kutada kuposa ma bulawuni, koma zoyang'ana pafupi ndi Minsk zidawonetsa kuti kumapeto kwa Marichi kumachitika m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi momwe adasambira pamodzi ndi achule.
Zisanu
Nthawi ya achule achilengedwe imagwira masiku 140 pachaka. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mtunduwu umapita kumalo obisalako kumapeto kwa Seputembala - Okutobala, ndipo umadzuka mu Marichi-Epulo. Amadzibisalira payekhapayekha kapena kawiri kawiri m'magulu, atakwiriridwa pansi pa nyanja kapena mitsinje pakuya kosaposa 0,5 mita.
Chule ndi chingwe chowala chobiriwira - ndi ndani?
Ngati mukusodza, ndiye, mwachidziwikire, mumalabadira kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa achule pafupi ndi gombe kapena dziwe. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo ngati amenewa pali chule chotchedwa "nyanja". Amadziwika kuti ndi woimira banja lalikulu la achule mdziko lathu. Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi cha gulu la amphibian, dongosolo - lopanda ululu.
Adani
Adani akuluakulu a achule a m'nyanja ndi azitsamba, abakha a m'madzi nawonso amadya mwakufuna kwawo, kuti awagwire kumalo osungira.
Mbalame zina zimatha kudya achule ndi ma swadle - ma tonne, mbalame za m'madzi, abakha amtchire. Mwa zolengedwa, zimagwidwa ndi martens, weasels, fox, steppe hori, etc. Ayeneranso kuwopa njoka wamba komanso zamadzi. Ena nsomba, monga ma trout, amathanso kuukira achule ndi nthenga. Pakati pa ma invertebrates, adani a mphutsi za kunyanja ndi akhungwe osambira, kachilomboka, mphutsi za chinjoka.
Kodi chule wa kunyanja imakhala bwanji zachilengedwe, ndizotani?
Ponena za malo achilengedwe, pafupifupi matupi onse amadzi abwino okhala mdera lililonse (kuyambira kumapiri kupita ku nkhalango zakumpoto) ali oyenera chule ili. M'madziwe, m'madziwe ndi mitsinje - chule la nyanja - wokhala kwathunthu. Zambiri zimakopeka ndi magombe otseguka, owala bwino, pomwe pali masamba obiriwira ambiri. Musadabwe kuwona gulu lonse la zolengedwa izi m'mphepete mwa chosungira - chifukwa cha achule am'madzi izi zimachitika kawirikawiri.
Kuphatikiza pa chingwe chowala, chule amakhalanso ndi timadontho tating'ono tosalala mthupi lonse
Amakonda kutentha kotentha kwamadzi ndi chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti pakhalapo nthawi zina pamene achule awa amatsutsa kutentha kwa madigiri 40!
Achule a m'madzi amadziwika ndi zochitika zambiri: usana ndi usiku. Monga mamembala ambiri am'banja lawo, achule a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi aluso osiyanasiyana. Kutha kumeneku kumawapatsa mwayi wokhoza kubisala pansi pamadzi pangozi.
Kodi munthu wokhala kunyanjayi amadya chiyani?
Chule cha m'nyanjamo chimadzipezera chakudya kulikonse: pamadzi ndi pamtunda. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chakudya chake ndi nyongolotsi, tizilombo (ntchentche, agulugufe), mabulangete, tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Koma kukula kwakukulu kwa chule kumawalola kusaka ngakhale "abale" ake, ochepa okha. Mwachitsanzo, chule panyanja popanda chikumbumtima chake chimatha kutenga ndi kumeza chule pang'ono! Pakati pa nyama yakeyo kulinso njoka zazing'onozing'ono ndi mbewa, anapiye ongobadwa kumene, ndipo m'madzi nyama zamtunduwu zimatha kugwira nsomba mosavuta. Kodi amachita bwanji izi mosavuta? Chule cha m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo imangokhala ngati mphezi, imathokoza chifukwa chake komanso lilime lake lalitali lomata kuti chule limapeza chakudya chake.
Chulecho chimadya bwino pamadzi ndi pamtunda
Adani achilengedwe a chule cha kunyanja - ndi ndani?
Mwina munthu wokhala m'madzi ndi m'madziwewa akhoza kutchuka ngati chakudya cha nyama zina. Samasamala kudya onse okhala m'madzi (ma boti, mavu ndi nsomba zina), ndi okhala pamtunda (njoka, njoka, makoswe, mbewa, mbewa, zala, maondo, ankhandwe, mimbulu, zimbalangondo, komanso ngakhale zilombo zamapiko dokowe, grace, heron, akhwangwala ndi ena).