TimVickers - Ntchito Yake / Wikimedia Commons
Asayansi adapita ku nkhalango ya Amazon kuti akaone zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nthano zambiri za nyimbo zamatsamba - njoka zamtunduwu Lachizi, njoka yayikulu kwambiri ya poizoni ku Western Hemisphere. Zinapezeka kuti "nyimbo" zomwe zimatengera njoka zimatulutsa achule a mtundu wosadziwika. Zomwe zapezedwazi zikufotokozedwa m'magazini ya Zookeys.
The Bushmeister (kapena Surukuku) imafika mainchesi atatu ndi theka kutalika. Nthano zakuti amatha kuyimba zinali zofala pakati pa atsamunda aku Europe komanso mafuko osiyanasiyana a Amazon. Akatswiri a zolemba zam'tsogolo kuchokera ku University of Katolika ku Ecuador, University of Colorado ndi mabungwe ena aganiza zofufuza zomwe zimayambitsa nthanozi.
Mu maphunziro a kumunda (ku Peru ndi ku Ecuador), zidapezeka kuti "oyang'anira zitsamba" sanayimbe ", koma achule akuluakulu omwe amakhala m'mayenje a mitengo. Achule awa ndi amtundu wosadziwika ndi sayansi. Tepuihyla . Mitundu yatsopanoyi idatchedwa Tepuihyla shushupe, Komanso, "shushupe" m'chinenedwe cha komweko ndipo amatanthauza Bushmeister. Asayansi akuwona kuti mawu amtunduwu amtundu wa amtunduwu saimira achule ndipo ali ngati nyimbo za mbalame. Sizikudziwika mpaka kalekale chifukwa chomwe Amwenye a Amazonia amati phokosozi ndi amamba.
Zinsinsi Zanzeru - Kudutsa Nthawi (Epulo 2020).
Kufikira kupitirira 3.5m kutalika, bushmaster (yamtundu wa genus) ndiye nyoka yayikulu kwambiri kuzungulira kumadzulo. Nthano yomwe inafalikira pakati pa atsamunda ndi nzika za ku dera la Amazon ndi Central America, akuti imayimba. Kupeza mauthenga ambiri osagwirizana ndi amenewa ndi kosadabwitsa, popeza ndikudziwika kuti njoka sizitha kuyimba, asayansi pamapeto pake amafalitsa nkhani zabodzazi.
Ofufuzawo atangochita kumene ntchito kumunda ku Ecuador ndi Peru ku Amazon, adawonetsa kuti sikunali kuyimba njoka. Nyimboyi inali yothandiza kwambiri ku achule a mitengo akuluakulu omwe amakhala m'matchi opanda kanthu m'nkhalangoyi.
Pomwe maupangiri am'maiko onsewa amati nyimbo zawo ndi za Bushmaster, anthu am'masiku ambiri sadziwa kwenikweni. Ndinadabwa kuti m'malo mopeza njoka, magulu amundawo adapeza mitundu iwiri ya achule a Tepuihyla. Zotsatirazi zidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala yotsegulira ZooKeys mogwirizana ndi asayansi ochokera ku Catholic University of Ecuador, Peruvian Institute for Amazonia Study, Ecuadorian Museum of Natural Science, ndi University of Colorado, USA.
Chimodzi mwa achule amtundu ndi mtundu watsopano, Tepuihyla shushupe. Mawu akuti shushupe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu wamba kutanthauza Bushmaster. Malingaliro ndi achilendo kwambiri kwa achule, chifukwa kuseka mokweza, kukumbukira nyimbo ya mbalame. Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake anthu amderali amagwirizanitsa zovuta ziwiri ndi Bushmaster.
Ali paliponse
Kukhazikika kwawomwe kwa anyaniwa ndi ma swamp, nyanja ndi matupi ena amadzi, pomwe madzi alibe mphamvu. Komabe, si onse a iwo amene amafunikira madzi, kupatula gwero laling'ono. Zina mwa mitundu yawo zimatha kukhala pamtunda, osati pamtunda wokha, komanso pamitengo, koma pali ena omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'dothi lotalikirana kwambiri mpaka pansi mpaka kufika kumapiri. Zachidziwikire, izi zimakhudza kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi njira zoyendera. Amatha kudumpha, kuyenda, kukumba mabowo akuya, kusambira, kukwera mitengo ngakhale kukonzekera mlengalenga.
Maso awa akutsutsana
Maso a achule ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Amakhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatha kuyang'ana mbali zosiyanasiyana. Koma, ngakhale ndizolowa gawo, amawona kutali ndi chilichonse, koma zomwe zikuyenda.
Ngati mutawaika pamalo otetemera ndipo mumaponyera apo chakudya chokoma kwambiri kwa iwo, amatha kufa ndi njala asanaonepo mafuta, koma nkuwuluka pansi pa mapazi awo. Komabe, siosankha kwambiri zinthu zoyenda ndipo mwina angatenge china chake chosagoneka, mwachitsanzo, chouluka cham'mphepete kapena pamtambo. Sanazipeze m'mimba zawo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zosavomerezeka zimatayidwa. Zowonadi ndi zakuti 95% yazidziwitso zomwe zimalandira kuchokera ku ma ocular zida mu achule zimalowa gawo lamaubongo, zomwe zimawakakamiza kuti achite popanda kudzimangirira okha ndi malingaliro owunika pazambiri zomwe adalandira. Ndinaona - ndigule. Diso la munthu silingathe kutsatira kuthamanga kwa kusaka uku. Nthawi yomweyo, kulanda zosawoneka bwino, zopanda zingwe sizikhumudwitsidwa ndi izi. Umu ndi momwe ubongo wawo umagwirira ntchito, osatha kulemba kulephera ndipo amakumbukira china chopitilira sekondi imodzi yapitayo.
Kuphatikizidwa ndi njoka
Njoka imatha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso bwino. Kuyenda kotereku sikumadutsa malire a mawonekedwe a chule ndipo kumawoneka ngati chinthu chongoyambira. Ndipo njoka yomwe inapita kukasaka ikudziwa bwino izi. Koma lilime la njokayo limadula mwachangu mpweya, womenyedwayo amawona bwino. Kukula kwake ndi momwe mayendedwe ake, amafanana kwambiri ndi ntchentche. "Ntchentche" ikuyandikira ndipo mlenje wakonzeka kumugwira. Mphindi - ndipo chule amalumphira pa chinthu chomwe wasaka chakufa, osaganizira kuti chinthuchi ndichochokha. Popeza amvetsetsa kupezeka kwa maonekedwe a chule, asayansi akutsutsana ndi nthano yokokomeza njoka.
Mwa njira, maso amatenganso gawo lina lofunikira m'miyoyo ya amphibians. Amathandizira ... kugaya. Pofuna kukankhira chakudyacho pakamwa kupitilira, amafunika kuthinana ndikumakanikiza zikopezo, apo ayi sizigwira ntchito. Komanso, ngakhale akugona, amatseka maso awo kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri.
Kupuma? Zosavuta!
Achule amatha kupuma kalikonse. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, amatha kuzichita zonse ndi pakamwa pawo, komanso ndi mapapu awo, komanso ngakhale ndi nkhope yonse ya khungu lawo lodabwitsalo, lomwe lingafotokozedwe zambiri zosangalatsa. Koma alibe magayo. Mapapu ndi pakamwa zimagwira ntchito zawo pamtunda, koma ngati malalowo adamizidwa m'madzi, khungu limayimira kukhudzika kwa malo am'madzi ndikuzimitsa njira yopumira. Ma amphibians opepuka ndi akulu poyerekeza ndi thupi, ndipo amatha kupatsa thupi mpweya wabwino kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangidwa zomwe zimapangidwa pakhungu. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu limatha kudzipumira lokha, ndikupanga mpweya wabwino ndi madzi. Izi zimathandizira pansi kuti ichititse nyengo yonse yozizira ngati makanema oimitsidwa, kuwongolera mpweya kumachitika pang'onopang'ono kwambiri.
Chizindikiro cha chuma, mwayi ndi moyo wamuyaya.
Mu Egypt wakale, ma amphibians awa anali chizindikiro cha kuuka ndi moyo wosatha. Chidali chizolowezi chowakonzera iwo ndi wakufayo ndikuyika pamodzi naye m'manda, kuti athandize munthuyo kuwukanso.
Zikuwoneka kuti, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakutha kugwa mumachitidwe ojambulidwa nyengo yachisanu, ndikubwezeretsanso kumoyo. Zikuwoneka kuti kumpoto kwa Egypt kuzizira kokwanira kunachitika nthawi yachisanu, kuti anthu athe kuwona izi zomwe sizimamveka.
Udindo wolemekezeka udaperekedwa kwa achule ku Japan, komwe adati amatha kukopa zabwino zonse. Ku China, komanso ku Europe, panali chikhulupiriro chakuti chifanizo cha anthu atatu okhala ndi mapiko obiriwira chimabisalira chuma mnyumba ndikuchinjiriza iwo omwe akukhalamo.
Chifukwa chiyani achule amakula masamba owonjezera?
Kusowa kwa liwu limodzi mu chizindikiro cha chuma kumatha kufotokozedwa momwe mumafunira (malingana ndi nthano, yachinayi idachotsedwa ndi Buddha chifukwa cha machimo), koma anthu omwe ali ndi ma paws owonjezera adadabwitsa asayansi, ndipo adachimwa pamatayala amakankhwala. Zinapezeka kuti ma amphibians amakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala omwe sanalowe m'madzi, m'magulu a Ribeiroia, omwe amakhala ndi moyo wovuta kwambiri womwe umayamba mu nkhono. Kukula, akufunafuna mwini watsopano, yemwe amasanduka nsomba kapena tadpole. Ndipo popeza tadpole imangochita kukula kwa miyendo, njira yopangira mamolekyulu atsopano imasokonekera ndikufalikira mbali zina za thupi, ndikupangitsa kukula kwa miyendo yatsopano. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma tchire owoneka ndi munthu chinali zidutswa 10 mbali iliyonse.
Bwanji kuponyera achule mumkaka?
Zakuti m'masiku akale zinali zachikhalidwe, ambiri amadziwa. Amakhulupirira kuti amphibian wozizira amalepheretsa kutentha kwazinthu, motero amachepetsa kuwira kwake. Palibe mafiriji, izi zidalungamitsidwa. Mwambo wofananira waukhondo womwewo sunachitike ku Russia kokha, komanso m'maiko ena ambiri ku Europe ndi Middle East.
Kwa nthawi yayitali anthu ankawaganizira kuti ndi zikhulupiriro zabodza, koma mkaka sunasambe wowawasa ndipo akatswiri a sayansi atakhala ndi chidwi ndi izi. Zinapezeka kuti khungu la amphibian lili ndi maselo apadera omwe amatha kupanga maantibayotiki achilengedwe, popanda izi sizingakhalepo m'malo otentha, makamaka m'malo otentha. Chifukwa cha matenda oyamba ndi mabakiteriya, omwe mikhalidwe yotere ndi paradiso padziko lapansi, amphibian sakanakhala ndi nthawi yoyang'ana mozungulira, chifukwa akanakhala yokutidwa ndi nkhungu. Maantibayotiki achilengedwe amasinthanso kutengera malo. Mu amphibians, kudumpha m'mphepete mwathu, siolimba kwambiri, koma ma peptides opangidwa ndi khungu ali ndi machitidwe okwanira antimicrobial kuteteza malita ochepa mkaka kuwira.
Mutha kudya, koma osakhudza
Imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri (ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, zoopsa kwambiri) zomwe zimachokera ku nyama ndi ntchofu wa chule wa ku Colombia, yemwe kulemera kwake sikupitirira 1 g komanso kutalika kwa 3 cm. Koma m'modzi wotere ndi wokwanira kupha anthu 1,500. Nthawi yomweyo, poizoni wake alibe vuto akamadyedwa, koma kochepa kwambiri komwe kamakhala pachilondacho kumapangitsa kuti ziwalo ziume komanso kufa. Palibenso mankhwala enaake. Mwa njira, chamoyo cha amphibian sichikudziwa kupangira poizoni; chimalowa ndi chakudya.
Amwenye amtundu wa Choco omwe amavutika kwambiri amatenga cocoa zingapo m'nkhalango ndikuziyika pamwamba pamoto kuti poizoniyo utuluke pakhungu, kenako ndikuwaphaka ndi mivi. Ikaumitsidwa, imasungabe malo kwa zaka 15.
Zina zodabwitsa za achule
- M'mphepete mwa Amazon, pali mtundu wina wamphongo womwe amuna amabadwa nthawi 10 kuposa akazi. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yakukhwima, sayenera kusankha, ndipo akuyesera kuphatikiza osati amoyo okha, komanso akazi omwe adafa. Mu chilankhulo cha sayansi, izi zimadziwika kuti "necrophilia yothandizira."
- Pali mitundu yomwe ana ake samakula ndi zaka, koma kuchepa. Ngakhale makolo a tadpole samapitirira 6 cm, iyemwini amatha kukhala ndi "kutalika" mpaka 25 cm.
- Kutembenuka kuchokera ku mazira kupita kwa wamkulu kuli magawo pafupifupi 30, kukuthandizani kuti muzolowere moyo wabwino mdera lina.
- Zosintha pakuwunikira ndi kutsogolo kwa chule sizimadziwika ndi maso, koma khungu. Mitundu ina imatha kuzolowera izi ndi mtundu wawo.
- Mdani akamayandikira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu am'madzi ambiri amachita mosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mbola yokhala ndi lichen (mossy chule) imadzicheka ndipo imadzisintha. Koma chishango cha masentimita 13 chimakumana ndi mdani mosiyana. Amatambasulira miyendo yake m'mbali, amakulitsa m'mimba, amatsegula pakamwa ndikuyamba kufuula, kuthamangira mdani.
- Chule waubweya wa ku Africa sakhala kwenikweni watsitsi, koma amakula mikwingwirima pakhungu panthawi yakukhwima (amuna). Koma chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti, pobadwa opanda zolakwika, amatha kudzipangira okha. Kuti achite izi, amangophwanya zala zawo ndipo zidutswa za mafupa zimabowola khungu. Tsopano ali ndi zida zokwanira! Tsoka ilo, osati ochokera kwa anthu aku Camerooni, omwe amakonda kudya yokazinga, omwe amadziwika kuti ndiwopindulitsa m'magawo awa.
- Chule wofiirira, ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe owumbika kwambiri, amakumba mabowo mwangwiro ndipo mofulumira amapita kuya kwa 3 m kapena kupitilira. Pamenepo amapeza chinyezi chomwe amafunikira. Komanso, oimira amtunduwu ndi makolo osafunikira kwenikweni. Atayikira mazira, yaikazi imapitanso mobisa, osasamala zomwe zidzachitike ndi mbewu. Komabe, monga abambo ake.
- Chithunzi china chosiyana chikuwoneka awiriawiri ndi achule a Darwin. Akazi amakhalanso chimodzimodzi, koma abambo amakhalabe pafupi ndi womanga mpaka pomwe ma tchire amawonekera kuchokera mazira. Popeza adawanyambita ndi lilime lake, amawasinthira onse kumthumba lake la pakhosi, komwe amawanyamula pomulipira chuma chake mpaka atapanga bwino.
- Mu malo osiyana, wa amphibian amamva ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana - maselo ndi mafupa a khutu lamkati, komanso mafupa ndi minofu ya miyendo kudzera mu kugwedezeka kwa nthaka.
- Achule ali ndi mano, koma zolaula, mosiyana ndi iwo, satero. Komabe, amangofunika mano kuti atsekeretu pakamwa pawo mpaka zotchingira m'maso zizikankhira mkati.
- Achule a mitengo ali ndi miyendo yapadera yomwe imawathandiza kuuluka. Inde, izi zimatha kutchedwa kuti kuthawa kwanyengo, koma amatha kulinganiza mtunda woyenera.
- Mwa anthu 5000 amphibians ofotokozedwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi, 88% ndi achule.
- Adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 11% ya ntchito yosintha Nobel laureates pankhani ya zamankhwala ndi sayansi.
- Njira yodziwika bwino yotsutsana ndi angina imati muyenera kugwira chala chachikulu kwambiri, chibweretse pakamwa panu ndikulipumira. Malinga ndi nthano, nyamayo ikafa posachedwa, ndipo wodwalayo achira. Zowona izi sizikudziwika, koma zakhala zaka zoposa zana.
Kodi tingakhale opanda iwo?
Ganizirani achule! Chifukwa chiyani anthu amawafunikira? M'malo mwake, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingatiyipire popanda iwo.
- Kukhazikika kwa madera ena mu sayansi kumachepetsa. Ndipo nkhaniyo sikuti imangokhala pakukonzekera. Tili ndi mitundu yoposa 1.5 miliyoni ya ma genetic, yomwe imatithandizira kuphunzira za matenda ndi zotsatira za zinthu zosiyanasiyana mthupi la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, chinali chifukwa cha amphibians awa kuti matenda a Alzheimer's adaphunzira.
- Amathandizira kuwongolera zomwe zili m'matupi amadzi, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa algae. Popanda iwo, nsomba zimafa chifukwa chosowa mpweya, madziwo amatulutsa ndipo amakhala oopsa.
- Ma amphibians awa ndi gawo lofunikira pazunyolo.
- Popanda iwo, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza kudzachulukirachulukira.
- Kuchulukana kwa chilengedwe kudzakulirakulira, zomwe zikuwoneka mwachindunji kukuwonjezeka kwa tizilombo, chifukwa mbewu sizikhala ndi michere yazakudya.
- Chinanso chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi tizilombo ndi chakuti amakhala ndi ma virus okhala ndi matenda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti munthu adzadwala kwambiri.
Komabe, nyama zowonda izi kapena zosoneka bwino kwambiri zikatsalira padziko lapansi, udzudzu udzakhala, mwina, wocheperachepera mavuto omwe munthu angakumane nawo.