Petrel | |||||
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Cape Dove (Zovuta zosinthika) | |||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Makanda |
Banja: | Petrel |
Procellariidae Leach, 1820
Bingu (lat. Procellariidae) - banja la mbalame za m'madzi zanyumba zazitali zochokera m'manja. Mbalezo zimapezekanso mitundu yambiri, makamaka mbalame zazing'onoting'ono. Oyimira banja lino amapezeka pagombe la nyanja zonse, koma makamaka kum'mwera chakum'mwera.
Feature
Monga ma petrel ena, nthumwi za banja ili ndizotseguka ziwiri zokhala ndi mphako kumtunda kwa mulomo komwe zimasungunulira mchere wamchere ndi madzi a m'mimba. Mlomowo ndi wautali komanso wolumikizidwa-kutalika wokhala ndi malekezero akuthwa komanso owupya kwambiri. Izi zimathandizira kuti gwiritsike ntchito nyama yoterera, monga nsomba.
Kukula kwa ma petrel kumasiyana kwambiri. Mtundu wocheperako ndi petrel yaying'ono, yomwe kutalika kwake ndi 25 cm, mapiko ndi 60 masentimita, ndipo kukula kwake ndi kokha g 170. Mitundu yambiri si yayikulu kuposa iyo. Chosiyana ndi ma nguluwe akuluakulu okhala ngati ma albatross. Amatha kufikira mpaka 1 m, mapiko mpaka 2 m ndikulemera mpaka 5 kg.
Zambiri mwa ma phula ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira, kapena zakuda. Mitundu yonse imawoneka yowoneka bwino, ndipo ina ndiyofanana kwambiri mwakuti nkovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa. Zowoneka modorphism mu ma perels sizimawonedwa, kupatulapo mtengo wocheperako pang'ono mwa akazi.
Ma petele onse amatha kuuluka bwino kwambiri, koma kutengera mitundu yomwe ali nayo osiyana mawonekedwe. Mawotchi awo anali opanga bwino kwambiri ndipo amakhala kumbuyo kwambiri. Samakulolani ngakhale kuti muime ndipo pamtunda petulo ayenera kudalira pachifuwa ndi mapiko ake. [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 2325 ]
Moyo
Kupatula nyengo yakukhwima, zolengedwa zimatha moyo wawo wonse kunyanja ndipo zimasinthidwa ngakhale nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Zakudya zawo ndi nsomba zazing'ono komanso nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimasambira pafupi ndi madzi. Ziwawa za Petrel, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi gombe, nthawi zambiri pamiyala kapena pamiyala yamiyala. Amayikira dzira limodzi ndi chipolopolo choyera, chomwe chimakhala chachikulu kukula motengera kukula kwa mbalameyo. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 40 mpaka 60. M'mitundu yaying'ono, mwanawankhosa woyamba kubadwa amayamba kuuluka pambuyo pa masiku 50;
Petrel
1. Ma Petrel - mbalame za m'madzi zazitali
Zimbalangondo kapena zimbalangondo za mayina ndi dzina la gawo limodzi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chifukwa chamiyala yomweyo ya lipenga m'mphuno ya ma pettle (chifukwa chomwe dzina lachiwiri linatchulidwira), mbalamezi zimatha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo podutsa nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere.
2. Mitundu yopitilira 80 ya agogo, mamiliyoni aanthu - mbalame izi zinadzaza nyanja zonse ndi nyanja za padziko lapansi.
3. Amakhala m'malo amtunda kuyambira North Pole kumwera. Koma gawo lakumwera limatchuka chifukwa cha mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama. Ma petrel amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kumwera kwa Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Mbalame zodziwika bwino zimapezeka pagombe la Antarctica ndi Australia. Pokhala nesting, amasankha zisumbu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala munyanja.
4. Mitundu isanu ya zinyama zamiyala pafupi ndi nyanja yaku Russia, kuphatikiza apo, mitundu khumi ndi itatu ya mitundu yawo imatha kuwonedwa munthawi yamadongosolo.
5. Kukula kwa ma perel ndi mitundu. Mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri kutalika kwake ndi 25 masentimita, mapiko awo ali pafupifupi masentimita 60, ndipo kulemera mpaka 200 g. Koma mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi ndi yokulirapo kukula. Palinso mitengo ina yofunika kwambiri yamphongo yomwe ili yayitali kwambiri ndi albatrosses. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafikira mita imodzi, mapiko otalika pafupifupi mamitala awiri ndi kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 5, koma pali anthu mpaka 8-10 makilogalamu.
6. Chosangalatsa kwambiri kuyambira pakuwona biology ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma ngati: zimphona ndi zoonda pang'ono.
Chiphalaphala Cha kumpoto
7. Ng'ombe yayikulu yakumpoto - mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa mulomo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10, mapikowo akukwera mpaka masentimita 55. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu wachikasu ndi nsonga ya bulauni kapena yofiira.
8. Mtundu wa ma plumage mu akulu ndi imvi yakuda, yoyera pamalo a chibwano ndi mutu, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera pamutu, pachifuwa komanso pakhosi. Mu nyama zazing'ono, nthenga zimakhala zakuda komanso zopanda mawanga.
9.Mtunduwu ndiofala kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zoweta ku South Georgia Island.
Chimphona chakum'mwera
10. Phula wamkulu wakummwera ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 100, mapiko akufikira masentimita 200. Kulemera kuyambira 2,5 mpaka 5 kilogalamu. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu wokhala ndi mathero obiriwira.
11. Pali mitundu iwiri yosankha mbalame iyi - yakuda ndi yopepuka. Mapaundi oyera ndi oyera, nthenga zazing'ono zakuda. Mitundu yakudayo imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi mutu woyera, khosi ndi chifuwa, chokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga bulauni.
12. Mtundu wa miyala iyi umapezeka kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zomera pachilumba pafupi ndi Antarctica.
Phale wotsika mtengo
13. Ziweto zopendekera zozama ndizochepa: pafupifupi masentimita 40 kutalika kwake ndi mapiko a mita imodzi. Zowoneka zawo ndi zofiirira, pafupifupi zakuda, mimba zawo ndizopepuka.
14. Mbale wotsutsana nayo sakhala wankhanza konse. Amayenda kuchokera kuzilumba zobalalika mu Bass Strait pakati pa Tasmania ndi gombe la South Australia. Apa ndipamene ng'ombe zooneka ngati zazing'ono zimabadwa, ndipo ana awo amatulutsidwa.
15. Ngakhale ali ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, milomo yaying'ono yopanda malipiro amasamukira makilomita masauzande popanda mavuto: kuchokera ku Australia kupita ku Japan, kenako kudzera ku Chukotka kupita kugombe lakumadzulo kwa North America ndi kuchokera kumeneko kupita kumayiko awo, kupita ku Bassov Strait. Mwanjira ina, ana awa amawuluka mozungulira gawo la Nyanja ya Pacific, yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri Padziko Lapansi!
Chipale chofewa
16. Chipale chofewa - mbalame yaying'ono yotalika masentimita 30 mpaka 40, mapiko mpaka 95 masentimita, kulemera mpaka 0,5 kilogalamu.
17. Zowonjezera zamtunduwu ndizoyera zoyera ndi malo ochepa akuda pafupi ndi diso. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Miyendo ndi imvi. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica.
Grey petrel
18. Phale wamtundu wamtali wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 40 mpaka 50, mapiko ake pafupifupi masentimita 110. Mtundu wa maula ndi wakuda kapena woderapo, pafupifupi wakuda. Pansi pamapiko ndi siliva. Mbalameyi imakhala pachisumbu chakumwera kwa Pacific ndi nyanja za Atlantic.
Mbale wa Antarctic
19. Mapale a Antarctic - kukula kwapakatikati. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 45, mapiko mpaka 110 masentimita, kulemera kwa kilogalamu 0.5-0.8.
20. Zowonjezera zamtunduwu ndizopepuka zasiliva kumbuyo ndi zoyera pamimba. Mapiko pamwamba ali ndi toni ziwiri: brownish-bulauni wokhala ndi chingwe choyera pakati. Mlomo ndi woderapo. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi zibwano zakuda. Malo okhala mitunduyi amaphatikizanso gombe la Antarctica.
Mtolo wabuluu
21. Mtundu wa buluu - mtundu wocheperako wokhala ndi mapiko ofika masentimita 70. Zowonjezerazo ndi imvi kumbuyo, mutu ndi mapiko. Pamwamba pamutu pali zoyera. Mlomo wabuluu. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi ma membala apinki.
22. Ziphuphu za buluu ndizofala kwambiri kuzilumba zazing'ono za Cape Horn.
Phula laling'ono (wamba)
23. Phula laling'ono kapena wamba limakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 31 mpaka 36, kulemera kwa magalamu 375-500. Wingspan mpaka masentimita 75.
24. Mtundu wa msana wake umasiyana kuchokera ku imvi mpaka yakuda, m'mimba ndi loyera. Mapiko omwe ali pamwamba ndi akuda kapena amtambo, pansi ndi oyera ndi malire wakuda. Ndalamayo ndi imvi, yakuda kumapeto. Mtundu wa zisagwazo ku North Atlantic.
Great Pied Belly Petrel
25. Phula yayikulu yamiyala. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyi ndi mpaka masentimita 51, mapiko ake mpaka masentimita 122. Kumbuyo ndikuda bii ndi chingwe choyera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi nthenga zoyera pamchira. Tummy ndi yoyera. Chipewa chakuda chakuda chimawoneka pamutu. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Mukukhala South Atlantic.
Cape Petrel
26. Nkhunda za Cape kapena Cape ma Cape. Kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumachokera magalamu 250 mpaka 300, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 36, mapiko ndi mpaka masentimita 90. Mapikowo ndi otakata, mchirawo ndi waufupi, wozungulira.
27.Gawo lam'mwamba lamapiko limakongoletsedwa ndi patambo yakuda ndi yoyera yokhala ndi mawanga awiri oyera oyera. Mutu, chibwano, mbali za khosi ndi msana zakuda. Mitunduyi imakhala yofala kudera lina la subantarctic.
Westland Petrel
28. Chipamba cha Westland chili ndi thupi lanyama mpaka mbalame 50cm. Mlomo wakhomedwe wokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Mbalameyo ipakidwa utoto kwathunthu. Amapezeka ku New Zealand kokha.
29. Mbawala za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame zina zimasiyana ndi mbalame zina chifukwa zimayenda pamwamba pamadzi mwaluso. Mchizungu, mbalamezi zimatchulidwanso kuti "mafuta" - polemekeza mtumwi Peter, yemwe amayenda pamadzi. Koma ma petrel mu izi amathandizira nembanemba apadera pamiyendo.
30. Mtundu wa maula a ma phale ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira kapena zakuda. Pazonse, mitundu yonse imakhala yokhala ndi zofanana zofanana - zazimuna ndi zazikazi - chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mbalame ndi mbalame zamitundu yosiyana mitundu imodzi.
31. Onse mamembala achibale amawuluka bwino, amasiyananso mitundu yamtundu wothawa. Manja awo amakhala kumbuyo ndipo sanapangidwe bwino. Chifukwa chake, kukhala pamtunda kwa phula si ntchito yovuta.
32. Mlomo wa mbalame ndi wautali, wofanana ndi mbedza yokhala ndi nsonga yakuthwa ndi m'mphepete mwake, yomwe imathandizira kuti petere isungireko nyama yomwe imatsika mulomo.
33. Chakudya cha phula chimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zipolopolo, ndi ma crustaceans. Kwambiri, mbalame amakonda kudya pa hering'i, zophuka, sardine, cuttlefish.
34. Nyama yamphaka imasakidwa makamaka usiku, pomwe nyama yake imayandama m'magulu apamwamba amadzi. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imayang'ana kaye nsomba yaying'ono, kenako mwadzidzidzi imalowa m'madzi kumbuyo kwake. Zimbudzi zimatha kulowa m'madzi mpaka mamitala 6-8. Ndi mulomo wawo zimasefa madzi am'nyanja, kusiya zotsalira.
35. Popeza kupanga chakudya choterocho kumafuna kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo, ma nguluwe nthawi zambiri "amakhala achinyengo" ndikupeza chakudya, zophatikiza ndi zinsomba kapena zombo zophera nsomba.
36. Ziweto za pachifuwa pamiyala yokutidwa ndi udzu, kutali ndi nyanja yam'makomo akulu. Nyengo yoyamba yakukhwima mu mbalame imayamba pafupifupi kuyambira zaka 8, mwa anthu osowa - kuchokera ku 3-4. Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zowopsa ndipo zimakhulupirika osati kwa wina ndi mnzake, komanso malo awo okhala.
37. Zomera zamtundu uliwonse ndizosiyana. Nthawi zambiri makolo amakumba dzenje kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 2 mita kuya ngati chisa. Kenako yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi, lomwe onse awiri amalowererana masiku 50-60.
38. Masabata oyamba kubadwa kwa mwana wankhuku, amafunikira chisamaliro chanzeru cha makolo. Nthawi zambiri, champhongo ndi chachikazi chimakhala ndi anapiye pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake imachoka.
39. Mbale zazing'ono zazikulu zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Kwa mbalame, izi ndizosowa kwenikweni. Ndi fungo, amapeza zinyalala kuchokera kuzombo ndi zovalazo.
40. Mu banja lachibale, mumakhala mabanja awiri omvera - Fulmarinae ndi Puffininae. Oimira Fulmarinae amayenda movutikira komanso moipa; chakudya chimapezeka m'mipinda yapamwamba yamadzi. Kuuluka kwawo kukuyenda, kukuyenda. Oimira Puffininae akuuluka, akukonzekera ndipo nthawi zambiri amawomba mapiko awo. Mbalamezi zimakhamukira pansi pamadzi.
Petrel wopusa
41. Akazi opusa ndi amodzi mwa oimira gulu la ma CD-nosed Order ku Russia. Iwo ali nalo dzina lawo chifukwa chokomera kwake kuzungulira kulikonse. Nthawi zambiri pa nesting - pamtunda - wopusa amatha kutseka ngakhale munthu.
42. Kuuluka kwa mbalamezi kumatha kuwuluka kapena kugwedezeka. Mu nyengo yofatsa, yopanda phokoso, amatha kupezeka atapumira pamadzi kapena akuwuluka pamwamba pake.
43. Zoyala zimasungidwa munyanja imodzi ndi imodzi. M'magulu amodzi amangosungira zombo zowedza kuti azinyamula zinyalala. Nthawi yomweyo, amakangana, kenako mumatha kumva kubangula kwa mbalamezi.
44. Zimbudzi ndizobisalira mbalame. Ziweto zambiri zimatha kukhala zaka 30. Mkazi wakale wachigololo adakhala zaka 52.
45. Chifukwa chiyani mbalamezi zinkatchedwa miyala? Phula zimatha pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse kunyanja ndi nyanja zamchere, ndipo pamtunda zimangopezeka mazira. Mphepoyi isanachitike, mbalamezi zimadzuka pamadzi kupita kumlengalenga, pomwe zimakakamizika kukhala nthawi yayitali mpaka kuzizira kwambiri. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amafikira m'mbuyo kumbuyo kwa chombo chodutsa, ngati kuti akuchenjeza oyendetsa sitimawo za mkuntho womwe ukubwera. Chifukwa chake, iwo ankatchedwa ziweto.
Mbale wagulu
46. Kulemera kwa oyimira ochepa kwambiri a gulu lothamanga ndi magalamu 20 okha. Izi ndi mbalame za banja la kasturkovye. Zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa kuti zisaphedwe: m'makomo mwa miyala, m'ming'alu kapena m'miyala.
47. Mukakhala bata nyengo ya katurki imapezeka ikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi am'nyanja. Ndege zawo zikuuluka. Mu nyengo yamkuntho, mbalame zachilendozi zimakonda kukhala pakati pa mafunde amphamvu - zimaziteteza ku mphepo zamphamvu. Nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya za katurki.
48. Ziribe kanthu kuti abuluwa amakonda bwanji kuyendayenda padziko lapansi, mpaka masiku awo atatha, amabwerera kumalo komwe adabadwira kuti akhale ndi moyo ku m'badwo wotsatira. Pa nthawi ya chakudya, pomwe nthawi yayitali amakhala ali pamtunda, ma perel samanyansidwa ndipo Carrion - mulomo wawo ndi wakuthwa, nyama siyidula kuposa mpeni.
49. "Mvula ya Petrel" - chodabwitsa chodziwika kwa oyendetsa sitima. Chiwerengero chambiri chamapulogalamu chimakhala pamiyala ya zombo (makamaka nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika nyengo yoipa). Oyendetsa sitimawo anawatcha "owopsa", pamene mbalamezi zimakhamukira ku zombo kupita ku kuwala kwa nyali.
50. Pali chikhulupiriro choti mawonekedwe a phula mlengalenga amawonetsa namondwe, monga zikuwonekera ndi dzina la mbalameyo. Komabe, chinthucho ndikuti mkunthowo usanafike, mitundu ina ya mbalame imapita kugombe, pomwe petrel imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwuluka panyanja nthawi iliyonse nyengo ndipo chifukwa chake imakhalabe mumlengalenga. Nyengo yabwino, sichioneka pakati pa mbalame zina ndipo sichimenya. Koma nyengo ikukonzekera kudikirira nyengo, kukwera pamwamba pamadzi, osati pansi.
Gulu
Banja laopali lagawidwa m'mabanja awiri okhala ndi mabanja 14:
Subfamily Fulmarinae - mbalame zomwe zimayenda mothamanga kwambiri, chakudya zimapezeka m'malo otetezedwa kwambiri, zikamadya, zimagwera pamadzi, sizimasinthidwa kapena sizisintha kuti zizisenda.
Subfamily Puffininae - mbalame zokhala ndi ndege yakukonzekera, kusinthana ndi kuwuluka kwamapiko pafupipafupi, nthawi zambiri zimafikira pamadzi ndikutha kugundika bwino (makamaka mitundu yambiri yamitundu Puffinus) onse kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe komanso kuchokera pampando wokhala.