Mtundu wa Brahmin ndi mbalame yolusa yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi dzina ladziko lonse la Jakarta. Ku India, mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yopatulika ya Vishnu. Chilumba cha Langkawi ku Malaysia chimatchedwa Brahmin kite "Kawi", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mbalame, yokhala ngati mwala. Mitundu yoyambirira ya maula a mbalame imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa zoumba.
Pali nthano pachilumba cha Bougainville chokhudza momwe mayi adasiyira mwana wawo pansi pa mtengo wa nthochi m'mundamo, mwana amayang'ana kumwamba, ndikulira, ndikusintha kukhala Brahmin kite.
Maonekedwe a Brahmin kite
Mtundu wa Brahmin ndi mbalame yaung'ono pakati pamagulu agalu. Mtunduwu wafotokozedwa mu 1760 ndi katswiri wazachipatala wa ku France Maturin Jacques Brisson.
Krah ya Brahmin ilinso ndi mayina ena - ma kite oyera-oyera, chiwombankhanga chofiyira, kite yokhala ndi kumbuyo, mbewa wadazi, chiwombankhanga cha dazi.
Kugawa kwa ma kite a Brahmin
Krahm kite imagawidwa ku Australia, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, dera laling'ono la India, kupatula dera louma kumpoto chakumadzulo. Amapezeka ku Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia. Amakhala ku Laos, Vietnam, Macau, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan. Papua New Guinea. Mukukhala Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, East Timor.
Zizindikiro zakunja za Brahmin kite
Mtoto wa Brahmin ndi wofanana ndi nkhanu yakuda.
Ili ndi ntchentche yofanana ndi ma kite, yomwe imakhala ndi mapiko otakata pakona, koma mchirawo ndi wozungulira mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya ma kites ndi mchira wowala.
Zambiri za mbalame zachikulire mosiyana ndi mutu woyera ndi chifuwa chokhala ndi chikuto chofiyira chakhungu. Pa maziko awa, ma Brahmin kites amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizopakidwa utoto. Malo owala pansi pa mapiko m'dera la burashi ali ndi mawonekedwe apakati.
Brahmin kite malo
Ma Brahmin kites amakhala m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'malo onyowa. Amakhala m'mitsinje, m'mitsinje, m'madambo, m'mbali, nthawi zambiri amasaka m'nkhalango. Koma onetsetsani kuti mukukhala pafupi ndi madzi munkhalango, m'mbali, m'minda ndi m'misika. Amakonda kwambiri zigwa, koma nthawi zina amapezeka m'mapiri a Himalaya pamtunda wa 5,000 mamita.
Zokhudza machitidwe a Brahmin kite
Ma brahmin kites nthawi zambiri amapezeka okha kapena awiriawiri, koma nthawi zonse m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mbalame zimayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, misewu ndi mitsinje m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu atatu. Akatswiri a Brahmin akasaka, amakhala pamitengo. Mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kusewera ndi masamba amitengo, zimazigwetsa ndikuyesera kuzigwira mlengalenga. Mukasodza pamadzi, nthawi zina amatha kumizidwa m'madzi, koma njirayi imapita popanda mavuto.
Ana a Brahmin amagona palimodzi pamitengo ikuluikulu.
Pafupifupi mbalame 600 zimasonkhana m'malo amodzi usiku umodzi. Koma masango oterewa ndi osowa kwambiri.
Ma Brahmin kites amatha kuukira mumphaka
pa zilombo zokulirapo monga chiwombankhanga chambiri. Nthawi zina, mbalame zokongola motere zidakhala chakudya cha ma Brahmin.
Brahmin kite kudya
Ma Brahmin kites amakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mbalame zazing'ono, nsomba, ndi tizilombo. Nkhuku imakololedwa kuchokera pamadzi kapena masamba.
Mbalame zimakwera pansi, ndikuyang'ana m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi magombe kuti pakhale nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadyedwa kapena mafunde omwe atayidwa ndi mafunde. Pezani nyama yomwe ili ndi ntchentche ndipo nthawi zambiri imadya. Brahmin kites nthawi zambiri amayendera zinyalala kuzungulira ma doko ndi ma landfill chakudya.
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi zanyama zambiri zimakonda kuba ndipo zimatha kutenga zochuluka kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zomwe zadya.
Mlanduwu umadziwika pamene mtundu wa Brahmin kite udabvula nsomba yomwe ili mkamwa mwa dolphin mumtsinje wa Mekong. Ndipo nkhanga imodzi yanzeru idadya uchi wonse mng'oma, ngakhale njuchi zakwiya.
Moto wa steppe umakopedwanso ndi mbalame, pamene nyama yomwe ili ndi nkhawa imagwera mosavuta m'magulu a mbalame. Amagwira mbalame zazing'ono, agulu, mileme, amphibians, amanyamula zovalazo, kuphatikizapo nsomba ndi njoka zoponyedwa kumtunda. Ku New Guinea, a Brahmin nkhanu amakonda kusaka nkhalango. M'mphepete mwa nyanja muziyang'ana nkhanu.
Kuswana Brahmin kite
Kummwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Australia, pali nthawi ziwiri zoberekera: kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala komanso kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa mzere.
Mbalame zimakhala m'malo amodzi zaka zingapo motsatizana. Nthiwe zimapangidwa kuti zizisiyanitsidwa ndi mbalame zina. Magulu awiri oyandikana nawo amapezeka osachepera zana limodzi kuchokera kumodzi nthawi zambiri pamitengo yamangati. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kuti chisa chimapezeka mwachindunji pansi. Chidacho chimawoneka ngati nsanja yayikulu yomangidwa ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono, masamba, makungwa, ndi manyowa. Ili pamtunda wa mamita awiri mpaka 30 kuchokera padziko lapansi pamtunda wa nthambi zazitali zamitengo. Zolocha ndi masamba owuma.
Ma Brahmin kites omwe amakhala ku Malaysia amakhala pansi pa chisa ndi matope owuma.
Mwina ndi momwe mbalame zimatetezera anapiye ku nkhupakupa. Zisa za mbalame zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobereketsa kwa zaka zingapo, zimangowonjezera nthambi yaying'ono. Mu clutch pali mazira awiri kapena atatu oyera oyera kapena oyera amtundu wabuluu wokhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono a bulauni omwe amayesa 52 x 41 mamilimita.
Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amamanga chisa, makolo onse awiri amadyetsa ana, koma akuganiza kuti ndi mkazi yekha yemwe amapanga zoweta. Kukula kwa anapiye kumatenga masiku 26-27. Nyengo yonse yotsala imafikira masiku 50-56. Monga lamulo, anapiye amodzi amapulumuka kuti akwaniritse maula, koma nthawi zina pamakhala ana opambana a mbalame zazing'ono ziwiri kapena zitatu. Nestlings of the Brahmin kites to be Independent at the miyezi iwiri.
Mawonekedwe ndi kasungidwe
Mtoto wa Brahmin nthawi zambiri umatha kuwoneka mlengalenga ku Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, komanso ku Southeast Asia ndi Australia, mpaka ku New South Wales. Ngakhale amagawidwa kwambiri, mtundu wa Brahmin makamaka ndi mbalame yokhala pansi. M'madera ena okha omwe mumakhala nyengo zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi mvula yamvula.
Kwenikweni, mbalameyi imakhala kumapeto, koma ku Himalayas imatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1,500.
Mu mindandanda ya IUCN, mtundu wa Brahmin umadutsa ngati mtundu wopanda nkhawa kwenikweni. Komabe, m'malo ena a Java, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kukuchepa.
Khalidwe
Ku South Asia, kufalitsa kuyambira Disembala mpaka Epulo. Ku Australia, kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala madera louma komanso kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni mu dera lonyowa la kumpoto kwa Africa. Chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera kumitengo yaying'ono ndi nthambi; Zomera pamitengo yambiri, koma zimakonda mitengo yamangati. Chaka ndi chaka chimakhala malo amodzi. Nthawi zambiri samamanga chisa pansi pa mtengo. Mu clutch 2 mazira oyera oyera kapena oyera. Makolo onsewa amapanga chisa ndi kudyetsa anapiye, koma achikazi okha ndi omwe amadzisaka. Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 26 mpaka 27.
Ndi mtundu wa chakudya, makamaka chimakhala chofufumitsa, chimadya nsomba zakufa ndi nkhanu, makamaka m'madambo. Nthawi ndi nthawi amasaka mahatchi kapena mileme. Komanso amaba nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ndi mbalame zina. Nthawi zambiri samadya uchi, kuwononga ming'oma ya njuchi zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kusewera mwa kuponya masamba amtengo ndikuwagwira mlengalenga. Asodzi amauluka pamadzi, ngakhale nthawi zina amatha kuyenda popanda mavuto, kuchoka pamadzi ndikuyamba kusambira.
Mugone m'magulu akulu a anthu pafupifupi 600, mukukhazikika mumitengo yayitali.
Amatha kulimbana ndi zilombo zazikulu, monga chiwombankhanga, koma amatero ndi gulu lonse.
Asani poohoids kuchokera ku genera Kurodaia, Colpocephalum ndi Degeeriella.
Ntchito pa chikhalidwe
Ku Indonesia, komwe amadziwika kuti "Elang Bondol", amadziwika kuti ndiwo mascot aku Jakarta. Ku India, imadziwika ngati chithunzi cha mbalame ya Garuda, mbalame yopatulika ya Vishnu. Ku Malaysia, chimodzi mwa zisumbu zotchedwa Brahmin kite - chilumbacho "Langkawi" ("kawi" ndi mchere wofanana ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka utoto, wokumbukira zambiri za kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa Brahmin).
Nkhani yomwe idalembedwa pa Chilumba cha Bougainville imati mayi adasiya bwanji mwana wake pansi pa mtengo wa nthochi ndikupita kukagwira ntchito m'mundamo, ndipo mwana adanyamuka ndikusintha kukhala Brahmin kite. Mikanda pakhosi la mwanayo idasanduka zoyera zoyera pakama la mbalame.
30.07.2019
Brahmin kite (lat. Haliastur indus) ndi wa banja Hawk (Accipitridae) kuchokera ku dongosolo Hawk-like (Accipitriformes). Mu 1995, adadziwika kuti ndi dzina lalikulu la Jakarta, likulu la Indonesia. Mu chikhalidwe cha Ahindu, amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa matupi a Garuda, mfumu yanthano ya mbalame, yomwe imawonetsedwa ngati chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi thupi laumunthu. Mulungu Vishnu, yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati osamalira Universal, amakonda kuyendayenda.
Pachilumba cha Borneo, a Brahmin kite akufanizira mulungu wankhondo wachipembedzo Singalang Burung. Kuphatikiza apo, mulungu wamphamvuyu munthawi yake yopanda ntchito zankhondo amathandizira alimi a mpunga.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1783 ndi dotolo wachi Dutch komanso katswiri wazachilengedwe a Peter Boddert.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 45-51, pomwe masentimita 18 mpaka 22 agwera mchira. Wingspan masentimita 109-124. Kulemera 320-670 g. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Kuwala kwa dimorphism mumtundu kulibe.
Mapiko, mchira, miyendo, m'munsi kumbuyo ndi pamimba zimapakidwa utoto wofiirira, wofiira kapena burgundy. Kunja kwa mapiko ake ndi kofiirira. Mutu, chifuwa ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo ndi zoyera. Achichepere amakhala ndi maula akuda.
Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo komanso wozungulira m'mphepete. Manja ndi zala zachikasu, zibwano ndi zakuda.
Wamphamvu mlomo wopindika utimvi. Phula limakhala lachikasu. Iris ndi chikasu, galu ndi wodera. Pafupifupi maso mphete yakuda imadziwika.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa gulu lakutchire la Brahmin kuthengo ndi zaka pafupifupi 15. Ali mu ukapolo, ndi chisamaliro chabwino, amakhala zaka 30.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha Brahmin kite
Ku Java, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kukuchepa. Chiwerengero cha mbalame chikuchepa, makamaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo, kuzunzidwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zake ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo wa anthu, ndikuchotsa zinyalala, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nyama zakufa zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi ma Brahmin kites.
Chris Dagger
Palibe chida chimodzi mdziko lapansi chomwe chatengera mozama komanso mozama mbiri, miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu. Mosakaikira titha kunena kuti chosiyana ndi china chilichonse, chomwe chimafanana ndi izi, molimba mtima chimadzinenera kuti ndicho chizindikiro cha dziko lomwe limakhala ku zilumba zaku Mala - Indonesia. Zinasokoneza mozizwitsa zikhulupiriro zamakolo awo akutali a gulu la Austronesi, zikhulupiriro za Chihindu ndi Chibuda, zomwe zidakumana ndi vuto lalikulu kuyambira zaka za zana loyamba la BC.
e. , Chisilamu, chinafalikira m'zaka za m'ma 1400 ndi 1500, komanso Chikhristu, chomwe chafotokozeranso mokulira kuyambira zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri. Nthawi zambiri, pakatchulidwa za kris, anthu amakhala ndi chithunzi chosamveka bwino cha mtundu wa mpeni wokhala ndi tsamba ngati funde, chipongwe chachilendo komanso chosungika chokongoletsera.
Iwo omwe adapita ku Museum of the Arts of the Peoples of the East ku Moscow pa Suvorovsky Boulevard angakumbukire nthano zingapo zodabwitsa za zida zachilendo zomwe zidazi zimawawuza atsogoleri. Koma chida chododometsa ichi chimayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kuphunzira kwambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, chida chamtunduwu chimachokera pakati pa 9 ndi 14 AD AD.
e. Tsiku lolondola kwambiri lazungulira m'zaka za zana la 12, pomwe Chris adayamba kutchulidwa ngati chida chapadera. Pambuyo pakupanga kwazaka zana limodzi, adapeza mawonekedwe omaliza momwe, ndikusintha pang'ono, amakhalabe mpaka lero.
Mtundu wa Brahmin ndi mbalame yaung'ono pakati pamagulu agalu. Mtunduwu wafotokozedwa mu 1760 ndi katswiri wazachipatala wa ku France Maturin Jacques Brisson. Krah ya Brahmin ilinso ndi mayina ena - ma kite oyera-oyera, chiwombankhanga chofiyira, kite yokhala ndi kumbuyo, mbewa wadazi, chiwombankhanga cha dazi. Ma brahmin kites nthawi zambiri amapezeka okha kapena awiriawiri, koma nthawi zonse m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mbalame zimayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, misewu ndi mitsinje m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu atatu. Akatswiri a Brahmin akasaka, amakhala pamitengo. Mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kusewera ndi masamba amitengo, zimazigwetsa ndikuyesera kuzigwira mlengalenga. Mukasodza pamadzi, nthawi zina amatha kumizidwa m'madzi, koma njirayi imapita popanda mavuto. Pafupifupi mbalame 600 zimasonkhana m'malo amodzi usiku umodzi. Koma masango oterewa ndi osowa kwambiri. Ma Brahmin kites amatha kuukira zilombo zazikulu monga chiwombankhanga cha pagululo pagulu. Nthawi zina, mbalame zokongola motere zidakhala chakudya cha ma Brahmin.
GarudaGaruda (Skt. "Wotentha zonse (Dzuwa)") - mu Hinduism, mbalame yotsika (wahana) ya mulungu Vishnu, wolimbana ndi njoka-dziko. Mu Buddhism wa Vajrayana, idam ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro za malingaliro owunikiridwa. Mutu, chifuwa, torso, miyendo mpaka mawondo a Garuda ndi anthu, mulomo, mapiko, mchira, miyendo yakumbuyo (pansi pa mawondo) ndi aquiline. Garuda ndi chizindikiro cha dziko ndipo akuwonetsedwa m'manja mwa Indonesia ndi Thailand. Mu nthano za Chihindu, kholo komanso mfumu ya mbalame zonse, nyama yosautsa njoka, mbalame yayikulu yomwe mulungu Vishnu amayenda pandege. Amawonetsedwa ngati cholengedwa chokhala ndi chibonga cham'maso, mapiko agolide ndi miyendo yoluka. Kuyenda kwamapiko ake kunadzetsa namondwe, maonekedwe ake owoneka bwino a Garuda anali olimba kwambiri mpaka adakuta kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Garuda anali ndi kuthekera kokuwonjezera mphamvu zake momwe angafunikire. Garuda adavomera kukhala mbalame yokwera ya mulungu Vishnu pomwe adazindikira kuti Garuda amadziona yekha ndikuyika chifanizo chake. M'makachisi a India kuyambira nthawi zakale amapembedza zifaniziro za Garuda zopangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena mwala, m'zaka za V. e. Zithunzi zake zimapezeka pandalama. Anthu ena anali ndi zithunzi zofananira. Pakati pa achi Sumeriya, uyu ndi Anzud - chiwombankhanga chachikulu cha mkango, mthenga wa milungu, pakati pa Asilavo - Firebird, chizindikiro cha bingu ndi namondwe. Mwa zojambulajambula, Garuda amatha kukhala ndi manja anayi. Mmodzi amakhala ndi ambulera, ina - mumphika wamadzi. Manja ena awiriwa adakulungidwa pamalo opembedzera (anjali-hasta). Akanyamula Vishnu kumbuyo kwake, manja omwe poyambirira ananyamula ambulera ndi chotengera cha timadzi tokoma timachirikiza mapazi a Vishnu.
Jasmine - chizindikiro cha chiyero pakati pa anthu aku Africa ndi aku Eastern
Kwa zaka zikwizikwi, jasmine sanakulidwe kokha chifukwa cha kukongola kwa maluwa oyera ang'ono, komanso anali ndi mtengo chifukwa cha fungo lake labwino. Ngakhale kuti malo opezeka jasmine ali kumapeto kwa Himalaya komanso dera la Punjab ku India, gawo la kukula kwake lidakulirakulira chifukwa chofalikira m'maiko a Indochina, Middle East ndi maiko ena aku Asia. Kuchokera Kummawa, jasmine adabwera ku Europe - ku France ndi ku Italy, komwe adasamukira kumayiko padziko lonse lapansi.
Ku Pakistan, mtundu wa jasmine (Jasminum officinale kapena Chameli) umayimira chikondi, ubale ndi kudzichepetsa - umatha kupezeka m'munda uliwonse, ndichifukwa chake duwa ili lakhala chizindikiro chovomerezeka chakumwera. Ku Indonesia, dziko lokhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pomwe lirilonse la republic 33 lili ndi chizindikiro chake chamaluwa, jasmine sambac kapena Melati putih (Jasminum sambac) adadziwika ngati chizindikiro cha dziko. Duwa loyera langali ndi fungo lokhazikika lidayesedwa kuti ndi loyera ku Indonesia, likufanizira kuyera, kuwona mtima, kuphweka kopatsa chidwi.
Mu 1990, Purezidenti wa Indonesia, a Jasmine adakhala chizindikiro cha dzikolo, chomwe chidalipo mpaka nthawi imeneyo ngati duwa losaloledwa, mwanjira yofunika kwambiri paukwati.Paukwati, tsitsi la mkwatibwi limakongoletsedwa ndi masamba a jasmine masamba ofanana ndi ngale zamtengo wapatali, ndipo zofunikira za chikwati cha ukwati wa mkwatibwi ndi maluwa asanu ooneka oyera a maluwa a melati. Mu miyambo yaku Indonesia, chizindikiro cha jasmine chimaphatikizidwa - duwa la moyo ndi kukongola nthawi zambiri limalumikizidwa ndi mizimu yaumulungu, komanso ndi mizimu ya ngwazi zomwe zidagwera pankhondo.
Pali nthano pachilumba cha Bougainville chokhudza momwe mayi adasiyira mwana wawo pansi pa mtengo wa nthochi m'mundamo, mwana amayang'ana kumwamba, ndikulira, ndikusintha kukhala Brahmin kite.
Brahmin kite (Haliastur indus).
