Tiyi - mtundu wa kusukulu, nsomba zokopa, za mackerel. Adachita masewera olakalaka m'nthawi zamtsogolo: zojambula zakale, momwe amazindikira nsomba, zimapezeka m'mapanga a Sicily.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, monga chakudya, nsomba inali m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kubwera kwa mafashoni kwa nsomba zamapani ku Japan, nsomba zam'madzi zatchuka konsekonse. Kutulutsa kwa tuna kwakula nthawi zambiri, kwasintha kukhala mtundu wamphamvu.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Tikukulungamitsani kukhala a banja lachi mackerel. Maonekedwe awo ndi ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a mackerel wamba. Maonekedwe a thupi ndi kuchuluka kwake zimawonetsa kuthamanga kwa nsomba. Akatswiri azomera akuti tuna amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi pa liwiro la 75 km pa ola limodzi kapena mfundo 40,5. Koma sikuti malire. Pothamangitsa womenyedwayo, nsomba za bluefin zimatha kuthamangira ku 90 makilomita ola limodzi.

Mawonekedwe a thupi ali ofanana ndi ellipse wamtondo, wozungulira mbali zonse ziwiri. Gawo la mtanda ndi chowongolera chokhazikika. Pamtunda, zipse ziwiri zimatsatizana. Yoyamba ndi yayitali mokwanira ndipo cheza chimatsika mu kukula. Lachiwiri ndi lalifupi, lalitali, lopindika ngati chikwakwa. Ziphuphu ziwirizi zimakhala ndi nthambo zolimba.

Chosuntha chachikulu cha tuna ndi ndalama zamkati. Ndizofanana, ndipo masamba owala kwambiri ofanana ndi mapiko a ndege yamphamvu. Kumbuyo ndi kutsika thupi sikunapangidwe koyamba. Awa ndi ziphuphu zowonjezera zomwe zilibe mawanga ndi zimagwira. Amatha kukhala 7 mpaka 10 zidutswa.

Makamaka a mtundu wa Tuna ndiwosavuta kusokoneza. Pamwamba pali mdima, mbali zake ndizopepuka, mbali yam'mimba imakhala yoyera. Utoto wamtundu wamba ndi mtundu wa zipsepse zimatengera malo ndi mtundu wa nsomba. Dzina lodziwika la mitundu yambiri ya nsomba limalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wa thupi, kukula kwake ndi mtundu wa zipsepse.

Kupuma, nsomba ziyenera kusuntha mosalekeza. Kusunthidwa ndi kolimbal fin, yopingasa yokhotakhota gawo lam'mbuyomu, pamakina amachita pamatumbo a gill: amatseguka. Madzi amayenda kukamwa kotseguka. Amatsuka matumba. Ma membala a gill amatenga oxygen m'madzi ndikuupereka kwa capillaries. Zotsatira zake, tuna amapumira. Nsomba yoletsedwa imasiya kupumira.

Tuna - nsomba yamagazi ofunda. Ali ndi mtundu wosadziwika. Mosiyana ndi nsomba zina, sizamoyo zopanda magazi kwenikweni, zimatha kukweza kutentha thupi. Pakuya kwa 1 km, nyanja imawotha mpaka 5 ° C. Minofu, ziwalo zamkati mwa bulufini mu chilengedwechi zimakhalabe zotentha - pamwamba pa 20 ° C.

Mphamvu ya zolengedwa zamagazi ofunda kapena zapakhomo zimatha kusunga kutentha kwa minofu ndi ziwalo zonse pafupifupi nthawi zonse, mosasamala za kutentha kwa kunja. Nyamazi zimaphatikizapo zonse zomwe zimayamwa ndi mbalame.

Ma Pisces ndi zolengedwa zamagazi ozizira. Magazi awo amayenda kupita ku ma capillaries, omwe amadutsa m'matumbo ndipo amatenga nawo mbali mosinthana ndi mpweya, kupuma kwa gill. Magazi amapereka kaboni kaboni kosafunikira ndipo amakhala ndi mpweya wofunikira kudzera m'makoma a capillaries. Pakadali pano, magazi amatsamira kutentha kwa madzi.

Ndiye kuti, nsomba sizisunga kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi minofu ntchito. Kukhazikika kwa chitukuko cha tuna kwawongolera kutentha kwachabe. Mfumo wamafuta a nsomba izi umakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Choyamba, tuna tili ndi zombo zazing'ono zambiri. Kachiwiri, mitsempha yaying'ono ndi mitsempha imakhala yolumikizana, yolumikizana kwenikweni. Amapanga china chake ngati kutentha.

Magazi a Venous, otenthetsedwa ndi minofu yogwira ntchito, amakwaniritsa kupereka kutentha kwake kuti aziziritsa magazi oyenda m'mitsempha. Izi zimapatsanso thupi lansomba ndi oxygen komanso kutentha, komwe kumayamba kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mulingo wonse wamthupi umakwera. Izi zimapangitsa nsomba kukhala osambira osawerengeka komanso yolusa kwambiri.

Mpaini waupangiri wamakanidwe othandizira kutentha kwa thupi (minofu) ku tuna, Wofufuza wofufuza ku Japan Kisinuye adapanga njira yopangira gawo lina la nsomba izi. Atatha kukambirana ndikukangana, akatswiri azomera sanayambitse kuwononga dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndikusiyira tuna mu banja la mackerel.

Kusuntha kutentha koyenera pakati pa magazi a venous ndi ochepa chifukwa ndi kufalikira kwa ma capillaries. Izi zinali ndi zotsatira zoyipa. Zinabweretsa zinthu zambiri zofunikira kupha nsomba ndikuzipangitsa kuti mtundu wa tuna thupi ukhale wofiyira.

Mitundu ya Tuna, kulamula kwawo, nkhani zadongosolo zinayambitsa mikangano pakati pa asayansi. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, nsomba zodziwika bwino ndi Pacific zidatchulidwa monga magulu amodzi a nsomba zomwezo. Panali mitundu 7 yokha ya mtunduwo. Pambuyo pa zokambirana zambiri, mabungwewa anapatsidwa mwayi wokhala payokha. Mtundu wa tuna unayamba kukhala ndi mitundu 8.

• Thunnus thynnus ndi mitundu yosankha. Amavala epithet "wamba". Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa buluu, buluu wa buluu. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri. Mukawonetsedwa nsomba mu chithunzi kapena amalankhula za nsomba makamaka amatanthauza mitundu iyi.

Kulemera kumatha kupitirira 650 kg, mzere kukula kwake kuyandikira chizindikiro cha 4.6 m. Ngati asodzi akwanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kangapo katatu, izi zimapambananso.

Nyanja zamalo otentha ndizomwe zili zikuluzikulu za nsomba za bluefin. Ku Atlantic, kuyambira ku Mediterranean kukafika ku Gulf of Mexico, nsomba za nsomba zimadzigulitsa, ndipo asodzi amayesera kugwira nsomba.

• Thunnus alalunga - amapezeka kwambiri pansi pa dzina la albacore kapena nsomba yayitali. Nyanja ya Pacific, Indian ndi Atlantic, malo otentha am'nyanja zamtchire ndi malo omwe nsomba zazitali zazitali. Gulu la ma albacores limasamukira kumayiko ena kukafunafuna zakudya zabwino komanso kubereka.

Kulemera kwambiri kwa albacore ndi pafupifupi 60 kg, kutalika kwa thupi sikupita mamita 1.4. Timalango ataliitali a nsomba amagwidwa mwachangu mu nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Nsomba izi zimamenyera kupamwamba kwa kukoma pakati pa nsomba.

• Thunnus maccoyii - chifukwa cholumikizidwa ndi nyanja zakumwera, imakhala ndi dzina la buluu kumwera kapena bulufini kumwera, kapena nsomba yaku Australia. Pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera ndi kukula kwake, imakhala pakati pakati pa nsomba. Amakula mpaka 2,5 m ndikulemera mpaka 260 kg.

Izi nsomba zimapezeka mu nyanja zotentha za kum'mwera kwa nyanja zamchere. Gulu la nsomba izi limadumphira kum'mwera kwa Africa ndi New Zealand. Malo oyambira am'madzi, pomwe kum'mwera nsomba zam'madzi zimayendetsa nyama, ndi pamwamba. Koma kuyenda kwakutali kwamakilomita sikumawawopsa. Pakhala pali milandu yoti nsomba zaku Australia zikhalebe pakuya kwa 2774 m.

• Thunnus obesus - toyesa wamkulu ali ndi m'mimba mwake wamaso kukula kwa msuzi wabwino. Nsomba zokhala ndi maso akulu ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la nsomba. Nsomba zokhala ndi kutalika kwa 2,5 m ndikulemera masentimita 200 ndizabwino kwambiri ngakhale nsomba.

Sapita mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Nyanja zotsala za Pacific, nyanja za Atlantic ndi Indian zidapezeka. Imakhala pafupi ndi pamwamba, mpaka akuya 300m. Usodzi siwosowa kwambiri, ndiye nkhani ya asodzi.

• Thunnus orientalis - mtundu ndi malo omwe adapatsa nsomba'li dzina loti Pacific Bluefin. Sikuti nsomba iyi yokha imakhala yolumikizana ndi mtundu wamtambo wabuluu, kotero kusokonezeka ndikotheka.

• Thunnus albacares - chifukwa cha maonekedwe a zipsepse, adatchedwa yellowfin tuna. M'malo amenewa pali nsomba zambiri zam'madera otentha komanso zam'madzi otentha. Tinsomba ta Yellowfin salekerera kuzizira kwamadzi kuposa 18 ° C. Ma nomads amapanga kanthu kocheperako, ka nthawi zambiri: kuchokera kuzama kupita pamalo ofunda.

• Thunnus atlanticus - wakumbuyo wakuda ndi Atlantic adapatsa mtundu uwu dzina la Atlantic, lakuda kapena lakuda. Mtunduwu umadziwika pakati pa ena onse mwa kusasitsa. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, amatha kubereka ana; wazaka 5, nsomba zakuda zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zakale.

• Thunnus tonggol - chifukwa cha zonunkhira zokonzedwa zotchedwa tuna yayitali. Ichi ndi nsomba chosaya. Kukula kwa mzere waukulu sikupita mamita 1.45, kutalika kwa 36 kg ndiye malire.Madera otentha amatentha madzi a Indian ndi Pacific Ocean - nsomba zazitali zazitali. Nsomba izi zimamera pang'onopang'ono kuposa nsomba zina.

Ndikofunika kunena kuti mu banja la mackerel mulipo nsomba, ngati nsomba - Iyi ndi bonito ya Atlantic kapena bonito. Banjali lilinso ndi mitundu yofananira, yofanana osati ndi maonekedwe a thupi, komanso dzina. Ena mwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, nsomba zamamba, ali ndi malonda ofunika kwambiri.

Moyo & Habitat

Tinsomba tikuphunzira nsomba. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo a pelagic. Ndiye kuti, samayang'ana chakudya pansi komanso samachisonkhanitsa kuchokera kumadzi. M'makola amadzi, nthawi zambiri amasunthira mlengalenga. Kuwongolera koyenda kumatsimikizira kutentha kwa madzi. Tinsomba ta tuna timakhala ndi madzi oyatsidwa mpaka 18-25 ° С.

Kusaka m'masukulu, tunas idakhala ndi njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza. Mu semicircle amayenda mozungulira sukulu yazing'ono zomwe akudya. Kenako amaukira mwachangu. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa nsomba ndikulowetsedwa kwa nsomba ndikokwera kwambiri. Pakanthawi kochepa, nsomba zimadya sukulu yonse yodya nyama.

M'zaka za zana la 19, asodzi anazindikira kugwira ntchito kwa tuna zhora. Ankawerengera nsomba izi ngati akupikisana nawo. M'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa America kuli nsomba, nsomba adazisodza kuti ziziteteza nsomba. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, nyama za nsomba zinkakhala zamtengo wapatali ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkapita kukapangira nyama.

Kufotokozera kwa tuna

Tiyi (chithunzi) amatanthauza nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yam'banja la mackerel. Nsomba ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha nyama yake yosakoma komanso yathanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, majeremusi mu nsomba ndi osowa kwambiri, omwe amakulolani kuphika kuchokera ku zakudya zabwino zambiri zaiwisi. Anthu ena amafika pamtunda wa 3-4 m ndi 500-600 kg wolemera.

Wopangidwa mchaka cha 2012 ndi msodzi wopotokota kugombe la New Zealand, nsomba zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zimalemera makilogalamu 335.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a anatomical, moyo wamtunduwu wa nsomba za mackerel ndizosatheka popanda kusunthika kosasunthika, komwe iwo amasinthidwa mwangwiro. Tuna tili ndi mawonekedwe opindika, okhala ndi minofu yayikulu kwambiri, thupi lopindika kumchira. Pesi la mchira limakhala ndi keel wamkulu wachikopa, ndalama yakumbuyo imakhala ndi chikwakwa choyenera kusambira mwachangu komanso kwautali. Magazi amadzaza ndi mpweya, ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumatenthetsera kuposa madzi, komwe kumawathandiza kuti azimva bwino m'madziwe ozizira.

Nsomba ndizofala kwambiri kumadera otentha komanso kumadera otentha a Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian, koma zimapezekanso m'malo ozizira ozizira: zimakhala mu Black, Japan, ndi Nyanja ya Azov. Dongosolo laling'ono la Atlantic bluefin tuna limapezeka munyanja ya Barents.

Tuna ndi asodzi abwino kusambira othamanga kwambiri mpaka 90 km / h. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kuthana ndi malo akulu kwambiri. Nsomba zimasungidwa m'makola akulu. Mtundu wofiira wa nyama amafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa protein-myoglobin yokhala ndi chitsulo, yomwe imapangidwa mwachangu m'matumbo pa "kuthamanga" kwambiri.

Chakudya chachikulu cha tuna ndi nsomba zazing'ono (sardine, mackerel, hering), crustaceans ndi mollusks. Kutha kubereka mu tuna kumachitika pazaka zitatu. Mkazi wamkulu amatha kuyikira mazira angapo. Kutulutsa kumachitika m'madzi ofunda a subtropics mu June-Julayi.

Mitundu ya Tuna

Pali mitundu 50 ndi ma subspecies, koma odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:

• Tinsomba wamba kapena tofiira timapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja ya Atlantic Ocean, kunyanja zamchere ndi Pacific Ocean, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Indian Ocean, komanso ku Gulf of Mexico. Nsomba zofiira sizimapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo ozizira kwambiri: kuchokera pagombe la Greenland komanso Nyanja ya Barents. Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamtunduwu zinali zolemera makilogalamu 684, kutalika kwake ndi 4.58 m.
• Nthenga za Atlantic kapena zakuda (aka wakuda tuna) ndiye yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa tuna. Mitundu ya achikulire imakula osaposa mita imodzi ndikupeza kulemera kokwanira 20 kg.Kutalika kwa moyo wamtunduwu ndizochepa kwambiri pakati pa nsomba - pafupifupi zaka 4-6. Nsomba za ku Atlantic zimakhala ndi mbali zachikasu komanso zabwino zomera ndi chikasu. Mtunduwu umakonda kokha nyanja zotentha za kumadzulo kwa Atlantic (kuyambira pagombe la Brazil mpaka Cape Cod Cape).
• Bluefin tuna ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwakukulu ndi 4.6 m, kulemera - 680 kg. Thupi lake lakuda pamtanda limakhala ngati bwalo. Makala akulu m'mphepete mwa mzerewo amafanana ndi chipolopolo. Malo okhala ndi nsomba za bluefin ndiwambiri kwambiri - kuchokera kotentha kufikira kumadzi am'madzi amchere. Bluefin tuna ili ndi malonda kwambiri.
• Yellowfin tuna (aka chikasu-tailed) imakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha, kupatula nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kutalika kwakukulu ndi 2.4 m, kulemera kwakukulu ndi 200 kg. Mphesa zam'mbuyo za nsomba izi ndizikasu zowala. Tchire lofiirira wachikulire pamimba yasiliva imakhala ndi mikwingwirima 20.
• Albacore, nsomba zautali kapena zoyera zimatchuka chifukwa cha nyama yofatsa kwambiri komanso yamafuta. Tinsomba zazitali zimalemera pafupifupi 20 kg. Amagawidwa m'malo ozizira komanso otentha am'nyanja zamchere. Nsomba zoyera za nsomba zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri.

Nsomba zokongola

Nsomba zamtunduwu (amatchedwanso yellowfin tuna) zimatchedwa choncho chifukwa cha mtundu wapadera wa ma dorsal (zofewa) ndi zipsepse zamkati. Amawoneka achikasu achikasu.

Akuluakulu amatha kukula mpaka 2 metres ndikulemera makilogalamu 130. Njira yakukula kwa tuna yokha ndiyolimba kwambiri, kutalika kwa kukula kwa 50 ... masentimita 60. Zaka zopitilira 2, nsomba zimafika kulemera kwa 13 makilogalamu, zitatha zaka 4 - 60 kg.

Tinsapi ta tai ta ta yellow timangokhala m'madzi ofunda okha, timapezeka m'madzi a pansi pano onse. Dera logawikiralo limakhala malire mpaka malire ndi kutentha kwamadzimadzi 20. Chizindikiro chikatsika mpaka + 18 ° С, nsomba zamtunduwu m'dera lotere ndizosatheka kukumana. Amachipeza m'madzi a Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndipo anthu am'derali amaiona ngati nsomba yake ya ku Mediterranean ndipo amawaphikira zakudya zabwino.

Anthu achikulire amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja, m'malo otseguka, mozama mita imodzi ndi theka. Achichepere amakhala m'matumba, pafupipafupi pafupi ndi gombe. M'malo otentha, nsomba zamtundu wachikasu zimapezeka pena paliponse, koma kuchuluka kwake zimadalira momwe amapezera chakudya. Pali nsomba zochuluka m'madzi momwe zimachulukitsa michere ndi chakudya chochuluka.

Munjira zofananazo, nsomba zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mitundu yambiri yam'nyanja. Pakati pawo pali iwo omwe amasamukira kutali. Pali ena omwe amakonda madzi am'deralo ndikukhazikika. Ma tuna a yellowfin satero, monga abale awo ena (bluefin tuna, albacore) kayendedwe ka Pacific.

Tiana-wachikaso chachikaso, komanso wachibale wake, nsomba, ilibe tsankho muzakudya, ilibe zokonda. Nsombayo amadya paliponse ndi chamoyo chilichonse chomwe chimakumana ndi njira yoyenda. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe ka zinyalala za chakudya m'matumbo a anthu omwe agwidwa, momwe nsomba zokwanira 50 zamagulu osiyanasiyana zilipo.

Tinsomba tating'onoting'ono, komwe moyo wake umadutsa pamtunda, amasaka nsomba zambiri, zomwe zigawo zamadzi pamwamba pake ndiye "nyumba". Akuluakulu amakonda kudya gempil, nsomba zam'mwezi, nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe malo ake ndizama.

Kutha kukhala ndi ana achikuda achikasu kapena, monga amatchedwa asodzi aluso, nsomba zachikasu zimawonekera pokhapokha ngati zimakula kutalika ndi 50 ... 60 cm. Chiwerengero cha mazira ndi chosiyana mwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Zocheperako ndizoyesa pafupifupi ma miliyoni 1 miliyoni, apamwamba - mayuro miliyoni 8.5. Nyengo yotulutsa tinsomba tofiirira tating'onoting'ono nthawi zonse za nyengo yotentha ndizovuta kwambiri pachaka.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nsomba zonse za tuna zasankha njira yosavuta yopulumutsira mitunduyo: zimapanga caviar wambiri. Mkazi m'modzi wamkulu amatha kusesa mazira 10 miliyoni.Tinsomba zaku Australia zitha kubweretsa mazira 15 miliyoni.

Nsomba Zam'nyanja za Tunayemwe amakula mochedwa. Mitundu ina imakwanitsa kubereka mwana m'zaka 10 kapena kuposerapo. Kutalika kwa moyo kwa nsomba'zi sikungocheperako, kumafika zaka 35. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zakale akuti nsomba za nthawi yayitali zimakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 50.

Tinsomba zathanzi. Nyama yake imayamikiridwa makamaka ku Japan. Kuchokera mdziko muno nkhani zimabwera za anthu akwera kwambiri omwe amafika mtengo wa nsomba m'misika yogulitsa. Media nthawi ndi nthawi imapereka lipoti pamitengo yazotsatira. Kuchuluka kwa madola 900-1000 aku US pa kilogalamu ya nsomba sikuwonekeranso bwino.

M'masitolo a nsomba aku Russia, mitengo ya tuna ndi yochepa. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba yokhala ndi tuna ingagulidwe ma ruble 150. Mafuta a ma gramu mazana awiri a nsomba zamzitini siovuta kugula ma ruble 250 kapena kupitilira, kutengera mtundu wa tuna ndi dziko lakapangidwe.

Nsomba zazitali zazitali

Nsomba zoterezi zimatchedwanso ma albacores. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina yokhala ndi zipsepse zomwe zimakhala pachifuwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazikulu.

Mutha kukumana ndi anthu amtunduwu munyanja zamchere, m'malo awo omasuka. Zolonjeza bwino kwambiri malowa ndi pakati pa zitunda makumi anayi. Kumalo a m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi ndi osowa kwambiri. Kunja kwa masanjidwe, ndi nsomba ziwiri zokha za ... ... Ndipo m'magawo apamwamba okha, ngati mwawotha ndi dzuwa. Nsomba zimalola mchere wokhawo womwe umapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja. Amapirira mosasintha kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana + 12 ° С ... + 23 ° С). Nthawi yomweyo, ndi mchere wocheperako, nsomba zamadzi oyera ndizinthu zopanda pake zomwe sizimapezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi.

Mu zaka zoyambirira za moyo, nsomba zimakhala m'madzi oyambira. Akafika kukhwima, ma 150 ... mamitala 200 akuya "amapita" kumalo otentha a Dziko Lapansi.

Nsomba zomwe "zimasenda" madzi otentha pang'ono ndikukhalamo, zimadyedwa makamaka ndi okhalamo (crustaceans, nsomba, squid) okhala m'magulu amadzi pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. M'malo otentha, anthu okhala mozama panyanja amapezeka mu chakudya chake (bream sea, hempils, cephalopods).

Tuna yayitali yokhala ndi tchuthi imafika pakukhwima pambuyo pa 4 ... zaka 5 za moyo. Nthawi yomweyo, mkhalidwe wake umadziwika ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi mita (90 cm) ndi 45 makilogalamu. Zomera zimapezeka m'malo otentha kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe, m'malire a dera. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira pafupifupi 2,5 miliyoni.

Nsomba zimadziwika ndi kusamuka kosalekeza, komanso mtunda wawutali. Mwachitsanzo, ku Pacific, izi zimawonedwa pakati pa Japan ndi m'mphepete mwa America njira yonse yomweyo.

Masiku ano, nsomba zazitali zokhala ndi tayi zimakhala pansi pa chitetezo cha Bukhu Lofiira Lapadziko lonse.

Nsomba zakuda

Mtunduwu ndiwocheperako pakati pa odziwika. Nthawi zambiri kutalika kwake sikudutsa theka la mita ndi 3 makilogalamu. Ngakhale sizimawoneka kawirikawiri munthu wamtali komanso wamasamba 21 kg.

Malo okhala ndi nsomba zakuda ndi ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidziwika pakati pa abale. Imapezeka ku Atlantic kokha, komanso kumadzulo kwake. Ndi malo akumwera kwa Rio de Janeiro komanso kumpoto kwa Massachusetts. Kwa moyo wonse, limakonda malo oyandikira komwe madzi ndi oyera komanso ofunda.

Thupi la nsomba lili pafupi ndi chowulungika mawonekedwe. Iyo, limodzi ndi mchira wake (uli ndi mbiri yakale), imalola nsomba zakuda kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri. Thupi la nsomba pamimba ndi utoto loyera, kumbali zasiliva, utoto wakumbuyo umatha kukhala wakuda, wabuluu kapena wamkati mwa hue. M'mphepete mwake mulinso mzere momwe malire ake amakhala opanda mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wachikaso chagolide. Ndi yotakata kumutu komanso yopapatiza mchira. Pansi (gawo lomalizidwa ndi mchira) ndi pamwambapa (gawo lachiwiri la mchala womaliza), thupi limakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.

Nsomba zamtchire izi zimakula msanga kuposa abale ake onse - pomatha zaka ziwiri. Zomera zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana munjira zosiyanasiyana - Epulo-Novembala. Fry imawoneka mwachangu ndipo nthawi yomweyo imayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.Amayendetsedwa ndi chifuniro chamakono mu mzere wamadzi, pafupifupi kuya kwa mita 50. Nsomba zimakula msanga ndipo pofika zaka 5 zimawonedwa kuti ndi zachikale.

Pazakudya zakuda zam'madzi amphipods, nkhanu, shrimp, squid, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo, iwonso nthawi zambiri amakhala nsomba zam'nyanja zomwe zimakhala m'madzi am'madzi: nsomba zamizeremizere, nsomba zazikulu za coryfenas, marlin.

Nsomba zakuda zimayamikiridwa ndi ma angler ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndiwowalandiridwa.

Usodzi

Tinsomba ogwidwa kuti agulitse malonda. Kuphatikiza apo, iye ndi nkhani ya masewera, asodzi a nsomba. Kusodza nsomba zamalonda kumayiko ena kwapita patsogolo kwambiri. M'zaka zapitazi, kuyambiranso kwa gulu la asodzi a nsomba kunachitika.

Mu 80s, osoka mwamphamvu adayamba kupangidwira, amayang'ana kwambiri kuwedza kwa nsomba. Chida chachikulu cha ziwiya zotere ndi ziwiya zonyamula chikwama, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kulowa mita mazana ambiri ndikutha kukweza gulu laling'ono la tuna mkati nthawi imodzi.

Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nsomba imapezeka ndi kuwedza pogwiritsa ntchito ma nsambo. Uku ndikutheka kwa mbedza, osapangidwa mochenjera. Osati kale kwambiri, kugwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, aluso. Sitima zapadera tsopano zikumangidwa - zombo zazitali.

Matayala - zingwe (mizere) zingapo zozungulira zomwe zikhomazo zimaboweka. Zidutswa za mnofu wa nsomba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo yachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri mtengo wa ulusi wamtundu kapena owatsata ena. Kudyetsa ana a nsomba kumathandiza kwambiri ntchito za asodzi.

Pamakhala vuto lalikulu nsomba zikagwidwa - nsomba izi zimachedwa. Mitundu ina imafunika kukhala ndi moyo zaka 10 isanakhale ndi mwayi wopanga ana a tuna. Mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi amaika malire pa kugwira asodzi achichepere.

M'mayiko ambiri, kuyesera kusunga ziweto za nsomba ndikupeza ndalama, achinyamata saloledwa pansi pa mpeni. Zimaperekedwa kuma famu asodzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe nsomba zimakhazikitsidwa kuti zikula. Pali kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe ndi kuyesa kwachuma pofuna kuwonjezera kupanga nsomba.

Tizidutswa tansomba

Mtunduwu (womwe umatchedwanso skipjack), mosiyana ndi abale ake, umakhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali yayitali yomwe ili mthupi. Amakhala ndi siliva pamimba zawo; phulusa lamtambo limayandikira kumbuyo kwawo. Nsomba pakati pa nsomba zomwe zimakonda kukhala pagulu locheperako ndizochepa kwambiri. Sikovuta kupeza mita kukula ndi kulemera 25 kg. Mitundu ya "Standard" yogwira 5 ... 3 makilogalamu ndi 60 ... 50 cm.

Tinsomba zotere timangokhala m'madzi okhaokha koma munyanja. Nthawi zina imakodwa kumtunda, koma izi zimatheka kokha m'matanthwe a coral. Malo omwe amakhala ndi Pacific Ocean, m'malo ake otentha, otentha. Amakhalanso m'madzi am'madzi otentha (+ 17 ° С ... + 28 ° С) madzi.

Amakonda kukhala m'matumba, nthawi zina amasonkhana m'masukulu a anthu masauzande ambiri. Mu sukulu, nthawi zambiri nsomba zamisinkhu imodzimodziyo zimathanso kuyenda mwachangu (kuthamanga zimafikira pa 45 km / h). Kuphatikiza pa gulu la "zoyera", zosakanizidwa ndi nsomba (yellowfin tuna, dolphins) ndizochepa.

Monga ambiri obadwa nawo, nsomba zamizeremizere zimapanga kusuntha kwakukulu kwakanthawi. Amadziwika kwambiri pafupi ndi gombe la Japan. M'chilimwe, nsomba zimakumana nthawi zambiri mpaka ku zilumba za Kuril, kumwera komwe, panthawiyi, timapezekanso nsomba zamaso akulu, zomwe zimakhala pamtunda waukulu (kupitirira 200) ndikufika pa 2.36 mita m'litali.

Nsomba zimatha kumera patatha zaka 2 ... zaka 3, pomwe thupi lawo limakhala lalitali masentimita 40. Chonde nsomba zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi yotsiriza. Mwachitsanzo, zazikazi zazitali masentimita 40 zimasunthika mpaka 200,000 zidutswa. mazira, 75 cm - mpaka 2 miliyoni ma PC. Malo ocheperako amagwirizana kwathunthu ndi malo ogawa nsomba ndipo amapezeka kokha m'malo otentha.

Mtundu wamtunduwu umadya anthu okhala ndi mawu osiririka. Zakudya zawo nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo nsomba zazing'ono, crustaceans, squid. Mulinso nyama zopitilira 180.Seti inayake imasiyanasiyana malo amtundu uliwonse.

Mackerel Tuna

Nsomba zamtunduwu ndizochepa kwambiri mwa onse omwe amakhala pafupi ndi gombe. Ndi nsomba yotchedwa epipelagic, imakhala munyanja zotentha za Pacific, Indian, Atlantic Ocean.

Mtundu wakumbuyo kumbuyo ndi wabuluu wakuda ndipo pafupifupi wakuda pamutu. Mbali zake ndizosalala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mimba ndi yoyera. Zipsepse zamkati ndi zowoneka ndi za mitundu yosiyana: zakuda mkati ndi utoto kunja. Mosiyana ndi izi, kutalika kochepa kwa zipsepse zamkati komanso kusapezeka kwa chikhodzodzo.

Amakula mpaka 40 ... 30 cm ndipo amapeza 5 ... 2,5 kg wolemera. Nthawi zina masentimita 58 kutalika amabwera.

Zakudya za nsomba izi zimaphatikizapo plankton ndi nsomba zazing'ono (anchovies, atherins, etc.). Asodzi a nsomba pano nthawi zambiri amakhala olanda anzawo.

Kutha msambo kumachitika pamene kutalika kwa thupi kufika pa 35 ... masentimita 30. Kubereka kwa akazi ndi mazana 200 ... mazira 1,4 miliyoni, kutengera kutalika kwa 30 ... 44.2 cm. Nsomba zimabzala chaka chonse: Januwale-Epulo ku Pacific Ocean (gawo lakummawa) , August-Epulo mu Indian Ocean (gawo lakumwera).

Tizilombo ta Mackerel timakonda kusamukira kumadzi am'nyanja.

Atlantic Tuna

Nsomba zaku Atlantic za nsomba zowala kwambiri, mwachangu kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri. Amakhala ndi magazi ofunda, omwe ndi osowa kwambiri pakati pa nsomba. Muli madzi a Iceland, Gulf of Mexico. Chimawoneka m'madzi otentha a Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pomwe imayamba. Mitunduyi idakhala m'mbuyomu ku Nyanja Yakuda, koma tsopano chiwerengerochi chikadalipobe.

Nsombazo zimakhala ndi thupi lowongoka, looneka ngati mtundu womwe umapangidwa bwino kwambiri ndipo limalola kuti nyanjayo iziyenda mwachangu komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Mtundu wakumbuyo wakumbuyo wachitsulo kumtunda, m'mimba ndi loyera ndi siliva, wokhala ndi tinthu tosalala.

Zakudya za nsomba za Atlantic: zooplankton, crustaceans, eels, squids. Chakudya cha nsomba sichikwaniritsidwa, choncho nthawi zambiri amakula m'miyeso iwiri ndikuyamba kulemera matani. Pali anthu ena omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ocititsa chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, akukhulupirira kuti nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya Atlantic idagwidwa m'madzi pafupi ndi Nova Scotia. "Adakoka" pa 680 kg.

Ubwino wa nyama

Tuna ndi chinthu chapadera chomwe maonekedwe abwino a nsomba amaphatikizidwa ndi zopatsa thanzi komanso amakoma a nyama. Pali mavitamini ambiri ndi phosphorous mu nsomba zam'nyanjayi kotero kuti utsogoleri wa mayunivesite aku America udabweretsa zamasamba zamadzimadzi pazakakamizidwa zanyumba zodyeramo, kuti apitirize kuchita bwino kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi. Akatswiri azakudya zaku France amayerekezera nyama ya nsomba iyi ndi veal yaying'ono yam'magazi a hemoglobin komanso mapuloteni. Koma mosiyana ndi ng'ombe, mapuloteni omwe nsomba zake ndi zolemera kwambiri zimatengedwa mwachangu komanso pafupifupi kwathunthu (mwa 95%) ndi thupi. Asayansi achi Dutch atsimikiza kuti kudya 30% yokha ya nsomba patsiku kumalepheretsa matenda ambiri amtima, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha mafuta omega-3 ndi 6 acids. Amachepetsa bwino gawo la "sinister" amino acid - homocysteine, omwe amadzaza ndi msinkhu m'thupi ndikuwononga makoma amitsempha yamagazi.

Anthu aku Japan - ogula kwambiri nsomba, ndi chitsimikiziro chodziwikiratu chokwanira cha nsomba zam'madzi zokhala ndi moyo wa mwana ndikupitilira.

Mtengo wazakudya ndi zopatsa mphamvu

Ngakhale mafuta olemba pamanja, nsomba ndi nsomba zamagulu owerengetsa. Kutengera ndi mitunduyi, mtengo wa thanzi umachokera ku 110 mpaka 150 kcal.

• Mapuloteni - 23.3-24.4 g,
• Mafuta - 4.6-4.8 g,
• Zakudya Zam'madzi - 0 g,
• Phulusa - 1.2-1.7 g.

Mitundu yotsika kwambiri ya calorie ndi yellowfin (110 kcal). Ngakhale zitakhazikika, index index siyidutsa 140 kcal. Zinthu zopatsa mphamvu za nsomba zamzitini mumafuta zimakwera mpaka 198 kcal.

Zakudya zam'madzi a nsomba

Kuphatikizika kofunikira ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri kokhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu kumalola kuti tuna ikhale "mfumu" yamapulogalamu ambiri azakudya zochiritsa ndi kuwonda.Nsomba ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizophatikizika bwino: nkhaka, letesi, phwetekere, mapesi a udzu winawake, kabichi ya Peking, tsabola wa belu. M'malo mwa mayonesi, akatswiri azaumoyo amalimbikitsa zokometsera zazing'onoting'ono ndi masaladi ndi mafuta. Pa saladi wa zamzitini, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba zamzitini mumadzi anu.

Momwe mungaphikire tuna: kuphika maphikidwe

Aphika aku Japan amati mutha kuphika nsomba izi osataya chilichonse. Ma msuzi abwino kwambiri ndi msuzi amatha kuphika kuchokera kumutu, zina zamkati ndi zipsepse, nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndizokoma kwambiri mu mawonekedwe okazinga ndi ophika, nsomba zotchuka za tuna ndi sushi zimakonzedwa kuchokera kumimba yansomba yatsopano komanso yamafuta.

Tsoka ilo, nsomba zatsopano ndizatsopano, motero anthu ambiri nzotheka ndi njira zotsika mtengo kwambiri zophatikiza nsomba zamtunduwu zomwe ndizakudya. Mwamwayi, nsomba zamzitini pafupifupi sizimataya zofunikira za nsomba zachilengedwe, ndipo maphikidwe ambiri osangalatsa a nsomba zamzitini amakulolani kuti muzisangalala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana nthawi iliyonse. Ma pie, ma saladi, ma cutlets, soufflés ndi ma pasitala okazinga zakonzedwa munthawi ya mphindi.

Nicoise saladi ndi tuna (tingachipeze powerenga)

Saladi iyi ndiyotchuka kwambiri ku France. Zingamveke, monga mu "Mecca wachilengedwe", dziko lomwe limapanga ndi kusirira zachilengedwe zatsopano, saladi imatha kuwoneka, zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe ndi zamzitini zam'madzi ndi mazira owiritsa? Komabe, saladi ya Nicoise ili pamndandanda wazakudya zambiri zaku France.

Tengani mbale yosaya. Ikani pansi pake bwino ndi masamba letesi lomwe linang'ambika zidutswa zingapo. Kenako, mwatsatanetsatane, ikani zigawo zazikulu za phwetekere wakucha (zidutswa za 3-4), anchovies (malaya a 6-8), anyezi wobiriwira, basil (masamba 5-7), mazira, odulidwa mbali zinayi (zidutswa zitatu), nsomba zamzitini wophatikizidwa mu ulusi wokulira (1 mts). Kwa msuzi: sakanizani 40 ml ya mafuta a azitona, kagawo kamodzi ka adyo wosadulidwa, mchere, 1.5 tsp. viniga.

Ma cutlets

Kuti mukonze ma cutlets 10, sakanizani 1 mtsuko wa nsomba mumadzi anu (madziwo ayenera kuthiriridwa), kapu imodzi ya mpunga wophika bwino, theka la kapu ya ufa wa tirigu, supuni ya mayonesi, dzira limodzi, mchere, 50 g ya tchizi yophika, supuni ya msuzi wa tsabola, mbatata imodzi imodzi yophika, angapo cloves wa adyo wosankhidwa. Stuffing ndikofunikira kusenda bwino ndikupanga 10 cutlets.

Finyani zigawenga mpaka mutayamba kusokonekera mbali zonse ziwiri.

Biology

Chifukwa cha endothermia, mitundu yonse ya nsomba zimatha kukhalabe ndi kutentha kwamphamvu mthupi potengera chilengedwe. Zotsatira zimaperekedwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa mitsempha yamagazi yotchedwa lat. Rete mirabile - "network yabwino." Uku ndikulunga kwamitsempha ndi mitsempha yomwe imayenda mbali mwa thupi la nsomba. Zimakuthandizani kuti musunge kutentha ndikutenthetsa magazi ozizira chifukwa chamkati, ntchito yamkati ya minofu ndi magazi. Izi zimathandizira kutentha kwambiri kwa minofu, ubongo, ziwalo zamkati ndi maso, zomwe zimaloleza kuti nsomba izisambira mwachangu kwambiri, zimachepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuwapatsa mwayi wopulumuka m'njira zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mbali iyi ya physiology ya tuna idafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazamakhalidwe a ku Japan K. Kisinuye. Adafotokozeranso kuti adzalekanitsa nsomba m'magulu awiri ozungulira morphology.

Mosiyana ndi nsomba zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama yoyera, minofu ya minyewa ya utotoyi imapangidwa utoto losiyanasiyana kuyambira utoto wofiirira mpaka wofiira. Mtunduwu umalumikizidwa ndi minofu ya myotomal ndi myoglobin womanga mpweya, yemwe amapezeka mu nyama ya tuna mokulira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama ya nsomba zina. Magazi okhala ndi oxygen amapatsa minofu mphamvu zowonjezera. Pamwamba pa gill stamens mu tuna ndi 7-9 kuchulukana kuposa ma utawaleza.

Tiyi tikuyenda mosadukiza. Akamaima, kupuma kwawo kumakhala kovuta, popeza gill imatseguka mogwirizana ndi kayendedwe kakang'ono ka thupi kumanzere ndi kumanja. Madzi kudzera pakamwa lotseguka amangodutsa m'matangwanawa pakungoyenda. Asodzi okongola awa (monga mackerel, bonito, armfish, ndi marlin) ali ndi ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yomalizira ngati gawo lamalonda, pomwe thupi lalifupi lolumikizidwa limangokhala osasunthika.

Kwa omwe amasambira mwamphamvu, monga ma dolphin ndi tuna, kuyenda kwapanja kumatha kukhala koopsa chifukwa kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwawo. Ngakhale ndikutha kusambira mwachangu, ma dolphin amayenera kuti achepetse chifukwa thovu lomwe limapezeka mchira wake limapweteka. Ndipo kwa tuna, cavitation imachepetsa liwiro, koma pazifukwa zina. Mosiyana ndi ma dolphin, nsomba sizimva kupweteka, chifukwa zipsepsa zake za bony zilibe mathero amanjenje. Ngakhale zili choncho, ma buluu opondera mozungulira mapiko awo amapanga kanema wamadzi, ndipo mphamvu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwotchera - izi zimachepetsa kuthamanga kwambiri. Pa tuna anapeza mawonekedwe a kuwonongeka kwa cavitation.

Chinsinsi chokongoletsera cha tuna

Kuti mumve kukoma kwa nsomba za tuna, ndikofunikira kuti zisamawume mukamawotcha, mwina m'malo mwakoma mutha kupeza nsomba yopanda zovuta komanso yovuta chifukwa. Zoyenera kusesa, nsomba zotsalira zomwe zimayikidwa pachombocho ndikuzisenda musanaphike.

Sakanizani kapu yofanana ndi mchere wofanana, tsabola wakuda ndi wofiira. Pakani nsomba bwino ndi zonunkhira izi, kenako yokulungira mu ufa wosalala, kenako semolina. Kuthira mokwanira motere kumasunga madzi amtengo wapatali a tunyatina. Mwachangu kuwira m'mafuta osaposa mphindi 2 mbali iliyonse. Pakati pa phangali pakhale chinyezi pang'ono komanso chapinki. Tumikirani nsomba yokazinga mu msuzi wa salsa kapena tartar ndi mbale yamaso yamasamba aliwonse ndi kapu ya vinyo wabwino.

Kuyanjana kwa anthu

Tinsomba takhalapo kwanthawi yayitali ndipo ndi cholinga chodziwedza. Asodzi aku Japan adabzala nsomba zam'madzi za Pacific zaka zoposa 5,000 zapitazo. Kuwona mafupa omwe amapezeka pakufukula, kuzilumba za ku America komanso gombe kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Pacific, anthu adagwira mitundu yomweyi kale. Zojambula za miyala iyi zidapezeka m'mapanga aku Sicily. Tuna, yomwe imadutsa pachaka ku Strait of Gibraltar, idawedza kunyanja yonse ya Mediterranean. Pa Bosphorus adagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana 30 kutanthauza nsomba izi. Amawonetsedwa ndalama zachi Greek ndi Celtic.

Chiyambire zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ndipo makamaka kuyambira nthawi zakale, asodzi a nsomba akhala akusakidwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Usodziwo unali wamnyengo, wamba komanso wam'mphepete mwa nyanja; nsomba zimangogwidwa nthawi zina m'moyo wawo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Atlantic Ocean ku Norway, nsomba zamchenga zidapezeka ndi zonyamula matumba, zomwe zinagwidwa mu Bay of Biscay zokhala ndi zida za mbedza, ndipo misampha idayikidwa mu Strait of Gibraltar komanso m'mphepete mwa North Africa.

Usodzi wamalonda

Usodzi wa nsomba pakampani yamafuta wakhala ukukula mwachangu kuyambira mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20. Mu 1980s, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zazikulu zapamadzi zazing'onoting'ono ndi zombo zazitali zinapatsa chidwi kukulitsa ntchito yophera nsomba. Ngalande zam'madzi zimatha nsomba zozama mpaka 200 m zonyamula zikwama zonyamula, ndi zombo zazitali zazingwe zam'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zikwanje zam'nyanja. Ndi chikwama chachikwama, chochuluka cha yellowfin ndi tambo tokhala ndi mizere imakumbidwa. Kugwidwa kukuwuma mu njira ya brine m'matanki mpaka kutentha kwa −25 ... −30 ° C. Mitembo yonse yozizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalongeza.

Nsomba zazikulu - zofala, za albacore ndi zazikulu-zimasakidwa mu tiger. Kugwira kumayikidwa ndi kuzizira kwa nayitrogeni mpaka kutentha kwa −60 ° C. Mitembo yowuma ndi yozizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi yamaresitilanti ndikupanga zakudya zosavuta.

Tinsomba zambiri zimapezeka ndi zimbudzi zamatumba. Kugwira nsomba zam'madzi pachaka zam'madzi ndizoposa matani 4 miliyoni. Kuposa matani miliyoni miliyoni a tuna amapangidwa ndi akatswiri otulutsa zikopa zazikulu.

Kusodza kwa Longline kwa tuna kunali kofala kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Iyi ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wogulitsa nsomba pamtengo wokwera. Zombo zazitali kwambiri ndizaku Japan, Taiwan, China, Indonesia ndi Spain.

Ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zokhazikika kwa Marine Biological Resources ru en Mu 2009, adakonza lipoti latsatanetsatane la sayansi pazazinthu zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi. Malinga ndi malipoti, Mitundu yofunika kwambiri yophera nsomba komanso yamadzi am'madzi ndi ma yellowfin, amaso akulu, wamba, abuluu, a ku Australia komanso tambo tokhala ndi milozo.

Lipotilo linati:

Pakati pa 1940s ndi pakati pa 1960s, nsomba za pachaka zamitundu isanu yayikulu kwambiri zomwe zikuwonjezeka kuchokera pa matani 300,000 mpaka matani 1 miliyoni, usodziwo unkawagwirira. Ndi kupanga zikwama zamachikwama, zomwe ndi zida zophera nsomba kwambiri, pazaka zingapo zapitazi, mavitamini akula mpaka matani 4 miliyoni pachaka. 68% ya nsomba zimakololedwa mu Pacific Ocean, 22% mu Indian Ocean ndi 10% yotsalira ku Atlantic ndi Ocean Ocean. Tambo tating'onoting'ono timakhala pafupifupi 60% ya nsomba zonse, zotsatiridwa ndi yellowfin (24%), maso akulu (10%), omaliza (5%) ndi nsomba wamba. 62% ya nsomba zimasakidwa ndimikwama zamatumba, 14% ndi mizere yayitali, 11% ndi zida zolumikizana ndi 3% yotsalira ndi njira zina zosiyanasiyana.

Kugwira nsomba zamayiko ambiri mu Indian Ocean (matani masauzande, malinga ndi Indian Ocean Tuna CommissionDisembala 2011)

Mitundu ya Tuna	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Nthenga zachikasu	338	362	464	530	497	417	316	325	276	299
Wamaso akulu	121	141	130	138	123	118	124	107	103	71
Zosemedwa	456	526	515	483	543	625	477	459	456	428
Nthenga zazitali	44	35	26	32	32	30	44	47	40	44

Mitundu yayikulu yamalonda (onani tebulo pansipa) ili ndi gawo lofunikira pakati pa nsomba ndi nsomba zokhala ngati nsomba kuchokera pamawonekedwe azachuma. Kugulitsa ndi kumwa kumachitika padziko lonse lapansi. Mchaka cha 2010, zopeza zawo zinafika pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4, zomwe zikuimira pafupifupi 66% ya nsomba zonse ndi zofanana ndi nsomba. Pofika chaka cha 2010, 70.5% ya nsomba zonse zazikulu za nsomba zomwe adapeza mu Pacific Ocean, 19,5% mu Indian Ocean ndi 10,0% mu Atlantic Ocean ndi Ocean Sea.

Chiyerekezo cha mitundu yayikulu ya asodzi ikuluikulu yogulitsidwa mu 2010

Onani nsomba	Gawana zonse mu 2010
Nsomba zazitali zazitali	5,9
Tinsomba wamba	zosakwana 1%
Tizilombo ta maso akulu	8,2 %
Pacific bluefin tuna	zosakwana 1%
Tinsomba zaku Australia	zosakwana 1%
Tizidutswa tansomba	58,1 %
Tchifini tinsomba	26,8 %

Mu 2006, boma la Australia lidalengeza kuti Japan ikuwedza nsomba zachiseru ku Australia, ndikupha chaka chilichonse kuyambira matani 12,000 mpaka 20,000 m'malo mwa matani 6,000 omwe anagwirizana, mtengo wopanga wopitilira malire womwe wakonzedwawu ukuyembekezeka kukhala $ 2 biliyoni [ ndi ziti? ]. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumeneku kumadzetsa nkhawa anthu. Malinga ndi World Wildlife Fund "Zosafunikira zabwino za ku Japan zofunafuna chuma zimayika kuti zidzatha ngati makampani ogulitsa asamavomereze kuti pakubwera ndalama zambiri."

Posachedwa, pamsika wotsegulidwa pamsika wa Tsukiji Tokyo, mitengo ya nsomba yafika pamwambapa, kuwonetsa kufunika kwa msika. Disembala 30, 2012 ku Japan, adaika mbiri ya mtengo umodzi wa nsomba imodzi. Pamsika, 222 kg Pacific Bluefin tuna anagulitsa yen 155.4 miliyoni (1 miliyoni 760 madola US), pomwe mtengo pa kilogalamu imodzi unali 6243 USD.

Mu Novembala 2011, msodzi ku Massachusetts adapeza ukonde wa nsomba wolemera makilogalamu 400. Chifukwa cha malamulo ndi zoletsa kusodza kwa nsomba ku United States, akuluakulu aboma adalanda nsomba chifukwa sinagwidwe ndodo kapena chimbudzi.Pamagwidwewo, adawonongeka koopsa ndipo adagulitsidwa ndalama zosakwana $ 5,000.

asodzi Russian anayamba nsomba nsomba mu 1980s mbapha nsomba m'nyanja onse mpaka m'ma 1990s. Chotsatira pambuyo poti madzi asodzi aku nsomba aku Russia asungidwa, kuchuluka kwa mabwato a tunel kunatsika kuchoka pa 30 mpaka 7 vitengo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, anthu onse okhala ku Russia osaka nyama zazikulu amagulitsa makampani akunja. Zisanu Russian sing'anga ngalande za seiners anapitiriza nsomba mu Atlantic Ocean. Ku Russia, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tuna ndi kochepa poyerekeza ndi USA ndi mayiko a ku Europe, koma pali zomwe zikupita patsogolo. Mafakitale okugulitsa nsomba ku Russia amagwiritsa ntchito zopangira ku makampani akunja. Ambiri nsomba zamzitini katundu amadya Russia amapangidwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Zachilengedwe

Kuchulukitsa kwa nsomba zapamwamba kwambiri kumakulidwa mwaubwino ndi kunenepa m'mapanga. Mu Mediterranean, nsomba wakula mu Croatia, Greece, Turkey, Italy, Libya, Malta, Spain ndi Cyprus. M'lifupi mwake mwa ndowa ndi 50-90 metres, voliyumu imafika 230,000 m 3. Mwachitsanzo, ku Turkey, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka pakati pa Juni, zombo zapadera zimapeza magulu a nsomba omwe amapeza nsomba, amawazungulira ndi ukonde ndikuwapititsa ku famu ku Karaburun Bay, Izmir. ntchito za nsomba mabungwe kukula ndi pansi pa ulamuliro boma. Tuna imadyetsedwa ndi squid, sardines, hering'i ndi mackerel. Mkhalidwe wawo umayang'aniridwa ndi osiyanasiyana. Patapita chaka, osakwana zaka 2, nsomba kukonzedwa, mazira ndipo anatumiza katundu.

Japan imatsogolera kafukufuku wazachilengedwe. Mu 1979, kwa nthawi yoyamba adakwanitsa kubala nsomba muukapolo. Mu 2002, wathunthu kuswana mkombero inatha, ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 2007 ku mbadwo wachitatu kale analandira. Fyamani wogwira amagulitsidwa kuti azilima pamafamu asodzi. Mtengo wa mwachangu ndi pafupifupi madola makumi asanu.

ntchito A wakhala analenga kulenga aquaculture otetezeka yosafuna nsomba wamba MUTU. Chimodzi mwazolinga za polojekitiyi ndikupanga tuna muukapolo. Zinali zotheka kupeza mwachangu yotheka ntchito luso zotsatira m'thupi pa akulu. Kuti nsomba zam'madzi zizigwiritsa ntchito bwino zachuma, chakudya chake chimayenera kukhala chomera chifukwa chobzala. Kampani yaku Norway Tunatech adapanga zakudya zapadera za granular, koma pakadali pano, nsomba za mu ukapolo zimalemera bwino zikaphatikizidwa ndikudya ndi granular chakudya ndi nsomba zakufa. Cannibalism imalepheretsa kulima nsomba muukapolo - anthu ambiri amadya mwachangu, kuphatikiza, nsomba za motile komanso zomwe zimathamanga zimadzivulaza mwakugunda makoma a akasinja. ulamuliro tiziromboti ayenera kulemekezedwa kuti loopsa kwa anthu zakutchire, ndiponso vuto la kutaya abwino kupanga zinyalala nsomba.

Kudya

M'mayiko ambiri, nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimadziwika kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri. Kudakonzedweratu mu njira yosiyana, kudyedwa yaiwisi ndi zamzitini. Nsomba zimasinthana nyama yakuwala ndi yakuda. Poyerekeza ndi nyama yopepuka yomwe imatengedwa kuchokera kwa nsomba zomwezo, zofiirira zimakhala zowoneka bwino, zamafuta pang'ono komanso zamafuta ambiri, ndiye kuti, ndizowopsa kuposa kuwala, koma zimakhala ndi chitsulo chochuluka (mpaka 11 mg pa kilogalamu 1).

Zakudya, ubwino ndi mopweteka

18-20%). Palibe mafuta m'mafuta ake (

0.5%) ndi mafuta m'thupi. Muli mavitamini A, D ndi E, omega-3 mafuta osakwaniritsidwa, selenium, sodium ndi potaziyamu. Kuledzera pafupipafupi kwa nsomba izi kumatsitsa triglycerides m'mwazi. The calorie zili nsomba zamzitini ndi za 198 kcal, ndi mapuloteni okhutira ndi 29,13%.

Mercury imatha kudzikundikira mumizimba ya nsomba zazikulu zolusa zokhala ndi moyo wautali. Tikadali choncho. Pali zambiri Mercury nyama mdima waukulu-eyed nsomba kudziunjikira Mercury kwambiri kuposa yellowfin, wovulidwa ndi kuleza finned nsomba.Pali mankhwala enaake okhala ndi chindapusa kuposa zakudya zam'chitini. Amayi azaka zakubala komanso ana saloledwa kudya nsomba zokhala ndi mankhwala enaake okhala ndi chindapusa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu ina ya nsomba, zopitilira kamodzi pamwezi.

Pakafukufuku yemwe adafalitsidwa mu 2008, zidatsimikizika kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a mercury omwe amapangidwa mwamagetsi kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zili ndi lipid - kukwera kwa ndende ya lipid mu minofu yowoneka, kutsitsa mapangidwe a zeb.

Histamine imatha kudzikundikira mu nyama ya tuna nthawi yayitali kuyambira pakugwira mpaka pakuzizira, makamaka ikasungidwa popanda kuziziritsa, komanso kuphwanya njira yosungira ndi kusungunulira. M'matumba amdima a mackerel, gawo lambiri la histamine limatha kukhala lokwera kwambiri nthawi 1,500 poyerekeza ndi kupepuka kwake. Malinga ndi SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01 ya Russian Federation, zomwe zili mu nsomba siziyenera kupitirira 100 mg / kg. Nsomba zabwino zili ndi zosakwana 10 mg / kg za histamine. Zofunikira pakudya zamzitini mu Russian Federation zimayendetsedwa ndi GOST 7452-97.

Zakudya zamatenda

Tuna ndiwofunika popangira zakudya zam'chitini. Zaamphaka nsomba za maonekedwe ndikuwoneka bwino zimafanana ndi fillet ya nkhuku. Zakudya zamzitini zimakonzedwa makamaka chikaso chamtundu wachikuda, wautali, wamizere, wamaso akulu ndi wakuda.

Mpaka mu 1905, nsomba ku India zimadziwika kuti ndi zodetsa nkhawa ku United States ndipo sizinkadyedwa konse. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zakudya zamzitini mu ndowa za tuna zinayamba kupangidwa ku Australia mu 1903. Zakudya zamatenthetsa zidayamba kutchuka. Pofika m'ma 1950s, nsomba zamzitini zinadula nsomba zam'madzi zotchuka ku America. Tinsonga zamzitini mu mafuta, mu madzi ake, misuzi yosiyanasiyana, chidutswa chimodzi kapena tizinthu tating'onoting'ono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masangweji, masaladi ndi mbale zina.

Tuna nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kutali ndi malo okusungirako. Kusungika kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka. Asanapangidwe, nsomba ziyenera kusungidwa pamtunda wa pakati pa 0 ndi −18 ° C. Nthawi zambiri, tuna amalumikizana ndi dzanja kenako amaundana kapena kuzirala. Nsombazo zimatsukidwa ndi khungu ndi mafupa, kudula nkukhala zidebe, kuyikidwa mumitsuko ndikukutira. Nyama yakuda yotengedwa kumbali nthawi zambiri imapanga chakudya chotsika mtengo cha nyama. Mtsuko wosindikizidwa umapangidwa ndi makala potenthetsera mopanikizika.

Utoto "wopanda kanthu" wopangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zoyera zam'maso. Zinyalala zotsalira za nyama yoyera ndi nyama imvi zimapita ku chakudya chotsika mtengo zam'chitini. Zakudya zamatenda zimapangidwa kokha kuchokera ku nsomba zowundana, chifukwa chake zimadziwika ndi msuzi wa opaque. Opanga opanda chinyengo amapinda nsomba zotsika mtengo kuti zitwere. Gawo lodzilekanitsa - nyama ya tuna ili ndi mawonekedwe, ilibe mafupa.

Onani mafotokozedwe

Tuna ndi wokhala m'madzi omwe ndi am'banja la mackerel. Kuchokera ku Greek Greek tuna amatanthauzira kuti "kuponya", "kuponya". Thupi limaumbidwa mozungulira, lopendekera ku caudal. Mutu umakhala ngati mawonekedwe. M'maso mwake muli timaso tating'ono kumbali ziwiri, komanso kamwa yayikuru yokhala ndi mzere umodzi waching'ono, koma mano owongoka. Gawo lopingasa, thupi limawoneka ngati bwalo.

Chovala choyambirira, chakumbuyo kwake, chimakhala choperewera. Yachiwiri ikufanana ndi chikwakwa chopyapyala. M'makhalidwe akunja, amafanana ndi anal. Kuchokera kwa iyo kupita mchira pali zipsepwere zingapo. Zitha kukhala zazidutswa za 9-12, ndipo kuchokera pa anal osaposa 8-9.

Zofunika! Kuti nsomba izitha kupuma, imafunika kuyenda pafupipafupi, apo ayi, zomwe zikutulutsidwa m'matumba a gill sizitseguka ndikulemeretsa magazi ndi mpweya.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, thupi lambiri limakhalabe lokhazikika. Ndi mchira ndi zipsepse zomwe zimaloleza nsomba kuyenda mwachangu. Kuthamanga kwambiri komwe nsomba yayikulu imatha kukhala ndi 85 km / h. Monga shaki, ali ndi njira yoyendera yozungulira, yomwe ili ndi kutentha kwa thupi kwa madigiri 36.6. Ndizosatheka kunena kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimadya. Msambo wamba wa nsomba zazikulu zam'madzi ndi zaka 35, ndipo zazing'onozing'ono zimakhala zosakwana 10.

Kulemera komanso miyeso

Kukula kwa tuna ndi wodabwitsa komanso wopatsa chidwi. Mitundu yaying'ono ndi 30-40 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo kwamoyo ndi 2 kg zokha. Tinsodzi wamkulu kwambiri, wabuluu wamba, amakula kutalika ndi 4-4,5 metres. Kulemera kwa chimphona choterocho nthawi zina kumaposa 600 kg. Aliyense amene nthawi ina ankasodza nsomba zam'madzizi ankalota kuti asodza nsomba zazitali. Koma si mitundu yonse yomwe idzafike pamitundu yotereyi. Izi zimadalira malo okhala ndi kubereka.

Nsomba zofiira kapena zoyera

Nyama ili ndi mtundu wokongola: kuchokera ku pinki wosakhazikika mpaka wofiyira. Kupezeka kwa mapuloteni omanga mpweya m'magazi kumakhudza mtundu wa nyama yopangidwa ndi tuna. Mbali yothandizira moyoyi imatchedwa myoglobin ndipo imakhala ndi chitsulo chachikulu, ndipo kupanga kumachitika panthawi yogwira ntchito.

Zofunika! Wopepuka ndi wakuda bii tadala nyama mitundu. Mukazifanizira, mutha kuwona kuti zimalimbikitsa kapena zofiirira zimadziwika ndi friability, mafuta ochepa komanso zambiri zam'madzi. Ndizoyipa kuposa zoyera, koma zitsulo zake zimafikira 11 mg pa kilogalamu imodzi.

Kodi pali miyeso iliyonse

Mamba omwe amaphimba thupi la cholengedwa cham'madzichi kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi m'mbali mwake amasiyana kwambiri kukula kwake kuchokera mbali zina za thupi. Zazikulu komanso zokulirapo ndipo zikuwoneka ngati chipolopolo choteteza. Mtundu wa masikelo ndiosiyana ndi mtundu uliwonse. Amatha kukhala ndi mikwingwirima kapena mithunzi yosazolowereka kwa mitundu ina, koma msana wakuda ndi mawonekedwe owoneka am'mimba ndizachilengedwe kwa aliyense.

Predator kapena ayi

Chakudya cha tuna ndi nsomba ndi moyo wa m'madzi ochepa. Nyamayi imadyako anchovies, capelin, sardines, mackerel okhudzana ngakhalenso abale ake. Ena amadya crustaceans yaying'ono ndi cephalopods. Nsomba zodya nyama nthawi zambiri masana, kupita pansi, koma kumayambiriro kwa usiku gulu limayandama.

Kupangidwa kwamankhwala

Nyamayi imayamikiridwa ndi akatswiri ambiri azakudya komanso othamanga. Muli mafuta ndi mapuloteni amitundu yambiri, koma mulibenso michere. Nyama ya nsomba imakhala yopatsa thanzi kwambiri mthupi la munthu ndipo zinthu zonse zimayamwa ndi 95%.

Ngakhale mgawo wochepa wa mbale muli pafupifupi gawo lonse lathunthu la zakudya zonse:

• cobalt,
• chromium,
• niacin
• pridoxin
• phosphorous,
• ayodini,
• thiamine
• salfa,
• potaziyamu,
• chitsulo,
• calcium,
• zinc,
• magnesium,
• mkuwa,
• selenium,
• mavitamini a magulu A ndi B,
• omega-3, omega-6 mafuta acids.

Zofunika! Kusunga mulingo woyenera kwambiri wama micro- ndi micronutrients, ndikofunikira kuti muzidya osatinso nthawi 1 mumasabata 1-2. Kukula kwa ntchito sikuyenera kupitilira 100-150 magalamu kwa munthu wamkulu.

Ubwino ndi kuvulaza thupi

Tuna lili ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Zimakhutitsa thupi ndikulimbitsa thupi, kukulolani kukhala ndi thupi loyenera, komabe kukhala ndi phindu pa thupi lonse, kupewa kupewa matenda ambiri owopsa:

• kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa
• kukhalabe kwadongosolo la mtima
• kulimbitsa makhoma a dongosolo lozungulira,
• kukhazikika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kugunda kwa mtima, kuchotsa kwa arrhasmia,
• kuteteza kumachitika chiwindi ndi impso ntchito.
• kufooka kwa yotupa ndi kusintha kwamitsempha,
• kupewa matenda a Alzheimer's,
• amathandizanso pa matenda a matenda amkati, komanso chifuwa,
• imalimbikitsa chithokomiro, zooneka bwino, zimachulukitsa chonde,
• amachepetsa cholesterol
• nsomba zikulimbikitsidwa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa,
• amatsuka chiwindi chokhala ndi poizoni ndikuchotsa,
• kusintha kwa kagayidwe kachakudya njira,
• kuonjezera chitetezo chokwanira komanso kukonza thanzi, khungu, misomali komanso tsitsi.

Oyenga, omwe ali gawo lalikulu kwambiri, amatha kuyambitsa gout ndi urolithiasis. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe mungadye.

Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuchepetsa zakudya zanu kuti musalole munthu kuti asagwirizane.

Zofunika! Utoto wocheperapo wa nyama zam'madziyi umakoma.Iwo kudyedwa yaiwisi, pambuyo kutentha mankhwala (Frying, kuphika, stewing, etc.) kapena zamzitini.

Kumene kumapezeka ku Russia

Malo okhala nsomba za tuna ndi malo otentha komanso am'madzi a Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Mu Russia, izo zimapezeka pafupi ndi Black Sea gombe, mu Nyanja ya Azov, Nyanja Barents, komanso mu Japanese. Dera lililonse lamadzi limadziwika ndi mitundu yake. Tuna wamba, wosiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka mu Nyanja ya Barents. Mu Black, Azov ndi Japanese moyo nsomba zina zing'onozing'ono.

Pamashelu m'masitolo, zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa kuchokera ku China kapena Vietnam zimagulitsidwa nthawi zambiri, ngakhale kuti pali oimira ambiri amitundu yam'nyanja zam'nyanja. Mu nthawi za Soviet, asodzi pachaka chilichonse amatulutsa pafupifupi matani 15 mpaka 20 a anthu am'madzi amchere amenewa komanso olemera omwe amakhala ndi michere. Lero, kupanga ndi zochepa. Izi ndichifukwa chosowa mabwato ofunikira, omwe apereke njira yodziwika bwino yophera chikwama. Zombo zam'mbuyo zimatha ntchito, ndipo ntchito yake siyotheka pazifukwa zaluso.

Okwana pali zoposa 60 mitundu ya nsomba, koma osati onse a iwo amaonedwa otchuka. Ganizirani mitundu ya zithunzi zomwe zili pachithunzichi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu komanso zachuma, malo awo.

Zofunika! Tuna akhala akugwira nsomba kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutchula koyamba nsomba - Zojambula pa makoma m'mapanga ndi mafupa, anapeza zofukulidwa m'mabwinja. Izi zapezeka zaka zoposa 5000 zapitazo. Kulanda anthu okhala m'madzi pa mafakitole kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 19, ndipo chidwi chachikulu ndi chidwi kwambiri m'zomwezi zikuwonetsedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20.

Atlantic

Nsomba zaku Atlantic zimatchedwanso kuti blackfin, zakuda. Derali ndiye kumadzulo kwa Atlantic Ocean, pafupi ndi gombe la Brazil. Mwa mtundu wina wotchuka, zilibe kuima mu kukula. Akuluakulu amakula mita imodzi yokha, ndipo kulemera kwamoyo - 20 makilogalamu okha. Moyo wa alumali - zosaposa zaka 5-6. Mbali lateral ndi dorsal chipsyepsye ndi chikasu mtundu. Kumbuyo ndikuda.

Nsomba ya makerele

Mwachilengedwe, mackerel amapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja zonse, m'mitsinje ya Japan. Pali nsomba mu Nyanja Mediterranean. Amakula mpaka masentimita 65. Komabe, kugwira nsomba yayikulu chonchi ndichabwino kwambiri. Zowerengeka zambiri nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa kutalika kosaposa 15-35 cm.

kumbuyo kwawo ndi utoto wokongola mtundu buluu wakuda, ndi pamimba ndi siliva. Malo amdima okhala ndi izi subspecies amatha kuwoneka kumbuyo. Mawonekedwe a mtembowo ndi ofanana ndi mackerel, ndichifukwa chake adapeza dzina.

Wamba

Tinsomba wamba timatchulidwanso kuti redfish kapena bluefin. Ichi ndi chimphona chenicheni - nthawi zina kukula kwake kumafika mita 6, ndipo kulemera - 600 kg. Umapezeka makamaka Atlantic ndi kumpoto kwa Indian Ocean. Amakonda Gulf of Mexico, Pacific ndi madzi aku Mediterranean, ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri kumadera a Barents ndi Black Sea. Kumbuyo kwa nsomba yofiirira kumakhala buluu wambiri, mbali yakumbuyo ndiyoyera. The zipsepse ndi wooneka lalanje hue.

Kukhala m'modzi mwa oyimira pamtundu wina ndizofunikira kwambiri kuphika zambiri. Nyamayi imakhala yoonda komanso yopatsa thanzi.

Zofunika! The adani a mtundu wa nsomba lolamulidwa ndi okhwima chifukwa chiopsezo pang'ono kutha, choncho ndi maiko zikugwira ntchito yopanga ogwirira mu aquaculture.

Blufin

Pacific bluefin tuna ndi membala wachiwiri waukulu pabanja. The pazipita olembedwa makulidwe a nsomba bluefin ndi 3 m. Unyinji wa mdani uyu anafika makilogalamu 450. Chifukwa chakuti bulufini wa buluu ndi chinthu chofunikira, amatetezedwa ndikuti akhale "Vulnerable".

Amakhala m'madzi aku Pacific. Pakuti kusaka, izo kumeneko kwambiri kwa 550 m, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka padziko.

Mbali yakumbuyo ya bulugayo imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi wabuluu, kumtunda kwa mbali zamtunduwu kumakhala kutayidwa pang'ono kobiriwira ndi mawanga. Mimba yake ndi yowala. The chipsyepsye lalikulu kumbuyo ndi buluu.Pasanathe nthawi zambiri wachikasu. Zipsepse zachiwiri ndi kumatumba zamtundu wa Pacific ndi zofiirira. Kwa iwo, motsogozedwa mchira, pali zipsepse ka mtundu wachikasu ndi m'mphepete mdima.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Tuna ndi nsomba wakale ku nsomba ya makerele banja la mtundu Thunnus, omwe akupezeka masiku athu pafupifupi sichinasinthe. Thunnus akuphatikiza mitundu isanu ndi iwiri; mu 1999, nsomba wamba komanso Pacific adazisankha ngati mabungwe odziimira pawokha.

Video: Tuna

nsomba zonse ndi za nsomba chowala, kalasi ambiri m'nyanja. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka zipsepse. A zosiyanasiyana ray-nthenga anaonekera pa kusanduka yaitali, mchikakamizo cheza dziphunzitsiranso. The anapezazo wamkulu wa malasha ray-chipsyepsye limafanana nsomba mapeto a Silurian nyengo - zaka miliyoni 420. Zotsalira za nyama yolusa imeneyi zidapezeka ku Russia, Estonia, Sweden.

Mitundu ya nsomba ku mtundu Thunnus:

• yaitali chipsyepsye nsomba
• Waku Australia,
• chachikulu-eyed nsomba,
• Atlantic,
• nthenga zachikasu ndi mchira wautali.

Onse ali ndi moyo wosiyana amayembekezeka, kukula pazipita ndi kulemera kwa thupi, komanso mtundu khalidwe la mtundu.

Chosangalatsa: Bluefin nsomba akhoza kukhalabe kutentha kwake thupi pa mlingo wa madigiri 27, ngakhale akuya pa kilometre, pamene madzi konse umafunda mpaka madigiri ngakhale asanu. Amawonjezera kutentha kwa thupi mothandizidwa ndi chowonjezera chowonjezera kutentha kutentha pakati pa gill ndi zina.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Photo: Tuna nsomba

mitundu yonse ya nsomba ndi thupi elongated wa mawonekedwe fusiform, zikuchepa tapering kwa mchira. Chomaliza chachikulu cha dorsal ndi chopondera komanso chodutsa, chachiwiri chimawoneka ngati chikwakwa, chochepa thupi. Mpaka 9 zipsepse ang'onoang'ono zili kwa izo kwa mchira, ndi mchira ali ndi mawonekedwe a kachigawo mwezi ndipo limachititsa kukwaniritsa liwilo mu ndime madzi, pamene nsomba thupi lenilenilo amakhalabe pafupifupi ima pa gulu. Awa ndi amazipanga wamphamvu zolengedwa, kuti ndikasendeza pa liwiro lalikulu wa ku 90 Km paola.

Mutu wa nsomba ndi wokulirapo mu mawonekedwe a chulu, maso ndi ang'ono, kupatula mtundu umodzi wa nsomba - yayikulu. M'kamwa mwa nsomba ndi lonse, nthawi zonse otsegula pang'ono, nsagwada ali mzere umodzi wa mano yaing'ono. Mamba patsogolo pa thupi limodzi M'mbali mwakemu muli zikuluzikulu ndipo kwambiri chachikulu kuposa mbali zina za thupi, chifukwa ichi ndi mtundu wa chipolopolo zoteteza aumbike.

Utoto wa tinsomba umatengera mtundu wake, koma nthawi zambiri onse amakhala ndi chifuwa cham'mbuyo komanso kumbuyo kwamdima ndimaso amtundu kapena amtambo. Ena mitundu ndi mikwingwirima khalidwe mbali zonse; pangakhale mumtundu kapena kutalika zipsepse ndi. Anthu ena amatha kupeza kulemera kwa theka la tani ndi kutalika thupi la mamita 3 4.5 - izi ndi zenizeni zimphona, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "mafumu a nsomba zonse." Nthawi zambiri, miyeso yotere imatha kudzitama ndi buluu kapena wamba buluu wa tuna. Nsomba ya makerele nsomba ndi kulemera avareji makilogalamu osapitirira awiri ndi kutalika kwa theka mita.

ichthyologists ambiri anavomereza kuti nsomba ali pafupi wangwiro kwambiri mwa anthu onse a nyanja:

• ali ndi mchira wamphamvu kwambiri,
• chifukwa cha makutu lonse, nsomba angalandire mpaka 50 peresenti ya mpweya mu madzi, wachitatu kuposa nsomba zina,
• njira yapadera lamulo kutentha, pamene kutentha anasamutsidwa makamaka ku ubongo, minofu ndi dera m'mimba,
• hemoglobin yayikulu komanso kusinthana kwa mpweya msanga,
• dongosolo langwiro ziwiya ndi mtima, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.

Kodi nsomba moyo?

Chithunzi: Tuna m'madzi

Tuna chakhazikika pafupifupi lonse ndi nyanja, kupatulapo madzi okha kumalo ozizira. Blue kapena wamba nsomba kale anakumana mu Atlantic Ocean kuyambira Canary Islands ku Nyanja North, nthawizina, kwinaku ndikulimbana ndi Norway, Nyanja Black, madzi a Australia, Africa, anamverera ngati katswiri Nyanja Mediterranean.Masiku ano, malo awo okhala ndi ochepa kwambiri. Achibale ake amasankha madzi otentha komanso otsetsereka a Nyanja ya Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian. Tuna akhoza kukhala madzi ozizira, koma akubwera uko apo ankaona anthu ofunda.

Mitundu yonse ya nsomba, kupatula ya ku Australia, siimakonda kuyandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso nthawi yosamukira, nthawi zambiri imakhala kutali kwambiri. Waku Australia, mosiyana, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi, samalowa m'madzi otseguka.

Tuna zonse amasamukira pambuyo sukulu nsomba zimene amadya. Kutentha, amayandikira m'mphepete mwa Caucasus, Crimea, kupita ku Nyanja ya Japan, komwe amakhala mpaka Ogasiti, kenako kubwerera ku Mediterranean kapena Marmara. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimasungidwa nthawi yayitali ndikutuluka ndikutuluka kwamasamba. Pa migrations chakudya, zikhoza kubwera pafupi kwambiri kugombe zotsatirazi sukulu nsomba zimene amapanga zakudya zawo.

Kodi nsomba zimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Tuna mu nyanja

nsomba zonse zolusa, iwo amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chimene kugwa pa madzi a nyanja kapena pansi, makamaka kwa mitundu ikuluikulu. Tuna nthawi zonse amasaka pagulu, amatha kutsata sukulu kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphimba mtunda wautali, nthawi zina ngakhale kulowa madzi ozizira. Tizilombo ta Bluefin timakonda kudyetsa kwambiri pakukula kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu, kuphatikiza shaki zazing'ono, pomwe mitundu yaying'ono imakhalabe moyandikira, ikukwanira ndi chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda m'njira zawo.

The zakudya chachikulu cha chilombo izi:

• mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zophunzirira, kuphatikizapo hering'i, hake, pollock,
• sikwidi
• ma octopus
• fulonda,
• osoweka
• thonje zosiyanasiyana ndiponso nkhanu.

Tuna ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa nzika zonse zam'madzi potenga nyama munyama wake, koma chifukwa chachikulu chodabwitsira sichakudya chake, koma ntchito za anthu, chifukwa chomwe chinthu choopsachi chimalowa m'madzi. Zina mwazomwe zili m'nyanja nthawi yomwe kuphulika kwa mapiri kumachitika, momwe zimapendekera miyala.

Chosangalatsa: Mmodzi wa apaulendo nyanja anagwira mphindi pamene makamaka lalikulu munthu nsomba anamugwira kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi ndi kuwameza ndi gull nyanja, koma patapita kanthawi anakhumudwa kwambiri n'kunena kuti, pozindikira kulakwitsa kwake.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Tinsomba za tuna

Tuna ndi gulu la nsomba zomwe zimafuna kusunthidwa mosalekeza, chifukwa ndi kayendedwe kamene limalandira mpweya wamphamvu kudzera m'matumbo ake. Awa ndi agile kwambiri ndi kusala osambira, angathe kukhala imathamanga kwambiri pansi pa madzi, akuyendetsa, ndipo ankayenda mtunda wautali lalikulu. Ngakhale kusuntha kosalekeza, nsomba nthawi zonse zimabwereranso kumadzi omwewo.

Tinsomba sizitenga chakudya pansi kapena pansi pamadzi, zimakonda kusaka nyama za m'makulidwe ake. Masana iwo wasaka mu kuya, ndipo pamene usiku imagwera adzawuka. Nsomba izi zimatha kusuntha osati molunjika, komanso molunjika. Kutentha kwa madzi kumazindikira mtundu wa mayendedwe ake. Tuna nthawi zonse amayesetsa mu zigawo wa madzi, kutenthetsa digiri 20-25 - ichi kwambiri omasuka chizindikiro kwa izo.

Gulu likasaka, nsomba zimadutsa pasukulu ya nsomba mumisili kenako nkuwomba mwachangu. Munthawi yochepa, gulu lalikulu la nsomba limasakazidwa ndipo pachifukwa ichi mzaka zam'mbuyomo, asodzi adawona kuti nsomba ndiyopikisana nawo ndikuiwononga mwadala kuti asasiyidwe osakola.

Chochititsa chidwi: Mpaka m'ma 20, nyama zambiri ntchito ngati zipangizo za ulimi wa chakudya nyama.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Tuna pansi pamadzi

Tinsomba zimatha kutha msinkhu pofika zaka zitatu zokha, koma sizimafikira zaka 10-12, m'madzi ofunda pang'ono kale. moyo wawo pafupifupi amayembekezeka ndi zaka 35, ndipo angafikire theka atumwi.Pakuchepa, nsomba imasamukira kumadzi ofunda a Gulf of Mexico ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pomwe gawo lililonse limakhala ndi nthawi yake yotulutsa, kutentha kwamadzi kukafika madigiri 23-27.

nsomba zonse chonde - pa nthawi imodzi, mkazi umabala kwa mazira miliyoni 10 pafupifupi 1 millimeter kukula ndi onse umuna ndi mwamuna ufulu. Pakupita masiku ochepa, mwachangu amachokera kwa iwo, omwe amasonkhana pamadzi ambiri pamwamba pamadzi. Ena aiwo adyedwa ndi tinsomba tating'ono, ndipo ena onse adzachulukira msanga, kudya plankton ndi cr craceans ang'ono. nyama Young kusuntha kwa zakudya mwachizolowezi monga iwo kukula pang'onopang'ono kujowina anthu wamkulu pa nkhosa kusaka awo.

Tuna nthawi zonse amakhala m'gulu la abale ake, anthu osakwatira amakhala osowa, ngati amangofunafuna nyama yoyenera. Mamembala onse amtunduwo ndi ofanana, palibe otsogola, koma kulumikizana nthawi zonse pakati pawo, zomwe amachita pakusaka kophatikizana kumamveka bwino.

Adani a nsomba

Tuna tili ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe chifukwa chododometsa kwake komanso kuthekera kwake kuthamangira kuthamanga kwambiri. Pakhala pali milandu ya mtundu wina wa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe nsomba zimafa, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri ndi mitundu yaying'ono.

The kuwonongeka waukulu anthu chifukwa cha anthu, popeza nsomba ndi nsomba malonda, amene ofiira owala nyama ndi wapamwambatu wofunika chifukwa wokhutira mkulu mapuloteni ndi chitsulo, kukoma kwambiri, ndipo palibe chiwopsezo matenda tiziromboti. Chiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 pakhala kusinthiratu zida zogwirira ntchito, ndipo kugwira nsomba kwa nsomba kumeneku kwakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.

Chosangalatsa: Nyama ya tuna imayamikiridwa makamaka ndi Achijapani, mitengo yamitengo imayikidwa nthawi zonse pamisika yamalonda ku Japan - mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ya nsomba zatsopano umatha kufika $ 1000.

Mtima kuti nsomba monga nsomba malonda wasintha kwambiri. Ngati pazaka mazana angapo nsomba zamtunduwu zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi asodzi, chithunzi chake chidaphatikizidwa ndi ndalama za Chigriki ndi Celtic, ndiye kuti m'zaka za zana la 20 nyama ya tuna sinayamikiridwanso - idagwidwa ndimasewera kuti ipeze chiphaso chosangalatsa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira popanga zosakaniza zamagulu.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Photo: Big Tuna

Ngakhale kuli kwakuti kulibe adani achilengedwe, chonde chachikulu, kuchuluka kwa asodzi akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa asodzi. Tizilombo wamba kapena tofiyidwatu kale alengezedwa kale kuti ali pangozi. Maonekedwe Australia ali pafupi kutha. Ma subspecies angapo apakatikati okha samabweretsa nkhawa pakati pa asayansi ndipo mawonekedwe awo ndi okhazikika.

Popeza nsomba zimatenga nthawi yayitali kufikira kutha, pali choletsa kugwira anthu. Mu nkhani ya kukhudzana mwangozi ndi chotengera nsomba, saloledwa pansi mpeni, koma anamasulidwa kapena kuwapititsa ku minda wapadera kwa ana. Kuyambira makumi asanu ndi atatu a zaka zapitazi, nsomba zam'madzi zidakulitsidwa mwamavuto pogwiritsa ntchito zolembera zapadera. Japan idachita bwino kwambiri pamenepa. A ambiri minda nsomba zili Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy.

Ku Turkey, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka Juni, zombo zapadera zimatsata ziweto zambiri, ndikuazungulira maukonde, kupita nazo ku famu ya nsomba ku Karaburun Bay. Kusodza, kusamalira ndi kukonza zinthu za nsomba zili m'manja mwa boma. Kosiyanasiyana kusunga chikhalidwe cha nsomba, nsomba kunenepa kwa zaka 1-2 kenako poizoni kwa processing kapena atapanga kwa katundu zina.

Kusamalira nsomba

Chithunzi: Tuna kuchokera ku Buku Lofiyira

Common nsomba, amene kusiyana ndi kukula kwake chidwi ndi pafupi kutha ndipo kutchulidwa Red Book mu gulu la mitundu pangozi.Chifukwa chachikulu ndichotchuka kwambiri cha nsomba zam'madzi mu gastronomy ndi usodzi wosalamulika kwa zaka makumi angapo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku pa zaka 50 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu a mitundu ina ya nsomba ali utachepa peresenti 40-60, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a nsomba wamba amene ali pompo-pompo si zokwanira kukhala anthu.

Kuyambira 2015, mgwirizano wakhala ukugwira ntchito pakati pa mayiko 26 kuti aletse kugwira nsomba za Pacific. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ikuchitika pakulima kwa anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mayiko sikuphatikizidwa mu mndandanda wa mayiko amene anathandiza pangano pa kuchepetsa wa nsomba kwambiri kuwonjezera nsomba mabuku.

Chosangalatsa: Nsomba za Tuna sizinali zamtengo wapatali nthawi zonse monga momwe ziliri masiku ano, panthawi inayake sizinkadziwika ngati nsomba, ndipo ogula adachita mantha ndi mtundu wofiyira wowoneka bwino wa nyama, yomwe adapeza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa myoglobin. Izi zimapangidwa m'matumbo a tuna kuti zithe kupirira. Popeza nsomba amasuntha mwakhama kwambiri, myoglobin amapangidwa zedi yaikulu.

Tiyi - wokhala mwabwino pamadzi ndi nyanja, popanda adani achilengedwe, otetezedwa ndi chilengedwe kuti asathe ndikuwonongeka kwakutali, kudali pafupi kutha chifukwa chakukonda kwathunthu kwa anthu. Kodi ndizotheka kuteteza nsomba za nsomba zamtunduwu kuti zisatheretu?

Zochita ndi moyo

Tuna amaonedwa nyama zosangalatsa zomwe amakonda khalidwe paketi - amasonkhana m'madera ndi kusaka mu magulu. Pofufuza chakudya, nsomba za pelagic ndizokonzeka kupanga ma mtunda wautali, makamaka chifukwa nthawi zonse amatha kudalira luso lawo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Ma buluu (wamba) ndi gawo lamkango la mikango ya World Speed ​​Speed. Pa mtunda waufupi, bluefin nsomba imathandizira pafupifupi 90 km / h.

Kupita kokasaka, nsomba imanjera mzere wokhotakhota (wofanana ndi uta womangika) ndikuyamba kuyendetsa nyama mwachangu. Mwa njira, kusambira kosatha kumakhala mu chilengedwe cha genus Thunnus palokha. Siteji likuoneka iwo ndi imfa, popeza ndondomeko kupuma ali anayamba yopingasa kupinda wa thupi, akubwera kuchokera caudal chipsyepsye. Kusunthira patsogolo kumapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala otuluka kudzera pakamwa potseguka.

Utali wamoyo

Kutalika kwa moyo wa anthu odabwitsa am'madzi am'madzi amatengera mitundu - momwe oimilira ake amakhala, motalikirako. Mndandanda wa azaka zoposa zikuphatikizapo nsomba wamba (zaka 35-50), Australia nsomba (20-40) ndi Pacific bluefin nsomba (zaka 15-26). Ma yellowfin (5-9) ndi mackerel tuna (zaka 5) sakonda kukhala padziko lapansi.

Habitat, malo okhala

Tinsomba tadzilekanitsa tokha kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mackerel zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo, atakhazikika kunyanja zamchere (kupatula nyanja zam'mbali).

Ndizosangalatsa! Kale mu M'badwo Stone, zofunikila zithunzi za nsomba anaonekera mu mapanga wa Sicily, ndi mkuwa ndi chitsulo Ages, asodzi a Mediterranean (Ahelene, Foinike, Aroma, Turkey ndi Moroccans) anayesedwa masiku pamaso nsomba anapita zimaswana.

Osati kale kwambiri, nsomba zamtundu wamba zomwe zinali zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zinakuta Nyanja yonse ya Atlantic, kuyambira ku Canary Islands mpaka kumapeto ndi North Sea, komanso ku Norway (komwe kunasambira nthawi yotentha). Bluefin tuna anali nzika ya panyanja ya Mediterranean, ndipo nthawi zina amalowa Nyanja Yakuda. Ndipo anapezanso pa Atlantic gombe la America, komanso madzi a Africa East, Australia, Chile, New Zealand ndi Peru. Pakadali pano, mtundu wa nsomba za bluefin wafupika. Malo okhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono amagawidwa motere:

• kum'mwera nsomba - subtropical madzi a Chigawo cha kum'mwera (New Zealand, South Africa, Tasmania ndi Uruguay),
• mackerel tuna - m'mphepete mwa nyanja zotentha,
• Wamawangamawanga Tuna - Indian Ocean ndi Western Pacific,
• Atlantic nsomba - Africa, America ndi ku Nyanja Mediterranean,
• skipjack (wovulidwa nsomba) - otentha m'chigawo cha Pacific Ocean.

Zakudya

Tuna, makamaka waukulu (buluu), kudya pafupifupi chilichonse chimene chili mu nyanja - amasambira kapena bodza pansi.

Oyenera nsomba amalidyetsa ndi:

• sukulu nsomba, kuphatikizapo hering'i, nsomba ya makerele, hake ndi pollock,
• fulonda,
• nyamayi ndi nyamayi,
• sadini ndi anchovy,
• Mitundu yaing'ono kwa nsombazo,
• nkhanu, kuphatikizapo nkhanu,
• cephalopods
• amangokhala thonje.

Amalonda ndi ichthyologists mosavuta kuzindikira malo nsomba limbitsani hering'i - mamba ake wothwanima sapota mu mumabokosiwo kuti pang'onopang'ono tisamadandaule liwiro ndi pang'onopang'ono kupasuka. Ndipo kokha mamba munthu, amene analibe nthawi kumira pansi, akutikumbutsa kuti nsomba posachedwapa adadya pano.

Tuna kuswana

Poyambirira, ichthyologists ankakhulupirira kuti kuya kwa North Atlantic anali anthu ng'ombe ziwiri nsomba wamba - miyoyo wina mu Western Atlantic ndi spawns mu Gulf of Mexico, ndi moyo wachiwiri East Atlantic, spawning mu Nyanja Mediterranean.

Zofunika! Zinali ku amanena kuti Commission Mayiko kutetezela Atlantic Tuna anachita, atakhala quotas kuti muphe nsomba ake. kupanga nsomba okhawo mu Western Atlantic, koma analola (m'mavoliyumu zikuluzikulu) mu East.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, nkhani yolembedwa ya 2 Atlantic ng'ombe anamuzindikira monga pachithunzichi, amene anali kwambiri ntchito ndi olemba nsomba (yomwe inayamba pa zaka za m'ma lomaliza) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maluso maselo chibadwa. Kwa zaka 60, kunali kotheka kwa tikupeza kuti nsomba kwenikweni zimaswana kumabungwe awiri (Gulf of Mexico ndi Nyanja Mediterranean), koma nsomba munthu mosavuta amasamukira kumalo wina, kutanthauza kuti anthu ali m'modzi.

Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi kuswana zake nyengo. Mu Gulf of Mexico, nsomba anayamba zimaswana kuyambira m'ma April kuti June, pamene umafunda madzi +22.6 +27.5 ° C. Mu kwambiri nsomba, ndi spawning loyamba limapezeka palibe kale kuposa zaka 12, ngakhale kuti kutha msinkhu amapezeka mu zaka 8-10, pamene nsomba akula 2 m mu Nyanja Mediterranean, chonde limapezeka kale kwambiri -. Pa zaka 3. Spawning yokha limapezeka m'chilimwe, mu June - July.

Tuna amadziŵika ndi chonde umalimba.. anthu Large kutulutsa pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 mazira (1.0-1.1 masentimita kukula). Patapita kanthawi, ndi larva 1-1.5 masentimita wamtali zimaswa lililonse dzira ndi dontho mafuta. Onse mphutsi kuwaswa m'magulu pa pamwamba pa madzi.

Botanical Kufotokozera

Nsomba yaikulu anatengedwera ku gombe la New Zealand mu 2012 ndi kulemedwa makilogalamu 335. Izi ndi lalikulu malonda nsomba imene majeremusi n'zochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri zakudya zokoma yaiwisi kukonzekera kwa nyama yake. Tuna moyo sizingatheke popanda gulu zonse. Chachikulu lateral minofu, ndi spindle woboola pakati, thupi mwapang'ono kwa mapeto, chikwakwa-mphako dorsal chipsyepsye, ndi leathery muyezo pa caudal mapulaniwo kupereka mofulumira ndi yaitali kusambira a anthu Azov, Japanese, Black, Barents Nyanja ndi Pacific, Atlantic, Indian nyanja. Nsomba unachitikira ku sukulu yaikulu.

Tuna - osambira kwambiri, kukhala imathamanga mpaka 77 Km / h kufunafuna chakudya. The chakudya chachikulu ndi nkhanu, mollusks ndi nsomba yaing'ono (hering'i, nsomba ya makerele, sadini).

Nyama nsomba ndi akuda wofiira chifukwa kukhalapo mwa chitsulo munali mapuloteni myoglobin opangidwa pa "liwiro" kayendedwe mu minofu. Kukwanitsa mazira wamba amapezeka mu akazi ali ndi zaka zitatu. Spawning amapezeka mu June-July mu madzi ofunda wa mayiko a. Nsomba ndi wakhama kwambiri ndipo akhoza kuika mazira miliyoni 10 pa chaka.

Mtengo wosodza

Anthu akhala bwino nsomba kwa nthawi yaitali - choncho, anthu okhala Japan akuchita bluefin nsomba zaka zoposa 5 zikwi. Barbara Block, pulofesa University Stanford, akhutitsidwa kuti Thunnus mtundu athandiza kumanga Western chitukuko.Barbara akutsimikizira kuti adamaliza ndi mfundo zodziwika bwino: nsomba zam'madzi zidagulidwa kale ndalama zachi Greek ndi Celtic, ndipo asodzi aku Bosphorus adagwiritsa ntchito 30 (!) Zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kutanthauza tuna.

"Mu Nyanja Mediterranean, maukonde anakhazikitsako kwa nsomba chimphona kuti anawoloka Khwalala la Gibraltar chaka, ndipo aliyense msodzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ankadziwa pamene Putin udzayamba. Kuuchotsa kunali kopindulitsa, chifukwa katundu yemwe anakhalayo anabalalika mwachangu, ”wasayansi uja akukumbukira.

Kenako malingaliro asodzi asintha nsomba: adayamba kuyitcha "ma mackerel" ndikuigwira chifukwa cha masewera, kenako nkuyiika feteleza kapena kuiponya amphaka. Komabe, mpaka chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza, makampani akuluakulu nsomba anali nsomba bluefin pafupi New Jersey ndi Nova Scotia (monga mpikisano waukulu nsomba). Koma mzere wolimba wakuda unayambira zaka 50-60 zapitazo, pomwe sushi / sashimi wopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama yake adalowa mu mafashoni akhungu.

Ndizosangalatsa! Bluefin tuna ndiyofunika kwambiri mu Land of the Rising Sun, pomwe nsomba 1 kg imadya pafupifupi madola 900 aku US. Mu States okha, bluefin nsomba m'mawa okha odyera yapamwamba, ntchito yellowfin kapena chachikulu-eyed nsomba mu nyumba zochepa wapamwamba.

Kusaka nsomba za bluefin kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mwayi wapadera kwa asodzi aliwonse asodzi, koma si aliyense amene amedza nsomba zabwino kwambiri. Ogula nsomba kuma gourmets aku Japan asinthira kale nsomba wamba ku North Atlantic, popeza ndizokoma kwambiri kuposa anzawo aku Japan.

Bluefin nsomba

Ndiwo wamkulu kwambiri. Thupi lake lakuda limakhala ngati bwalo mozungulira. Kulemera pazipita ukufika makilogalamu 690 ndipo kutalika 4.6 m. Mamba Large amafanana chipolopolo motsatira mzere mbali. Bluefin tuna ili ndi malonda kwambiri. Malo okhalamo ndi ochulukirapo ndipo amayambira polar mpaka kumadzi am'madzi otentha.

White (Albacore) Tuna

Ndiwotchuka ndi nyama yamafuta, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pakati pa oimira mackerel. Amakhala munyanja zam'madzi otentha. Izi nsomba yaing'ono, akulemera pafupi makilogalamu 20.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti tuna ili paudindo wachiwiri kutchuka pakati pa nsomba zam'nyanja, ndikupatsa shrimp ku laurels apamwamba. Wogula wamkulu wa nyama yofiira ya nsomba ndi Japan. Chaka chilichonse, anthu a m'dziko la dzuwa likutuluka zimawononga matani oposa 43 sauzande nsomba. Ku France, kukoma kwa nsomba kumayerekezedwa ndi nkhumba yatsopano.

Amakhulupirira kuti nyama ya tuna ndiyotetezeka kudya ngakhale mu mawonekedwe ake osaphika, chifukwa samayamwa ndi majeremusi.

Zabwino zotsatira pa thupi

Zambiri pa zabwino za nsomba:

1. Maso okongola. The zikuchokera nyama nsomba zikuphatikizapo wathanzi Omega-3 zidulo. Amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa macular, omwe ndi omwe amachititsa kwambiri kukalamba.
2. Mtima wathanzi. Iwo kumabwezera mmbuyo mapangidwe magazi kuundana mu mitsempha ya magazi, kumaonjezera ndende ya "zabwino" mafuta m'thupi, kumathandiza arrhythmia, ndi ndewu inflammations ya kutanthauzira zosiyanasiyana.

Mafuta achilengedwe a polyunsaturated omwe amapezeka mu nsomba za nsomba amathandizira thanzi la mtima.

1. Kupewa khansa ya m'matumbo, m`kamwa, m'mimba, esophagus, thumba losunga mazira, bere.
2. Popanda kunenepa, matenda a shuga. Imasinthasintha kagayidwe, imasintha mayankho a insulin, ndikuwongolera kunenepa kwambiri.
3. Ubongo wathanzi. Nthawi kotunga magazi ake, amathandiza zikhumbo mitsempha, kuchepetsa mavuto yotupa, ndiponso kupewa matenda a Alzheimer.
4. Thandizani pakukonzanso zinthu. Moyo wam'madzi ndi wolemera mu selenium, womwe umakhudzidwa ndikupanga ma glutathione antioxidants omwe amateteza thupi la munthu ku matenda oyipitsitsa a neoplasms ndi matenda a mtima. mankhwala awa n'chongoletsa zoipa zinthu wambiri m'chiwindi.
5. Kusangalala bwino. Ndi kumwa kwa nsomba zam'madzi nthawi zonse, kupsinjika kumachepa, kukhumudwa kumatha, magazi amabwezeretsedwa, ndipo kupanga kwa serotonin kumakhala bwino.

Nyama ya tuna imakhala yopanda chakudya. Ili ndi cholesterol 1/3 yochepera kuposa magwero ena a nyama ya nyama (chifuwa cha nkhuku). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti magalamu 25 mapuloteni zakudya ndi anaikira mu 100 ga nsomba, lomwe lili ndi lamulo tsiku la thupi zomangila ndi 50%. Mapuloteni omwe amapanga nsomba zam'madzi amatengedwa ndi 95% ya thupi la munthu. Ndiwotsogolera pakati pa nsomba mu amino acid. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nsomba zinatchuka mwa otsatira zakudya masewera, kulimbitsa thupi lake.

Zopindulitsa zina zonse za nsomba zofiira zimaphatikizidwa ndi vitamini ndi mchere wambiri:

• Imadyetsa minofu ya mtima, Imachepetsa mphamvu yake, imagwirizitsa kukomoka kwa mitsempha (potaziyamu),
• amatipatsa mpweya yobereka kuti zimakhala ndi ziwalo (chitsulo),
• amadyetsa chithokomiro (iodini),
• amalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, amalimbana ndi kukalamba kwa maselo (retinol acetate),
• ali vasodilating zotsatira (niacin),
• zimakhazikitsa kagayidwe kamphamvu zama chakudya, mafuta (thiamine),
• imalimbitsa minyewa ya tsitsi, misomali (riboflavin),
• amateteza kufooka kwa mafupa ndi rickets (ergocalciferol),
• amathandiza kuchuluka kwa mahomoni (nthaka),
• amalimbikitsa kukonzanso mafupa (mkuwa),
• zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho antioxidant katundu (selenium).

Tuna ndi chinthu chapadera chophatikizika chomwe chimaphatikiza thanzi la nyama komanso nsomba. Asayansi achi Dutch, aku America, aku Japan adazindikira kuti ndikamamwa pafupipafupi 30 g ya nsomba zam'madzi patsiku, chiopsezo chokhala ndi ischemic stroke imatha, ntchito zamaganizidwe zimawonjezeka, ukalamba umabwezedwa ", ndikuwongolera kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha kumakhala bwino.

Komanso, nsomba ndi wowolowa manja gwero la zigawo mapuloteni kuti atumikire monga kumanga mfundo minofu minofu.

Zowopsa zomwe zingachitike

Wina wa banja la mackerel amatha kusunga mankhwala enaake a mzimba. Chifukwa cha ichi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti asadye mitembo lalikulu, makamaka kwa amayi apakati, ndi toxicosis, lactating akazi ndi achinyamata. Mitundu iyi imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha chitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba imapangidwa pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la impso ndi chifuwa. Ana akhoza kudya nsomba kuyambira zaka 12, pamene Kuchepetsa ponseponse 100 ga pa sabata.

Kumbukirani, koyambirira kwa poyizoni wa mankhwala a chifuwa, matendawa ndi asymptomatic ndipo chifukwa chake amatha kusokoneza mgwirizano, ntchito ya zida zolankhulirana, kumva, kuyambitsa kufooka kwa minofu komanso mavuto amitsempha. Mwana wosabadwayo yemwe amakula m'mimba, ngati khanda loyamwa, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatirapo zoipa za chitsulo.

Tuna ndi gwero la purines, owonjezera awo mu thupi amakwiya chitukuko cha gout, urolithiasis. Nsomba zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto omwe amatha kuwononga chakudya, omwe amatha kuwonekera motere: chizungulire, mseru, kupindika m'mphuno, kupindika kwa m'maso, zotupa, kutupira kwa m'mimba, mavuto a kupuma.

Yokoka nsomba

Ikani poto pa mbaula, kutsanulira mu mafuta (3 supuni), kutentha. Mitsuko ya nsomba yomwe imagwera pansi pamadzi, pofinya, ndikupukuta ndi chopukutira. Mwachangu pa kutentha kwapakatikati osaposa mphindi 12, apo ayi adzauma. Ulusi nsomba yomalizidwa ayenera delaminate ndi kupitiriza mtundu pinki. Pofuna kusintha kukoma, nsomba imaphikidwa dzira lomenyedwa, kenako yoyera ndi yakuda.

Kuzifutsa nsomba

Dulani fillet mu zigawo, 2 cm wandiweyani, anagona mu chidebe galasi. Konzani marinade kuchokera magawo awiri soya msuzi ndi gawo limodzi lamafuta, mandimu, mchere - kulawa. Thirani nsomba ndi osakaniza, kusiya kwa maola 12. Pambuyo nthawi yake, kukhetsa marinade, ziume magawo a. Tumikirani ndi anyezi wobiriwira mumafuta a maolivi.

Tuna ndi nsomba yapadziko lonse, imayenda bwino ndi mpunga, ndiwo zamasamba, yokazinga ndi mbatata zowotcha. A khutu zokoma amapangidwa nyama yake ndi lokwera. Nandolo kapena masamba obiriwira, tomato watsopano, tchizi, mazira, nkhaka ndi azitona mogwirizana zimagogomezera kukoma kosakhazikika kwa nsomba zamzitini.

Pambuyo kugula kapena nsomba, ndi bwino kuphika nsomba tsiku lomwelo. Zolemba malire 1 tsiku mu firiji. Kutukula moyo wa alumali, nsomba zatsopano zimakulungidwa mu cellophane ndi mazira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zamzitini zasungidwa kwa zaka ziwiri.

Tuna yoperekedwa zogulitsa pa masitolo chaka chonse. Komabe, nthawi yabwino kwambiri kuti mugule ndi Meyi-Seputembara. Mwatsopano nsomba ali ndi okoma nyama fungo, ndi wandiweyani pinki yofiira fillet. A kulocha bulauni padziko mafupa zikusonyeza kuti lakufa m'sitolo kupitilila tsiku.

"Tuna ndi zitsamba za Provencal"

• kuuluka wakuda tsabola, mchere - ¼ tsp,
• 4 nsomba nyama
• mafuta a azitona - 1 tsp,
• Provencal zitsamba - 2 tsp,
• mandimu - 15 ml.

Njira kukonzekera: sakanizani onse zosakaniza, kabati ndi msuzi wazonunkhira, valani poto wokazinga. Kuphika Mphindi 3-4 pa mbali iliyonse mpaka browning. Kukongoletsa ndi letesi.

Zaamphaka tinsomba

Izi ndi chipatso wotchuka kwambiri, ankagwiritsa ntchito yokonza saladi, soups, mbali mbale. Zamzitini nsomba akhoza kudyedwa ngati mbale palokha. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ichi ndi mafuta, ophatikiza mafuta ambiri (230 kcal pa 100 g) ya magawo, kotero anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kunenepa kwambiri ayenera kukhala kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Nyama nsomba bwino wosiyana mafupa. Nthumwi za chilengedwe m'madzi zomera (mu mawonekedwe zamzitini) zimasunga onse katundu zothandiza nsomba ndipo anasonyeza ntchito ndi anthu ndi matenda a thirakiti m'mimba, CVS, ziwalo masomphenya, ubongo, mapangidwe magazi, ndipo chithokomiro England.

Tuna tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muphatikizidwe mu zakudya za odwala omwe ali ndi zovuta zotsatirazi:

• arrhythmia
• cholecystitis
• thrombophlebitis
• chitetezo chokwanira ofooka kwambiri,
• matenda ya ubongo
• hemoglobin wotsika
• Chotupa chija,
• yotupa ndondomeko.

Zaamphaka tokhala ndi mavitamini omega-3s, mavitamini, macro- ndi ma microelements, 8 ma amino acid ofunikira. Iwo pafupifupi mulibe mafuta m'thupi, chakudya ano zimalimbikitsa mafuta. Chifukwa kapangidwe kake wolemera, msilikaliyo wokhala ukuwonjezeka mphamvu ntchito, bwino njira kagayidwe kachakudya, akuziyambitsa ntchito ubongo, kumathandiza mapangidwe khungu, amateteza diso ku atayanika kunja, ndiponso kupewa alibe pa mlingo macular. Imaphatikizidwa ndi kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa kumatha kuyambitsa kulemera, kusinthasintha kwa mtima, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro.

Kenaka

Tuna zamzitini mu "zitini." Yang'anani pamwamba pa chidebe, sichiyenera kukhala dzimbiri, kuthina, kusinthika, kusisita kapena madontho. Kumbukirani, aliyense makina kuphwanya umphumphu wa akhoza kungachititse kuti imfa ya zikayamba ndi spoilage wa nsomba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nsomba ndi ladzala ndi zitsulo, amalakatika kutsitsimuka ndipo unusable. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati pansi pa zakudya zam'chitini zatupa, ndiye kuti malondawo afooka.

Chodetsa

Perekani mmalo ndi chakudya chokoma losindikizidwa mu chidebe akhoza wa nyemba latsopano. Pazakudya zamzitini zoterezi, chizindikirochi chimasungunulidwa kapena kufinya kuchokera mkati. mankhwala amenewa ndi kovuta yabodza, mosiyana ndi wina kumene mudziwe mankhwala akusonyeza pa chizindikiro pepala, amene si ovuta kukonzanso ndodo. Ngati deta ndi mu inki, kuyendera manambala onse ndi zizindikiro. Ayenera kuwoneka bwino. Kumbukirani, overwrites si chovomerezeka!

The chizindikiro chachikulu mankhwala khalidwe ndi kulemera. Cholembedwerachi chikuyenera kuwonetsa kulemera konse ndi kulemera kwa nsombayo yokha, yolingana ndi miyezo GOST 7452-97 "nsomba zamatenda, zachilengedwe. Luso zinthu. " Komanso, mankhwala kachidindo - "OTH" Kwalamulidwa mu kulemba. Ngati sichoncho, kukoma kwa zakudya zamzitini sikungakusangalatseni.

Alumali moyo

Monga ulamuliro, opanga mankhwala pa chizindikiro luso kusunga mankhwala zaka 3. Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti ndi mwezi uliwonse kuchuluka kwa michere momwemo kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.Ichi ndichifukwa chake akatswiri azakudya amalimbikitsa kuti asagule zinthu zakale, koma kuti azikonda tini, yomwe idatulutsidwa miyezi iwiri yapitayo. Kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chotere, mutha kupeza phindu lalikulu ndikukhala ndi kukoma kopambana.

Kumbukirani, zigawo 3 yekha ayenera kukhala mbali ya chakudya zamzitini: nsomba, mchere, madzi. Chochita chabwino chimapangidwa ku Spain kapena Italy.

Pomaliza

Tuna ndi nsomba yayikulu yokhala ndi thupi lalitali, lamadzi amitundu. Malo ndi madzi ofunda a otentha, m'nyanja subtropical. Imapezeka ku Indian, Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans. Nsomba zimasambira kuzama kwambiri, zosungidwa m'masukulu. Chifukwa cha dongosolo langwiro thupi ndi amphamvu, mitsempha ya magazi, mwamsanga chimachititsanso (mpaka 77 km / h), kukhalabe kutentha magazi madigiri 2-3 pamwamba pa madzi ozungulira. Masiku ano, pali mitundu 15 ya nsomba, yomwe yotchuka kwambiri imakhala, Atlantic, bluu, yellowfin, yoyera. Gawo lodziwika bwino la oimira mackerel ndi mapuloteni okwanira 22%. Mafuta zili nyama ndi 19%. Izi ndi nsomba zamalonda zamtengo wapatali zomwe sizimadziwika ndi majeremusi. Muli ma amino acid ofunikira, mafuta apadera a omega-3, mavitamini A, B, D, E, chlorine, sodium, calcium, potaziyamu, phosphorous, sulufu, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, manganese, mkuwa, fluorine, chitsulo, nthaka, cobalt, ayodini, chromium. Zothandiza zimatha nsomba za tuna: zimakhala ndi anti-yotupa, zimayendetsa shuga m'magazi, zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, zimathandizira kubwezeretsanso mucous nembanemba, zimagwira ntchito bwino mu ubongo, zimathandizira maso.

Njira yokonzekereratu yokonzedwa ndiyotayidwa.

Zamzitini nsomba mu mafuta masamba kapena madzi yake chotchuka kwambiri mu dziko msika. Nsomba zomwe zimagulitsa kwambiri ndi Japan. Kuti mukhale ndi thupi labwino, tikulimbikitsidwa kudya nsomba zosachepera 100 g pa sabata. nyama achinyamata ankakonda, monga anthu akuluakulu amatha kudziunjikira Mercury, omwe ndi owopsa thanzi la ana, pakati ndi lactating akazi. Asanadye, nsomba imatsukidwa mafupa ndi ma peel, kukonzedwa, kutumizidwa ndi zitsamba ndi masamba atsopano / mchere.

Wamaso akulu

Kukula kwa nsomba yamaso akulu kuli pafupifupi. Chimakula m'litali mwa 200 cm, ndi kulemera kwake, kawirikawiri sakhala upambana makilogalamu 180. Adapeza dzina lake chifukwa chamaso akulu, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Mutu ulinso waukulu, ndipo nsagwada yapansi imakwezedwa.

Kumbuyo ndi utoto wabuluu mdima, ndi mimba, monga ambiri - siliva-woyera. Chomaliza choyambirira kumbuyo ndi chikaso chakuda. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kopepuka. Mtundu wa kumatako ndi zina ndi kuunika chikasu. Makina owonjezera akuda pang'ono.

Mtunduwu umagwidwa makamaka m'madzi otentha am'madzi. Nyama ndi kulocha grayish, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zosafunika kwa zakudya zamzitini. Mukuphika, kutsimikizika ndikupanga sashimi. Tinsona tokhala ndi maso akulu kuposa ena timasonkhanitsa zitsulo zoopsa munyama.

Yellowfin

Tchire la ku Elefin la ku Middle East linatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha zipsepse zake zowala. Mtundu wachikasu, ndi chikasu chowala, pafupifupi lalanje. Pa pamimba siliva pali 20 woonda transversely anakonza mdima mikwingwirima. Wachikulire amakula pafupifupi mamita awiri ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 130 kg. Kupatula kunja kwa Mediterranean, nsomba zimagwidwa pafupifupi kulikonse.

nyama Ellofin ndi wandiweyani, molemera chofiira. Pambuyo pakuthira kutentha, kumakhala kirimu.

Waku Australia

Uyu ndiye woimira wina wamkulu. The chilombo akhoza kukula ndi mamita 2.5. Kulemera - pafupifupi 250 kg. Habitat - madzi ofunda a South Hemisphere, omwe ali pafupi ndi Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar. Nsomba wakonda amasangalala padziko, ndipo watsika kuti akuya kwambiri kuti nsomba chakudya. Nthawi zina amasamuka, amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Achibale apafupi kwambiri ndi nsomba wamba komanso buluu.

Pa zaka 40 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu a mitundu ali utachepa kwambiri - ndi 85%.nsomba Australia ali pangozi ikutha.

Long mchira

Yambiri nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu Indian ndi Pacific Ocean. Akuluakulu kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 145, ndipo thupi kawirikawiri sakhala upambana makilogalamu 35-40. Long-tailed nsomba amakhala ndi mutu waukulu ndi yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda nsagwada m'munsi. Monga ambiri nsomba, mtundu wa kumbuyo ndi akuda kuposa mimba. Pamwamba ndi utoto wabuluu, ndipo mumbali ndi pamimba ndi siliva woyera. Dorsal, pectoral, ndi zipsepse ventral ndi wakuda. zipsepse zina chikasu m'mbali imvi. Nyama ya kuleza tailed ndi mdima wofiira ndi amazipanga wachifundo, koma pambuyo kutentha mankhwala amakhala pafupifupi woyera, mtundu wa njovu. The caudal chipsyepsye kwambiri notched, mu mawonekedwe a mwezi umodzi.

Albacore

Albacore ndi nsomba woyera. Chimodzi mwa mitundu wapatali nsomba. Nthawi yotchuka aatali-finned nsomba. Angapezeke pafupifupi madzi a m'nyanja. Zosiyana ndi zigawo kumalo ozizira. Albacore zamitundu ali pafupifupi. An wamkulu limakula mamita 1.5 m'litali. Kulemera kawirikawiri sakhala upambana makilogalamu 25. Nyama ya mitundu ndi amazipanga wachifundo ndi zopindulitsa ophika kuchokera konsekonse dziko. Iwo kudya onse yaiwisi ndipo pambuyo kutentha mankhwala. Pali milandu pamene m'misika ya limanena lowoneka - $ 100 zikwi. Nyama ya kuleza tailed woyera nsomba anapeza kutchuka kwambiri mu USA, kumene mChipangano kungoti "nsomba".

Kumbuyo ndi utoto wakuda buluu ndipo ali ndi zachitsulo Sheen khalidwe la mtundu wonsewo. Mimba ndi minyanga ya njovu. Pa mbali ya thupi akapitirira buluu yochokera Mzere. Dzinali chachiwiri - yaitali nthenga - izo analandira chifukwa lapadera, poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina, makulidwe a zipsepse pectoral. Iwo kuposa chiyambi cha yachiwiri dorsal chipsyepsye, ndipo nthawizina kufika kumapeto kwa maziko ake. The zipsepse ndi kulocha chikasu, ndi dorsal chachiwiri ndi kumatako ndi pang'ono mdima koposa zoyambazo.

Chakummawa

A nthumwi ka banja nsomba akhoza kukula kwa 85 cm, ndi kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 9 okha. Malo ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa m'madera a madzi otentha ya Pacific Ocean. Iye wakonda kuti kulibe nkhosa ndi oimira kochepa komweko.

mmbuyo ndi utoto wabuluu mdima, pafupifupi wakuda. Iwo chokongoletsedwa ndi 3-5 kutchulidwa mikwingwirima wakuda kuti akuuzidwa cha mchira wake wamphamvu. Akutsikira m'mimba, ndi mamba mbandakucha. Pa mimba, ali kuwala mthunzi zachitsulo. Ngati kumbuyo, mikwingwirima wakuda mukhoza kupita pamodzi mimba, koma izi sizichitikachitika. Mu pectoral chipsyepsye pali zimalimbikitsa mawanga angapo wakuda.

Chifukwa kukula kwake yaing'ono, mitundu kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo kuti akakole nsomba chimphona ndi ena okhala lalikulu m'madzi kuti chakudya pa anthu ang'ono.

Pomaliza

Tuna ndi lofunika malonda nsomba. kakudya zokoma mtundu uliwonse: yaiwisi, yokazinga, yophika kapena zamzitini. Sasiya ntchito nsomba kwathunthu ngati simunakhetsere monga mtundu iliyonse. Popeza anayesa waukulu ndi otchuka mitundu, mukhoza kusankha zokonda. Nzosadabwitsa kuti ena a iwo amaona kuti zakudya kawirikawiri ndi amagulitsidwa kwa ndalama lowoneka.