Kuchokera pa dzinali zikuwonekeratu kuti njokayo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, anthu akuluakulu sakhala motalika kuposa 40-50 cm. Kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 40% ya kutalika konse kwa thupi.

Utoto kuchokera kutuwa wakuda mpaka wakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima itakhala 30-45. Mimba yake ndi yakuda bii ndi malo akulu ofiira. Pamutu pamakhala malo owoneka bwino achikasu kumadera anthawi komanso a parietal.

Oviparous, tabu ikhoza kukhala mazira 8.

Kunja, ndikufanana kwambiri ndi abale owopsa - njoka zamakorali.

Kugawa ndi malo okhala

Malo otchedwa Erythrolamprus breviceps amapezeka m'nkhalango za m'chigwa cha Amazon kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, kum'mawa kwa Peru, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil ndi Bolivia.

Njoka imakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha kum'mawa, kumapiri kwake, komwe kumayambira pafupifupi kuchokera pamlingo mpaka nyanja mpaka 500 m.
Njoka ndi yapadziko lapansi, koma amasambira bwino. Amadyetsa makamaka pamizu ya pansi, milongoti, achule ndi nsomba zazing'ono.

Zizolowezi za njoka yammadzi yamamba.

Njoka yooneka ngati ming'alu ndi njoka yosadziwika bwino yomwe imapezeka m'madzi osayenda komanso osayenda pang'onopang'ono okhala ndi masamba ambiri otumphuka, monga madambo a cypress komanso mitsinje ya mitsinje. Nthawi zambiri pamabwera matupi amadzi, pomwe pamatha kupezeka madzi. Njoka zambiri zimakhala pakati pamadzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi oyandama, omwe matupi awo amakhala okwera kapena pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pamadzi. Ma hyacinths amadzi amakopanso nsomba zazinkhanira zomwe zimakhala ndi zomera zambiri zowola.

Kuphatikiza apo, zomera zam'madzi zam'madzi zimateteza njoka zakuthengo kwa adani. Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa njoka m'malo osungirako oterowo kumalumikizidwa ndi madzi osakhala osaloledwa komanso kaphokoso ka calcium. Mikhalidwe iyi imachepetsa kukula kwa exoskeleton wandiweyani wa crustaceans yemwe amabwezeretsapo. Njoka zam'madzi zopyapyala zimabisala m'makola a nsomba zazinkhanira m'nyengo yachisanu yopanda mvula komanso nyengo ya masika, komanso m'madzi a pansi pa madzi okutidwa ndi madzi am'madzi.

Zizindikiro zakunja kwa njoka yosambira.

Njoka yooneka ngati milozi ili ndi thupi lofiirira loyera, m'mphepete mwa mbali yomwe mizere italiitali ya bulauni imayenda mozungulira kutalika konse. Khosi limakhala lachikasu, ndipo mizere ingapo yamapakati mkati. Mitundu iyi ya njoka imasiyana ndi mitundu ina mamba osalala, kupatula masikelo olimba mwaimuna, yomwe imakhala kumbuyo kwa mchira kupita ku cloaca.

Njoka zopyapyala ndizochepa kwambiri m'gulu la Regina. Anthu otalika kuposa 28.0 masentimita amatengedwa ngati akuluakulu. Njoka za achikulire zimakula kuyambira 30.0 mpaka 55.0 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo kwapakati ndi magalamu 45.1. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri inali ndi kutalika kwa 50.7 ndi 60.6 masentimita. Njoka zazing'ono zamizeremizere zimalemera 3.1 g ndi kutalika kwa 13.3 mm, ndipo imasiyana pang'ono ndi utoto kuchokera kwa anthu akuluakulu.

Njoka zopota zazitali zimasinthasintha mawonekedwe a chigaza, chomwe chimathandizira zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Chibade chawo ndimafupa ovuta kwambiri ndipo amawonetsa mtundu wamtunduwu. Njoka zopota zam'mapiko zimatulutsa chipolopolo cholimba cha nsomba zazinkhanira, ndipo zimakhala ndi mano apadera, oar omwe amatha kujambulitsa chigamba cholimba cha nsomba zazinkhanira. Samadyetsa nsomba za crayfish zokha, zomwe zimakhala ndi chipolopolo chofewa. Nyani zamtunduwu wa njoka zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazing'onozing'ono komanso zokhwima kuposa zazikazi.

Kubwezeretsedwa kwa njoka yazitali.

Njoka zam'mimba zamtambo zimakhala ndi kubereka, koma ndizochepa zomwe zilipo pakukula ndi kubala. Matenga amayenera kuchitika masika. Mtunduwu ndi viviparous. Mu ana, pali ana anayi mpaka khumi ndi awiri (koma ambiri sikisi). Amawonekera m'madzi pakati pa Julayi ndi Seputembara. Pambuyo pazaka 2, zimapereka ana kwa kutalika kwa masentimita 30. Nthawi yokhala ndi njoka yazitali yopanda matumbo sizikudziwika zachilengedwe.

Khalidwe la njoka yazingwe.

Njoka zazitali zamizeremizere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njoka pachilala pamasiku otentha mkati mwa masiku ozizira ndipo zimangokhala pamthunzi kapena pansi pa madzi nthawi yotentha.

Amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndikusaka kwambiri nthawi ya masika komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe, m'miyezi yozizira yozizira amakhala osagwira ntchito.

Amalandira chakudya usiku komanso m'maola. Nsomba zazinkhanira zimapezeka ndi kayendedwe kawo, ndikulondola modabwitsa, kudziwa komwe akukhudzidwayo. Poopseza moyo, njoka zazitali zamizimba zimabisala pansi pamadzi. Mosiyana ndi njoka zina zambiri zamtundu wa Regina, sizimaluma. Komabe, m'malo apadera, njoka zam'mimba zamizeremizere zimatulutsa kutulutsa kwina kuchokera ku cloaca. Kutulutsa zinthu zonunkhira kumawopseza zilombo zomwe zimadya. Poyamba, njokayo imayesa kuopseza mdani, kutsegula pakamwa pake, kugwedezeka ndikumata msana wake. Kenako imawonetsa kudziyimira kumbuyo ndikupinda pamiyendo yopyola mpira. Mwakutero, njokayo imabisala mutu wake ndikusunthira thupi kumbali.

Kudyetsa njoka yamizere.

Njoka za mamba opepuka ndizomwe zimapezeka mwapadera kwambiri. Akuluakulu amadya pafupifupi procambarus crayfish. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya njoka, njoka za mamba opendekera sizimakonda zokonda zina nthawi inayake atasungunuka; zinasintha mikhalidwe yokhudza kupha khansa chifukwa cha khansa yokhala ndi chitin cholimba.

Pazakudya, pali mitundu iwiri ya makhansa omwe amakhala ku Florida - Procambarus fallax ndi Procambarus alleni.

Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimaphatikizapo chakudya cham'madzi ndi tizilombo, monga kafadala, cicadas, isoptera, ziwala ndi agulugufe. Njoka zazing'ono, zosachepera 20,0 cm, zimadya crapaceans ya decapod (makamaka shrimps ya banja la Palaemonidae), ndi anthu omwe akukula kuposa masentimita 20.0 akuwononga mphutsi za chinjoka. Kusintha kwa nyama nthawi yakudya kumadalira kukula kwa ozunzidwa pokhudzana ndi njoka. Ma crapace a Decapod amakonzedwa mozungulira, mosasamala kukula kwa nyama, pomwe amphibi amamezedwa kuchokera kumutu, kupatula mphutsi zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe njoka zimadya kuchokera mchira. Njoka zamunthu wamkulu zimagwira njoka zam'mimba zam'mimba, ndikuyika zodyera pang'onopang'ono ulemu kwa chigaza, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake kapena malo osungunuka.

Zachilengedwe gawo la striped swamp njoka.

Akaluka njoka zamtundu umodzi amagwidwa pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amakhala ngati nyama yolusa mwazinyama zam'madzi ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusamalira chilengedwe. Zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazinkhanira, kumadera komwe njoka ndizambiri.

M'matupi ena amadzimadzi, njoka zazitali zamamba sizimagwira gawo limodzi pakukonza kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazinkhanira, kuwonongedwa kwake komwe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, popeza ma crustaceans, kudya detritus, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera kwa michere m'magulu amadzi. Njoka zamtambo zokutira zimakhala chakudya cha zilombo, mbalame, zinyama ngakhalenso nsomba zazinkhanira. Asodzi a nkhanu nthawi zambiri amadya nthata zatsopano. Njoka zoyesedwa, njoka zam'madzi, zotsekera mitsinje, nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zimadyera anthu akuluakulu.

Kusungidwa kwa njoka yam'madzi.

Mitambo ya mamba opaka mizere imawoneka yolimba ponseponse. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku South Florida chikuchepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi amadzi ena. Kusintha kwa ma anthropogenic kumakhudza malo oyenera kukhalako a njoka yamizeremizere, makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni zowirira za hyacinths. Njoka yozungulira yomwe ili ndi milo inavutidwa pamndandanda wa IUCN ngati mtundu wodetsa nkhawa kwambiri.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Mitundu yayikulu

Pali mitundu yambiri yokhudzana ndi njoka. Iliyonse yamtunduwu imasiyanitsidwa ndi oimira ake ambiri.

Mitundu yotsatirayi ndi yawo:

• chimanga
• Amur
• kutengera
• wachikasu
• red back
• ofiira-ofiira
• womata bwino
• nyalugwe
• chilumba
• Sarmatia
• wobiriwira,
• mitundu yambiri
• wamamba,
• njira zinayi,
• Chijapani,
• zoyera,
• kukwera kambuku
• njoka ya Boulanger.

Njoka zimapezeka kwambiri kumwera kwa madera aku Europe, kumpoto kwa America, komanso ku Asia.

Njoka ya chimanga (njoka yokwera kapena njoka yofiira)

Uwu ndiye malingaliro otchuka kwambiri pakati pa eni masisitere.

Woyimilira amakhala kale pafupifupi zaka 10, pansi pa nthawi yomwe ali mndende amatha kukwanitsa zaka zambiri - zaka 18.

Njoka yofiira imakhala kum'mawa kwa North America ndi kumwera kwa chigawo chake, komanso kumpoto kwa Mexico. Nyama iyi imatha kumva bwino m'malo ambiri: nkhalango zowongoka, miyala, malo, malo otchingirako, malovu otetezeka omwe amathandizira kutetezedwa.

Pambuyo pobadwa, mpaka miyezi 4, njoka iyi imakonda kukwawa pansi, pambuyo pake imayamba kupanga mitengo, tchire, miyala yamiyala. Njoka izi, zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, zimabisala nthawi yachisanu, pomwe madera akum'mwera njoka siibisala. Nyama zotere zimakonda kugwira ntchito yotentha usiku ndi nthawi mbandakucha; nyengo yotentha, imayesera kuti isangotuluka m'nyumba.

Zonunkhira, zazikulu zakufa komanso zodzikongoletsera zimakhala chakudya chawo, amakondanso kudya mazira a mbalame. Ali ku ukapolo, amamva bwino, makamaka akamayang'anira malamulo oikidwa m'ndende.

Mawonekedwe

Kutalika kwakukulu komwe njoka zimakulitsa ndi 1.66 metres. Kutalika kwakukulu ndi mamita 1.2. Koma izi zimachitika pokhapokha pamtunda waukulu. Pazilumba, kukula kotereku sikokhazikika. Mutu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osanja atatu. Pompo ndiwosakhazikika, mphuno ndi zazikulu. Maso ake ndi akulu ndipo ndi amitambo yamagolide. Zingwe zimafikira kutalika kwa 1.6 masentimita m'mitundu yayitali. Thupi limakhala lakuda, loyipa pamwamba chifukwa kumbuyo kwa sikelo, yosalala pansipa. Mchira wake ndi wafupi. Kutalika kwake ndi 14% ya kutalika konse kwa thupi.

Mbiri yonse ya thupi imakhala yotuwa, yakuda, yachikuda. Malo owoneka akuda amapezeka kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Malo aliwonse amazunguliridwa ndi mphete yakuda, yomwe kunja kwake imakhala ndi mtanda wachikasu kapena yoyera. Kumbuyo kuli mawanga 23-30. Amakula ndi thupi la njoka. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa malo amakalamba kumasiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza kukhala amodzi. Pali malo amdima kumbali iliyonse ya mutu. M'mawonekedwe awo amafanana ndi chilembo V.

Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino

Nyoka yotereyi ndi imodzi mwa njoka zoyipitsitsa kwambiri ku Asia. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Zimasaka kusaka dzuwa litangobisala kumbuyo. Chakudyacho chimakhala makamaka ndi makoswe. Awa ndi makoswe, mbewa, ndere, agologolo, achule, mbalame ndi mazira. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya makamaka nkhanu zamtchire, zinkhanira, abuluzi. Ndimakola omwe amakopa njoka kuti anthu azikhala. Kwa anthu, nyama yothira nyama ndi ngozi yoopsa, makamaka chifukwa zimavuta kuzizindikira.

Zizindikiro zoyipa ndi kuluma

Njoka imodzi yachikulire imatulutsa poizoni 130 mpaka 268 mg. Njoka zazing'ono zimatulutsa kuchokera ku 8 mpaka 79 mg wa poyizoni. Kwa anthu, mlingo wowopsa umasiyana kuchokera 40 mpaka 70 mg, koma izi zimaperekedwa kuti zida zonse zapoizoni zilowe m'thupi. Pali asanu mokwanira, ndipo payekhapayekha si owopsa monga pamodzi.

Zizindikiro zakulumwa ndizopweteka. Poyamba, tsamba la lesion limatupa ndipo ululu umachitika. Pakatha mphindi 20 kuluma kuchokera m'nkamwa, magazi amayamba kugundana. Mitsempha imasinthanso ndi magazi. Kupsinjika kwa magazi kumatsika. Kusungunuka kumayamba, nkhope yotupa, ndipo kulephera kwa impso kumajambulidwa. Imfa imakonda kupuma kapena kulephera kwamtima pakati pa tsiku limodzi ndi masabata awiri mutaluma. Mankhwala apanga mankhwala opangidwa ku India. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri.

Ponena za Conan Doyle ndi nkhani yake, ngakhale amalemekeza wolemba olemekezeka, munthu ayenera kuvomereza kuti anali wolakwa. Munthu sangamwalira nthawi yomweyo kuluma. Zimatenga nthawi. Pankhaniyi, tsamba la lesion limatchulidwa, ndipo zizindikiro za kuledzera zimawonedwa.

Mawonekedwe oyamba komanso kufotokozera kwachilengedwe kwa zirombo

Monga mukudziwira, moyo padziko lapansi udayambika m'malo a madzi am'madzi, otsekeka kuchokera kunja, komanso pakupita kwa nthawi chisinthiko, zinthu zambiri zopangidwa mokwanira zimayamba kubwera pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi, pomwe patapita nthawi nyama zam'madzi zodutsazi zidapeza mitundu yosinthira.

Zinthu zambiri zakale zopezeka padziko lapansi zatsimikizira kuti izi zachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe.

Mbiri yakale ya malo athu ikuwonetsa kuti maulalo apadziko lapansi omwe adakhalapo nthawi yayikulu komanso yopanga chitukuko - ma dinosaurs akale ndi ziphona zazikulu za Carboniferous adasintha kwambiri munthawi yakutukuka, ndikugawika m'magulu awiri akulu:

1. nyama zokhazikika
2. ndi zoyamba zakale.

Zoyenera zomaliza, zomwe, patapita nthawi, zinamasulidwa ku kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito, mitundu yatsopano idayamba yomwe idayambitsanso zoyipa zonse zamakono:

• abuluzi ndi njoka
• akambuku ndi ng'ona,

Kutembenukira ku gawo lina lodzikongoletsera, lomwe linakhazikika pokhazikika, ndikusankha madziwo - dziko lapansi. Munali pamtunda wolimba pomwe anayamba kukwawa, kusunthira thupi lawo lalitali mpaka 10 metres - wolemera makilogalamu 100 pamwamba pake.

Ngakhale ena a iwo, monga ng'ona ndi akamba okhala ndi miyendo yolumikizidwa, ngakhale amakhala m'malo okhala madzi, mosiyana ndi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amapuma mapapu olimba, ndiye kuti, ziwalo zawo zopumira. Ndipo pofuna kubereka, iwo amapita kumalo olimba, komwe amakabisala mazira obisalira mazira achikuda.

Zamoyo zodabwitsa izi m'kupita kwanthawi zasintha kuchokera ku nyama zamagazi ozizira zokhala ndi metabolism ochepa komanso magazi osakanikirana kukhala nyama yamagazi ozizira, momwe kuchuluka kwa metabolic kumadalira kutentha komwe kumakhalako. Tsopano njoka zamwazizi izi:

1. wokhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri ndi kukula koyambirira,
2. kapangidwe kapadera ka thupi ndi mawonekedwe ake,
3. njira yobisika yamoyo ndi malo osiyana siyana

adalandira chidwi kuchokera kwa hertipologists chifukwa ali ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa, osati mawonekedwe a thupi lokha, komanso njira yoyenda mwakachetechete, ngakhale kuti samamva komanso samawona bwino.

Khungu la nyama yamagazi ozizira limakutidwa ndi mamba owoneka ngati a horny, otetezedwa kwambiri kuti asayime. Ndipo mitundu ina ya zokwawa inasinthiratu timinyewa tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi timabowo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatsogola kunja, tapangidwa m'matumba apadera ndipo timasungidwa m'thumba kwakanthawi, njoka zamanjoka.

Inde, kapangidwe ndi zopweteka za njoka sizofanana, chifukwa chake zimasiyana:

• wina umayamba kuthamangitsa, kugwira mphamvu yamanjenje ndi kupuma ziwalo,
• wina umathandizira kuti magazi azisungunuka ndi magazi, atagwira magazi m'thupi,

Ndiye kuti, poizoni wa poizoni amalepheretsa ntchito yofunika ya mitsempha, kupuma komanso kugwira ntchito kwa mtima.

Mankhwala osakanikirana ndi mankhwala amenewa ndi chinthu chofunikira cha mitundu ina ya njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimagwidwa paliponse posaka njoka.

Koma zomwe zimakonda kukhala zakuthengo nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa kumalo osungirako zinyama, komwe ogwiritsa ntchito poizoni amapeza pogwiritsa ntchito njoka zamkaka.

Poizoni wosakanizidwa padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani opanga mankhwala kupeza mankhwala osiyanasiyana: mafuta, mafuta ndi mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa.

Mitundu yonse ya mazana atatu mazana atatu a njoka odziwika padziko lapansi, njoka zapoizoni komanso zopanda poizoni, ndi zilombo zenizeni, popeza zimadyera nyama, kuizunguliza ndi poizoni wake, kuyiluma mwaukali kapena kuimangirira ndi mphamvu ya minofu yake, ndikuponya mwachangu ndikudya yekha kwa iye.

Pofufuza nyama, nyama zamkati zozizira zimagwiritsa ntchito lilime lozikakamiza nthawi zonse kuti zizichotsa pamkamwa, mothandizidwa nazo:

1. kuwunikira zachilengedwe
2. kutsatira mafungo ndi kupeza nyama,

kudziwa nthawi imodzi mothandizidwa ndi fungo lokhazikika lodziwika bwino ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi kupangika kwapadera kwa chemorecept kuthekera kwa kayendedwe kazolowera komanso kudziwa kukoma kwa wogwiridwayo.

Kuphatikiza apo, repitili imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ziwalo zapadera zokhala ndi ma thermolocation receptors, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwona kusintha kosinthasintha kwa kutentha kudzera mwa chithunzi chofufutira cha mafuta, kulipiritsa kuchepa kwamaso komanso kumvetsera kwathunthu.

Ndiye kuti, anyaniwa samva phokoso lomwe limapangidwa mwachilengedwe, komabe amatulutsa mawonekedwe mosiyanasiyana panthawi yomwe akuwoneka mwadzidzidzi ngati kamvekedwe kakang'ono ndi phokoso, komwe ndi chizindikiro chakuwopseza.

Kafukufuku wambiri wa njoka adatsimikizira kuti sizinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimatchedwa zilombo zenizeni zapadziko lapansi, chifukwa sizachilengedwe:

• chikondi ndi kudzipereka kwambiri,
• kumva mwachikondi komanso chikondi chokhalitsa

m'moyo wonse, zaka zambiri zomwe amayeza zaka 30. Zikuwoneka kuti, mmaiko ena anthu amatenga njoka ndipo amakhala nazo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osamalira ana aang'ono ndi oteteza odalirika kuchokera kwa adani ambiri.

Kuthengo, kuchuluka kwa njoka zambiri, ngakhale ndizosasinthika, zimagwirizana ndi nthawi yakutha msinkhu wazaka 2-4 za moyo wawo, ndipo zaka zapamwamba sizimangokhala zaka 20 zakubadwa chifukwa cha kufa kwawo kwakadali kakang'ono, momwe zimakhalira pakakumana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuwononga zachilengedwe.

Zizolowezi ndi zizolowezi za njoka za pamtunda

Pansipu lathu, njoka zam'mlengalenga zimakhala m'malo onse otentha komanso malo abwino ofunda, kupatula nyengo zonse zotentha, kupatula ku Antarctica wozizira komanso zilumba zingapo ku Oceania, zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo otentha.

M'dziko lathu, kutchuka kwa njoka kumagwera ndikuchotsa malo omwe amagawidwira kuchokera kumalire akumwera a Caucasus kupita kumpoto kwa Karelia, kufalikira kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kwa zigawo za Bryansk ndi Pskov kupita kumalire akum'mawa kwa Ussuriysky Territory.

Kuchepa kwambiri kwa kuchuluka kwa njoka zomwe zili ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu 90 mpaka 90 kumachepetsa chizindikiritso chawo, popeza nthawi zambiri m'chilengedwe zimawonongedwa ndi anthu ndi nyama zolusa:

1. khola wamba komanso malo owopsa, nkhumba zakuthengo ndi nkhumba zoweta,
2. squat ferret ndi pine marten, milozo mizere ndi mikwingwirima ya raccoon,
3. chiwombankhanga chautali ndi gulu la mikango yakuda, njoka zamaso oyera ndi khwangwala wosamala,
4. khwangwala wokhala ndi zilembo zazitali ndi mlembi mbalame, chithaphwi cha phewa ndi jay yovuta.

Ngakhale kuli kuti kuli adani ambiri kuthengo, nyama zamtchire zimakonda kukhazikika:

• nkhalango zotetezeka,
• pa udzu ndi maudzu a dzuwa,
• m'zipululu zotentha ndi m'mapiri atali,
• pafupi ndi dziwe lofunda ndi madambo onyowa
• m'minda yamphesa ndi m'minda yayitali,
• m'mapanga akuya ndi mabwinja akale,

kumakhala ndikuwonetsa nthawi zambiri moyo wosawoneka bwino komanso wobisalira.

Chifukwa cha njira yosankhidwa mwachilengedwe, pomenyera nkhondo moopsa kuti akhale ndi moyo padziko lapansi, njoka zam'mlengalenga zapanga njira yotetezera mawonekedwe a mawanga amthupi ndi chenjezo lowala. Njira imeneyi imawalola kuti azindikire chilengedwe chawo za kuwopsa kwawo komanso kudziteteza motsutsana ndi adani omwe akupha.

Chifukwa chake lero pali njoka za poizoni 412 zokha, zomwe zimatha kupha mbewa ya kumunda kokha komanso chule la madzi chifukwa cha kufooka kwa poyizoni. Ndipo 200 okha mwa iwo omwe ali ndi poyizoni wamphamvu ndi njira zophera onse chimphona chachikulu cha njovu komanso munthu wamkulu.

Njoka zilibe mbola chotere, popeza liwu ndi liwu logwiritsidwa ntchito lomwe limakhala ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi lofanana ndi chiwalo cholongoka chobweretsa poyizoni pansi pa khungu la wonenedwayo. Poterepa, chamoyo chakufa chija mkamwa mwa njoka ndi misozi iwiri yolunjika ya mano apamwamba kudzera munjira.

Zachidziwikire kuti kuyenda pansi popanda miyendo kwa nyama iliyonse sikophweka. Komabe, njoka zanyama zamtchire ndizomwe zimatha kuchita izi mwaluso mothandizidwa ndi mamba akumunsi omwe ali pamimba zawo.

Pakusunthika, miyeso yolimba, monga chimango cholumikizira, imagwiritsika pansi, potero imasunthira thupi lalitali la njoka patsogolo.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka, kutengera mdera lomwe akukhala ndi malo okhala, apanga njira zawo zoyambira, zomwe zingaganiziridwe:

1. mayendedwe azinthu ndi mayendedwe othinana,
2. kugwedezeka kwamakungu ndi kugwedeza kwamphamvu ngati thupi,
3. kukumba kukusunthira komanso kuthamanga.

Ndi nthiti zam'manja komanso ma vertebrae osunthika, nyama yokhala ndi nyama yayitali imatha kukwiririka mosavuta. Pakamwa pake pakakhala patali titha kumeza mosavuta zipolopolo zazikuluzikulu za mazira a mbalame, komanso nyama zochuluka kwambiri, ndikutambasuka ngati kusungitsa ndi kumeza yonse.

Khalidwe lotere la njoka limafotokozedwa ndi kufooka kwa zibwano zam'manja, zomwe sizitha kukhalabe zolimba kwa nthawi yayitali, nyama zatsopano zazikulu zikumenya mu ululu. Chifukwa chake, kuthandizira njira yodyetsa njoka zimatulutsa malovu ambiri oterera.

Monga lamulo, njokayo sikusintha khungu lake, chifukwa nthawi yopukuta isanatulutse matayala amwalirowo ndi khungu lamaso, mawonekedwe ake omwe amakhudzidwa ndi izi:

• zachilengedwe komanso chakudya choyenera,
• mawonekedwe ndi zosintha zokhudzana ndi zaka,
• gawo la kutha msambo komanso kupezeka kwa mabakiteriya owopsa pakhungu lomwe limapangitsa tiziromboti.

Kusiyana kwakunja ndi mtundu wachidule wa zolengedwa zokwawa

Pokhala m'manja mwa chilengedwe, anthu nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi njoka zokwawa, zomwe nthawi zonse zimayesa kupewa kuyanjana ndi anthu.

Komabe, iye mwini pakadali pano sangathe kuyang'ana momwe zinthu ziliri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mwamwano kwambiri pa cholengedwa chokwawa. Khalidwe losaganizira laumunthu loterolo, choyambirira, limalongosoleredwa ndi mantha mwadzidzidzi ndipo, mwachidziwikire, kusazindikira kotheratu kwa zizolowezi zomwe wakumana nazo adakumana.

Chifukwa chake odziwika masiku ano padziko lapansi pano pali mitundu yoposa itatu ndi theka ya njoka zokwawa, zomwe zaphatikizidwa kukhala mabanja achisanu ndi chimodzi:

1. ma peculiar and pseudopods,
2. khungu ndi njoka,
3. m'maso ndi m'madzi,

ndi mabanja makumi awiri ndi atatu:

• Njoka zokhala ndi tirigu ndi nyemba zazikuluzikulu,
• Njoka zadothi ndi njoka zowuma,
• Njoka zanjoka ndi njoka zamiyala,
• Mexico ma pythons ndi ma pythons,
• Njoka zowala ndi njoka zamiyendo yabodza,
• choyambirira komanso chaphokoso,
• Njoka zanjoka ndi ku american,
• njoka zakhungu ndi njoka zopyapyala

mwa omwe, kotala yokha ndi oimira poizoni, omwe amakhalanso ndi banja lomwe linatha lomwe siloyenera kutipatsa chidwi.

Nthawi zonse, kukumana kosayembekezereka kwa munthu wokhala ndi njoka yobisika nthawi zonse kumayambitsa mantha, mphamvu yake

1. Anthu ena adadzetsa mavuto,
2. ena ali ndi malingaliro olimba kwambiri kotero omwe adawatsogolera kufooka.

Zomwe munthu amachita akangodzidzimutsa modzidzimutsa ndi njoka yoyenda magazi sizimapangitsa kuti amvetsetse mwachangu ngati njoka iyi ndiyopanda poyipa kapena ayi. Komanso, zonyansa zomwe anthu ambiri amawona chifukwa cha zokwawa zazitali zimawonjezeredwa pa izi.

Khalidwe lachilendo limalumikizidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zamwambo komanso kungokhala wopanda chiyembekezo komwe munthu amakhala nako akakumana ndi njoka yoluma.

Komabe, munthu ayenera kukumbukira - njoka zanyama zamtchire izi ndizanzeru komanso zanzeru m'makhalidwe awo kotero kuti samazunza anthu popanda chifukwa.

Ndipo ngati njokayo idaganizirabe kukugwirani, ndiye kuti mukutanthauza kuti mumasokoneza mosaphwanya malire ake. Ndiye kuti, adamuwopsa ndipo adamuyandikira kwambiri, kotero kuti mukumuwopseza, chifukwa chamomwe kuzunza kwake kumakhala koyenera.

M'dziko lathu mulibe zochulukirapo, mitundu ya njoka 56 ndi mitundu 15 yokha mwa iyo imawopseza munthu wosazindikira, popeza imakhala ndi ma poyizoni owopsa.

Komabe, sikuti aliyense akulumidwa ndi njoka yapoizoni amatha kufa, chifukwa sichikhala ndi zotsatira zofananira, ngakhale kuti zida za njoka zoyipazi zimawonedwa kuti ndizabwino kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Mphamvu ya poizoni wa njoka imakhudzidwa ndi:

• osati zongomva za chamoyo cholumidwa, komanso zamkati mwa njoka,
• malo akumwa panokha ndi kuchuluka kwa poizoni

koma ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi munthu, mosiyana ndi nyama, zomwe sizimvera kwenikweni ululu wa njoka, nthawi zambiri zopweteka zopanda pakezi sizimapha.

Kuchokera pamoyo wanga wowonera njoka, ndikudziwa motsimikiza kuti kusiyanitsa njoka yoopsa ndi njoka yopanda poyizoni ndikosavuta:

1. muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri mukamachita nawo,
2. khalani maso mokwanira pophunzira machitidwe awo
3. ndikudziwa mwamphamvu zisonyezo zazikulu zamitundu iwiri yosiyana iyi.

Mwina kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njoka zowopsa ndi zotetezeka ndi:

Maonekedwe oyipa	Osati maonekedwe oyipa
Mutu umakhala wotalikirapo kuposa khosi chifukwa chomwe umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi kutalika kwa mapiri ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe a kakona komwe kanali kamkamwa	Mutu umakhala wopapatiza komanso pang'ono pang'ono wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, osiyanitsidwa pang'ono ndi khosi ndikuyenda bwino mthupi
Maso amtundu wofanana ndi wopindika	Maso azizungulira
Mtundu wowala	Mtundu wabwinobwino
Pamaso pakamwa pali mbali ziwiri zakuthwa.	Pamaso pakamwa palibe palibe lakuthwa
Pakati pa mphuno pali ma fossae ozindikira kutentha	Palibe fossa yomwe imazindikira kutentha pakati pa mphuno
Mchira uli ndi mzere umodzi wamiyeso.	Mchira uli ndi mizere iwiri.
Thupi loyandama limapezeka kwathunthu pamadzi.	Thupi loyandama lili pansi pamadzi, mutu wokha ndiowoneka
Gawo la mchira kumbuyo kwa anus lili ngati thupi lonse lopanda mawonekedwe	Gawo la mchira kumbuyo kwa anus limakhala ndi mtundu wopingasa wa nthano
Pali malo awiri opumira	Zikwangwani zimatsalira pamalo owuma

Komabe, chifukwa cha mitundu yayikulu ya njoka, palinso zosankha za malamulowo, zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi zomwe ndi zotsatirazi monga:

• matanthwe a coral ndi Asia cobra,
• mamba wakuda ndi njoka ya njoka.

Ngakhale zonsezi, palibe kukayika mu zabwino za njoka zanyama, popeza amatipatsa ife poizoni wofunikira kwambiri mwanjira ya mankhwala ochiritsira, komanso ali osaka othandiza kwambiri a makoswe owopsa ndi mbewa za fetid zodwala.

Chifukwa chake, komwe kulibe, kuchuluka kwa makoswe okhala ngati mbewa ndi tizilombo zoipa zoyipa, zimabweretsa zowopsa osati kwa munthu wabwinobwino, koma dziko lonse lazinyama zamtchire.

Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha chidwi chanu ndipo ndikhulupirira kuti mwasangalala ndi nkhani yanga yokhudza zifukwa zomwe zilombo za nyama zanyama ndizosangalatsa kopanda miyendo zakale.

Nthawi zonse ndimakhala wokondwa kukuwonani pamalo anga chifukwa chake ndikukulimbikitsani kuti mulandire zosintha pabulogu yanga kuti muthe kulandira mauthenga atsopano pa imelo. Ndipo mutha kuwerengera nkhani yanu pamakina 10, ndikuyikapo chizindikiro ndi nyenyezi zingapo.

Bwerani mudzandichezere pafupipafupi, chifukwa bulogu yachilengedweyi idapangidwira inu, momwe mungapezere zambiri zothandiza komanso zosangalatsa. Zachidziwikire, bweretsani anzanu ndikuwuzani abwenzi anu abwino za izi ndikudina mabatani a malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndidzakhala othokoza kwambiri kwa inu. Tsopano ndiloleni ndikuyambireni kuti tionenso posachedwa.

Amur (njoka Shrenka, Far East)

Pakati pa mitundu yapadera komanso yokongola kwambiri ya njoka ndi njoka ya Amur, kapena Far East:

• Mtundu wamdima wa oimira achikulire a omwe amakhala odziwika kale amapezeka nthawi zambiri mumtundu wakuda kapena wakuda wokhala ndi mthunzi wamtambo wakuda.
• mizere yopyapyala yoyera kapena yachikaso yokhala ndi bifurcation imawonekera m'mbali,
• Mimba ya njoka iyi ndi yachikasu, ili ndi mawanga amdima,
• pali oimira akuda konsekonse a njoka ya Amur,
• kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mikono itatu.

Nyama zimadya pa makoswe, mbalame, zimatha kuwononga chisa cha mbalame ndi kudya pamazira. Ngati ndi kotheka, njoka imeneyi imalowetsa nkhukuzo ndikudya mazira a nkhuku. Oyimira achichepere amtunduwu amalimbikitsidwa ndi ma shrews, ma mollusks. Palibe chiphe mu nyama izi. Amagwira ntchito masana.

Pofika kumapeto kwa nyengo ya masika, anthu okhwima amakumana kumalo ena, amayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutsatira malamulo onse a miyambo ya chibwenzi, yomwe imakhudza gawo laumunthu la wosankhidwa wake ndi mutu, komanso pamaso pake pafupipafupi pafupi naye.

Mapeto atatha kubereka bwino, amphaka amachotsedwa, ndipo azimayiwo amayamba kubereka ana atapuma mokwanira. Pakati pa chilimwe, kuyambira mazira 10 mpaka 30 ndi enanso amaikidwa, kukula kwawo kutalika mpaka masentimita 5. Zimachitika kuti akazi amaphatikiza utsogoleri wawo, kenako chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kukhala choposa zana. Kutalika kwa njoka mukamabadwa kuli masentimita 30. Amadzuka pofika zaka zitatu.

Njoka ya Amur imakhala m'malo achilengedwe kwa zaka 11.

Njoka yakum'mawa imakhala momasuka pafupi ndi anthu, imatha kukhazikika m'mundamo, m'munda wamkhitchini, kukhonde lanyumba. Imakonda kuzolowera chilengedwe cha anthu, chimatenga chakudya kuchokera m'manja, ngakhale muukapolo chimatha kubereka.

Sangokonda mkangano, amakonda kuthamangira pakachitika vuto, koma ngati alibe chiyembekezo, amadziteteza podzisala, akuwukira, komanso amatha kuluma ndi zovuta zake.

Zoyikidwa

Asia imaganiziridwa kuti ndi malo okhala mitunduyi, imapezekanso ku Mongolia, Korea, kumpoto kwa China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran ndi mayiko ena.

Mawonekedwe:

• Chamoyo chambiri chimatha kutalika mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka,
• Mtundu wake ndi wosiyana: pali oimira amodzi mwa mitundu, ndi mitundu yambiri. Kukula kwachinyamata kupakidwa utoto wonyezimira (wonyezimira ndi maolivi, kuphatikizika kwofiira ndikuthekanso), pambuyo pake mithunzi ya imvi
• Mimba ya nyamayi imakhala yotuwa kwambiri, yellowness yokhala ndi malo ofiira kapena amdima ndiyothekanso.

Kukhazikika kwa nyama kumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana: zipululu, mapiri, nkhalango, minda ya juniper, minda yazipatso, minda yamphesa, zigwa za malo osungirako, madambo ndi madera ena ambiri. Pazakudya, nthumwi iyi imakhala yolemekezeka kale, ikhoza kudya tizilombo, nsomba, amphibians, zinyama, njoka. Njoka zoyesedwa nthawi zina zimasandulika malamba, kumeza abale awo kumutu. Koma ngakhale iye mwini amakhala wogwidwa ndi zilombo kapena mbalame, mwachitsanzo, chiwombankhanga chotsamira.

Mwa amuna, kusasitsa kumatha kale kwambiri kuposa akazi, pofika chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha moyo, amakhala okonzeka kubereka. Nthawi yakukhwima, yomwe idayamba mu Epulo, imatha kumapeto kwa kumapeto kwa mvula - koyambirira kwa Meyi.

Yaikazi imatha kuikira mazira 5 mpaka 25 nthawi imodzi mu udzu wowola pafupi ndi madzi, masamba kuthengo kapena chitsa chowola. Ng'ombe zimabadwa pakati pa Julayi ndi Seputembala; kukula kwake kuli kale mpaka kotala mita kutalika.

Njoka-yachikasu (Caspian, kapena njoka wamba)

Izi zomwe zikuyimira banja kale sizoyipa, koma njoka yankhanza, yomwe munthu akamaluma nthawi yambiri magazi sawoneka kuti ndi yovuta:

• Mwa mitundu yonse ya kubereka kale, iyi ndi imodzi mwa njoka zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ku Europe mpaka 2,5. Komanso amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi,
• Njoka ya Caspian ili ndi mutu wocheperako wokhala ndi mphuno yozungulira komanso maso owala, ozunguliridwa ndi mikombero yachikasu,
• Mtundu wa nyama izi ungasiyane pang'ono: wachikaso ndi bulawuni, wofiirira kapena wotuwa ndi maolivi a maolivi. Pali anthu amtunduwu omwe ndi pafupifupi akuda kwathunthu,
• Miyezo ya njoka iyi ndiyabwino kwambiri.

Nyama izi zimakhala ku Caucasus, Balkan Peninsula, ku Asia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Moldova, ku Ciscaucasia, m'chigawo cha Volga. Amakonda malo otseguka, osakhala lonyowa, chifukwa chake amamva bwino kwambiri malo achipululu, mapiri, pamtsetse wamapiri, miyala.

Njoka izi zimatha kuthana ndi mtunda wofika makilomita awiri. Mutha kukumana nawonso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komwe amasaka nyama.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama padziko lapansi komanso zigamba zikuluzikulu zimayang'anira: abuluzi, mbalame ndi ndulu zake, makoswe ndi njoka, komanso tizilombo tambiri ndi achule.

Njoka izi zimathera masewera a mating awiriawiri. Pakukhwima, yamphongo imaphimba mkazi ndi khosi ndi pakamwa pake, pomwe nyama zonse ziwiri zimakhala zochepa. Pakatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka, yaikazi imayikira mazira 6 mpaka 12 m'mabowo a mitengo, mitsinje. Atakhwima pathupi, nyama izi zimakhala zaka zinayi. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, zaka zawo zimakhala zaka 7 mpaka 8.

Zofiyira kumbuyo

Njoka yokhala ndi manja ofiira nthawi zambiri imakhala kum'mwera kwa Far East, Korea, China. Amakonzera malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Osintha mu kuthekera kwa kusambira ndi kulowa pansi.

Mawonekedwe:

• Kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 80, ndiye m'modzi mwa oimira banja ang'ono kwambiri,
• Mtundu wa njoka yakumanzere ndi maolivi ofiira kapena otuwa,
• Pamwambamwamba thupi lakhazikitsidwa mizere inayi yakuda malo owala ndi mulingo wowala,
• Mimba yachikasu ya njokayo imakongoletsedwa ndi madontho a mawonekedwe a amakona anayi, omwe amaikidwa mu mawonekedwe a cheke,
• pamutu pake pali mawonekedwe okongola a mikwingwirima yakuda.

Njoka yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira ndi yamtundu wa viviparous, panthawi, kuzungulira Seputembara, ana 8 - 8 amabadwa, pafupifupi 20 cm kutalika.

Munthu sangachite mantha ndi njoka iyi. Ikateteza, kutsogolo kwa thupi kumakhala kochepa thupi, ndikuthamangira kwa mdani, pomwe mchira wake ukugwedezeka.

Koma zikasungidwa muukapolo, nyamazo zimakonda kukhala zazing'ono, kukhazikika pansi ndikuwonetsa kukongola kwachilengedwe.

Njoka yofiira

Mpaka posachedwapa, njoka yamtunduwu imadziwika kuti ndi njoka yamkaka yachikasu, pomwe imasiyanasiyana mawonekedwe am'mimba ofiira. Amakhala ku Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia ndi mayiko ena.

Malo omwe amakhala ndi osiyanasiyana: magombe a mitsinje yomwe ili m'chigwachi komanso imakhala ndi dambo lokwanira, minda, nkhalango, malo otsetsereka, komanso malo okhalamo. Njoka yofiyira imakhala yogwira masana kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, amagwera hibernation, pomwe amachoka ndikuyamba kwa kasupe.

Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi, njoka zimakwatirana, ndipo mu June-Julayi zimayikira mazira 6-11. Ng'ombe zimabadwa mu Seputembala, ndizitali kuposa 30 cm.

Monga mitundu ina yonse ya njoka izi, zokhala ndi miyamba yofiira zimadya abuluzi, mbalame, makoswe, ndi njoka. Amapeza pobisalira m'maenje a mbewa ndi makoswe ena, koma ngati sangapambane, ndiye kuti panthawi yodzitchinjiriza amayesera kuukira ndi ming'alu yayikulu ndikuyesa kuluma mdani.

Njoka yokalamba yomata

Njoka yamtunduwu imachokera ku China, komwe idapezeka pachilumba cha Taiwan. Nyamayo idalandira kufalitsa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Njoka yokalamba yowonda ili ndi mawonekedwe otere:

• chinyama chachikulu mpaka kutalika mamita awiri, ngakhale chili ndi mchira wamfupi,
• Mutu umakaphatikizika ndi khosi ndipo umakhala ndi utoto wofanana,
• matani a maolivi opepuka
• kumbuyo komwe kuli mizere iwiri yolumikizidwa nthawi ndi mizere yopingasa, chokongoletsera ichi chimafanana ndi masitepe,
• Mimba imakhala yachikasu kapena yoyera
• Amuna amakhala ndi mchira wautali kuposa zazikazi.

Njoka yowuma-yopendekera imakhala bata komanso yosasunthika poyenda. Mu chilengedwe, imatha kukhala pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu, imasinthana ndi anthu ndikuizolowera.

Yogwira masana, koma nthawi yotentha, komanso m'mawa ndi madzulo, imabisala pogona. Njoka iyi ndi nyama ya pamtunda, yokwera mitengo bwino bwino. Njoka yocheperako imakhala zaka 9 mpaka 17 zachilengedwe. Akasungidwa muukapolo, mikhalidwe yapadera siyofunikira.

Wamaso akulu

Njoka yamaso akulu ndi nyama yokongola, yodziwika ndi maso akulu. Kutalika kwake kumafikira mamita awiri.

Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mtundu wa nyama umatha kukhala wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wakuda, komanso wakuda. Kukula kwachichepere kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe opepuka: imvi yokhala ndi masikelo oyera oyera.

Njokayo imakhala kumwera komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, komanso kum'mwera kwa madera aku Russia. Ngakhale nyamayi imawonedwa ngati yosiyidwa, ndi abwenzi ndi madzi. Pamaso pa malo osungira, malo achithaphwi, njoka yamaso yayikulu imakhala komweko. Imakwera mitengo bwino, pomwe imabisala kutentha. Pakutha kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndikuyamba kwa chilimwe ,ikazi imayikira mazira 7 mpaka 16. Pakupita miyezi ingapo, ana amawoneka, odabwitsa mpaka 40 sentimita. Chaka chotsatira, kutalika kwawo ndi kale mita.

Njoka Yakukwera

Izi zikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi izi:

• kukula kwake, matupi awo ndi kupitirira mita kuposa mchira,
• Makala ndi osalala, osadzimva kuti ndi nthiti,
• Mitundu ya njoka izi imatha kukhala imvi, bulauni, bulauni,
• mawonekedwe am'mbuyo amabwera m'njira zingapo, kutengera komwe mikwingwirima,
• Mimba imatha kuwerengera zakuda bii.
• Mutu umasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe akuda.

Njoka yomwe ikukwera njoka imakhala m'maiko akum'mawa kwa Mediterranean, yomwe imapezekanso ku Crimea. Amamva bwino m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri ndi matanthwe, m'miyala yawo, pansi pa miyala, m'madambo ouma, m'chigwa. Nyama izi zimagwira ntchito kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.

Izi njoka zimakwatirana kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Mazira 2-8 amaikidwa mu June-Julayi. Zomangamanga zaposachedwa zidawoneka mu Novembala.

Zomwe zimadyedwa ndi izi ndi mbalame, makoswe, abuluzi, ochenjera ndi nyama zina. Njoka izi siziri poizoni.

Chilumba

Mtunduwu umangokhala ku Japan komanso pachilumba cha Kunashir. Malo omwe akukhalamo ndi gombe lamiyala yamchere, imapezekanso m'matanthwe a bamboo ndi nkhalango zowonongera. Oimira awa amatha kale kusambira. Mawonekedwe awo:

• njoka ya pachilumbapo imafikira kutalika kwa 1.3 m, mchira wake - kuchokera 25 mpaka 30 cm,
• mutu wambiri umasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lonse,
• oyimira akuluakulu ndi amtambo wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira wokhala ndi utoto wamafuta,
• kukula kwachinyamata kumadziwika ndi mitundu yachikasu, yofiirira, yofiirira, komanso kupezekapo kwa chingwe chakuda chokhala ndi mawanga m'mbali mwa zitunda ndi m'mbali,
• kumbuyo nthawi iliyonse, magulu anayi akuwonekera bwino m'mbali mwa msewuwo, omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali,
• Mimba imakhala yopakidwa utoto wamtambo ndi imvi, imakhala ndi chisonyezero.

Amadyanso mbalame, zinyama, amfia. Kuyesera kuthamangitsa nyama mothandizidwa ndi kupindika thupi lake lonse ndi kufinya.

Zochita zimawonetsedwa kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala, kenako amapita kukazizira. Ikani mazira kuchuluka kwa 4 mpaka 10 kuyambira kumapeto kwa June mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Njoka za pachilumba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoti zitha kubereka pofika zaka zitatu.

Sarmatia (njoka ya Pallas)

Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi chidziwitso chakunja:

• ndi zaka, njoka ya Sarmatia imakula kutalika kuyambira 1.2 mpaka 1.4 m, nthawi zina, manambalawa amatha kukhala mamita awiri,
• wopaka utoto wachikasu ndi wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga omwe ali mumizere. Nthawi zina pali anthu amdima opanda malo opepuka, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala oyera,

• Popeza maonekedwe a njoka za Sarmatia sakhala amtundu womwewo, m'mimba mwawo amatha kukhala achikasu, lalanje, kapena oyera,
• Njira yosintha mtundu wa njoka yaying'ono imayamba kukula mpaka theka la mita, ndipo ikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 70, nyamayo imakhala ndi utoto wokhazikika.

Malo okhala njoka ya Pallasov ndi ochulukirapo: kuyambira ku Asia ndi Kazakhstan kupita ku Balkan Peninsula. Amakhala m'malo opezeka m'nkhalango komanso malo otetezekako, zipululu komanso malo okhala ndi masamba obiriwira, komanso m'mapiri. Mumakonda nyama kuti zitsegulire malo okhala, makamaka malo omwe kuli makoswe ambiri.

Njoka izi zimagwira mpaka Novembala; zimatuluka nyengo yachisanu ndikutuluka kwamasika. Chifukwa cha utoto, amatha kumata pansi bwino. Pangozi, amathamangira mdani ndi mokweza, ndikutsegula pakamwa pawo. Koma amatha kukhala odekha osawonetsa ukali. Amadya makoswe, mbalame, abuluzi, mazira.

Amayi a njoka ya Sarmatia ndi amayi oyembekezera amasamala, komanso okonzeka kuteteza ana awo modzifunira. Nyama izi zimayikira mazira mu June; mpaka Seputembala, ana aatali mpaka 17 g ndipo kukula mpaka 26 cm akutulutsa kale.

Njoka ya Sarmatia imatha kusungidwa m'malo ochita kupanga.

Njoka yobiriwira (smaragd)

Woimira uyu wa banja lomwe kale si njoka yapoizoni. Amuna a njoka yobiriwirawa ndi afupiafupi kuposa achikazi, omwe kutalika kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi mamita awiri ndi theka.

Koma nthawi yomweyo, amuna amakhala ndi mtundu wowala kuposa abwenzi awo. Mitundu yobiriwira, pafupifupi ma emerald imapatsa mtunduwu mawonekedwe apadera. Makina amtunduwu amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi ma toni akuda, kulola kuti nyamayo ipite osadziwika pakati pamitengo ndi mitengo. Kumbuyo kulinso ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mauna. Mimba imatha kukhala mtundu wowoneka bwino wobiriwira kapena wachikasu. Zikopa zam'mimba zimadziwika ndi kulimba, zomwe zimaloleza kuyendayenda pamitengo popanda zovuta.

Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona nthumwi zamtunduwu mumtundu wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira kofiirira.

Zili pachiwopsezo, nyamayo imayamba kulowetsa m'thumba lomwe lili pafupi ndi khosi, pomwe likuwoneka yokulira. Njoka yamtunduwu imagwira ntchito masana. Sakonda kupita pansi, amakonda kukhala m'maenje a mitengo.

Nyoka za njoka'zi zimakhala zokhala ndi utoto, zomwe amazigwira pafupifupi pa ntchentche, zikulendewera panthambi za mitengo.

Njoka yozizira imamvanso bwino m'malo opangidwa mwaluso, pomwe imathanso kuzolowera kudya makoswe.

Zambiri

Woyimira mitundu yambiri wabanja kale amadziwika ndi zotere zakunja:

• Nyama iyi imakhala ndi kukula pafupifupi mamitala 1,2, pomwe mchirayo ndi pafupifupi theka kutalika,
• mbali yakumapeto ya thupi la njokayo imachita imvi ndi ma toni akuda, mawanga a bulauni kapena akuda omwe amawoneka kuti ali ndi matumbidwe osiyana siyana amadziwika pa izo, mu akulu amatha kupitirira makumi asanu ndi limodzi,
• awiriawiri amalo amdima okhala ndi mkombero wowala amawonekera pamutu, omwe nthawi zambiri amapanga chokongoletsera chamitundu,
• M'mimba mwa njoka izi ndi zachikasu ndipo ndimtambo wamapinki, uli ndi zikuda zakuda.

Amakhala m'magawo kuchokera ku Asia Minor kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Imakonda miyala ndi malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri, imathawira pansi pamiyala, m'miyala, munkhanira za makoswe, akamba ndi nyama zina. Kugwiritsa ntchito nyama kumapitilira kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Novembala, m'malo ena - mpaka Disembala. Kugona mazira 5 mpaka 18 pakati pa Juni ndi Julayi, omwe amayamba kuwaswa mu Seputembala. Njoka zamtunduwu zimadya makoswe, mbalame ndi anapiye awo, abuluzi.

Njoka yamwala

Malo okhala njokazi amachokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan kupita ku Korea komanso Primorye kumwera, China, Mongolia. Komwe nyamayi ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kuchipululu kupita kumadera am'madzi, m'nkhalango zowala, m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, m'mipata.

Mu chakudya, amakonda buluzi, makoswe. Pakakhala ngozi yomwe ili pafupi, nyamayo imayesa kuthawira m'malo oyenera izi. Njoka zodontha izi mu Julayi zimayikira mazira anayi mpaka 9, m'milungu yocheperako ana amabwera kuchokera kwa iwo.

Njoka inayi yamanjira zinayi

Uwu ndi mtundu waukulu wabanja lobereka kale:

• fikani kutalika kwa 2.6 metres, makulidwe ake mpaka masentimita 6,
• khungu limawonetsa kusinthika kokwanira: ndizotheka kuti pali mikwingwirima, mawanga, abulauni, akuda, mabulawuni, omwe ndi zaka amatha kukhala akuda kwathunthu,
• matani ofiira ndi a lalanje a zinthu zina za pamlingo amapereka kuwala kwa utoto,
• Mimba ya njoka zamtunduwu ndi zachikasu, mawanga amatha kuwoneka.

Malo omwe amakhala ndi gawo la kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean, madera oyambira a Ukraine, Russia, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Iran.

Khwangwala, abuluzi amagwidwa ndi njoka yokwera anayi, mbalame, anapiye awo ndi mazira amakonda kwambiri.

Kugwira ntchito kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala nthawi yamasana. Ntchito yokhwima ikupezeka mu Meyi, pamene njoka zimayamba kusunga nthawi yakukhwima. Kutenga kwa pakati kumatenga miyezi ingapo, kumatha ndikuyika mazira anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu pafupi pakati pa chilimwe. Akazi nthawi zambiri amawonetsa udindo wawo posamala mabondo awo mpaka ana awonekera ndi nthawi yakuwala.

Imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuteteza:

• kuyenda mwachangu kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo,
• Imatha kugwa pamtengo wokhala ndi mwala ngati ikupezeka,
• mbuye wankhanza
• kupanga kulumpha molimbana ndi mdani.

Amalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la mayiko ambiri.

Chijapani

Mtundu wa banjali waphunziridwa kale bwino ndipo udayikidwa padera posachedwa. Amakonza malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha.

Pachilumba cha Kunashir (Japan) amazungulira udzu, mitengo ya nsungwi, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pakati pamiyala pafupi ndi magwero omwe amatulutsa kutentha, ndi mitsinje yamapiri. Zogwira kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala. Amayamba kubereka m'chaka, nthawi kuyambira August mpaka Seputembala, kuyikira mazira 4-8. Mu chakudya, zokonda zimaperekedwa ku makoswe, mbalame ndi mazira awo.

Njoka yachi Japan ndi njoka yaying'ono kwa oimira banja:

• kutalika kuli mpaka 0.8 metres,
• Mtundu umakhala wolimba kwambiri: bulauni, imvi, imvi, zofiirira, zotsekemera zofiira zimatha,
• Mimba ndi imvi kapena yakuda,
• Mtundu wa achichepere ndi wosiyana ndi nyama zopangidwa mowala: imvi, chikasu, malalanje ndi kukhalapo kwa malo amdima pazithunzi zakumbuyo ndi ofananira nawo.

Njoka yoyera yoyera

Ili ndi njoka yokongola kwambiri yokhala ndi maso amtambo komanso kamvekedwe kama khungu loyera, limakula pang'ono kupitirira mita ziwiri. Mutu wake umasiyanitsidwa ndi pulani ya mawonekedwe, wofanana ndi nsonga ya mkondo.

Kugawidwa ku North America kuchokera kumwera kwa Canada kupita kumwera kwa United States. Imatha kukhala momasuka m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe: zigwa za mitsinje, mitsinje, nkhalango, zitsamba, zomwe sizimapezeka kutali ndi mizinda. Zokonda zimaperekedwa ku chakudya cha abuluzi, makoswe, zinziri ndi mbalame zina, mazira a mbalame, amphibians.

Yaikazi imatha kuyikira mazira 1220 nthawi, yomwe imabadwa patatha masiku 70. Ulamuliro wa kutentha kwa kupulumuka kwa makanda umafunikira pamlingo wa +27 mpaka +29 degrees.

Njoka yoyera ya Texas sioyimira njoka, koma imasiyana mwaukali, makamaka ikamawoneka yowopsa komanso yopanda chiyembekezo. Njoka izi zimapulumuka mpaka zaka 17.

Mtundu wamtunduwu ndiwabwino kwambiri kuti ungasunge ngakhale okonda novice.

Mphuno ya Boulanger

Oimira amtunduwu amakula mpaka 1 m 30 cm, osiyanasiyana mogwirizana.

Koma mitengoyo iyenera kukhala pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena nyanja, ndipo pamayenera kukhala zomera zambiri m'mphepete. Zochita zikuwonetsedwa usiku.

Nyama za njoka izi ndi makoswe, mbalame ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Dzira lomwe limagona pakati pa akazi asanu mpaka asanu pa Nyama ya Boulanger Nose limachitika koyambirira - kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi.

Pakatha miyezi ingapo, amabadwa ana aatali mpaka 35cm, okhala ndi lingwe la bulauni lomwe limakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'thupi.

M'chaka choyamba, ana amapeza mtundu wa imvi wokhala ndi chitsulo china, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo - wobiriwira okhazikika.

Mitundu yonse ya njoka imamva bwino m'magulu akunja, imasinthasintha mwachangu ndikuzolowera munthu.

Terrarium

Kuti awa oyimilira a banja lomwe ali omasuka kale ali mu ukapolo, malo awo opatsirana azikhala aang'ono bwino komanso owoneka bwino. Mtundu uliwonse umasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake, malinga ndi momwe malo amasankhidwa.

Kutengera zomwe amakonda ndi zachilengedwe za mtundu winawake, muyenera kukonzekeretsa thankiyo. Posankha kutalika kwa nyanjayo, kupezeka kwa nyali zowunikira kuyenera kukumbukiridwa.

Zoyenera kumangidwa:

1. Pafupifupi njoka zonse zimakonda zomwe zili mumkhalidwe wofunda, kotero boma loyenerera kutentha mu terrarium likhala lokakamiza: kuyambira +28 mpaka +32 madigiri masana kuchokera ku +23 mpaka +25 - usiku. Ndi chithandizo chotentha, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti nyengo zomwe kona imodzi imayenera kukhala yotentha kuposa inayo.
2. Ndikofunikira kuyang'anira chinyezi cha mpweya, izi zidzathandizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa sphagnum, komanso kuthirira kwamlengalenga kowonjezera. Popeza pafupifupi njoka zonse zimatha kusambira, sichabwino kwambiri kuyambitsa thanki ndi madzi, pomwe njoka zimatha kusambira ndi kunyowa nthawi yopukuta. Madzi ayenera kusinthidwa mwadongosolo ndikukhala ndi kutentha koyenera. Nthawi ndi nthawi, kamodzi pa sabata, muyenera kuyeretsa malo.
3. Kuphatikiza apo, mu terarium kuti mukhale njoka yabwino, ndikofunikira kupereka malo ndi zinthu zogona, komanso kukwawa: nyumba, timitengo, mapoto amaluwa, nthambi, mitengo ya Drift ndi zina zambiri.
4. Dothi lomwe lili mu terariamu silikhala lopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa miyala, mchenga, mapepala, peelutut amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kudyetsa

Pakudya ngati chakudya, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya njoka ndizoyenera makoswe (mbewa, makoswe, hamsters), nkhuku, zinziri ndi mbalame zina. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa mwadongosolo, bwino kamodzi masiku angapo. Kuti mulimbikitse chitetezo chokwanira, mutha kuwapatsa njoka mavitamini ndi michere, mazira ophwanyika, ndi calcium.

Njira zopewera

Kunyumba, posamalira othamanga, muyenera kutsatira malangizo ochepa osamala posunga nyama izi:

• mutha kugula chiweto m'sitolo yazoweta, koma ndibwino kuzichita ndi obereketsa njoka, apa ndibwino kudziwa zonse zomwe nyama ikusunga,
• malo osankhidwa bwino okhala ndi zida zothandizira amathandizira kupewa mavuto ambiri ndi njoka,
• Sungani kutentha koyenera,
• njoka zomwe zasanduka ziweto, monga zina zonse, zimayesedwa mwadongosolo ndi akatswiri kuti adziwe momwe maso, mano, sikelo, kupumira, ntchito yamtima ndi ziwalo zina.
• njoka siziri njoka zapoizoni, koma ena mwa iwo omwe ali mwaukali amatha kuukira munthu, kumuluma ndikumazungulira mwiniwakeyo ndi thupi lake lamphamvu komanso lolimba, chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala makamaka posamalira ziweto.
• ndibwino kudyetsa njoka ndi mitembo yomwe yayamba kuzizira, izi zithandiza kupewa matenda ambiri (mwachitsanzo, salmonellosis) omwe amatha kufalitsa kudzera mukudyetsa makoswe kapena nyama zina,
• njoka zimatha kukhala zonyamula mankhwala a salmonella ndi matenda ena, kotero kusamba m'manja mukatha kulumikizana nawo kuyenera kuvomerezedwa.

Mitundu ya njoka ndizodabwitsa, ilipo yambiri. Ena mwa iwo ndi owopsa, koma njoka ndi ena mwa omwe akuyimira mabanja kale ndipo sabweretsa chiopsezo ku moyo ndi thanzi la munthu. Komabe, kusamala ndikofunikira pamakhalidwe ndi iwo, makamaka pokonza nyumba, ndikofunikira kuphunzira momwe mungadziwire maonekedwe awo, chifukwa izi zithandiza kupewa kulumikizana ndi njoka zapoizoni.

Kufalikira kwa zowala za buluu.

Krait ya buluu imafalikira kumwera kwakumwera kwa Asia, imapezeka kumwera kwa Indochina, imafalikira ku Thailand, Java, Sumatra ndi kumwera kwa Bali. Mtunduwu umapezeka m'chigawo chapakati cha Vietnam, amakhala ku Indonesia. Kugawidwa ku Myanmar ndi Singapore sikumatsimikiziridwa, koma nthawi zambiri mtundu wa buluu wamtambo umapezekanso pamenepo. Mtunduwu udapezeka paphewa pachilumba cha Pulau Langkawi, ku Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia.

Malaysian krayt (Bungarusrelius).

Zizindikiro zakunja za buluu wamtambo.

Krayt ya buluu si njoka yayikulu kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi zikwangwani zachikasu ndi zakuda. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita oposa 108; munthu aliyense payekhapayekha amatalika masentimita 160. Mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa buluu wamtambo ndi wakuda, wakuda kapena wamtambo. Mphete za 27-34 zimadutsa thupi ndi mchira, womwe umachepera komanso kuzungulira mbali. Mphete zoyambirira za utoto pafupifupi zimaphatikizika ndi mtundu wakuda wa mutu. Mikwingwirima yakuda imalekanitsidwa ndi mitundu yayitali, yoyera pakatikati yomwe imakhazikika mphete zakuda. Mimba yakeyera. Mbira ya buluu imatchedwanso njoka yakuda ndi yoyera. Thupi la Kraut lilibe msana waukuluMasikelo osalala a dorsal ali m'mizere 15 motsatira msana, chiwerengero cha zotchingira ndi 195-237, mbale yolowera ili yonse komanso yosagawikana, subcaudals 37-56. Zithunzi zazikulu za buluu wamkulu zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi njoka zina zakuda ndi zoyera, ndipo makanda amtundu wina ndizovuta kudziwa.

Habitat wa buluu wa kraite.

Blue Kraite imakhala makamaka munkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zamapiri, anthu ena amapezeka m'malo otsetsereka kuyambira 250 mpaka 300 metres. Zochepa ndizomwe zimakwera pamtunda wa 1200 metres. Blue Kraite imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndipo imapezeka kawirikawiri paminda ya mpunga, minda, komanso madamu omwe amatseka mitsinje yomwe ilipo. Khola la buluu limagwira dzenje ndikukhazikitsa malo ogumukiramo, kukakamiza makoswewo kusiya chisa chawo.

Zojambula za krait wamtambo.

Zithunzi za buluu zimagwira ntchito kwambiri usiku, sizimakonda malo owunikira ndipo, zimakokedwa ndikuwala, kuphimba mitu yawo ndi mchira wawo. Nthawi zambiri, amawonedwa pakati pa 9 ndi 11 pm ndipo nthawi zambiri samakhala wankhanza kwambiri.

Samayambitsa koyamba ndipo saluma pokhapokha atayambitsa ziwengo. Pakayesera kugwira, ma kraite abuluu amayesa kuluma, koma samachita nthawi zambiri.

Usiku, njoka izi zimaluma mosavuta, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi kulumidwa kambiri komwe anthu omwe amagona usiku pansi adalandira. Kupeza ma krajita a buluu kuti musangalale ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma akatswiri ogwiritsa ntchito njoka padziko lonse lapansi amachita izi pafupipafupi. Poizoni wa Porat ndi woopsa kwambiri kotero kuti musayike pachiwopsezo kuti muwoneke ngati akusaka njoka yakunja.

Blue Kraight ndi njoka yapoizoni.

Mitengo ya buluu imatulutsa poizoni wambiri kwambiri wokhala ndi mfundo 50 kuposa poizoni wa mamba. Kwenikweni, kulumidwa ndi njoka kumayikidwa usiku, munthu akaponda njoka mosazindikira, kapena anthu akayamba kuwukira. Mphepo yokwanira pakumenyetseka kwa 0,5 mg pa kilogalamu yoyamba kumwalira mu mbewa, monga kafukufuku wa labotale wasonyeza.

Poizoni wa kuwala kwa buluu ndiwowononga minyewa ndipo amachepetsa dongosolo lamanjenje laumunthu. Zotsatira zakupha zimachitika mu 50% ya omwe akumamwa, nthawi zambiri mawola 12-24 sumu italowa m'magazi.

Pakupita mphindi 30 kuchokera kuluma, kupweteka pang'ono kumamveka ndipo kutupa kumachitika pamalo a zotupa, nseru, kusanza, kufooka kumayamba, myalgia amakula. Kulephera kuwongolera kumachitika, kumafuna kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino, maola 8 mutatha kuluma. Zizindikiro zake zimakulirakulira ndipo zimatha pafupifupi maola 96.

Zotsatira zoyipa zazikulu zakupeza poizoni m'thupi zimayamba m'mimba chifukwa cha ziwopsezo za minofu ndi minyewa, zomwe zimachepetsa kukokoloka kapena minyewa yamtima. Kenako pamabwera kukomoka komanso kufa kwa maselo a muubongo. Mu 50% ya milandu, ululu wa krait wamtambo umapangitsa kufa ngakhale atagwiritsidwa ntchito antitoxin.

Palibe njira yeniyeni yothetsera vutoli ya krax ya buluu yapangidwa. Chithandizo chimakhala chothandizira kupuma komanso kupewa kukula kwa chibayo. Pazinthu zadzidzidzi, madokotala amapatsira antitoxin kwa munthu amene wakhudzidwa ndi poizoni, yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuluma njoka.

Maonekedwe a batala la buluu.

Blue Kraight imawerengedwa monga mtundu "wosadetsa nkhawa" chifukwa chakugawa kwambiri. Njoka yamtunduwu ndi chinthu chochita malonda, njoka zimagulitsidwa chakudya, ndipo mankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera ku ziwalo zawo kwa mankhwala achikhalidwe. M'magawo osiyanasiyana ogawidwa, kuwononga ma kraits abuluku kumakhudza anthu ambiri.

Pali boma lotsogolera malonda ku mtundu uwu wa njoka ku Vietnam. Kugwiridwanso kwina kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri pamitunduyi, popeza palibe chidziwitso chogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mtundu wobisalako komanso wobisikawu suwapezeka kawirikawiri, ndipo ngakhale njoka nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa m'malo ena ake, makamaka ku Vietnam, palibe chilichonse chokhudza momwe njirayi imakhudzira anthu.

Chifukwa chosawoneka zachilengedwe, kraite ya buluu imawonetsedwa mu Red Book of Vietnam. Njoka yamtunduwu imagulitsidwa kuti ipeze "vinyo wa njoka" yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.

Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe ku Indochina.

Ku Vietnam, krayt ya buluu imatetezedwa ndi lamulo kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa njoka zakuthengo. Anthu akuluakulu amagwidwa chifukwa cha khungu la njoka ndikupanga zikumbutso, monga zimakhalira ndi mitundu ina ya makola. Kukula kwa kubedwa kwa mitengo ya buluu kumaiko ena kumafunikanso kuphunzira.

Mtunduwu watetezedwa ndi lamulo ku Vietnam kuyambira 2006, koma malamulo amangoletsa, koma sikuletsa, malonda ogulitsa njoka yamtunduwu. Maphunziro owonjezerawa amafunikira kuti azindikire kukula kwa zomwe zikuwopseza anthu obwera kuteteza khungu la bluu. Mwinanso sachitapo kanthu pogawana mitundu yonseyi, koma amangodziwonetsa pamalopo, mwachitsanzo, ku Vietnam.

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Njoka yooneka ngati miloza (Regina alleni) ndi yoyipa kwambiri.