Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Wamng'ono (wocheperako kuposa mpheta), mbalame yautoto modzionetsa yokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtambo wabuluu wokhala ndi kapu wakuda wosiyana ndi masaya oyera oyera. Kutalika kwa thupi 11-16 masentimita, kulemera kwa 8-15 g. M'madera ambiri ku Europe, malo a puff ali ndi gawo la nati yayikulu kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kuzisiyanitsa.

Kufotokozera. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo. Thupi lakumaso ndi laimaso, pansi kumakhala kopepuka, loyera loyera ndi mbali ya pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi pafupifupi mtundu womwewo ndi kumbuyo, ndimdima pang'ono. Pa ulusi wakunja kwa nthenga zachiwiri ndi zapamwamba, ulusi woyeranso umapangidwa, womwe pa mapiko opindidwa umakhala munda wamtali wowoneka bwino. Pamwamba pamutu pang'onopang'ono mpaka kumaso kwa chingwe ndi maso chimapanga kapu yakuda yosiyana, yomwe, pang'onopang'ono ikukoka, mpaka kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa mutu kuwoneka wopanda kukula. Mbali zam'mutu zomwe zili pansi pa kapuyo ndizoyera kwambiri, mosiyana kwambiri ndi kapu. Pansi pa mulomo pali malo akulu akuda okhala ndi malire ochepera pang'ono. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda, m'mbali mwa mulomo ndi imvi. Diso ndi lakuda, matupa ndi amaso amtambo. Mbalame zazing'ono ndi zofanana ndi achikulire, koma khungu laimwambalo silili laimvi, chipewa chake chimakhala chodera, chakuda chakuda, masaya ndi zokutira zooneka bwino, malo pakhosi ali otumbululuka, otuwa. Pansi pa thupilo ndi loyera, ndi zokutira zowoneka bwino mbali ndi pansi mchira. Mlomo wake ndi wa bulauni, wokhala ndi mphaso zachikaso pamlomo wake ndi kuvomerezeka.

Ndi kufanana kwakukulu ndi mtambo wokhala ndi mutu wakuda, zimasiyanasiyana m'njira zingapo zomwe sizidziwika nthawi zonse m'munda. Wotukumula amawoneka wamutu-wamkulu komanso wamtundu-wamafupi, kapu ya owononga ndiye wakuda, wopanda gloss ndipo amapita kumbuyo. Chovala chokhala ndi mutu wakuda chimakhala ndi kapu wakuda wowoneka bwino ndipo sizimapita kumbuyo kwake. Malowa omwe ali pansi pa mulomo wa puffer ndi okulirapo, amakula patali kuposa ozungulira. Utoto wonse wamtundu wa wowotchera ndi imvi, yofiirira, yopepuka kukhala ndi malo okulirapo kuposa nati yaying'ono, yoyera, yokhala ngati yopanda kanthu. Chowoneka bwino kwambiri cha puffer ndi malire a nthenga zachiwiri, zomwe zimapanga gawo lowala la mapiko amdima. Kumpoto kwa gawo lake, puffer amapezeka limodzi ndi nati yaimvi, ndipo nthawi zina amaphatikiza ndi iwo. Imasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'miyeso yaying'ono, kukhalapo kwa khungu losiyana osati lofiirira, malo osalirapo pakamwa komanso kakulidwe kakang'ono kwambiri kwamtundu wowoneka bwino m'mbali mwake.

Voterani. Wotukwanayo ndi wocheperako, wodekha komanso yunifolomu kwambiri kuposa nati yokhala ndi mutu wakuda. Cholimbikitsa kwambiri ndi kuphatikiza kwa whist kweza ndi mawu "zhe. »: «tsi-tsi. jzhe-jzhe-jzhe". Imaperekanso thonje louma "Makr. ". whist whist whist "izi. », «nsomba. "kapena"chit. ". Kuyimba foni mosangalatsa "zhee-zhee. "kapena"charr-charr. »Wodzitukumula amakhala wodekha, wofewetsa, wokweza mawu. Nyimbo ya Chubby - mndandanda wocheperako wazimba ma monosyllabic whistles "Tee-te. "kapena"sip sip sip. ", Nthawi zambiri azungu amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri"tiu-tiu-tiu. ". Nthawi zambiri amuna amayimba ndi opukutira, akazi ndi osowa kwambiri.

Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Maderawa amatenga gawo lonse la nkhalango ya Palearctic kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka, ku Europe Russia mpaka padoko. Mbalame yokhala kanthawi kochepa chabe imakhala yocheperako posakhazikika, anthu akumpoto amayendayenda kuposa anthu akumwera. M'nkhalango zakumpoto, anthu oledzera nthawi zambiri amaposa mbalame zina zonse. Kufikira kumalire akummwera kwa masanjidwewo, kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera, komabe, pano akupitilizabe kukhala mbalame wamba.

Moyo. Kusiyana kwa zokonda za biotopic zama chubby ndi zida zamutu wakuda zimathandizira kudziwa mitundu yomwe ili m'munda. Pukhlyak imakonda kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhalango zachilengedwe, motero imafika kudera la tundra. Nthawi zambiri pamiyala ing'onoing'ono yodontha, nkhalango zokhala ndi masamba opindika ndizipewa. Imafika m'madera akumphepete komanso m'matanthwe osasefukira. Pokhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, imatha kupirira nyengo yozizira kwambiri; kulephera kwakukulu kwa mbeu zosakanikirana, munthu angayang'ane kuwukira kwakum'mwera kum'mwera. Kwa chaka chathunthu, ovutitsawa amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono, momwe mumakhala magwiridwe antchito ambiri, kutengera mtundu ndi mbalame zaka.

Zakudyazi ndizosiyanasiyana, makamaka ma invertebrates, komanso zipatso ndi mbewu za zakutchire ndi zopangidwa. Amadya maluwa, masamba, amamwa msuzi wa mitengo yosiyanasiyana. Pamapeto kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, imasungira chakudya nthawi yachisanu. Ndizofala nthawi yozizira pa odyetsa, omwe amatenga nawo mbali pagulu la mbalame zosakanizika. Zoweta kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Kuwoneka koyipa, maanja amakhalabe moyo.

Chisa chimakonzedwa munkhokwe yakale kapena malo achilengedwe pamtunda wa mamita 10 pamwamba pa nthaka, nthawi zambiri pansi pa mita 1. Nthawi zambiri imadzipangira payokha. Izi ndizotheka m'mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yovunda, pomwe makolo onse awiri amatula timitengo tating'ono. Imapeza ntchito zakale zopanda matabwa. Kapangidwe kamene kamapangidwa ndi makungwa, mitengo, udzu, ulusi wazomera, ubweya ndi nthenga zimamangidwa ndi mkazi; Chojambulachi chimakhala ndi mazira oyera ama99 okhala ndi mazira ofiira kapena amtundu wama brown brown. Yaikazi imalowetsa thukuta kwa masiku 13-16, imadyetsa anapiye masiku 17-20 ndi amphongo. Makolo amapitilabe kudyetsa ana awo kwa pafupifupi masiku 12 mpaka 15 atachoka.

Puff, kapena chida chokhala ndi bulauni (Parus montanus)

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Chithunzi cha mutu wa brown

Chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimatchulidwanso kuti titmouse yaying'ono, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za Asia ndi Europe. Malingaliro awa adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wolemba zachilengedwe kuchokera ku Switzerland, a Thomas Kornad von Baldenstein. M'mbuyomu, zida zam'mutu zofiirira zimawonedwa kuti ndi mtundu wa Gadic (Poecile), wa mtundu wawukulu wa tit (Parus).

Kanema: Gadget wokhala ndi mutu

Padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Chilatini lamtunduwu - Parus montanus. Komabe, posachedwa, asayansi, potengera kupenda majini, adapeza kuti mbalameyi imangoyanjana ndi ma gadget ena onse. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri a zamankhwala aku America akufuna kubwezeretsa dzina lakale la mbalameyo, lomwe m'Chilatini limamveka ngati Poecile montanus. Mitundu ya zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni ndi imodzi mwazofala kwambiri pamtundu wonse; imangokhala yotsika pang'ono ku gawo lalikulu.

Chosangalatsa: Kuthengo, mbalame yotere imakhala zaka 2 mpaka 3. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, kawirikawiri mitundu yamtunduwu imatha kukhala ndi zaka 9.

Padziko lapansi, zida zamagetsi zokhala ndi mutu wakuda zimatchulidwa kuti sitepe lofulumira - pakati pa kuyenda ndi kudumpha. Mbalame zimasuntha mwachangu pakudya, nthawi zambiri zimasinthira kudikirira, nthawi zina zimadumpha kamodzi. Mbalame zimawonetsanso "kugogoda" kapena kugwedeza kwakanthawi manja awo pakudya, zomwe zimathandiza kutsuka nyama ndi kupatsa chithunzi chazirala.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi chida chowoneka ngati bulawuni chimawoneka bwanji

Mitundu yamtunduwu imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya bulauni. Mutu waukulu uli pakhosi lalifupi. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kukula koma zazikulu pomanga. Mbali yakumwamba ya mutu, monga kumbuyo, imakhala ndi maonekedwe akuda. Mtunduwu umachokera kumbuyo kwa mutu mpaka kutsogolo kumbuyo. Kumbuyo konse, mapiko, mapewa, dera lumbar ndi mchira wake ndi bulauni. Chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimakhala ndi masaya oyera.

Mbali za khosi ndizopepuka, koma kugwiranso. Pamaso pa khosi pali malo akuda. Gawo lakumunsi la mtedza wofiirira limakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera oyera aimvi okhala ndi mawonekedwe ophatikizika a ooker kumbali ndi dera la mchira wotsikira. Khalidwe la mbalamezi ndi lofiirira. Matako a mbalame ndi imvi zakuda.

Chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimasokonezeka mosavuta ndi chamutu wakuda. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi chipewa chakuda, chomwe chimakhala chosalala osati mtundu wonyezimira komanso malo akuda akuda ndi chingwe chakumaso m'dera la nthenga. Ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa kuchokera ku mutu wopanda mutu wakuda ndi gait.

Chosangalatsa: Chofunikira kusiyanitsa mbalame ndi mawu. Mosiyana ndi mutu wakuda, chida chokhala ndi zofiirira chimakhala ndi zojambula zochepa. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mitundu itatu yokha yakuimbira.

Kodi zida zobayidwa ndi bulauni zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chithunzi cha mutu wa brown

Mbali yodziwika bwino ya zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni ndi zomwe amakonda kuti azikhalamo. Mitundu yamtunduwu imakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe. Pankhani imeneyi, nthawi zambiri zimatha kupezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa. Monga malo okhala, mbalame zimasankha nkhalango zowirira, magombe a mitsinje ndi malo ena okhala kutali ndi anthu. Ngakhale izi, amakonda kwambiri anthu ndipo amakonda kusangalala ndi zotsalira za chakudya chamunthu.

Akazi amagona mchisa ndipo akuwoneka kuti akusinthana pakati pa nthawi yogona ndi kukhala tulo, nthawi zambiri amasintha mazira kuti akhale tcheru. M'masiku omaliza odyera, mkazi sangathe kubwerera ku chisa kukagona. Kutali ndi chisa, mbalamezo zikuwoneka kuti zimagona usiku wokhala m'malo ogona pansi pamtunda. Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zitsamba zowirira, zitsamba zobiriwira komanso mahatchi okhala pansi.

Zovala zazimuna zofiirira zazimuna zimateteza madera ena kwa achimuna anzawo nthawi yakubzala. Mtundu ndi mtundu wa malo okhalamo, komanso gawo la kuzalirana, ndizofunikira kwambiri kudziwa kukula kwa gawo. Malire a gawo lomwe amakhala ndi oyandikana nawo akuwoneka kuti ali achilendo panthawi yakubzala, koma kusinthasintha kwa nthawi yobereketsa kungakhudze gawo kapena malo omwe abambo agwiritse ntchito.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimapezeka. Tiwone zomwe mbalameyi idya.

Kodi chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Tit-wamutu wa Gaiter

M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni zimakhala ndi zakudya zam'mera monga mbewu za juniper, spruce ndi pine. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a chakudya chonsechi amakhala ndi chakudya chomwe chimachokera ku nyama momwe zimagona, zomwe chida chokhala ndi bulauni mwachangu chimatulutsa kuchokera m'malo obisika a mitengo ndi singano.

M'nyengo yotentha, zakudya zimakhala ndi theka la zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zipatso ndi zipatso, ndi theka la chakudya chomwe chimachokera kuchinyama, monga mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Mbalame zazing'ono zimadyera makamaka akangaude, mphutsi zamtundu wamphongo, ndi mbozi zazing'ono za agulugufe amtsogolo. Pambuyo pake amawonjezera zokolola pazakudya zawo.

Akuluakulu, zakudya ndizosiyanasiyana, ndipo zakudya zomwe nyama zimachokera zimaphatikizapo:

• agulugufe pamlingo uliwonse wa chitukuko,
• akangaude ang'ono
• kafadala,
• tizilombo ta hymenopteran, monga mavu ndi njuchi,
• tizilombo tating'onoting'ono - ntchentche, midges, udzudzu,
• tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko
• ziwala
• nyansi
• Nkhono
• nkhupakupa.

Zomera zamtengatenga ndi izi:

• mbewu monga oats ndi chimanga,
• njere, zipatso zam'mera, monga sorelo wamahatchi, burdock, mphukira, etc.,
• njere, zipatso zamitengo, mwachitsanzo, birch ndi alder,
• zipatso zamtchire, mitengo, mwachitsanzo, ma buliberries, phulusa lamapiri, cranberries, lingonberries.

Ma gitala okhala ndi mutu wakuda amadyera pansi komanso kuthira mipira yamtchire, ndipo nthawi zina amagwera pansi. Mbalamezi zimakonda kupachikidwa mozondoka pamtengo, m'maderawa zimatha kupezeka kuthengo kapena malo ena.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Gadget wokhala ndi mutu ku brown ku Russia

Mbawala zokhala ndi mutu wakuda ndi mbalame zachuma kwambiri. Mbalame zimayamba kusungira chakudya nthawi yachisanu chilimwe ndikugwa. Nthawi zina amabisa chakudya chomwe chimapezeka ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Achinyamata amatola masheya mu Julayi. Malo osungirako masheya awa akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amabisa chakudya mumtengo mitengo, m'nkhaka ndi stump. Pofuna kuti asapezeke, zida zamagetsi zokhala ndi zofiirira zimaphimba chakudya ndi zidutswa za khungwa. M'tsiku limodzi lokha, mbalame yaying'ono iyi imatha kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi 2,000 yamakoko oterowo ndi chakudya.

Ma gadget okhala ndi mutu wakuda nthawi zina amaiwala malo omwe chakudya chimabisidwa, kenako nkuchipeza mwangozi. Masheya ena amadyedwa atapezeka, ndipo ena abisala. Chifukwa cha izi, chakudya chimagawidwa chimodzimodzi chigawo chonse. Pamodzi ndi zida zokhala ndi zofiirira, mbalame zina zimagwiritsanso ntchito masheya.

Nthawi yakubzala, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala osalolera zazimuna zina ndipo aziwathamangitsa. Akazi, monga lamulo, samatsata akazi ena, koma wamkazi mmodzi amangogogoda paliponse pomwe wina wamkazi amakhala pafupi ndi iye ndi mnzake kwa kanthawi kochepa. Akazi nthawi zina amayenda ndi akazi awo pankhondo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amalira mosangalala. Nthawi zina, amalolera zazikazi zina.

Nthawi zina, mitala imakhala yovala kumutu. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi komanso nthawi ya mating'i, banjali limatha tsiku lonse kutola chakudya mkati mwa 10 m kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wochepera 1 mita kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Chithunzi cha mutu wa brown

Nthawi yoswana ya zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni ndiyambira pa Epulo mpaka Meyi. Mbalame zokonzekera kuuluka zimabadwa mu Julayi. Mbalamezi zimapeza wokwatirana mchaka choyamba cha moyo, makamaka nthawi yozizira, ndipo zimakhalira limodzi mpaka mmodzi mwa omwe amzake amwalira. Mukakhala pachibwenzi, mutha kuwona momwe chachimuna chimathamangira wamkazi, pomwe akazi ndi amuna amayenda ndi mapiko awo, komanso kugwada. Asanayambe kukhwima, yamphongo imapereka mphatso kwa mkaziyo ndipo nthawiyo imayimba nyimbo yong'ung'udza.

Mbalamezi zimakhala m'malo amodzi, zomwe zimatetezedwa chaka chonse. Zida za mutu wofiirira zimapanga zisa pamalo okwera mpaka mamitala atatu ndipo zimapangidwa mumitengo yamitengo yakufa kapena mitengo yotsika ngati msipu, birch kapena larch. Mbalameyi imapanga mbalame kapena imagwiritsa ntchito yomalizira, yomwe imatsalira mbalame ina. Nthawi zina, zida zamagetsi zofiirira zimagwiritsa ntchito agologolo opanda pake.

Zochititsa chidwi: Akazi amakonzekeretsa chisa. Iyi ndi njira yayitali yomwe imatenga masiku anayi mpaka milungu iwiri. Ngati patsogolo pa zinthu zopanda vuto, njira yomangira chisa imayimitsidwa mpaka masiku 24-25.

Njira yogwirira mazira imatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Pomweikazi imakonzera mazira kuti azikaswa, yamphongo imateteza gawo lake pafupi ndi chisa, komanso imasamalira chakudya. Nthawi zina, mkaziyo amapita kukafuna chakudya. Nkhuku sizimawoneka nthawi imodzi, koma imodzi. Izi zimatenga masiku awiri ndi atatu. Fulu lofiirira losowa kwambiri lomwe limaphimba madera ang'onoang'ono am'mutu ndi kumbuyo kwake ndi chizindikiro cha mbalame zatsopano. Chingwe chimakhalanso ndi mtanda kapena mtundu wachikasu wa mulomo.

Kudyetsa kumachitika ndi makolo onse awiri, omwe amatha kubweretsa chakudya mpaka katatu patsiku. Usiku, komanso nthawi yozizira, chachikazi chimawotcha ana ndi thupi lake ndipo sichichoka kwa mphindi imodzi. Pakadutsa masiku 17 mpaka 20 atakhazikitsidwa, anapiye amatha kuuluka, koma sakudziwa momwe angapangire chakudya chawo, motero moyo wawo umadalira kwathunthu makolo awo.

Kuyambira pakati pa Julayi, anapiye olimba, pamodzi ndi makolo awo, amalumikizana ndi mbalame zina ndikupanga ng'ombe. Mwanjira imeneyi, amayendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana mpaka nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, gulu la nkhosalo limazindikira mphamvu zazikulu, zomwe zazimuna zimalamulira zazikazi, ndipo mbalame zakale zimayang'anira ana. Mtundu wa mbalame nthawi zambiri umakhala mdera lomwelo, nthawi zina, amasintha malo ake mkati mwa radius osaposa 5 km.

Adani achilengedwe a mikanda yofiirira

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya mutu wa brown

Zoyipa za anthu akuluakulu ovala zofiirira sizidziwika kwenikweni, ngakhale umboni wapezeka wa kufa kwa anthu akuluakulu zisa. Ambiri amadya mazira ndi achinyamata akuti. Njoka zamtundu ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimakonda kupha miseche yofiirira. Makamera a kanema pa zisa ku North Carolina adawulula nthochi, mbewa yagolide, kansalu wofiyira, ndi scoop yakumaso, ndikuwononga zisa za mbalamezi.

Makamera apakanema pa zisa ku Arkansas adazindikira kuti kansalu wokhala ndi tsitsi loterolo ndi nyama yomwe imadya kwambiri komanso mtundu umodzi wa kadzidzi, ma nthano abuluu, akambuku oyendayenda, ndi phokoso lakum'mawa monga adani a mazira kapena ana. Makamera awa adawonetseranso agulu loyera loyera limodzi ndi chimbalangondo chimodzi chakuda chopondera zisa, mwangozi.

Chifukwa chochita mantha ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera, akulu amaundana pachisa ndipo amakhala osasuntha kwa nthawi yayitali. Akwatchi ogwedera amakhala osagwedezeka mpaka ngoziyo itadutsa, ndipo amuna omwe ali mchisa mwakachetechete ngozi ikasowa. Zachikazi zimakhazikika pachisa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezo zizitha kusambira, mbalamezi zimayamwa mazira oyera, zomwe zimawoneka pakatikati pa chisa ngati mkazi atachoka pachisa. Akazi ogwedezeka nthawi zambiri amalola kuyandikira mkati mwa masentimita angapo.

Chikazi chikasiya chisa pamaso pa yemwe angadyeko, chimagwera pansi ndikugundana ngati mbalame yolumala, mchira wake ndi limodzi kapena mapiko onse awiri kutsika, ndikupanga mawu osavuta. Kusokoneza kumeneku mwina cholinga chake ndi kutchera msatsi nyama zodyeramo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Kodi chida chowoneka ngati bulawuni chimawoneka bwanji

Malinga ndi kafukufuku womwe wanachitika ku nkhalango za ku Europe kwa Russia, pali zovala zapadera zokhala ndi mutu 20-25 miliyoni. Pali ena ochulukirapo ka 5-7 omwe aku Russia. Kodi ndizambiri kapena pang'ono? Zochitika zodabwitsa - zimapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa zida zamagetsi zokhala ndi zofiirira ku Russia ndizofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo ku Europe ku Russia amakhala ochepera kanayi kuposa anthu. Zikuwoneka kuti payenera kukhala mbalame zambiri, makamaka zodziwika bwino, kuposa anthu. Koma sichoncho. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa nyengo yachisanu ku Europe ku Russia kwatsika kupitilira kotala m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi.

Chifukwa chake, mu 1980-1990s, chiwerengero chawo chotsimikizidwa chinali 26-28 miliyoni, m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za 2000s - 21-26, chachiwiri - miliyoni 19-20. Zifukwa zakuchepa izi sizikudziwika bwino. Zomwe zikuluzikulu, ndizotheka kwambiri, kudula mitengo ndikusintha kwanyengo. Kwa zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni, nyengo yamvula yokhala ndi nthenga imakhala yoipa kuposa nyengo ya chipale chofewa komanso yozizira.

Okonda mbalame ku Russia amalipira chidwi kwambiri ndi mitundu yachilendo, koma chitsanzo cha chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimatsimikizira kuti nthawi yakwana yoganiza zamitundu yambiri ya mbalame - kwenikweni, sizochulukirapo. Makamaka mukamaganizira "zopulumutsa zachilengedwe": mbalame imodzi imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 12, munthu m'modzi - nena, pafupifupi 60 kg. Ndiye kuti, zotsalira zazomera zokhala ndi mutu wofiirira ndizochulukirapo ka 5000 kuposa anthu.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zida zamagulu owoneka ngati bulauni komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ali ofanana, lingalirani kangati anthu omwe amawononga zinthu zosiyanasiyana? Ndi katundu wotere, kupulumuka ngakhale kwa mitundu yodziwika bwino, ngati safuna anthropogenic, koma malo achilengedwe, imakhala yovuta.

Zaka zambiri zapitazo tsitsi lamutu wakudamwina ankatsata gulu la njati ku Dera Lalikulu, mukudya tizilombo. Masiku ano zimatsata ng'ombe ndipo zimapezeka zochuluka kuchokera pagombe mpaka pagombe. Kufalikira kwake kwakhala nkhani yoyipa kwa mbalame zina: Nyimbozi zimayika mazira mu zisa za mbalame zina. Kuphatikizika kwa ma gaits kwakankhira mitundu ina pamtundu wa "pangozi".

Brown-mutu gait: mafotokozedwe

Mbalameyi imakhala ndi thupi laling'ono lopepuka, mpaka 14cm kutalika ndi masikono 9-14 g, khosi lalifupi komanso kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa bulauni. Pamwamba pa mutu wamkulu komanso nape ndi mthunzi wakuda bii. Mapiko ambiri am'mbuyo, apakati komanso ang'ono, mapewa, nadhvoste ndi m'munsi kumbuyo amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Maseke ndi oyera. Maso owaza amawoneka m'mbali za khosi. Kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli malaya otchedwa malaya - malo akuda. Mlomo uli ndi utoto wakuda. Pansi pa mbalameyo ndi kansalu koyera komwe kamayamwa pang'ono, mbali ndi miyendo ndi imvi.

M'munda, chida chamtundu wa bulauni chimatha kusokonezeka mosavuta ndi chokhala ndi mutu wakuda. Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwo ndikuti wopanga amakhala ndi matte osati chovala chakuda chakuda ndi mzere wamtali wamtambo kumapiko achiwiri. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mwa mbalamezi chimatha kutchedwa kuti kuyimba kwawo.

Habitat

Chipewa chokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni chimapezeka m'madambo a Eurasia, kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Great Britain ndi zigawo zapakati pa France, ndikutha ndi gombe la Pacific ndi zilumba za Japan. Kumpoto, amakhala m'malo a mitengo yamitengo, komanso nkhalango yam'madzi yotchedwa Scandinavia ndi Finland. Imapezeka kum'mwera kumapiri.

Chida chofiirira chomwe chimakhala chofiirira chimakonda kukhala m'nkhalangozi, m'mapiri, komanso m'nkhalango zosakanikirana momwe mitengo ya paini, larch, ndi spruce imapangidwira, ndipo mitsinje ya kusefukira kwamadzi ndi madambo akumapezekanso. Ku Siberia, imakhala m'mphepete mwa timiyala tofiyira tating'ono tokhala ndi ma sphagnum bogs, msondodzi ndi matayala alder.

Ku Europe, nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa mitengo yamitengo ya nkhalango zamadzi osefukira, m'mphepete ndi poyambira. M'malo amapiri amapezeka pamalo okwera 2000 m mpaka 2745 m, mwachitsanzo, pa Tien Shan. Kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana, mbalameyi imakonda kukwera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Tibet puff adawoneka pamtunda wa 3960 m pamwamba pamadzi.

Moyo

Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Anthu ambiri amangokhala m'malo okhala, omwe amakhala m'mitengo ndi mitengo yakufa patali pang'ono ndi pansi. Mbawala yokhala ngati ya bulawuni, ngati mitengo yamatabwa, imakonda kupitiliza kukhalira nkhuni zowola. Kuzama kwake ndi pafupifupi 20 cm, ndipo mainchesi ndi 6-8 cm.

Ofunda akuwathandizanso kukonza chisa m'magulu awiriawiri omwe amapezeka kuti akugwa. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, amuna amayang'ana zazikazi m'dera loyandikira (osapitirira makilomita asanu). Akalephera kuchita izi, amawulukira kumadera akutali a nkhalangoyi.

Pakakonzedwa chisa m'matumba ambiri zimatenga sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri. Chifukwa chaichi, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi, makungwa amtengo, makungwa, ubweya ndi nthenga. Zoyipa zamtunduwu ndizosiyana ndi nyumba zamtundu wina wamtundu wina chifukwa sanyamula moss m'nyumba yawo. Gawo - chida chokhala ndi bulawuni - chimakonda kupanga malo obisalamo ndi mbewu za chomera, koma nthawi zambiri chimayiwala za malo omwe chumacho chinali.

Puffers amadya zosiyanasiyana zing'onozing'ono invertebrates ndi mphutsi. Chifukwa chake, ma gait ndi othandiza kwambiri ku zachilengedwe za m'nkhalango, chifukwa zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya zipatso ndi mbewu za zomera.

M'chilimwe, zakudya za chida chachikulu zimagawidwa chimodzimodzi pakati pa chakudya cha nyama ndi masamba. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya makamaka ndi mbewu za juniper, paini ndi spruce. Chingwe chimadyetsedwa ndi akangaude, mbozi za agulugufe ndi kuwonjezera kwa chakudya chamasamba. Ozunza achikulire amadya nyongolotsi, njuchi, mavu, ntchentche, udzudzu, nyerere, nkhupakupa, ndipo ngakhale nkhono.

Kuchokera ku zakudya zamasamba, mbewu monga tirigu, chimanga, oats ndi barele zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zawo. Kuchokera zipatso, mtedza amakonda cranberries, phulusa la kumapiri, lingonberries, blueberries ndi machoneaster. Amayendera odyetsa mbalame nthawi zambiri.

Kuswana

Nyengo ino imagwirizana ndi nthawi yokonza zisa. Ovutika amapeza wokwatirana mchaka choyamba cha moyo ndipo amakhalabe limodzi mpaka mmodzi wa iwo amwalira. Kutalika kwa moyo wa zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni sikuposa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi.

Ubwenzi wa amuna umatsatiridwa ndi nyimbo ndikugwedezeka kwamapiko. Asanayambe kukhwima, amadzabweretsa chakudya chachikazi. Asanagone, mbalame zimayambiranso kukonza chisa. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa kuwaswa, mazira a mtedza amaphimbidwa ndi zinyalala. Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira oyera oyera a 5-9 okhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira. Kubwatchera kumapitilizabe kuchekera. Pakadali pano, champhongo chimapeza chakudya cha mayi ndikuyang'anira chisa. Nthawi zina wamkazi amatuluka mnyumbayo kwakanthawi kochepa ndikudya yekha.

Mikwingwirima imakhala yolimba kwa masiku awiri kapena atatu. Poyamba anali atakutidwa ndi mtundu wonyezimira wa mtundu wa khungu laimaso, milomo ya mlomo imakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amadyetsa ana awo pamodzi. Pafupifupi, amabweretsa kupanga 250-300 patsiku. Usiku komanso masiku abwino, chida chokhala ndi bulawuni chimakhala pachimake, chikuwotha ana ake. Anapiyewo amayamba kuuluka pang'ono patadutsa masiku 17- 20 atabadwa, komabe amakhalabe odalira kwa makolo awo chifukwa sangathe kupeza chakudya pawokha. Pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi, mabanja am'makomo amayenda m'magulu oyenda, momwe, kuphatikiza ndi tini, mumatha kukumana ndi pikas, mafumu ndi nuthatch.

Kuyimba

Chojambulidwa chamawu chokhala ndi zoduwa zokhala ndi zofiirira sichikhala ndi mitundu monga, mwachitsanzo, chamutu wakuda. Mitundu iwiri ya nyimbo imafotokozedwa: zowonetsera (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokopa awiri) ndi malo achitetezo (zolemba malo ochezera). Mtundu woyamba umakhala ndi mzimba wamiseche woyeza ngati "iwe. wanu. "Kapena" tii ... tii ... ". Chida chokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni (chithunzi pansipa) chimagwira nyimboyi pamtunda womwewo kapena kukweza mamvekedwe nthawi ndi nthawi. Opatsa chimbudzi amayimba chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mchaka komanso theka lachiwiri la chilimwe.

Phokoso lamtunda poyerekeza ndi lachiwonetsero ndilamtendere kwambiri ndipo limafanana ndi kaphokoso kamene kamayenda pang'ono pang'ono. Imakonda kuchitidwa ndi amuna kuposa akazi. Komanso, akatswiri ambiri ama ornithologists amatsimikizira nyimbo "yaphokoso". Kuyimba komwe kumakumana pafupipafupi kumaphatikizapo nyimbo za chi-chi zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva kulira kwa "jee ... jee ...".

Chida cha mutu-wakuda komanso cha bulauni: zithunzi ndi zowona

Kwa nthawi yayitali, mbalamezi zinali zamtundu wa zipatso, koma posachedwa zakhala zikusungidwa mosiyanasiyana - mtundu. Pali oimira angapo amtunduwu, koma awiri mwa iwo amapezeka nthawi zambiri - ovala tsitsi komanso amtambo wakuda.

Mitundu yonseyi ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso zizindikiritso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikire mosavuta, koma poyang'ana pang'ono zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu wosadziwika azisiyanitse.

Kufotokozera kwa mitundu: gait wakuda wokhala ndi mutu wakuda

Mphete zokhala ndi mutu komanso zofiirira zakuda ndizofanana: zimakhala ndi maulusi otuwa kwambiri otuwa, ofikira masentimita 14, mapiko apamwamba amafika masentimita 22, kulemera kwake sikupitirira magalamu 14, khosi lalifupi kwambiri ndi mutu waukulu, masaya ndi khosi m'mbali mwake ndizopepuka, pafupifupi zoyera. Pansi pali zodetsedwa zoyera, mulomo ndi wofiirira-wakuda, ndipo miyendo imachita imvi.

Cholemba cha mutu wakuda chidafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1758, chofiirira-chakumaso - mu 1827, ndizochokera chaka chino kuti kuphunzira kwawo kwathunthu kunayamba, komanso kufunafuna kosiyana ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse.

Ma gaiters okhala ndi mitu ya brown ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri, ali ndi dzina lawo lachiwiri - kuwomba, chifukwa nthenga zimakhala zotentha kwambiri nyengo yoipa. Amakhala ndi chipewa chakuda chakumaso pamutu ndi nape, malo amtundu womwewo ali ndi malo kutsogolo pakhosi. Omwe amakhala ndi mutu wofiirira amakhala achidwi kuposa oimira ena amtunduwu.

Mu zovala zakuda zakuda, chipewa sichikhala chopepuka, koma chonyezimira, ndipo malo pakhosi ndi ochepa kwambiri. Zowoneka modabwitsa zazimutu zakuda zimaphatikizapo mchira wautali ndi mutu wocheperako, komanso kuyenda kwakukulu, amathanso kuwuluka ndikuimba mwachangu.

Kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zida zamagetsi

Kutali, mitundu iwiriyi ya mbalame imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawu awo; omenyera omwe ali ndi mutu wakuda amakhala ndi mitundu itatu yokha ya nyimbo m'mabuku awo: makina, chiwonetsero, komanso chibwenzi cha akazi. Zoyambirira komanso zomaliza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi zazimuna, ndipo chiwonetserochi chimatha kumveka kuchokera kwa chachimuna komanso chachikazi pakusaka mnzake.

Mawu osangalatsa a zovala zamutu wakuda ndi osiyanasiyana. Amapanga maphokoso onse awiri kuti amvekere, ndipo adapangira zolinga zapadera: chibwenzi, kuteteza chisa ndi chachikazi, kuteteza gawo ndi wamwamuna, kukopana, ndi zina zotero. Nyimbo yamtundu uliwonse imakhala ndi mitundu 20 yosiyanasiyana.

Malo okhala mbalame

Mbalamezi zimakhala kumpoto kwa North America, Europe ndi Asia ndipo zimangokhala moyo wokhazikika - awa ndi amodzi mwa oimira ochepa mwa mbalame zomwe zimasungira chakudya nthawi yozizira ndikungoyendayenda ngati malo omaliza - kupeza chakudya kumayambiriro kwamasika kapena nyengo yozizira.

M'miyoyo yawo yonse, agalu amakhala gawo la makilomita asanu - gawo laling'onoli limasankhidwa nthawi yoyamba kubzala mbalameyo ndipo imakumbukiridwa moyo wake wonse. Dera laling'onoli limaphunziridwa bwino kumanga zisa, kupeza chakudya ndi malo okhala.

Malo okhala zokhala ndimutu wakuda ndi wamutu wakuda ndizosiyana. Mitengo yofiirira imakonda nkhalango zowuma, zowuma, imatha kupezeka mosavuta m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yodzala ndi zitsamba, pomwe ndizosatheka kukumana ndi munthu.

Blackheads nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi midzi, mizinda, matauni, koma mosakhazikika kapena, m'malo ovuta kwambiri, nkhalango zosakanikirana ndizoyenera kwambiri. Zokonda zimaperekedwa m'malo okhala mabisidwe otsika ndi madambo, pomwe pali mitengo yambiri yakufa.

M'malo osiyanasiyana momwe amakhala, omenyera omwe amakhala ndi mutu wakuda nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mutu wa bulauni ndipo samalekerera abale okhala ndi mutu wa bulauni m'gawo lawo, ngakhale nthawi zina amasankha oimira anzawo osowa nthawi yozizira.

Kodi mbalame zamtunduwu zimadya chiyani?

Mitundu yonse ya zipatso zamtunduwu imadya zofanana: chakudya chachikulu chimaphatikizapo mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, juniper ndi mpendadzuwa), zipatso za mitengo, mtedza waung'ono, tizilombo (nsikidzi, mphutsi, ndi zina). Chifukwa chakuti zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo nsikidzi zovulaza, ma fait amatengedwa ngati ochiritsa achilengedwe omwe amathandizira kunkhalango.

M'chilimwe iwo amadya zakudya zamtchire ndi nyama, ndipo nthawi yozizira ndi masika iwo amabzala. Koyambilira kwa nyengo yachisanu, ma gitala okhala ndi mutu wakumwa amamwa msuzi wa birch, ma aspen ndi mapulo, ndipo nthawi yozizira amayendera odyetsa omwe amakhala pafupi ndi minda (ngakhale amawayendera kawirikawiri) ndipo, chopatsa chidwi, iwo amabisa mbewu zomwe zimapezeka mwa odyetsa nkhalango.

Anapiye a mitundu yonseyi m'masiku oyamba amoyo amadya zakudya zokhazokha ndipo pokhapokha ndi nthawi yomwe chakudya chomera chimayamba kuphatikizidwa muzakudya. Chizolowezi cha kusungika m'misempha chikuwoneka koyambirira kwambiri - ali kale ndi mwezi umodzi. M'nyengo yonse yamasika, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, mbalame zimapanga mosalekeza nyengo yachisanu.

Chapakatikati, mbewu za pine ndi spruce zimadzaza; Nthawi yoyambira nyengo yachisanu mpaka nthawi yozizira, mbalame imodzi imakhala ndi malo osungiramo malo osungirako (makungwa a mitengo, ma cones ndi malo ena otetezedwa), ngakhale gawo limodzi lokha la magawo atatu okha limadyedwa nthawi yozizira (malo ambiri amasungidwa).

Zojambula ndi malo okhala ndi mutu wa bulauni

Buluu wopanda mutu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti yotchedwa puffer chifukwa chakuti mbalameyi imakonda kusefukira m'madzi nthawi yozizira komanso nyengo yovuta, chifukwa kwanthawi yayitali inali ya banja la tit, komabe, akatswiri a zoology adaziyimira motengera mitundu ina, yomwe idalandira dzina losangalatsa - gaiters.

Pali ochepa oimira amtunduwu, omwe ali ambiri ma mutu akuda komanso amtundu wakuda, ili pafupi yoyamba yomwe tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chida chokhala ndi bulauni chimakhala mu nkhalango zowirira za Eurasia, Canada, America ndi Caucasus, nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala mapiri kumpoto kwa mapiri, Mapiri a Caucasus, Carpathians. Amakonda kukhala kutali ndi anthu m'chipululu cha nkhalango.

Nthawi zakusowa kwa chakudya, anthu amatha kukhala achidwi ndikudya zakudya zotsala. Zoweta mbalame zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu sizimachezera. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la banja la tit, pankhani ya manambala yachiwiri kwa gawo lalikulu.

Kodi chida chowoneka ngati bulawuni chimawoneka bwanji, amasangalala ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, chifukwa kuti apeze mabanja awo, muyenera kuyesetsa kuthamangitsidwa ku tundra yachisanu. Tini tonse, makamaka mtundu wa zovala zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni, ndizochepa kukula - masentimita 12-14 kutalika, ndi mchira (5-6 cm) - 17-20 cm.

Nthawi zambiri wopezeka ndi maula akuda amtundu wakuda, pamwamba pamutu pali wakuda, kapu imapita kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu. Khosi ndi loyera mbali zonse ziwiri, komanso malo akuda pakhosi. Gawo lam'munsi la maula ndi dera la underbone ili ndi mthunzi woterera wonona.

Pukhlyak ndi woyimba mbalame, luso lake lomatha ndi lodabwitsa. Ndizosangalatsa kumvera nyimbo za mbalamezi, ngakhale kuti nyimbo zake sizosiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi "nyimbo" zitatu, zomwe ndi:

• Malo
• Chiwonetsero (gonana amuna ndi akazi kuti mupeze bwenzi),
• Kusamalira (kuchitidwa ndi amuna nthawi ya chibwenzi cha mkazi).

Chida chamtundu

Zisa zokhala ndi mutu wa bulauni kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi, ndi mutu wopanda mutu wakuda kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi, nthawi izi, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amasangalala kwambiri, kuyimba kwambiri, kuwuluka, kumenyera akazi, kufunafuna malo okhalapo chisa. Maanja amagwira kufikira pomwe wina amwalira.

M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, mbalame zazing'ono zimayang'ana banja lina m'gawo lapafupi kuchokera kunyumba kwawo. Ngati mnzake sanapezeke, amachoka m'malo awa ndikuyamba kufunafuna zabwino kumadera akutali a nkhalangoyi.

M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, mwa anthu 1000, 300 okha ndi omwe amapulumuka, mbalame pafupifupi 50 zimakhalabe ndi zaka 5, ndipo mpaka zaka 6.7 - 3, ngakhale kunyumba mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka 9.

Kukakamira mbalame zachikulire kumapezeka pafupifupi m'malo amodzi, kumalo ena, komwe amuna amateteza kwa chaka chathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, zida zokhala ndi zofiirira zimapanga zisa zatsopano; zokhala ndi mutu wakuda zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito maenje akale kapena achilendo.

Kuti apange bowo latsopano, mbalamezo amazidula nkhuni ndikupita nazo kutali kuti asaulule malo omwe nyayo ili. Maenje amapangidwa mumtengo wakufa kapena wowuma, chifukwa mitengo yamoyo ndiyolimba kwambiri kuti simatha kukhazikika komanso mulomo wawung'ono wa chida.

Musanatuluke padzenje, chimatsukidwa ndikuzama kuti chisinthidwe ndikusangalatsa chisa. Nthawi zambiri Mitundu yamitengo imasankhidwa, imaphatikizapo chopera, larch, birch, aspen. Zimatenga masiku 12 kuti mupangiremo kapena kusintha akale. Kuzama kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 20 cm.

Popanga chisa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zamagetsi imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina. Chifukwa chake, akuda amagwiritsa ntchito moss, ubweya, matebulo, nthenga, ndi mitu ya bulauni amagwiritsa ntchito nthambi, makungwa, nthenga, ubweya, ndi makungwa a birch.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa git-mutu wa bulauni

Kuikidwa m'mutu mutu - mbalamezomwe zimatsogolera moyo wakhazikika kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi m'mabowo ndi mitengo yopondera patali pang'ono kuchokera pansi.

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ma tini, mtedza wopanda mutu amakonda kuponya timabowo ting'onoting'ono, ngati mitengo yamatabwa, yotalika mpaka 20 cm ndi mainchesi 7-8 cm.

Chifukwa cha mulomo wocheperako, samatha kudula khungwa la mtengo wamphamvu, chifukwa chake amasankha mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yowola ndi mitengo yotsika yopanga zisa. Ndizosangalatsa kuti otemberera amatenga nawo gawo la zisa awiriawiri, omwe adapangidwa mu kugwa.

Mnyamata wamwamuna wachaka chake choyamba amafunafuna wokwatirana naye m'dera lapafupi (pafupifupi 5 km). Izi zikakanika, amachoka kudziko lakwawo ndikuuluka kukafunafuna mwayi kudera lakutali. Zida zapamwamba kwambiri zapamwamba za mitengo ya bulauni ndi mitengo:

Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimatenga pafupifupi sabata kuti zigwire ntchito imeneyi, nthawi zina ziwiri. Sungani masentimita makumi awiri ndikuzama, gwiritsani ntchito makungwa, nthambi, nthenga, ubweya kuti mupange. Chofunikira kusiyanitsa zisa za chubby ndikuti simudzapeza maboss m'matumba awo, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya agati.

Osowa kwambiri, owotcha amatha kukhala m'maenje opangidwa kapena zisa zopangidwa chaka chatha. Mukamachepetsa pamakhala mazira asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu; ana awiri pakanthawi kamodzi amakhala osowa kwambiri.

Chilimwe chotsatira, makolo okhala ndi ana aang'ono amalowa m'gulu lokhazikika, lomwe silimangotengera atsekwe wokhala ndi bulauni, lomwe limakhalanso ndi mafumu ndi mbalame zina.

Mukugwa, otukumula amakhazikika ndikuyang'ana abwenzi kuti akukhwime. Zina mwa nkhosazi zimayendayenda nthawi yachisanu, nthawi zina nthawi yayitali kufunafuna malo abwino okhalamo kapena banja.

Mbalame izi zimakonda kubisa cached ndi njere zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri amaiwala komwe adabisala, ndiye kuti pansi pake pali nkhalango zambiri.

Momwemonso, amathandizira kulima mitengo yatsopano ndikuonjezera dera la nkhalango. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo ya anthu otsekemera imatha kukhazikika, ndikupanga zisa m'mitengo iyi.

Komanso, ogwiritsa ntchito mutu wofiirira amakhala anzeru kwambiri, chifukwa akadzipangira chisa, sangasiyire pomwepo pansi pa mtengo, kuwasunthira kudera lina la nkhalangoyi kapena kubisala pakati pa singano.

Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka matabwa oyera pa chipale chofewa choyera kumatha kuwulula komwe kuli chisa. Zisa zomwe zatsala atazizira nthawi yachisanu ndi mtedza wofiirira zimatulutsa chaka chamawa ngati nyumba ya mbalame zina zazing'ono, monga flytraps kapena tits.

Kusamalira Nkhuku

Ma gaiters okhala ndi mutu wakuda amayambira kuyikira mazira kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi, ndipo ma gadget opangidwa ndi mutu wakuda kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi, mu clutch imodzi pali mazira oyera 9 ku chovala chofiirira. Kukula kwa dzira limodzi kuli pafupifupi 15x12 mm.

Masiku 15 oyamba, mkaziyo amasaka mazira osasiya chisa, ndipo champhongo chimamudyetsa ndikumuteteza. Mkazi amatha kusiya chisa pokhapokha pokhapokha ngati kwa nthawi yayitali palibe wamwamuna woti azidzipezera yekha chakudya. Pomwepo mu Epulo - Meyi anapiye azisoti zokhala ndi mutu wakuda atuluke, ndipo mu Julayi - amtundu wa bulauni.

Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amawadyetsa limodzi, akumawabweretsera chakudya. Mu nthawi yozizira, chachikazi chimakhala pachisa ndi anapiye, kuwatenthetsa, ndipo kutentha kumatha kusiya chakudya.

Pakatha masiku 18, anapiye amatha kuuluka, komabe sangathe kupeza chakudya chawochawo. Pamasiku 12 otsatirawo, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amawaphunzitsa kuti azipeza chakudya, kuyendayenda m'deralo, kupeza chisa.

M'moyo wawo wonse, iwo amaswana ndi kusamalira ana oposa m'modzi, akuwasamalira mwachidwi mpaka anapiyewo atha kudzikhalira okha m'nkhalango yakuthengo. Moyo wama gaits ndi wovuta komanso wosatsimikizika, okhawo amphamvu kwambiri, omwe amakonda kwambiri zakutchire, ndipo, tsoka, pang'onopang'ono, amapulumuka kuchokera ku anapiye akuluakulu amkati mwa nyengo.

Chakudya chopanda mutu

Mitundu yonse ya mikanda yofiirira yomwe imakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri timeneti timadya tambiri tating'onoting'ono tambiri, makamaka tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi. Zofukizira ndizothandiza kwambiri pakachulukidwe ka mbalame zam'mapiri, chifukwa zimagwira gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.

Amathandizira mitengo kuti ichotse tiziromboti pochotsa tizilombo tating'ono pansi pa khungwa. Zofukizanso zimadyanso mbewu ndi zipatso za zomera. M'chilimwe, ½ chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi mbewu ndi chakudya cha nyama.

M'nyengo yozizira, ¾ yazakudya ndizomera ndendende, makamaka mbewu za conifers - Mitengo ya Khrisimasi, mkungudza ndi yew. Anapiye ang'ono amakonda kudya mbozi, akangaude ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono ndi kuwonjezera kwa mbewu. Mwa mbewu, mbewu za chimanga ndi phala zimakhala pamalo apadera muzakudya, izi:

Amakonda kufunafuna phindu pakati komanso m'nthawi zotsika za m'nkhalangozi, m'malo obisika, koma samatsikira pansi. Munkhalango zachuma za ku Europe mutha kuwona chithunzi choseketsa chokhudza momwe mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhalira pansi pansi panthambi yopyapyala, kuyesera kugwira njuchi zina.

M'nyengo yozizira, amafufuza tizilombo pozula makungwa a mitengo. Monga tanena kale, mchaka chambiri mbewu zambiri zimakhala zobisika m'maenje pakati pa khungwa ndi thunthu la mitengo, m'ma tchire. Kuchitira anthu mosamala, kuti asayandikire owadyetsa, akumakumana ndi njala yayikulu.

Kufalitsa

Mtunduwu umakhala wokhala komanso wosamukasamuka, wokhala ndi masamba 10-1 ku Eurasia. Gawo lalikulu la ku Europe silifalikira kum'mwera kwa 45 ° kumpoto kwa mtunda. Chigawo chakumpoto chimapitilira nyengo yachisanu kupita kum'mwera kwa mtunduwo.

Ku Italy, zonyansa mu Alps zokha, anthu amapezeka magulu awiriawiri ndi 30,000, okhala m'mizere kuchokera ku 1,000 mpaka 2,100 mita pamwamba pamadzi. Kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi ku Central Apennines kumafuna kutsimikiziridwa.

Habitat

Ku Europe, pali anthu awiri omwe ali osiyana magwero ndi chilengedwe: "marsh" ndi "phiri". Puffy nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zowuma, paphiri komanso lalitali m'mapiri.

M'mapiri a Alps, imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhalango zoyera zokhazokha, makamaka zimachepetsa kugawa kwake kwa altitudinal. M'malo oterowo, pamakhala mitengo yakufa yokwanira ndikuvunda yoyenera nesting.

Biology

Kuyambira pakati pa Epulo, nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira 6-9, omwe amadzimadzira masiku 13- 13. Chingwe chimachoka chisa pambuyo pa masiku 16-20 amoyo. Mmodzi wowonda pachaka.

Nyimbo ya chubby ndi kubwereza kofananako kwa mawu ofatsa komanso achisoni ofanana ndi nyimbo ya nyimbo yam'mawa kapena yanyimbo, nyimboyo imakhala yotamandika, yopatsa phokoso (nthawi zambiri imafotokozedwa m'mawu akuti: "Ndi-jae-jee", yomwe mbalame imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Imadyetsa njere ndi tizilombo, ndipo nthawi ya chilimwe imakhala yopanda chitetezo.