Moyo wachuma kapena chikondi m'nyumba? Kupanga chisankho sikophweka. Ndipo ngakhale mutaganizira kale, zokhumba zanu ndi mfundo zanu, moyo umakwaniritsa zodabwitsa zanu.
Nkhani yachikondi ndi kutayika kosasinthika motsutsana ndi zochitika zakumbuyo zam'dzikoli zaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Achinyamata a Era ndi Zina, owuziridwa ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu, mosiyana ndi upangiri wa makolo awo, amapita kumzindawo kumaloto awo. Amayenda mothandizana, angathe kukhala ndi abwenzi, kuyika m'manda zopusa ndi malingaliro abodza, kupulumuka zovuta ndi zovuta. Adzamvetsetsa kuti chinthu chachikulu m'moyo ndikusunga chikondi ndi chikhulupiriro mwa anthu ndikuyembekeza zabwino. Ziribe kanthu.
Ng'ona, nkhumba zakuthengo ndi anyani zimalengeza kuti zimenya nkhondo pa anthu. Palibe amene angadziwe kuti awaletse bwanji.
Nguluwe mamiliyoni ambiri akutukuka ku Europe, ndipo palibe amene angadziletse. Ku India ndi ku Uganda, anyani amadyera anthu omwe adalanda nkhalango zawo, ndipo chilumba cha East Timor sichitha kuthana ndi vuto laukali wamagazi, ndikupha anthu ambiri. Pali nkhondo pakati pa anthu ndi nyama, ndipo mwayi wake ndiwakuti nthawi zonse tili kumbali yathu. Lenta.ru imafalitsa malipoti kuchokera kumadera ake.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Mwina mwakumana pano ndi nkhani yokhudza mtima "yokhudza nyani wanu ndi womuphunzitsa ali ndi pakati."
Lekani ndikuuzeni momwe zinakhalira.
Ulemu wa "kukhudzana koyamba" - kukambirana kwa oyimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana - ndi a chimpanzee Washo ndi aphunzitsi ake, Allen ndi Beatrice Gardner. Pofika nthawi imeneyo zinali zodziwika kale kuti nyama zimatha kuganiza: zimatha kuthana ndi mavuto "m'malingaliro," sikuti pongoyesa komanso zolakwika, komanso ndikupanga zizolowezi zatsopano.
Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri wazamisala waku Germany Wolfgang Köhler, yemwe adachita kafukufuku wake wodziwika panzeru za chimpanzee kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. M'mayesero ake ena, nyani atasinthiratu kuyesa kugunda nthochi yayitali kwambiri ndi ndodo kapena kuipeza, akukwera bokosi, adakhala pansi, "ndikuganiza", kenako adanyamuka, ndikuyika mabokosiwo pamwamba pa winayo, ndikukwera nawo ndodo ndikugwetsa chandamale.
Zowona, adalephera kuchita bwino zapadera pakukweza kwa Gua, koma a Donald adayamba kukhala osakhazikika: zolankhula zake zidachepetsa, koma adaphunzira kutengera bwino lomwe kulira ndi zizolowezi za Gua ndipo adayamba kuluma bark kuchokera pamitengo pambuyo pake. Makolo omwe ali ndi mantha adasiya kuyesa, Gua adatumizidwa ku zoo. Ombwe ena a psychologist, banja la a Hayes, lomwe lidakweza chimpanzee cha Vicky, movutikira kwambiri lidatha kuwaphunzitsa kuti atchule mawu ochepa: "amayi", "abambo", "kapu".
Mu 1966 pokhapokha, Allen ndi Beatrice Gardner, omwe amawonera makanema onena za Vicki, adawona kuti akufuna ndipo amatha kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro: mwachitsanzo, amakonda kuyendetsa galimoto ndipo, pofuna kufotokozera chidwi chake kwa anthu, adabwera ndi cholinga chowabweretsa zithunzi magalimoto omwe adatuluka m'magazini. Sizinali zopanda pake zomwe zinapangitsa kuti asathe kuyankhula, koma kapangidwe kake kameneka. Ndipo kenako a Gardner adabwera ndi lingaliro lophunzitsa chimpanzee chilankhulo chamanja chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogontha.
Ndinayamba "Washoe projekiti".
Washo ndi banja lake
Mkazi woyamba wamtsogolo padziko lapansi chimpanzee anali mwana wa miyezi 10 wobadwa ku Africa: poyambirira amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwa malo - mwachiwonekere, adangobadwira kutchuka.
A Gardner adalera Washo ngati mwana wawo. Sanakumbukire machitidwe omwe makolo ake omulera adamuwuza, komanso adafunsa mafunso, adapereka ndemanga pazakuchita ndi zochita za aphunzitsi ake, ndipo adalankhula nawo.
"Mawu" ake oyamba anali chizindikiro cha "zambiri!": Kukoka, kukumbatira, kuchita kapena kuyambitsa mawu atsopano. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo wake ndi a Gardners, Washo adatha 30 Amslens, chilankhulo cha America kwa ogontha, mzaka zitatu zoyambirira, zilembo 130. Podziwa chinenerocho mofananirana ndi mwana, anaphunzira kuphatikiza zilembo m'mawu osavuta. Mwachitsanzo, Washo akuvutitsa m'modzi mwa ochita kafukufuku kuti amupatse iye ndudu yomwe amasuta: zizindikilo "ndipatseni utsi", "utsi Washo", "fatsani fodya". Mapeto ake, wofufuzayo anati: "Funsani mwaulemu," ndipo Isho anayankha kuti: "Chonde ndipatseni utsi wotentha uwu." Komabe, sanapatsidwe ndudu.
Zinapezeka kuti Washo samapangitsa kuti mitundu yayikulu ikhale yolakwika kuposa momwe ana ang'ono omwe amayamba kulankhulira chilankhulo. Mwachitsanzo, chimodzi mwazizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe adaphunzira ndi "zotseguka!" - adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito pomwe amafuna kuti chitseko cha chipindacho chitsegulidwe, kenako adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kuti atsegule zitseko zonse, kenako zokweza, zotengera, mabotolo ndipo pomaliza pake amatsegula mpopi wamadzi.
Nyani anagwiritsa ntchito bwino matchulidwe ake, malingaliro pazaka zamtsogolo ndi zamtsogolo (mtsogolomo anali wokonda kwambiri tchuthi, mwachitsanzo, Khrisimasi, yomwe anali kuwakonda kwambiri), dongosolo lamawu m'm ziganizo (mwachitsanzo, amamvetsetsa bwino kusiyana pakati pa "Mumandisangalatsa" ndi "Ndimakutsutsani" "). Nthawi zina Washo ankayesetsa "kulankhula" osati ndi anthu, komanso ndi zolengedwa zina. Nthawi ina, galu atathamangitsa ndikubowola kumbuyo kwa galimoto yomwe anali kuyendetsa, Washo, yemwe anali ndi mantha kuti agalu amwalira, m'malo mobisala mwachizolowezi, adatsamira pazenera ndikuyamba kugwedezeka mwamphamvu kuti: "Galu, pita!"
Pakadali pano, anyani ambiri obadwa kumene amabweretsedwa ku labotale ya Gardner. Anaphunzira mwachangu ndipo posakhalitsa adayamba kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake m'chinenerochi. Ndipo mwana wa Washo atabadwa, adayamba kuphunzira zolimbitsa thupi, osawona anthu ena, koma anyani ena. Nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza adazindikira mobwerezabwereza momwe Washo "amayikira dzanja lake" - akukonza chizindikiro.
Mu Epulo 1967, Washo adagwiritsa ntchito koyamba mankhwala kuchokera ku mawu. Adafunsa "ndipatseni maswiti" ndipo "tsegulani." Pakadali pano, chimpanzee anali pa msinkhu pomwe ana aanthu adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa mawu awiri. Kuyerekeza luso laumunthu ndi nyani kunali gawo lotsatira la kafukufuku. Koma izi zidabweretsa zovuta kwa a Gardners. Chowonadi ndi chakuti poyamba asayansi ena sanazindikire kuti Washo amatha kulankhula. Roger Brown, pulofesa ku Harvard University, yemwe amadziwika chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake pa luso la kuyankhula mwa ana ang'ono, amakhulupirira kuti Washo samangotsatira molondola dongosolo la mawu ndipo, chifukwa chake, sanamvetsetse kulumikizana pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana omwe anapatsa chiganizo tanthauzo. A Jakob Bronowski komanso akatswiri a zilankhulo Ursula Bellugi adalemba nkhani yofotokoza kuti Washo sangathe kuyankhula, chifukwa samafunsa mafunso komanso samagwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zolakwika. Pomaliza, katswiri wazilankhulo, Nom Chomsky, ananena kuti ubongo wa chimpanzee sunasinthidwe kuti chilolecho chizilankhula.
Kafukufuku, padakali pano, adabweretsa zotsatira zowonjezereka, zomwe Gardner adazisanthula ndikuziyerekeza mosamala ndi zambiri zomwe zikupezeka pakulankhula kwa ana. Ndipo posakhalitsa otsutsa adakakamizidwa kuti achotse zina zomwe amatsutsa
Roger Brown adavomereza kuti dongosolo la mawu silotsutsa. Mu zilankhulo zina, monga Chifinishi, sichofunikira monga Chingerezi. Kapangidwe ka mawu mu sentensi sikumachita gawo lalikulu mu chilankhulo cha anthu osamva komanso osalankhula. Ndipo ana nawonso nthawi zambiri amaphwanya dongosolo lamawu, koma ... amamvetsetsa bwino wina ndi mnzake.
A Gardner adazindikira kuti ana ndi anyani ali pafupi kwambiri pankhani yankho la mafunso, kupanga ziganizo za ziganizo ziwiri, kugwiritsira ntchito mayina, matchulidwe ndi mawu ophatikizika, komanso liwu la dongosolo mu sentensi. Popanda kudziwa malamulo a galamala, ana, ngati chimpanzi, amasintha mawu onse kapena mawu amodzi.
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti Washo amafunsa mafunso momasuka ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zolakwika. Nyaniyo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro "ayi", "sindingathe", "zokwanira." Washo adatulukira m'magazini yomwe ili ndi zithunzi, kufunsa anthu kuti: "Ichi ndi chiyani?" Mawu a Chomsky okhudza kuchepa kwa ubongo wa chimpanzee sangathe kutsimikiziridwa: palibe njira zomvekera bwino pankhaniyi. Posachedwa, wasayansi waku America Norman Geschwind adayamba kuyesa ndi cholinga chofufuza ngati dera lomwe lili mu ubongo wa chimpanzee lili lofanana ndi lomwe limayang'anira ntchito yolankhula mwa anthu.
A Gardners atamaliza kugwira ntchito yawo ndi Washo mu 1970, anali pachiwopsezo chopita kumalo ena olimbitsa thupi "kukakayezetsa" ndipo ngati sanafe, ndiye kuti athera masiku ake onse m'chipinda chayekha. Wothandizira a Gardner a Roger Fouts, omwe adapanga "Monkey Farm", pomwe "banja la Washo" tsopano akukhala - gulu la anyani "olankhula" - adamupulumutsa, ndipo anyani ena ophunzitsidwa ntchito mu labotale.
Pulofesa wa Gorilla
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa "banja la Washo" zimawoneka ngati zosatsimikizika, koma mu 70s magulu angapo a ofufuza odziyimira okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani a anthropoid adatsimikizira ndikutsatsa izi. Mwina nyani 25 “wamkulu” kwambiri pa anyani onse 25 anali gorilla Coco, yemwe amakhala pafupi ndi San Francisco. Coco ndi pulofesa weniweni: amagwiritsa ntchito, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuchokera pa 500 mpaka chikwi cha zilembo za Amslena, amatha kumvetsetsa za anthu ena 2,000 ndi mawu achingelezi, ndipo, kuthetsa mayeso, kukuwonetsa luntha lolingana ndi chizolowezi kwa wachimereka waku America.
Komabe, monga nyani wina "wolankhula", kukula kwakukulu kwa malankhulidwe ndi luntha wake kudachitika zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake (monga lamulo, anyani aluso amafika pamsana wa mwana wazaka ziwiri pakulankhula, ndipo, mwanjira ina, wazaka zitatu). Kukula, iwo amakhalabe ngati ana, amatengera zochita za ana ndipo amakonda masewera kusewera njira zina zonse. Coco amasewera zidole ndi nyama zoseweretsa ndipo amalankhula nawo, akuchita manyazi, komabe, wina akapeza mnzake.
Coco amakonda amphaka kwambiri (anali ndi mphaka wake, yemwe anamwalira posachedwa), amakonda kujambula. Zojambula za Coco zitha kuwonedwa patsamba lake la webusayiti iyi: http://www.koko.org/index.php, pomwe mungapezenso nkhani zaposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku moyo wa gorilla, womwe uli kale ndi zaka makumi anayi (chimpanzee ndi gorilla akhoza kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 45-50).
Tsopano asayansi akufuna kutenga "kusintha" kwa Coco ku gawo lina - adzamuphunzitsa kuwerenga.
Pakati pa sabata, atolankhani adawoneka osiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha wojambula dziko la Russia Nadezhda Babkina. Kumbukirani, wojambulayo ali kuchipatala ali ndi chibayo champhamvu. Zinanenedwa kuti mkhalidwe wa Babkina wayenda bwino, ndikuti adachoka naye kuchipatala chawekha kupita kuchipatala chankhondo. Kufikira pamapeto pake, sizikudziwika ngati wojambulayo adatsimikiza za coronavirus.
Margarita Koroleva, mnzake wa Nadezhda Babkina: "Monga momwe ndikudziwira, mayeso omwe anachitidwa ndi Nadezhda Georgiaievna Babkina, adapereka zotsatira zoyipa pachibale.
Kuyankhulana kumeneku kunaperekedwa ndi mnzake wa Babkina Margarita Koroleva, patatsala maola ochepa kuti a People's Artist apite nawo kuchipatala chausirikali. Wodyetsa nyenyeziyo sanabisike: madokotala a chipatala chapayekha akupitilizabe kumenyera nkhondo ya Nadezhda Babkina, pomwe woimbayo adayikidwira pa Epulo 1. Mnzake wa Babkina amalumikizana naye pafupipafupi.
Margarita Koroleva: "Kwa masiku opitilira awiri, Nadezhda Babkina wakhala akuchita khungu. Imakhala ndi okosijeni, imalekanitsidwa ndi mpweya, kenako imalumikizidwa nayo. Amapumira yekha, mpweya wofunikira uyenera. Zinthu zake nzovuta kwambiri. ”
Koma Lolemba, manyuzipepala adatuluka ndi mitu yolimbikitsa: "Wodwala wa chibayo Nadezhda Babkina adatuluka mkuwa", "Woimba Nadezhda Babkina adatuluka mkuwa ndikupempha mbatata yokazinga ndi bowa."
Margarita Koroleva: "Sindikudziwa ngati ndafunsa, kapena zachokera kale. Adayamba kulankhula pang'ono ndi ndodo, ndikuganiza kuti ali ndi chakudya chokhazikika, supuni, mothandizidwa. "
Koma Lachiwiri zinthu zidasokonekera. Zinanenedwa kuti Nadezhda Babkina anakhudza zoposa theka la mapapu ake, ndipo sanathe kuyankhula.
Margarita Koroleva: “Ndani adzalembe nkhani yomwe idzalembe m'magazini. Musakhulupirire. Sindikudziwa kuti iye siwotchiya, chifukwa chake pali zotsatira zabodza komanso zotsutsa zabodza, kufufuza kudzawonetsa moyo. Panthawi imeneyi, chibayo chamanja. Tikusunga nkhonya zathu kuonetsetsa kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino, kuti kukonzanso kumayenda bwino. "
Koma ziphuphu ziwiri zapakati zimapezeka ku Alexander Vasiliev. Wolemba mbiri ya mafashoni adalankhula ndi Nadezhda Babkina tsiku lomwelo atagonekedwa ku chipatala ndipo amawopa kuti akadwala, chifukwa ali ndi ojambula m'modzi mwa awiri. Kutentha kwa Vasiliev kunakwera kufika pa 38, chifuwa chinatseguka. Adagonekedwa kuchipatala ku Kommunarka. Koma thupi la wolemba mbiri ya mafashoni lidayamba kukhala lamphamvu, Vasiliev adachira. Coronavirus sichinatsimikizidwe.
Mnzake wa Babkina sanathere pambali: wojambula wa dziko lapansi ndizovuta kulekerera matenda opsinjika.
Margarita Koroleva: "Ndikulankhula za nkhawa zomwe anali asanakhalepo chikondwererochi. Kupanikizika kunalowerera mu pulogalamu ya moyo wa Nadezhda Georgiaievna, mwatsoka, adachepetsa chitetezo chake. Anali wamphamvu kwambiri, koma anagona pang'ono. Adakali wofooka, tidikire. Madotolo akuti patsiku lomwe adzadzilimbikitse, adzalumikizana. ”
Ndipo atolankhani adalemba kuti Nadezhda Babkina yekha adafuna kuti atengedwe kupita kuchipatala cha asirikali, komwe adayika Joseph Kobzon ndi Lydia pamapazi awo. Woyang'anira konsati ya Babkina, a Sergei Gorokh, adakana pafoni kuti wojambulayo ali kuchipatala cha asirikali.
Sergey Gorokh: "Amadzipumira yekha tsiku lachitatu ndikulankhula."
Wolemba nkhani: "Tsopano zidziwitso zoti adasamutsidwira kuchipatala chankhondo. Izi ndi Zow?"
Sergey Gorokh: "Chonde, muwerenga pawebusayiti yathu. Zonse zalembedwa pamenepo. ”
Koma zidziwitso patsamba la Babkina Theatre sizinasinthidwe kuyambira pa Epulo 7. Banja la wojambula dziko lilinso chete.
Margarita Koroleva: "Inde, monga abale onse, Evgeny Gor alinso ndi chidziwitso, koma palibe amene akufuna kuyembekezera chilichonse tsopano. Madokotala akuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti athandize momwe angathere ndipo pamapeto pake achite zonse kuti Nadezhda Georgiaievna akhalenso ndi thanzi.
Zinyama zophunzitsidwa kapena abale?
Komabe, zomwe ananena kuchokera ku maphunzirowa zinali zopanda pake komanso zovomerezeka kwa asayansi ambiri. Mbali imodzi, "kuyankhula" anyani adakhala ntchentche mumafuta mukulingalira kwa anzeru ndi akatswiri azamisala ponena za phompho pakati pa munthu wakudziwitsa ndi nyama monga automata yolamulidwa ndi malingaliro komanso chibadwa.
Kumbali ina, akatswiri a zilankhulo adatsutsa: malingana ndi lingaliro la Noam Chomsky wolankhula mu zilankhulo zaku America, chilankhulo ndi mawonekedwe a chibadwa chomwe chimadziwika kwambiri kwa anthu (mwa njira, kunyoza imodzi mwa anyani "olankhula" omwe adamutcha Iye Chimsky).
Malinga ndi otsutsa, kulimbitsa thupi kwa mbewa sizizindikiro kutanthauza, koma kutengera kosavuta kwa ofufuza, omwe ali ndi "mawonekedwe abwino" omwe amapezeka chifukwa chophunzitsidwa. Oyesera, kukambirana ndi nyani, amati nthawi zonse amawapatsa malingaliro, osazindikira - mawonekedwe amaso, maso, mawonekedwe, ndi anyani samatsogozedwa ndi mawu awo, koma ndi zomwe sizowona.
Amphongo "olankhula" amafananizidwa ndi Clever Hans, wolemba mapulani wa Orlov, yemwe mwini wake "adaphunzitsa" kavalo kuwerengetsa ndi kuyankha mafunso. Kenako zinadziwika kuti Hans anali kungochita zomwe abwanamkubwa ake akuchita.
Chimodzi mwa zolinga za Rambo chinali kulimbikitsa anyani kuti ayankhe molondola pang'ono. Nyani wamkulu Savage Rambo adagwira naye ntchito sanawonetse luso lililonse ndipo zinangokulitsa kukayikira kwake.Koma nthawi ina, mwana Kanzi - mwana wa imodzi ya anyaniwa, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala akungotuluka mozungulira ndi mayi ake - mwadzidzidzi adayamba kumuyankha pachokha. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, palibe amene adamuphunzitsapo kalikonse, ofufuzawo sanamuyang'anire chidwi, koma adayankha mwanzeru.
Posakhalitsa zidawonekeranso kuti adaphunziranso chingerezi zokha, kuphatikiza apo adawonetsa talente yayikulu pamasewera apakompyuta. Pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha kupambana kwa Kanzi ndi mlongo wake Bonbonishy, palibe amene amakayikira Savage Rambo, ndipo adayamba kuwonetsa asayansi kuti mayendedwe ake "olankhula" amadziwa zilankhulo zitatu (zaveli, amslen ndi pafupifupi mawu achingelezi 2000), anamvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawuwo ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo, kothekera kwakukulu ndi fanizo, kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake ndikuphunzira kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, nyani nthawi zambiri amalota za zolankhula, osamvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawuwo. Monga kuti munthu akuwona opera wa sopo wokhala ndi phokoso la TV kuzimitsidwa. Kupatula apo, tanthauzo likadamveka. Rambo adatsimikiza izi pochita zoyeserera, kuyerekezera kumvetsetsa kwa malingaliro a Kanzi wazaka 8 ndi mtsikana Ali wazaka 2. Kuyesaku kunachitika kuyambira Meyi Meyi mpaka pa February 1989. Mwa magawo 600 a pakamwa, Kansi adachita 80%, ndipo Ali - 60%. Mwachitsanzo, "ikani mbale mu microwave", "tengani chidebe'cho mumsewu", "tsanulira mandimu ku Coca-Cola", "ikani singano za pine m'thumba", zina ndi zina. Kodi nkotheka kulingalira kuti chilankhulo cha Washo, Kanzi ndi Coco chilipo pafupi ndi chilankhulo cha mwana wazaka ziwiri, kapena ndi "chilankhulo" chosiyana, chofanana pang'ono ndi cha anthu?
Kafukufuku wa Savage Rambo anali ovuta kutsutsana nawo. Iwo amene amakonda kusalidwa kwaumunthu anganene kuti, chilankhulo chomwe nyani amagwiritsa ntchito ndi akadali kutali ndi anthu. Monga nthabwala: "Nkhumba idalowa m'bwalo la masewera ndikusewera chidutswa cha vidiyo. Aliyense amathokoza modzipereka, ndipo m'modzi wowonera sakuwaomba m'manja, osayang'ana mwachidwi pamalopo. "Kodi sunakonde?" - amafunsa mnzake. "Ayi, osati oyipa, koma osati Oistrakh."
Mdziko lanyama: chikhalidwe, maphunziro, malingaliro
"Nyama sizikudziwa." Ili ndiye chiyembekezo chomaliza chotsimikizira maudindo apadera a munthu pakati pa zolengedwa zina, kutipatsa ufulu wokhala nawo m'maselo, agwiritse ntchito poyesa komanso kupanga mafakitale opanga "nyama yamoyo".
Koma kumbuyo mkati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, kukhazikika kwawonekera - sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha nyama. Ndipo kuwona kwa akatswiri azikhalidwe zimaloleza mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri ndi luso lamatsenga la nyama.
Zinapezeka kuti anyani (monga njovu ndi ma dolphin) amadzidziwa, osachepera pamlingo wamthupi: amadzizindikira pagalasi. Mawonekedwe osangalatsa awonetsedwa ndi olemera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi zomwe katswiri wazakhazikitso a Penny Patterson, gorillas amakonda ndi kudana, kulira ndikuseka, amadziwa kunyada komanso manyazi, kumvera chisoni komanso nsanje ... Chimodzi mwazofufuza zaposachedwa zochitidwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi yaku Britain ochokera ku Yunivesite ya St. Andrews, adawonetsa kuti ma dolphin ali ndi mtundu wokhazikika. mayina wina ndi mnzake.
Uku sikulinso kwachilengedwe, koma luso lazikhalidwe lomwe limadutsa kuchokera kumibadwo kupita ku kam'badwo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, maphunziro ochulukirachulukira azikhalidwe zachikhalidwe cha anyani awonekera, ndipo mawu oti "chikhalidwe" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepo popanda mawu.
Komabe, malinga ndi a Evgeny Panov, "kuchuluka kwambiri kwa zida zankhondo za anthropoid kumawonetsa kuthekera kwawo kukonza machitidwe azinthu zazitali. Komabe, izi sizipangitsa kuti chikhalidwe chatsopano chizikula. ”
Koma mwina nyani samangozifuna? Kumbukirani zovuta za Douglas Adams: "Mwamuna nthawi zonse amakhulupirira kuti anali wanzeru kuposa ma dolphin, chifukwa adachita zambiri: adayambitsa gudumu, New York, nkhondo, ndi zina zotero, pomwe ma dolphins adachita izi, ndikusangalala, kubwereranso m'madzi. Nawonso ma dolphins amakhulupirira kuti ndi anzeru kuposa anthu - pazifukwa zomwezi. ”
Inde, ubongo wa nyani wakuthengo umalemera katatu kuposa zathu, koma izi sizitipangitsa kukhala osiyana pakati pa zolengedwa zina: ma dolphin, anamgumi, njovu zimakhala ndi ubongo wawukulu kwambiri kuposa wathu. Ofufuzawo adaganiza kuti asayerekeze kuchuluka kwa ubongo, koma kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa ubongo ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Koma nayi mwayi woyipa - mbewa za labotaleti zinali patsogolo pathu pamtunduwu.
Kenako a Gardners anagwira ntchito ndi anyani atatu. Moye (m'Chiswahili dzina lake limatanthawuza "mmodzi") ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Tatu ("atatu") ndi chaka chachinayi, Nne ("anayi") ndi wamwamuna, ali ndi zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Washo patatsala nthawi yochepa kuti gawo ili lidayambike. Ma chimpanzee onse anafika pafamuyo pasanathe tsiku lachinayi atabadwa. Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe, adakhala pansi paulamuliro wokhazikika, mwasayansi. Chinyama chilichonse chimakhala ndi malo ake okhala - chipinda chogona, malo ochitira masewera, bafa komanso chipinda chodyeramo. Ogwira ntchito atatu amagwira ntchito ndi chiweto chilichonse. M'makalasi omwe anakonzedwa bwino, amaphunzitsa mwachangu anyani a ASL. Aphunzitsi amamugwiritsa ntchito - mmodzi mwa antchito ndi ogontha, ena onse ndi ana a makolo osamva. Pamaso pa zinyama, anthu onse ogwira ntchito pafamu amalankhula ndi ASL, choncho anyaniwa samamva kalankhulidwe ka anthu.
Tsiku logwira ntchito pafamu limayamba 7 koloko m'mawa, pomwe azibambawa amadzutsa anyani. "Chizindikiro cha tsikuli" chimatsimikiziridwa tsiku ndi tsiku - chizindikiro chatsopano chomwe aphunzitsi amayesa kuyambitsa pamoyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa ziweto zawo, ndikupanga zinthu zachilengedwe momwe angathere kuti ayambenso mawu awo. Pambuyo pachimbudzi cham'mawa chovomerezeka, chakudya cham'mawa chimaphatikizapo, pakati pazinthu zina, kapu yamkaka ofunda. Ndipo ndikudya, anyaniwa adazolowera kudziyimira pawokha: iwonso ayenera kumangirira bayibulo ndi kudya popanda thandizo lakunja. Mukatha kudya, muyenera kutsuka mano ndikusambitsa tsitsi lanu.
Ngati kunja kulibe kutentha, anyaniwa amayenda mu zovala zomwe ayenera kuvala. Amapanga mabedi ndikuyeretsa. Monga lamulo, anyani amatha kupukuta madzi otayika, kutsuka mbale, ndikugwiranso ntchito zina. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi phindu pachidziwitso cha chilankhulocho komanso kupewa kuwononga.
Makalasi amachitika isanachitike komanso itatha nkhomaliro. Hafu ya ola - kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro, ndi theka linanso la ola - kuwonera magazini okhala ndi zithunzi, mabuku. Masewera omwe amatchedwa "pedagogical" amawalimbikitsa kuti ajambule, kusankha zinthu pamzere wina, kusangalala ndi cubes, amaphunzitsidwa kupeta singano ngakhale kusoka. Zinapezeka kuti anyaniwa ali ndi chidwi chokwanira kwa mphindi makumi atatu. Ndipo pofuna kupewa kuchulukana, amatumizidwa kukagona kawiri masana. Pafupifupi zisanu ndi ziwiri madzulo amakhala osamba ndikugona tulo zovala zazitali, zopepuka, kuti chovalacho chimveke bwino.
Ndi moyo uwu, Moya adapeza mawu a anthu 150, ndipo Tatu opitilira 60. Kamodzi pa sabata, ofufuza onse amasonkhana kuti akambirane zotsatira, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa otchulidwa kuyambira pa chimpanzee kupita ku chimpanzee program. M'milungu ingapo, mpaka machitidwe 19 olankhulana pakati pa nyama adalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ASL. Ambiri a iwo amabwera ku zizindikilo “pitani kusewera” kapena “bwerani kuno” (chimpanzee amakonda kwambiri kukhala womwerekera). Zinachitika kuti Moya, mwakufuna adadzitchinjiriza pa tattooyo, adapereka chizindikiro "apa", akuloza kumbuyo kwake komwe Mataki amayenera kukwera. A Moya adasankha Nne ndi chikwangwani kuti "mwana", namkuwirira ndi kumulola kuti amwe kuchokera m'botolo lake, pomwe Nne yekha, pachifukwa chokha, amatcha Mzimu makeke.
Mbadwo wabwinowu wa chimpanzee, monga ukufanizira, kufalikira kwa Washo mu chitukuko, popeza anali atayamba kudziwa chiyankhulo cha ASL koyambirira ndipo anali malo abwino "osangalatsa" kuyambira masiku oyamba.
Mphamvu zakuthana kwa anthropoid apes zinafufuzidwa bwino ku United States komanso kudzera mu mapulogalamu ena oyesera anayi.
Koma kuyesa komwe kwachitika ndi chimpanzi ku Columbia University of New York, kwasokonezedwa posachedwa. Zomwe zimapangitsa kudutsidwa kwa pulofesa wa psychology Herb Terrace zinayambitsa mikangano yayikulu pakati pa ogwira nawo ntchito.
Zaka zinayi zapitazo, Terrace adayesa kuyesa komwe Nim Chimpanzee (dzina lake lonse ndi Nim Chimsky - lingaliro la wolemba zilankhulo zaku America Nom Chomsky) adaphunzitsidwanso ASL. Nim walankhula chilankhulo chamanja molimbika ngati "ma geek" ena, ndipo ngakhale adakweza dzanja lake kwa aphunzitsi kuti amuwonetse zizindikiro zatsopano. Adakwanitsa gawo la "ana" popanga zilankhulo, kupanga zatsopano, ndipo adaphunzira ... kupusitsa ndikunyoza. Ngakhale izi zidachitika, a Terrace adazindikira kuti chimpanzi satha kupanga ziganizo molondola. Pazoyesa zake, Terrace sanatchule momwe mawu a Nim adapangidwira, koma galamala ya zomwe ananena. Iye, pophatikiza mawu awiri, adaphatikiza mawuwo mwamphamvu. Mawu ena, mwachitsanzo, "zochulukirapo", nthawi zambiri amapezeka koyamba ndi ena, ena, mwachitsanzo, "ine", "ine", lachiwiri. Nim adawona kuti mawu oti "ndipatseni" ndi "ndipatseni" sanapangidwe mwanjira yomweyo. Koma kupitilira apo, malinga ndi a Turace, sanapite. Ndipo apa kusiyanasiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito maluso olankhula pakati pa ana ang'ono ndi chimpanzee kumayamba kumene
Poyamba, ngati chimpanzee amapanga mitundu itatu kapena kupitilira apo, ndiye kuti chinthu chachitatu komanso chotsatira chomwe sichimakhala ndi chidziwitso chowonjezereka, chimangobwereza mawu omwe agwiritsidwa kale ntchito, kapena kuwonjezera dzina ku puronauni - "play (ndi) Nim ( om) ”Mwa ziganizo 21 zowumbidwa zinayi zomwe Iye adapanga, imodzi yokha idalibe zobwereza. Mu chilankhulo cha ana, kubwereza koteroko, malinga ndi zinenedwe, sizimawonedwa.
Kusiyana kwachiwiri ndi komwe akatswiri azilankhulo amatcha kutalika kwa mawu. Ana amagwiritsa ntchito, kukalamba, kutalika ndi magawo ovuta. Pazaka ziwiri, kutalika kwakukulu kwa ziganizo zomwe ali nazo ndi zofanana ndi za Nim - 1.5 mawu (kapena chizindikiro), koma m'zaka ziwiri zotsatira, kutalika kwa mawu a Nimaku kumakula pang'onopang'ono, mudakali ana (onse ogontha komanso athanzi) ) zimachulukirachulukira.
Ndipo semantics a Nem anali osiyana ndi ana. Sanali wokhoza kulumikizana pakati pa tanthauzo lamasamba la chizindikirocho ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito. Ubwenzi wapakati pa, mwachitsanzo, china chake chomwe chimasinthika ndi mawu ofanananira a Nim kulibe - sanawone kusiyana pakati "kudya nati" ndi "kudya nati." Zotsatira zake, a Terrace adatsutsa, kuti chimpanzi samvetsa zomwe akunena.
Pomaliza, Terrace adasanthula mozama makanema omwe adalemba "zokambirana" za Nim ndi munthuyo, ndikufanizira zotsatirazi ndi kafukufuku wazokambirana pakati pa ana ndi makolo. Ana amayamba kumvetsetsa kuti kukambirana ndi mtundu wa masewera pomwe otenga nawo mbali amasintha maudindo: woyamba azinena kenako wina. Mwanayo samasokoneza wolowererayo kapena kulankhula naye nthawi yomweyo. Ku Nim, pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya milandu, mawuwo adagwirizana ndi zomwe wolankhula amakhala nazo.
Pali njira zitatu zopitirizira kulumikizana mnzanuyo atamaliza kuyankhula: mutha kubwereza mawu ena, mutha kubwereza zomwe mwanena ndikuwonjezera kena kanu, ndipo pamapeto pake, mutha kunena china chatsopano ana osakwanitsa zaka ziwiri azibwereza makolo awo mpaka 20% mwa zomwe wanena . Chaka chotsatira, gawo lazobwereza limatsika mpaka magawo awiri. Komabe, Nime, mchaka chonse chachitatu cha moyo wake adatsanzitsa 40% mwa mawu aphunzitsi ake. Ana ochepera zaka ziwiri amathandizira mawu a wolowerera 20 peresenti, ndipo pofika zaka zitatu, amathandizira theka la zokambirana. Zowonjezera za Nim sizinapitirire 10 peresenti
Pakati pa nyani ndi bambo
Vuto lalikulu ndikuti kulikonse komwe timayang'ana "zofanana" m'malingaliro athu ndi chilankhulo chathu, sitingathe kulingalira china chilichonse. Nyani "Zolankhula" ndi zolengedwa zosiyana kuposa abale awo, "anyani opusa," monga Washo amafotokozera. Koma samakhala anthu, makamaka pamaso pa anthu omwe.
Washo adatchulidwa kudera la Nevada komwe a Gardners amakhala. Pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti m'chinenedwe cha fuko la India lomwe amakhala mdera lino, "wosho" amatanthauza munthu. Washo yekha adziwona ngati munthu. "Ndi yemweyo monga inu ndi ine," atero mphunzitsi wake Penny Patterson za Coco. Poyesa kugawanitsa zithunzi m'magulu awiri - "anthu" ndi "nyama" - Vicki, yemwe adadziwa mawu atatu okha, molimba mtima adayika chithunzi chake mgululi "anthu" (monga anyani ena onse "omwe akuyankhula" omwe adachita nawo izi ) Molimba mtima komanso monyinyirika anaika chithunzi cha abambo ake "osalankhula" pagulu la "nyama" pamodzi ndi zithunzi za akavalo ndi njovu.
Zikuwoneka kuti akatswiri a zilankhulo komanso akatswiri a sayansi sangapeze yankho ku funso ili. Ndipo chifukwa chachikulu chotsutsana ndikuti sikuti palibe matanthauzidwe ndi malingaliro okhazikika.Chidziwitso chakuti mwana ndi nyani amazindikira chilankhulo cha anthu munjira zosiyanasiyana alibe. Koma "kuyankhula" nyani amafotokoza zenizeni m'njira zofanana ndi anthu. Amagawa zochitika zenizeni m'magulu amodzi monga anthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi chizindikiro cha "khanda," anyani onse ophunzitsidwa bwino amatanthauza ana, ana agalu, ndi zidole. Washo adapanga "galuyo" mchitidwe onsewo atakumana ndi agalu, ndipo atamva agalu akulira, komanso pamene adawona zifanizo zawo - osasamala za mtundu. Ana nawonso achita zomwezo. Gorilla Coco, akuwona mphete pachala cha Penny, "adati": "mkanda wamanja." Ndipo chimpanzee Washo amatcha "emanzini-mbalame." Kodi ichi sichingakhale chilankhulo cha mwana? Iyenso, ataona ndegeyo, akuti "gulugufe." Komanso, gorilla gorio, yemwe anali gorilla, yemwe anaphunzira chinenero chamanja ali mwana, adawonetsa zozizwitsa zakutsogolo! Adafunsanso kuti amvetse zinthu zakale, zamakono komanso zamtsogolo.
Nthawi ina adanenanso kuti ali wocheperako ndikukhala m'nkhalango, alenje adapha amayi ake .. Mosiyana ndi anthu, anyani "olankhula" adathetsa vuto "lodziwitsa" chilankhulo chawo kalekale: m'malingaliro awo, ndiwanthu. Ndipo popeza chilankhulo ndi chizindikiro chapadera cha munthu, zikutanthauza kuti iwo eni “adakhala anthu”. Izi zidatsimikizika koposa kamodzi: Mwachitsanzo, Uosho, mopanda kukayikira, adadziyang'anira yekha ngati mtundu wa anthu, natcha anyamatawo "zolengedwa zakuda". Coco adadziona ngati munthu. Pomwe adasankha kulekanitsa zithunzi za nyama pazithunzi za anthu, iye molimba mtima adayika chithunzi chake pazithunzi za anthu. Koma chithunzi cha abambo ake aubweya komanso wamaliseche adalumikizidwa ndi mulu wake wa njovu, mahatchi ndi agalu.
Kodi timagwirizana bwanji ndi zolengedwa izi? Kanema waulemerero waku Soviet "The Adventures of Electronics" anali ndi vuto lofananalo: kwa akuluakulu, Zamagetsi ndi maloboti olankhula, ndipo mutha kuyiyatsa ndikuyimitsa, koma ana amawona bwino: uyu ndi munthu, woposa amapasa ake Syroezhkin.
Masiku ano, olimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe amadziwika kuti ndi anthu osangalala. Koma mwina mawa zinthu zonse zisintha, chifukwa nthawi inayake akapolo kapena oimira mafuko ena sanawonedwe anthu.