Ngati nyama zilibe luso loyankhula, izi sizitanthauza kuti sizilankhulana: sizimasinthana chidziwitso kwa wina ndi mnzake, sizimagawana malingaliro, sizisonyeza kukhutira ndi mkwiyo, etc.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa akatswiri a zanyengo, ma chameleon amasintha mtundu wawo kuti asabisala kwa omwe amawalondera ndi kupewa ngozi, koma kuti awadziwitse "abale" awo chilichonse chokhudza iwowo kapena momwe alili. Tizilombo ta nyerere timagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilomboti polumikizana: ndi chithandizo chawo, chidziwitso chokhudza nyama kapena ngozi imafalikira. Mbalame zimayamba kupendekera mokweza ngati zikuonekeratu kuti zikudandaula kapena sizikhutira ndi china chake: mpheta zimamenyana ndikulira mofuula chifukwa cha mkate, nkhuku zokhala ndi chizolowezi chopitiliza kuchenjeza ana awo za ngoziyo, ndi zina zambiri. Agalu ndi mimbulu kuti afotokozere achibale awo kanthu kena, kulira, khungwa, yap, kulirira ndi kulira.
Kodi nyerere zimayankhulana bwanji?
Banja la nyerere ndi gulu losazolowereka komanso labwino. Nyerere, zomwe moyenerera zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi, zimalankhulirana pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chapadera chomwe chimasungidwa ndi tiziwiti tambiri - ma pheromones. Nyerere, pozindikira fungo lokhala ndi tinyanga tawo tating'ono, "antennas", timadziwa komwe fungo limachokera komanso tanthauzo lake.
Kutuluka kwawo boma - anthill, nyerere imayika ndi ma pheromones mtunda woyenda kotero, motsogozedwa ndi kununkhira, kuti asasochere ndi kubwerera. Amachitanso zomwezo, ndikupeza kena kake kakudya: kusiya ma pheromones, nyerereyo imapempha abale ake kuti adye nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zodabwitsazi, nyerere zimachenjeza abale awo kuti pali chakudya pamalo enaake, kuti njira yomwe amawagwiritsa ntchito popita nthawi yayitali tsopano ndiyowopsa, etc. Nyerere zomwe zili pamavuto, pogwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones, zimatumiza chizindikiro cha alamu, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti "abale" awo afulumira kuthamangira kukawathandiza ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatumiza maalamu omwewo kwa achibale ena. Ndipo patapita mphindi zochepa, mazana a nyerere akuthamanga kuti ateteze chisa chawo kwa mdani.
Kodi njuchi zimalumikizana bwanji?
Atazindikira malo atsopano komwe mungatengere timadzi tokoma tambiri, njuchi "imauza" njuchi zina za izi kuti ipite kukatola chakudya. Koma njuchi zilibe mawu. Kodi amachita bwanji izi? Amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa "chinenero chamanja." Ofufuzawo amalitcha kuvina kwa njuchi.
Muvina iyi pali "pa" zazikulu ziwiri zokha. Atapeza maluwa mkati mwa mita zana kuchokera munyumbayo, kachilombo kamayamba kuwuluka mozungulira. Ngati malowo ali patali, njuchi imalongosola chithunzi choyimira mphete ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi mzere wowongoka. Mzere wolumikiza mabwalo akuwonetsa komwe othandizira amafunika kuwuluka.
Pang'onopang'ono zovina njuchi, kumapitilira chakudya. Komanso, njuchi zimadziwa mtunda molondola ndi liwiro la kuphedwa. Woyendetsa moyo wake “wovina” akuwoneka, chakudya chochuluka chomwe wapeza, othandizira ambiri amapita naye. Pofikira njuchi yomwe yapeza maluwa, njuchi zina zomwe zikugwira ntchito ziwona zomwe zidapeza. Chifukwa chake, kuvinaku kumakamba pafupifupi chilichonse: komwe, komwe kuli, pati, komanso zochuluka motani zomwe "ovina" adapeza.
Chilankhulo chovina ndichosangalatsa chifukwa njuchi siziphunzira. Amamudziwa mwachilengedwe. Katunduyu ndi wofunikira kwambiri njuchi, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuyang'ana chakudya chifukwa chosawona bwino. Njuchi imatha kupanga duwa kuchokera patali masentimita awiri! Akauluka, amawona zinthu zazikuluzikulu: mitengo, nyumba. Ngati njuchi iliyonse ikafunafuna kasungidwe ka chakudya, tizilombo timeneti sitimatha kutola chakudya chokwanira.
Kodi nyani amalankhula bwanji?
Asayansi omwe adachita nawo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi anyaniwa apeza kuti nyama zonsezi zimalumikizana bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana (pali zingapo!), Zomwe zikuwonetsa zochitika ndi zochitika zina.
Zitachitika izi, kumadulira mwachangu komanso pafupipafupi kwa lilime m'mitundu ina ya anyani kumawonetsa kuyandikira kwa nyalugwe, ndipo kulira kwa muluzu kumasonyezeratu mawonekedwe a njoka. Akatswiri ena amati njoka zamtundu uliwonse zimakhala ndi mawu apadera, chifukwa chake anyani sangasokoneze njoka yapoizoni ndi yotetezeka kwa iwo. Komanso, phokoso lapadera limanenedwa za mawonekedwe a munthu (Komanso, munthu wopanda zida ndi zida adasankhidwa mosiyana), abale ake, mbalame zodyedwa, etc.
Kodi mbawala zimalankhulana bwanji?
Zinsomba sikuti ndi zazikulu kwambiri zokha, komanso nyama "zazikulu kwambiri" padziko lapansi: zimatha kupanga mawu omwe palibe cholengedwa china chilichonse Padziko lapansi chitha kuchita.
Akatswiri azindikira kuti ma whale "amalankhula" mokweza kwambiri (mphamvu ya mawu awo imafika pamtunda wa 188!) Mwakuti "amatha kufuula" injini zomwe zimagwedezeka modabwitsa. Mothandizidwa ndi phokoso laphokoso lomwe limamvedwa pamtunda wopitilira 1600 km, anamgumiwo amalankhulana momasuka, kuwauza achibale awo zinthu zosangalatsa zosangalatsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuti apange mabingu amtunduwu mpaka theka la miniti, mahava safuna zingwe zomveka mawu: amagwiritsa ntchito pharynx ndi larynx, komanso "milomo yaphokoso" yapadera pa izi.
Kodi ma dolphin amalankhulana bwanji?
Ma dolphins - Izi ndi zolengedwa zapadera zomwe zimakhala zazinyama. Koma pakusintha, adafanana kwambiri ndi nsomba. Izi ndichifukwa choti malo okhala ma dolphin ndi madzi. Pankhani imeneyi, kuti athe kupezeka bwino, anayenera kuzolowera izi. Thupi lawo linatenga mawonekedwe osinthika, omwe amakulolani kuti muziyenda mofulumira m'madzi. Zipsepse zimawathandizanso. Koma chenicheni chakuti ma dolphin ndi zinyama ndizosakayikitsa. Izi zikuwonekera chifukwa chakuti ndi zolengedwa zamagazi ofunda, amapumira mpweya ndikudyetsa ana awo ndi mkaka.
Monga mileme, ma dolphin amagwiritsa ntchito ma ray a ultrasound kuti azitha kuyenda momasuka m'madzi. Zizindikiro zapaderazi zimawalola kudutsa zinthu zomwe zimabwera m'njira. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chifukwa cha kuthekera kugwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasound, ma dolphin amatha "kuwona" waya wotsika ndi mamilimita 0.2, womwe umalumikiza makoma a dziwe.
Ma dolphin ali ndi makutu otukuka kuposa maso. Izi ndichifukwa choti madzi ndioyendetsa bwino mawu. Ma dolphins amalankhula chilankhulo chapadera, mawu ake ena amakhala ngati chitseko. Kuyambira kalekale asayansi akufufuza chilankhulo cha nyama zomwe zimayamwa, koma sanazimvetsetse. Ofufuzawo amagwirizana pa chinthu chimodzi chokha - ndizovuta, ndipo mawu amodzimodziwo atha kutanthauza zinthu zosiyana kwathunthu.
Phokoso la ma dolphin ndilofunika kwambiri. Pansi pa madzi, zolengedwa izi zimangomva "zolankhula" zamtundu wawo, komanso anthu ena. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azisaka nsomba komanso kupewa zilombo, kuti asadzitengere zochita.
Ma dolphins ndi anthu owoneka bwino. Izi zikuwonekera ndi kuchuluka kwa ubongo wawo, womwe umaposa kuchuluka kwa ubongo wa munthu. Ma cell ake ambiri amatenga nawo mbali kuzindikira ndi kupenda ma sign omwe analandila kuchokera kwa anthu ena okhala m'madzi kapena omwe adatulukira kuti awone malo.
Kodi amphaka amalankhulana bwanji?
Asayansi omwe akukhudzidwa ndikuyang'anira amphaka adawona kuti mphaka wotchuka wa meow ndi njira yoti amphaka amalumikizane ndi anthu okha: mwanjira iyi akufuna kukopa chidwi, kuitana masewera, kufunsa chakudya, kudandaula za malaise, ndi zina zambiri. "Kulankhula" wina ndi mnzake, amphaka amagwiritsa ntchito mawu ena, kuphatikizapo ma phasound (mwachitsanzo, agalu ang'onoang'ono amalankhulana ndi amayi awo), komanso chilankhulo cha thupi komanso mawonekedwe ake.
Chimodzi mwazina zodziwika bwino ndi phokoso (purumb), zomwe amphaka zimatulutsa pokhapokha azimva bwino, komanso kuwomba ndikulira ndi amphaka ngati amva kuwawa. Zomveka izi, zimatsatiridwa, monga lamulo, komanso ndi kayendedwe koyenera ka thupi (amphaka amagwira makutu awo ndikukweza tsitsi), popanda "mawu" ena owonjezera amawonetsa chodabwitsa cha nyama. Ngati mphaka wayamba kulira ngati galu, ndiye kuti nkhaniyo ndi yoyipa kwambiri: ndichizindikiro kuti nyamayo ikukwiya kwambiri. Amphaka nthawi zina amatha kupanga mawu ofanana ndi ma tweets a mbalame, omwe sangathe kupangidwanso: mwina uku ndikuwonetsa chidwi kapena kukwiyitsa.
Nyama: malire a lingaliro
Kutengera ndi zomwe zimatengedwa ngati maziko, kutanthauzira kosiyanasiyana kwa liwu loti "nyama" kumaperekedwa. Mwanjira yopapatiza, izi ndi zinyama. Mukulingalira kopambana - onse ali ndi miyendo inayi. Malinga ndi sayansi, nyama ndi aliyense amene amadziwa kusuntha, ndi iwo omwe ali ndi nyukiliya m'maselo awo. Koma tinganene chiyani za mitundu yomwe imakhala moyo wokhazikika. Kapenanso, za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayendayenda? Ngati tizingolankhula momwe nyama zimalankhulirana, ndiye kuti ziyenera kuperekedwa makamaka kwa zolengedwa, mbalame, ndi nsomba zilinso ndi zilankhulo zawo.
Chilankhulo
Chilankhulo ndi njira yovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndipo sizodabwitsa. Ngati tizingolankhula za chilankhulo cha anthu, zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina yazizindikiro popeza zimathandizira kufotokoza malingaliro. Polankhula za momwe nyama zimalumikizirana, zitha kudziwika kuti mu sayansi mulinso nthawi yosiyana motere - "chilankhulo cha nyama".
Anthu amiyendo inayi amapereka chidziwitso kwa mdani wawo, osati kungomva mawu okha. Alinso ndi chinenero chamanja komanso nkhope. Zamoyo zimakhaladi ndi njira zambiri zolankhulirana kuposa anthu. Ngati mungayerekezere momwe nyama ndi anthu amalankhulirana, ndiye kuti mutha kupeza zosiyana zambiri. Munthu amayika zolinga zake, zofuna zake, malingaliro ake, malingaliro ake ndi malingaliro ake polankhula. Ndiye kuti, chimtolo chachikulu ndikulankhulana pakamwa.
Nyama, mosiyana, zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana yopanda mawu. Amakhala ndi zochulukirapo kuposa anthu. Kuphatikiza pa njira zosagwiritsa ntchito mwa munthu (kupweteka, manja, nkhope), amagwiritsa ntchito mawu amthupi (makamaka mothandizidwa ndi mchira ndi makutu). Udindo wofunikira pakulankhulana kwa iwo umachitika ndi fungo. Chifukwa chake, chilankhulo ngati dongosolo lamafoni ndi zolembera mwa nyama kulibe. Momwe nyama zimalankhulirana zimafanana ndi zizindikilo. Chilankhulo chawo, m'malo mwake, ndizizindikiro zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popereka chidziwitso kwa abale.
Lilime la nsomba
Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi munthu mu njira yolumikizirana ndi polankhula. Uku ndiko kuthekera kwa zida zama mawu kuti apange mafoni amtundu wina wa mapangidwe: omasulidwa, ogwedezeka, onjenjemera, onyoza. Izi sizikhalidwe zamtundu uliwonse wamtundu. Komabe, chilankhulo cha mawu ake chimapezeka mwa nyama zambiri. Ngakhale nsomba zina zimatha kuzisindikiza kuti zidziwitse ena za kuopsa kapena kuukira.
Mwachitsanzo, zingwe zopota, mphaka zimatha kulira, chozungulira chimaliza kulira, belu laphokoso likulira, schena ikuyimba. Phokoso limabadwa mwa iwo pamene mabulawo agwedezeka, kukukuta mano, kufinya thovu. Pali nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe kuti zimveke mwadala. Chifukwa chake, mbawala ya nkhandwe imamenya mchira wake m'madzi posaka, nyama zatsopano zamtunduwu zimatuluka pofunafuna nyama.
Lilime la mbalame
Kuimba ndi kulira kwamaluwa sindimadziwa. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zambiri zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Phokoso losafunikira limapangidwa ndi mbalame, mwachitsanzo, pomanga chisa ndi kusamuka, pakuwona adani komanso pakusaka abale. Kutha kwawo kulumikizana kumatsimikizika muzochita zakale, pomwe ngwazi yomwe imamvetsetsa mbalame ndi gawo la chilengedwe. Zothandizira kumva mbalame zimapangidwa bwino kuposa nyama zina. Amazindikira kuti mawu amveka kwambiri kuposa anthu, amatha kumva mafoni amafupikitsa komanso mwachangu. Maluso operekedwa mwachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidwi ndi mbalame. Mwachitsanzo, nkhunda zimamva mtunda wamtunda mazana angapo.
Mu chilankhulo cha mbalame zamtundu uliwonse, pali nyimbo zingapo zomwe amalandira ndi majini ndikugwirizana ndi gulu. Kutha kwa mbalame zina kutsanzira ndikumbukira kumadziwika. Chifukwa chake, sayansi imadziwa zomwe zinachitika pamene kholo laimvi la ku Africa Alex adaphunzira mawu zana ndikulankhula. Anakwanitsanso kupanga funso loti zomwe asayansi sangathe kukwaniritsa kuchokera ku anyani. Lyrebird waku Australia amatha kutengera osati mbalame zokha, komanso nyama zina, komanso mawu opangidwa ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, luso la mbalame ndilabwino, koma ndiyenera kunena, sindinaphunzire pang'ono. Mbalame zimagwiritsanso ntchito njira zopanda mawu. Mukapenda mosamalitsa momwe nyamazo zimalankhulirana, chilankhulo chake chitha kuonekeranso. Mwachitsanzo, nthenga za nthenga zimasonyezera kukonzekera nkhondo, mulomo wawukulu lotseguka ndi chizindikiro cha alamu, kudina kwake ndiwopseza.
Chilankhulo: amphaka
Mwini aliyense, powona momwe ziweto zake zimakhalira, adazindikira kuti nawonso amadziwa kuyankhula. Mu maphunziro a mbiri yakale ndi chilengedwe chomwe timakhala, timaphunzira momwe nyama zimalankhulirana (Gawo 5). Mwachitsanzo, amphaka amatha kutsuka mosiyanasiyana ngati apempha chakudya akapuma. Amakhala pafupi ndi munthu, koma amakhala chete kapena akungolankhula ndi abale, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu olankhulirana.
Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuwona momwe makutu awo alili: kukweza molunjika kumatanthauza kuyang'ana, kupumula ndikutambasulira - wodekha, kuwongolera cham'mbuyo ndikakanikizidwa - kuwopseza, kusuntha kwamakutu - ndende. Mchira wa zolengedwa zamatsenga ndi chida chofunikira chothandizira kwa ena. Ngati waukitsidwa, ndiye kuti mphakayo ali wosangalala. Mchira wake ukadzuka ndikuthothomoka, nyamayo imakhala yokonzeka kuukira. Zowonetsedwa - chizindikiro cha kuzunzidwa. Kusunthira kwa mchira mwachangu - mphaka ndi wamanjenje.
Chilankhulo: agalu
Kufanizira momwe nyama zimalankhulirana, titha kunena kuti chilankhulo cha agalu ndizosiyanasiyana.
Sangathe kungobangula, komanso kukulira, kulira. Pankhaniyi, kukhazikika kwa agalu ndi kosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, khungulo lakachetechete komanso losowa kwambiri limawonetsa chidwi, kukweza ndi kutalika kwake kumatanthauza ngozi, kukhalapo kwa ena. Galu amalira, kuteteza, kapena kusamalira nyama. Akalira, ndiye kuti ali wosungulumwa komanso achisoni. Nthawi zina amasilira ngati wina amupweteketsa.
Momwe nyama zimalankhulirana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda mawu zimasonyezedwera ndi akalulu. Samakonda kumveka: makamaka ndi chisangalalo champhamvu komanso mantha. Komabe, matupi awo amalankhula bwino. Makutu awo aatali, omwe amatha kupota mosiyanasiyana, amatipatsa chidziwitso. Kuti muzilankhulana wina ndi mnzake, akalulu, monga amphaka ndi agalu, gwiritsani ntchito chilankhulo cha fungo. Nyama izi zimakhala ndi tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapanga ma enzyme onunkhira omwe amachepetsa gawo lawo.
Chilankhulo
Khalidwe ndi momwe nyama zimalankhulirana kuthengo ndizofanana ndi zomwe nyama zapakhomo zimachita. Zowonadi, zochuluka zimafalikira kudzera mu majini. Amadziwika kuti akudzitchinjiriza ndi kuteteza dera lawo, nyama zamtchire zimafuula mokweza komanso mofuula. Koma pa izi makina azilankhulo zawo sakhala malire. Nyama zakutchire zimalankhula kwambiri. Kulankhulana kwawo ndizovuta komanso zosangalatsa. Nyama zodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ma dolphin. Maluso awo anzeru samamvetsetsa bwino. Amadziwika kuti ali ndi pulogalamu yovuta kuyankhula.
Kuphatikiza pa twitter, yomwe imatha kupezeka ndi makutu aumunthu, amalumikizana ndi ultrasound kuti ayang'ane m'malo. Nyama zodabwitsazi zimalumikizana mwachangu mumthumba. Akamalankhula, amatchula mayina a wolowererapo, ndipo amaliza mluzu wapadera. Zachidziwikire, zachilengedwe ndizachilendo komanso zosangalatsa. Munthu amafunika kuphunzira momwe nyama zimalumikizirana.Zilankhulo, zovuta komanso zapadera, zimakhala mwachilengedwe mwa abale athu ambiri.
Lilime lonunkhira
Chofunikira kwambiri mu chilankhulo cha nyama lilime la fungo. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi timafungo tosunkhira bwino tomwe timatulutsa zinthu zachilendo zonunkhira zomwe zimapatsidwa, zomwe zimasiyidwa pomwe nyamayo imakhala komwe imakhala.
Chiyankhulo chomveka
Chiyankhulo chomveka Ili ndi maubwino angapo kuphatikiza awiriwo. Zimathandizira kuti nyama zizilankhulana popanda kuwonana wina ndi mnzake (zomwe ndizofunikira kuti chilankhulo cha mawonekedwe ndi kayendedwe ka thupi) kapena kukhala kutali kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zomveka za mbalame m'matayala akuluakulu kumawalola kuti azilankhulana, ngakhale satha kuonana.
Lilime la nyani
Kufunika kwamphamvu kwa phokoso la anyani pafupifupi kumayenderana ndi munthu. Mu chilankhulo cha nyani, palinso zinthu zambiri zomveka zofanana ndi mawu amtundu wa mawu.
Maphunziro a mbewa pakulankhula kwa anthu sizinaphule kanthu. Osati chifukwa anyaniwa alibe nzeru, koma chifukwa cha zida zawo zama mawu (kuphatikiza malo omwe amawongolera muubongo) ali ndi mawonekedwe ena ndipo siabwino kuperekanso mawu osokoneza mawu polankhula ndi anthu. Koma anyaniwa amatha kuphunziramo nthambo (monga chilankhulo chamanja), ngati chimbulu cha Washo.
Washo adaleredwa ndi American American zoopsychologists-okwatirana Alain ndi Beatrice Gardner ndipo adalankhula mawu angapo m'magulu angapo, kenako pafupifupi 300. Adagwiritsa ntchito mawu ake mwaluso, mwachitsanzo, kufuna kutsegulira firiji kunanenedwa ndi zizindikiro zotere: "ozizira ozizira bokosi - idyani - imwani. " Maganizo ambiri adapangidwa ndi Washo mwini, ngati "ndipatseni" - "ndikanunkhizeni". Mawu osonyeza kudana ndi ena amapezeka kudzera mu mawu oti "uve." Washo adasankha kuyitanitsa bakha kuti "madzi a mbalame" m'malo mwa mawu otchuka.
Mwana woyamba wa Washo anamwalira atabadwa. Amayi amakhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi iye, akufunsa ndi chizindikiro "mwana", "mwana" akuyembekezera yankho. Posakhalitsa adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna watsopano wa Sequoia, yemwe, malinga ndi malingaliro a omwe akuyesera, Washo ayenera kuphunzitsa chinenero chamanja.
Gorilla Coco, wophunzitsidwa ndi Amslena ndi wofufuza waku America F. Patterson, mwachangu adalemba anthu 375 ndipo adawafotokozera za zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku zokha, komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro ake. Amadziwa malingaliro oterewa monga "kusungulumwa", "kulingalira", zakale komanso zamtsogolo.
Ernst von Glazersfeld (1917–2010) ndi Sue Savage-Rumbau apanga chilankhulo chamanja cha Yerkisch, chopangidwa kuti azilankhula ndi anthu akale. Chimpanzee Lana (wobadwa mu 1970, woyamba kubadwa wa Yerjik), yemwe waphunzira pafupifupi 60 lexigrams ya chilankhulochi pa kompyuta, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi kupanga mawu kufunsa kuti atembenule pulojekita kuti awonere kanema kuchokera pamoyo wa anyani, kuyatsa tepi chojambulira, ndi zina zambiri. Nyani ali ndi luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu awo.
Chimpanzee Sara adalemba ziganizo kuchokera kumapulasitiki-mawu "mu Chitchaina" - kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.
Kuimba kwanyimbo kumaonedwanso ndi nyani. Mu Zuro la Frankfurt mu 1974, awiriawiri a siamangs (amuna ndi akazi) amakonda kwambiri kuyimba ndi quartet.
